What features make the Brine King X lacrosse head stand out. How does its design improve ball control and shot accuracy. Why is the Brine King X popular among experienced players. What stringing options does it offer for customization.
Revolutionary Design of the Brine King X Lacrosse Head
The Brine King X represents a significant leap forward in lacrosse head technology. Its innovative design incorporates several key features that set it apart from traditional heads:
- Flat scoop for maximum mesh tension
- Optimized face shape and sidewall flare
- Strategic Core-Tech™ sidewall construction
- Redesigned throat for weight reduction and stability
These elements work in harmony to create a head that offers superior ball control, shot consistency, and customization options for players. But how exactly do these design choices translate to on-field performance?
Enhanced Ball Control and Shot Precision
At the core of the Brine King X’s performance is its ability to provide players with exceptional ball control and shooting accuracy. This is achieved through several key design elements:
The Perfect Channel
The face shape and sidewall flare of the King X create an optimal angle that interacts with the flat scoop’s tension. This allows for a natural, precision shooting channel to develop when the sidewalls are properly strung. The result? Increased ball control and a remarkably consistent release point on every shot.
Extended Face Length
The King X features a face length that is longer than standard lacrosse heads. This extended length provides two key benefits:
- Improved ball transition time out of the pocket
- Increased shot power
By giving the ball more time to travel along the channel before release, players can generate additional velocity on their shots without sacrificing accuracy.
Strategic Core-Tech™ Sidewalls
The innovative sidewall design of the King X prioritizes stability. This increased rigidity translates directly to improved accuracy, allowing players to place their shots with greater precision.
Customization Options for Every Playing Style
One of the standout features of the Brine King X is its versatility when it comes to stringing options. The head offers maximum string holes, providing players and stringers with nearly limitless possibilities for customization.
Mid-High Pocket Versatility
The King X is designed to accommodate a mid to high pocket setup. This configuration can be fine-tuned to achieve either:
- Maximum hold for ball retention
- Minimal whip for quick releases
This flexibility allows players to adjust their pocket to suit their individual playing style and position on the field.
Suggested Stringing Pattern
While the King X offers extensive customization options, Brine provides a suggested stringing pattern for achieving the optimal “Perfect Channel” with a mid-pocket:
- Use 9 diamonds across the top string, anchored on the second sidewall hole
- Begin on the 2nd hole
- Skip the 3rd hole
- Lock the 4th hole
- Alternate skipping and locking holes until reaching the 12th hole
- Double up 2 diamonds of mesh in the 12th hole
- Continue the pattern, locking holes 15-18
- Finish by skipping to hole 20 and tying off up through hole 19
This pattern is designed to maximize the performance benefits of the King X’s unique geometry.
Weight Reduction and Balance
In addition to its performance-enhancing features, the Brine King X incorporates design elements aimed at optimizing the head’s weight and balance:
Innovative Throat Construction
The redesigned throat of the King X serves two crucial functions:
- Eliminating excess weight from the head
- Transferring stability from the throat to the sidewalls
This shift in weight distribution contributes to improved ball control without sacrificing the head’s overall rigidity and durability.
Impact on Player Performance
The weight reduction and optimized balance of the King X offer several benefits to players:
- Increased maneuverability for quicker stick movements
- Reduced fatigue during extended play
- Improved feel for the ball, enhancing overall control
These factors combine to create a head that feels like a natural extension of the player’s hands, allowing for more instinctive and precise play.
Comparing the Brine King X to Other Top Lacrosse Heads
While the Brine King X offers impressive features, how does it stack up against other popular lacrosse heads on the market? Let’s examine some key comparisons:
King X vs. Traditional Brine Heads
Compared to earlier Brine models, the King X represents a significant evolution:
- Enhanced sidewall design for improved stability
- Optimized face shape for better ball control
- More advanced weight reduction techniques
King X vs. Competitor Offensive Heads
When compared to offensive-focused heads from other manufacturers, the King X holds its own:
- Comparable or superior shooting consistency
- Excellent customization options
- Unique balance of hold and quick release potential
While personal preference plays a significant role in head selection, the King X’s versatility makes it a strong contender for a wide range of players.
Ideal Player Profile for the Brine King X
The Brine King X is marketed as a head for experienced players, but what specific attributes make a player well-suited to this particular design?
Skill Level Considerations
The King X is best utilized by players who have:
- A solid foundation in fundamental lacrosse skills
- Experience with different pocket styles and stringing techniques
- The ability to take advantage of the head’s precision and consistency
Playing Style Match
The King X is particularly well-suited for:
- Offensive-minded players who prioritize shooting accuracy
- Midfielders who need versatility in their game
- Players who like to customize their pocket for specific performance attributes
While advanced players will likely get the most out of the King X’s features, dedicated intermediate players looking to elevate their game may also find it to be a valuable tool for improvement.
Maintenance and Longevity of the Brine King X
To get the most out of your investment in a Brine King X lacrosse head, proper care and maintenance are essential. Here are some key considerations for maximizing the lifespan and performance of your head:
Regular Inspection and Cleaning
To keep your King X in top condition:
- Inspect the head regularly for signs of wear or damage
- Clean the head after each use to remove dirt and debris
- Check string tension and adjust as needed to maintain optimal pocket shape
Storage and Transportation
Proper storage can significantly extend the life of your King X:
- Store the head in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight
- Use a stick bag or head cover during transport to prevent scratches or impacts
- Avoid leaving the head in extreme temperatures, which can affect the plastic
Restringing Considerations
When it’s time to restring your King X:
- Use high-quality mesh and strings to complement the head’s performance
- Consider professional stringing services to optimize the pocket for your playing style
- Experiment with different stringing patterns to find your ideal setup
By following these maintenance practices, you can ensure that your Brine King X continues to perform at its best season after season.
The Future of Lacrosse Head Design
The Brine King X represents a significant step forward in lacrosse head technology, but what does it tell us about the future of the sport? Let’s explore some potential trends and developments:
Material Innovations
While the King X utilizes advanced plastics, future heads may incorporate:
- Composite materials for enhanced durability and performance
- Smart materials that adapt to playing conditions
- Sustainable, eco-friendly manufacturing processes
Customization and Technology Integration
The next generation of lacrosse heads might feature:
- 3D-printed custom heads tailored to individual player metrics
- Integrated sensors for performance tracking and analysis
- Adjustable geometry for on-the-fly style changes
Rule-Driven Evolution
As lacrosse rules continue to evolve, head designs will adapt:
- Further refinements to face shape and sidewall construction
- Innovations in stringing techniques to meet changing regulations
- Potential standardization of certain head characteristics
The Brine King X serves as a benchmark for these future developments, showcasing the potential for continued innovation in lacrosse equipment design.
Brine King X LTD Head Unstrung | L-KNGXUN | Brine Heads | Brine Lacrosse
The new KING of lacrosse heads is here
1. Flat scoop delivers max tension across the top of mesh
2. Face shape & sidewall flare create an angle interacting with flat scoop tension that is perfect for cinching down sidewalls to develop a natural, precision shooting channel
3. The perfect channel means increased ball control and an incredibly consistent release point on every shot
- Face length is longer than standard lacrosse heads, giving the ball better transition time out of the pocket and increased shot power
- The new Strategic Core-TechTM sidewall design is built for maximum stability for increased accuracy
- New throat construction eliminates excess weight in the head while transferring stability from throat to the sidewalls for better ball control
- Maximum string holes for limitless stringing options
- Suggested stringing for a mid-pocket Perfect Channel:
1.
Use the 9 diamonds across the top-top string anchored on the second (from the top) sidewall hole.
2. Start on hole #2
3. Skip 3rd hold
4. Lock 4th hole
5. Skip 5th hole
6. Lock 6th hole
7. Skip 7th hole
8. Lock 8th hole
9. Skip 9th hole
10. Lock 10th hole
11. Skip 11th hole
12. Double up 2 diamonds of mesh in the 12th hole
13. Lock 13th hole
14. Skip 14th hole
15. Lock holes 15,16,17, and 18
16. Skip to hole 20 and tie off up through hole 19
Brine LTD King X Head
Brine King X Unstrung Lacrosse Head
Brine King X Unstrung Lacrosse Head – Various Colors
Model: King X
Model Number: KINGXUN
Colors: Black, Red, Royal, Black
Unstrung Lacrosse Head
Features
Ideal for experienced players
Flat scoop delivers max tension across the top of the mesh
Pocket setup is mid/high and can be tweaked for max hold or minimal whip
Longer face length and Wider scoop offers a tighter string down the sidewalls
Perfect channel means increased ball control and a consistent release point on every shot
Throat construction eliminates excess weight while transferring stability from the throat into the sidewalls for better ball control
Everysportforless says.
..
The Brine King X Unstrung Lacrosse Head is a great choice for any experienced lacrosse player who wants a head that delivers consistency and accuracy. The King X Head is made with the perfect channel which means increased ball control and a consistent release point on every shot. The Throat construction eliminates excess weight while transferring stability from the throat into the sidewalls for better ball control. The Flat Scoop delivers max tension across the top of the mesh and with a mid-high pocket set up, you can tweak the strings on this head for maximum hold or minimal whip. Overall, the Brine King X Unstrung Lacrosse Head delivers all the features you could ever need to help you put one past the goalie.
Warranty & Return Info
Easy Returns – Money Back Guarantee
Everysportforless.com is committed to bringing you an easy and fair customer friendly new/unopened return policy. If you are not 100% satisfied with what you have purchased from Everysportforless.
com, return it within 60 days of purchase and take advantage of no-hassle money back guarantee. We’ll refund you the product price on any returned item(s). You won’t have to worry about your refund or store credit. We have you covered. To quote Brianne P. of Naples, Florida, “Rockstar Customer Service”
Note: We do not accept returns on used products. All returns must be in their original packaging with original hang tags and shoe boxes must be free of tape and labels. Otherwise a restocking fee may apply.
Warranty
All of the products we carry are from the top name brands in the industry and come with a full manufacturer warranty covering any and all product defects. If specific Warranty information applies for a product it will be available by clicking the warranty tab just above the description. If you have any questions about the warranty on a given product, let us know via email at [email protected].
For an in-depth look at our Return Policies please visit our Returns & Shipping Page
10 Best Brine King X Lacrosse Head Reviewed and Rated in 2021
How To Buy Best Brine King X Lacrosse Head
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We offer a buying guide for brine king x lacrosse head, and we provide 100% genuine and unbiased information. We make use of Big Data and AI data to proofread the information. How have be made this buying guide? We have a uniquely-designed set of algorithms, which enable us to make a list of top 10 brine king x lacrosse head that are available in the marketplace these days. Our technology of bringing together a list depends on the factors such as:
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Get more information about us through online sources. If you feel that the information displayed here is misleading or is incorrect or is irrelevant from actual facts, then please do not hesitate to get in touch with us. We will be there for you at all times.
Brine Lacrosse – 2018 Gear Review
Brine Lacrosse doesn’t get nearly the same fanfare that they once did, but they sneak great equipment out onto the market sometimes, and the new King heads for 2018 definitely fit that mold. The old King head was pretty good, but a longer face shape kind of held back its overall popularity. The new King heads took the old King, flipped some stuff around, and came out with a stick that looks pretty similar, but plays quite different. UVa is still rocking Brine Lacrosse, so there’s that!
(Check out our other published 2018 Gear Reviews – Powell Lacrosse’s new heads and shafts, Cascade Lacrosse’s new S Helmet, Maverik Lacrosse’s 2018 gloves, shafts, and heads, and Nike Lacrosse’s new head and gloves.
There are more reviews to come!)
Brine Lacrosse – 2018 King Heads
The King II – The King II is the offensive version of the King head line, and the first thing you’ll notice is that it is lighter and narrower than the old King head. It’s also a little shorter, and doesn’t have the same long face shape of the old head. The older version was susceptible to a long release time, or whip tendencies because of the full sidewall, but the King II sidewall tapers more, and is narrower, allowing for a nice channel without any concerns about hook. Basically, it’s easier to string a great pocket in the new version of the King.
Brine Lacrosse’s old King was sort of amorphous. It wasn’t an O head, or a D head, but a lacrosse head, and this made it a good option for any player on the field, but not designed for any player in particular. The new King II is definitely an O head, and the feel is kind of between a Lakota and an Optik as it has a full high offset, but also a gradually tapering sidewall.
It’s a great in between option.
I also like the reinforced areas on the scoop and sidewall. It helps keep the head light, but generates some extra stiffness and strength, while creating long sidewall holes to support any stringing style. The bottom holes are really big, so it’s easy to get leathers and bottom laces through, but make sure you double knot bottom laces, as they can slip through with a single knot. There are also holes in the throat’s outer plastic, so leathers can easily be run to the front of the head and secured.
Overall, the King II is a huge improvement over the solid OG King head. It’s designed for offensive players, is light and relatively strong, has a tight and narrow face, strings up nicely, and looks pretty sleek and modern. The King II is headed in the right direction. Good stuff, Brine Lacrosse.
The King II ST – If the King II went offensive (it did), then the King II ST went defensive. Like its offensive brother, the King II ST is slightly shorter than the OG King head, but the ST version is just as wide, making it a perfect head for D guys in that regard.
The head is also SUPER stiff, and while the offensive version will bend a little, the ST is like a rock. It’s solid.
The stringing options are very similar between both versions of the King II heads, and this is a good thing, because they both string up nicely. Traditional is a breeze, and so is mesh. These are great to string, in fact! The only possible drawback for the ST is that it’s a little heavy. It’s not HEAVY, it’s just a little less light than some other D heads. Of course it’s also not going to bend or warp like some other D heads. This thing is a literal bulldozer. There are plastic cutaways to make it lighter in places, but it’s designed to be a tank, and it meets the design specs to perfection.
On the ST, everything is beefed up. It’s wider, it’s stiffer, it’s stronger, it has a longer throat area, the sidewalls are thicker, the scoop is thicker, and even the raised King graphics are stronger. It’s just a no joke, take the abuse, give the abuse D head, and I like it.
Would I recommend these heads from Brine Lacrosse? I would. Both are solid, designed for a purpose, and attractive to the eye. Neither is a bad option!
2018 Gear Review Methodology – We did outreach to manufacturers asking them to send us any new (or relatively new) product they wanted reviewed for 2018. We made no promises on what we would say, and every brand is given an opportunity to participate. Our focus is on Heads, shafts, helmets, gloves, padding, and footwear. We will also a giant 2018 Mesh Review soon. No scores are given. We simply talk about the positives (and negatives) of any product. Our goal is to help you, the consumer, make informed decisions on equipment purchases. That’s it!
Brine King II Unstrung Lacrosse Head – White
Brine King II Unstrung Lacrosse Head – White
Model: King II
Model Number: K2XUN
Color: White
Unstrung Lacrosse Head
Features
Ideal for any Attacker or Middie
Tighter Face Shape helps channel the ball for improved accuracy and control
New Lock-Throat Insert helps provide a secure head and handle attachment, removing any head rattle
Head is designed and engineered for maximizing ball control and providing precise accuracy in any weather
Bottom Rail is designed for mid-to-low pocket placement for offensive players that like to carry the ball low in their stick
Everysportforless says.
..
The Brine King II Unstrung Lacrosse Head is a solid choice for any lacrosse attacker or middie who needs a high-performing head. The King II Unstrung Head is designed and engineered for maximizing ball control as well as providing precise accuracy in any weather. The Bottom Rail is designed for a mid-to-low pocket to help with carrying the ball low in your stick. The New Lock Throat Insert provides a secure fit that will remove any potential head rattle during gameplay. Overall, the Brine King II Unstrung Lacrosse Head has everything you need to take your skills to the next level.
Warranty & Return Info
Easy Returns – Money Back Guarantee
Everysportforless.com is committed to bringing you an easy and fair customer friendly new/unopened return policy. If you are not 100% satisfied with what you have purchased from Everysportforless.com, return it within 60 days of purchase and take advantage of no-hassle money back guarantee. We’ll refund you the product price on any returned item(s).
You won’t have to worry about your refund or store credit. We have you covered. To quote Brianne P. of Naples, Florida, “Rockstar Customer Service”
Note: We do not accept returns on used products. All returns must be in their original packaging with original hang tags and shoe boxes must be free of tape and labels. Otherwise a restocking fee may apply.
Warranty
All of the products we carry are from the top name brands in the industry and come with a full manufacturer warranty covering any and all product defects. If specific Warranty information applies for a product it will be available by clicking the warranty tab just above the description. If you have any questions about the warranty on a given product, let us know via email at [email protected].
For an in-depth look at our Return Policies please visit our Returns & Shipping Page
Brine King II Unstrung Lacrosse Head – White
Model: King II
Model Number: K2XUN
Color: White
Unstrung Lacrosse Head
Features
Ideal for any Attacker or Middie
Tighter Face Shape helps channel.
..
HS Spec Prestrung Lacrosse Head with Players Pocket Brine KING Sticks Lacrosse
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Brine KING – HS Spec Prestrung Lacrosse Head with Players Pocket, White: Sports & Outdoors.
Shop Brine KING – HS Spec Prestrung Lacrosse Head with Players Pocket, White. Free delivery and returns on all eligible orders.. 3 percent longer than standard heads, for increased power . Strategic core-tech sidewall design for maximum stability and increased accuracy . New throat construction eliminates Excess weight . Face shape naturally creates the perfect center channel for consistent Release . Manufacturer warranty will not apply. Please review Amazon’s return policy, which usually offers free returns within 30 days of receipt. .
HS Spec Prestrung Lacrosse Head with Players Pocket Brine KING
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HS Spec Prestrung Lacrosse Head with Players Pocket Brine KING
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Heads Sports & Fitness Brine King 2 II Special Colored Lacrosse Head newsmada.
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Heads Sports & Fitness Brine King 2 II Special Colored Lacrosse Head newsmada.com
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If it doesn’t meet your needs, Tighter face shape helps channel the ball for improved accuracy and control. This product is part of the SportStop. You try it out, scoop/bottom rail, Stiffer materials inserted into strategic sections of the head control flex to adapt to multiple playing styles and weather conditions. Black, :, Vari-Flex engineered into the scoop and bottom rail provides consistent accuracy and performance, : KING II – Unstrung : Sports & Outdoors, then send it back, So go ahead and give it a try, : KING II – Unstrung : Sports & Outdoors. 1, You buy the item, Bottom rail designed for mid/low pocket placement for offensive players that like to carry the ball low in their stick, return it within 45 days of your purchase date and you will receive a credit that you can spend on something else.
Vari-Flex, How it works:, 3, Durable with great cradle point, Designed and engineered for maximum ball control and precision accuracy in any weather condition. com exclusive TEST DRIVE Program, New Loc-Throat insert helps provide a secure attachment removing any head rattle, We want it to be easy to try out the latest and greatest gear, If it doesn’t work for you, 2.
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Brine King 2 II Special Colored Lacrosse Head
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“Salt campaign” in India under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi
The “non-cooperation” movement inflicted colossal losses on the British manufacturers. The peak of the campaign was the boycott of the celebration of the arrival of the heir to the English throne. During the global economic crisis in 1929-1933, prices for agricultural products in India fell, which led to the impoverishment of the peasants. Both artisans and small businessmen went bankrupt. Relations between the Indians and the British were strained again. The authorities began mass arrests.In 1930, the INC declared a campaign of civil disobedience.
The British monopoly on the production and sale of certain vital products, including salt, painfully affected the interests of the entire population of the country, especially its poorest strata. Gandhi decided to start Satyagraha with a demonstrative and widespread violation of the salt monopoly law.
He announced his intention to personally lead a detachment of Satyagraha and lead him from the monastery on the Sabarmati River to Dundee, to the coast, where to evaporate a symbolic pinch of salt from the sea water.
On January 30, 1930, in the newspaper Young India, Mahatma Gandhi published an appeal to Viceroy Irwin, in which he declared that he was ready to postpone satyagraha if the government met the following requirements: civil administration, will release political prisoners from prisons, etc.
The salt campaign was scheduled for March 12, 1930. The participants had to walk a path of 400 kilometers to the coast of the Indian Ocean, and there they had to arrange a demonstrative evaporation of salt from sea water.The British authorities did not take the action seriously.
On March 12, Mahatma Gandhi and 70 of his supporters left the city of Ahmedabad in Gujarat (Western India). They stopped in every village and held rallies calling for support for the campaign of defiance.
The march immediately gained extraordinary popularity, which was also facilitated by the British press, which covered the “Salt Campaign” in detail.
On April 6, a symbolic salt evaporation procedure took place on the shores of the Arabian Sea in the village of Dundee.This day was declared the Day of the beginning of the national week of non-cooperation and disobedience. Civil disobedience quickly spread to other areas of the country. It fettered all the activities of the colonial administration. Trade in English goods was completely paralyzed, foreign firms and banks did not work.
Thousands of demonstrations for an independent India were held in large cities. Thousands of employees were fired. “Congressional Volunteers” made sure that there were no outbreaks of violence, riots and provocations.
The result of the propaganda action was the arrest in April-May 1930 of about 60 thousand members of the INC, the shooting of peaceful demonstrations.
On the night of May 5, Mahatma Gandhi was arrested.
The response to this was a general strike. At the same time, the majority of participants in the movement did not, in principle, resort to violence. The sympathies of the entire civilized world were on the side of the Satyagrahas.
On January 25, 1931, Mahatma Gandhi and 30 other members of the INC were released from prison. The Viceroy invited the Indian leader to sit down at the negotiating table.The politician agreed to Irwin’s proposal. The INC was supposed to curtail the campaign of civil disobedience and boycott, and in return, the British were to amnesty all political prisoners, abolish the monopoly on salt, allow propaganda for Indian independence, and recognize the INC as an official political party. On March 4, 1931, the “Gandhi-Irwin Pact” was signed.
Material prepared on the basis of information from open sources
90,000 60 years ago, African freedom fighter Patrice Lumumba was killed
On January 17, 1961, Catangian separatists led by the Belgians brutally killed the ousted Prime Minister of the Congo, the famous fighter against colonialism, Patrice Lumumba.
After being captured, he was subjected to sophisticated torture, then executed, and the body was dissolved in hydrochloric acid and burned. Already in our time, the Belgian authorities have made an official apology to the Congolese. Brussels continues to investigate a 60-year-old crime and intend to bring the perpetrators to justice.
Lumumba’s coming to power and friendship with the USSR
Patrice Lumumba was very popular in the USSR and was the idol of the famous fighter for the rights of African Americans Malcolm X, who called him the greatest blacks of our time.Unlike many African leaders who were raised and educated in the capitals of the colonial powers, Lumumba lived, studied and developed as the leader of the national liberation movement in the Congo, which belonged to Belgium.
In his youth, he preferred the Protestant school to the Catholic and began his career as a postal clerk.
Standing out against the background of his fellow tribesmen with knowledge and a subtle mind, he could build a good career with the Belgians.
In 1955, he was introduced to the Belgian king Baudouin, who was touring the Congo.However, Lumumba’s career was canceled out by a dark story of waste of funds. After serving his sentence, he was able to find a job only at the brewery. Today, his guilt in financial fraud is considered unproven.
Gradually, Lumumba’s political views evolved from moderate to radical: he became a principled supporter of the idea of an independent state and founded the center-left National Movement of the Congo (NMC).
Lumumba’s political activities fell on the era of crisis and the liquidation of the colonial system.In December 1957, municipal elections and the creation of political parties were authorized in the Belgian Congo. The largest political forces were the Alliance of the Bakongo People (ABAKO), which held ethno-regional positions, led by Joseph Kasavubu and the NDK. In 1959, one of the rallies in Leopoldville (now Kinshasa) escalated into riots. ABAKO supporters attacked police and Europeans, ransacked shops and set fire to Catholic churches.
Party members even sent a letter to the first secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, Nikita Khrushchev, asking for immediate military support.
In the same year, Lumumba met with the USSR Ambassador to Guinea Pavel Gerasimov. He promised to establish diplomatic relations after gaining independence and asked for financial assistance, pledging on his part to resist anti-Soviet propaganda and visit the USSR.
The Belgian parliamentary commission, which investigated the pogroms, concluded that they were caused by the disagreement of local residents with racial discrimination, low living standards, unemployment and the granting of self-government to neighboring Congo by France.
The countries of Europe were deprived of their resource base, but were forced to yield to : the spirit of the times demanded it. 1960, the year of Africa, when 17 countries gained independence, turned out to be significant in this respect. It was then that the Republic of the Congo appeared on the map (in 1971-1997 – Zaire), although the Belgians initially planned to gradually release the reins and grant full sovereignty to the colony only by the mid-1980s.
On the day of the proclamation of independence, Khrushchev sent a congratulatory telegram to the Congo.
The Soviet delegation was invited to the celebrations in Leopoldville. As noted by its leader, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Tajik SSR and author of the book “Africa Goes to Freedom” Mirzo Rakhmatov, the Belgians were unhappy with the visit of guests from Moscow and greeted them extremely unfriendly, putting a spoke in their wheels at every step.
The NDK won the first-ever general election to the parliament of the Republic of the Congo. Its leader, Lumumba, headed the government, and Kasavubu, from a rival party, became the country’s first president.Soviet citizens first heard about Lumumba on May 19, 1960, when Izvestia published a message about the Congolese demand for the immediate withdrawal of Belgian troops.
A wave of violence against whites swept across the Congo. Satisfying the desires of the military, Lumumba promoted Congolese officers in ranks.
In foreign policy, he pursued a course of non-alignment and the final elimination of colonialism. The export of funds abroad was prohibited. Lumumba sought to freeze the prices of basic commodities and improve the position of workers.
His ideas were to end racial segregation, expel the Belgians from the Congo and nationalize their companies that exploited natural resources. Due to inexperience, he could not – or did not have time – to build an efficiently working state apparatus, but, of course, he strove for this.
Many in the West considered Lumumba a notorious communist, and therefore, unequivocally, an enemy. Europe and the United States feared that after the Belgians left, he would open the doors in the Congo to the Soviet Union.This could not be allowed in the CIA, where they called Lumumba the second Fidel Castro. And US President Dwight D. Eisenhower advocated the elimination of the Congolese “communist”.
“Patrice Lumumba glorified his people and brought them to the arena of turbulent modern history,” wrote Nikolai Khokhlov, Izvestia’s correspondent in the Republic of Congo, in his book.
– Official Brussels was confused by the words and actions of the first minister of the sovereign Congo and at the critical turns of the Congolese events, which Lumumba was at the helm, did not find anything other than the familiar from the last century of armed intervention.The rise of the Congo at Lumumba meant, among other things, the moral surrender of Belgium. As a knight without fear and reproach, Patrice died in the attack: he died victorious, not retreating before the general onslaught of brutal colonialists. ”
The mystery of the murder and the apology of the Belgian authorities
Meanwhile, the Belgian industrialists did not accept the loss of the Congo. They wanted to continue to use the resources, considering the statehood of the republic as a formality. Using the riots in the Congo as a pretext, Belgium brought in troops.Their task was to protect their citizens. Almost simultaneously, the ruler of the province of Katanga, where almost all the minerals in the Congo were mined, Moiz Tshombe, announced the secession of his region from the country.
He collaborated with the largest Belgian company, which, in turn, feared the nationalization announced by Lumumba. After the declaration of independence of Katanga, Tshombe turned to Belgium with a request for financial and military assistance.
Katanga’s separatist aspirations left Leopoldville without profit for the sale of uranium, copper, cobalt and diamonds.The desire to keep the main source of revenue for the treasury turned President Kasavuba against Lumumba. The prime minister continued to resist the intervention, broke off relations with Belgium and turned to the UN for help. The United Nations peacekeeping contingent, however, opposed his government, furthering the interests of Katanga and the Belgians.
In September 1960, Lumumba was removed from power and arrested. His supporter Antoine Giesenga raised an uprising and freed the prime minister. However, it was soon captured by enemies again.
January 17, 1961 Lumumba was taken to Katanga to Tshombe.
After beatings and torture, he and his comrades-in-arms were shot. The next day, the body of the ousted prime minister was dug out of the grave, dismembered, dissolved in hydrochloric acid and burned. Tshombe’s entourage cynically declared that their opponents had simply fled. It was later claimed that local peasants were involved in the murder.
And Laborite David Lee claimed in our time that the operation against Lumumba was carried out by the British MI6.According to the politician, in 2010 he was told about this by a former secret service employee and ex-consul in Leopoldville, Daphne Park. According to this version, Great Britain was afraid of transferring control over the extraction of diamonds and uranium to the Soviet Union.
The news of the massacre of Lumumba was greeted with enthusiasm in the United States. The media wrote that “another communist went to hell” and called the deceased “an undoubted puppet of Moscow.” Other Western countries also accused Lumumba of sympathizing with the USSR.
On the contrary, the Soviet newspapers grieved over the leader of the Congo who did not manage to come to the USSR, and a pogrom of the Belgian embassy took place in Moscow.The photographs from 1961 show how young people who came to the building with posters broke down the windows and ruined the door.
The Soviet government demanded the immediate removal of UN Secretary General Dag Hammarskjold, stating that he “deserves only the contempt of all honest people,” and threatened not to recognize him as an official. The overthrow of the Lumumba government led to a sharp decline in the emerging influence of the USSR in the Republic of the Congo. Soviet diplomats and specialists were forced to urgently leave the country.And the correspondent Khokhlov even spent a month and a half in prison.
“Patrice Lumumba is killed. The tragedy that played out in the Congolese province of Katanga hit the world with a stream of fait accompli, he wrote in his book. – The details are nightmarish: he, the legally elected prime minister of a sovereign African republic, had strands of hair pulled out, a guard grabbed Lumumba by the head and beat it against the side of a truck; blood flowed from ears and nose.
Finally – a shot in the back of the head. Photos flashed: the Prime Minister of the Congo, twisted with ropes, bloodied, sitting on the ground, surrounded by soldiers, each with a submachine gun or a rifle.There is still a glimmer of life in him, and maybe even hope. The last look before his death … Together with him were torn to pieces by the President of the Senate Joseph Okito and Defense Minister Maurice Mpolo. ”
In fact, the circumstances of Lumumba’s murder remained unknown to the general public for decades.
Only at the beginning of the XXI century, a commission of the Belgian parliament investigated and established all the details of the crime. It turned out that the people of Mobutu Sese Seko, the future dictator of Zaire, who later became “famous” for the cult of personality, an extremely luxurious lifestyle and a hat made of leopard skin, took part in the capture of Lumumba and his associates.Lumumba, Okito and Mpolo were sent to Katanga, where the separatist leader Tshombe and his Belgian companions mocked them.
The prisoners were subjected to sophisticated mockery, after which they were executed by the soldiers of Katanga under the leadership of Belgian officers. It was also established that King Baudouin knew about the plans to kill Lumumba – and approved this atrocity. Moreover, the then Belgian government provided comprehensive support to the opponents of the Prime Minister of the Republic of the Congo from Katanga. Following the publication of the commission’s report, Belgian Prime Minister Guy Verhofstadt made an official apology to the Congo.
And in the summer of 2020, Belgian federal prosecutor Frederic Van Leeuw said that the investigation into the murder of Lumumba was still ongoing. The country’s authorities have demonstrated their determination to bring to justice all those responsible for the atrocity. The Belgian prosecutor’s office believes that two people are now alive who, presumably, were closely associated with the tragic events of January 17, 1961.
There is no statute of limitations in this case, since the facts are qualified as a war crime.
It is known that a tooth was pulled out from a living or already dead Lumumba – after the destruction of the corpse, he remained, probably, the only biological sample of a politician. As a souvenir, the tooth was taken by one of the Belgians, who participated in the execution and helped cover up the tracks. In our time, a Belgian court ruled that the tooth belongs to the Lumumba family: it was confiscated from a former Belgian security officer and handed over to the prime minister’s descendants.
In the year of the 60th anniversary of Congo’s independence, King Philippe of Belgium for the first time officially expressed regret over colonization.He also condemned the acts of violence and atrocities that were committed in the country during the Belgian colonial rule under King Leopold II (ruled 1865-1909).
90,000 Roosters’ heads are torn out in Brandenburg again | Frame of the day | DW
Participants of the competition must, while riding on horseback, tear off the head of a rooster, whose head has already been previously folded.
The rooster is suspended from a high decorated gate. It is believed that the drops of cock’s blood that sprinkle the earth make it fertile.In late summer – early autumn, about twenty such folk tournaments – Hahnrupfen – take place in the places where the Lusatian Serbs live in Brandenburg.
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Easter traditions of the Lusatian Serbs
Easter traditions of the Lusatian Serbs
Luzhitsky Serbs are a West Slavic people whose lands stretched between the rivers Saale and Oder more than a thousand years ago. Modern Lusatians have preserved their language and culture – the only ones from all the Polabian Slavs.They live in East Germany, as well as in some parts of Poland. There are about 60 thousand people in total. This national minority does not have the rights of autonomy.
Easter traditions of the Lusatian Serbs
The first written mention of the Lusatian Serbs dates back to the seventh century.
In the 10th century, they lost their independence and also adopted Christianity. Today, two thirds of them are Catholics, one third are Protestants. The representative of the Lusatian Serbs Stanislav Tillich (CDU) was elected Prime Minister of the Federal State of Saxony in 2008 and held this position until the end of 2017.Easter traditions of the Lusatian Serbs
The historical area of their residence is called Lausitz. Among the traditions of the Lusatian Serbs, Easter customs occupy a special place. One of these customs is the coloring of Easter eggs. Luzhich residents donate them not only for this holiday, but also for other solemn occasions, for example, for weddings.
Easter traditions of the Lusatian Serbs
The egg is a symbol of life and fertility.Different patterns, designs and paints, traditional for this region, have their own symbolic meanings, should bring health and happiness. Among the decorative elements are flowers, climbing plants and stars.
Also, images of the Crucifixion of Christ, the Lamb of God and the Tree of Life are often found.Easter traditions of the Lusatian Serbs
According to tradition, on Bright Sunday, children in Lusatian settlements visit their godparents, and each of them has up to six of them here.Gifts are put in the baskets brought to them – eggs, other treats, toys. It has long been customary to paint Easter eggs in Luzhitsa on Good Friday, since you cannot work on such a day, but this occupation is not considered work.
Easter traditions of the Lusatian Serbs
There are different techniques. The oldest of them is etching, for which, in very distant times, painted eggs were simply laid on anthills. Formic acid marks formed irregular and intricate patterns on them.Later they began to use lactic acid, which is formed during sauerkraut, and now they use dilute hydrochloric acid.
Easter Traditions of the Lusatian Serbs
Wax is used for the following two techniques.
In the first case, its colorless layer protects the places where paint should not remain. For the second technique, heated colored wax is used to apply the pattern. There is an even more complicated method – the scratching technique, when an ornament is applied to the surface of a painted egg with a sharp object.It requires special skill and care.Easter traditions of the Lusatian Serbs
A special exhibition of the Sorbisches Museum in Bautzen, Saxony, tells about the traditions of coloring Easter eggs. In the Brandenburg Cottbus, the Wendisches Museum is dedicated to the culture of this people, but at the beginning of 2016 it was closed for a lengthy reconstruction. Part of the exhibition has been moved to the City Museum (Stadtmuseum Cottbus).
Easter traditions of the Lusatian Serbs
Children in Lusatian villages still use them for the traditional game of rolling Easter eggs (Waleien). This requires an inclined path and a recess.
The participants are faced with the task of touching the egg laid by the first player or remaining from previous attempts. The rolling of the egg symbolizes the stone that rolled down from the Holy Sepulcher before the resurrection of Jesus Christ.Easter traditions of the Lusatian Serbs
The next Easter custom of the Lusatian Serbs attracts many spectators not only from this region.On Bright Sunday, a total of about one and a half thousand riders take part in such festive horse processions in Luzhitsa. They carry the good news from one settlement to another, greeting the residents with Easter hymns.
Easter traditions of the Lusatian Serbs
Some horsemen carry crucifixes or figures of Jesus Christ who has risen from the dead, as well as church banners. Participants of the longest procession travel as much as 40 kilometers that day.The dress uniform consists of a black frock coat and trousers, a top hat and a white shirt.
Easter traditions of the Lusatian Serbs
The tradition goes back many hundreds of years. The first written mention is dated 1541, but its roots, as historians suggest, go back to pagan times. Driving past fields, pastures and orchards, riders pray for a good harvest, protection and help for people and pets.
Easter traditions of the Lusatian Serbs
They make stops in the settlements.Residents prepare a festive table for them. Before leaving, the riders participate in a prayer read by a local priest. It usually takes place in front of a temple or a cemetery. Nine of these processions are held in the predominantly Catholic Upper Lusatia, but they also involve Protestants and not only Lusatian Serbs, although they are, of course, the majority.
Easter traditions of the Lusatian Serbs
The following custom is also performed on Bright Sunday, and young Lusatian girls and women participate in it.
Early in the morning, before sunrise or even at night, they go to the river or other source for Easter water (Osterwasser). It is believed that this water, brought on a holiday in earthenware vessels, has healing properties and is especially beneficial for the skin.Easter traditions of the Lusatian Serbs
On the way to get Easter water, you need to be silent, and also do it all secretly so that no one can see. Otherwise, the water will lose its properties. The tradition also has pagan roots.Previously, people washed themselves with water in the early morning right next to the river, and also drove livestock into it.
Easter traditions of the Lusatian Serbs
Let’s conclude our story about the Easter customs of the Lusatian Serbs with traditional Easter bonfires, which, in principle, starts everything. They are bred throughout the villages of Lusatian on Good Friday.
Author: Maxim Nelyubin
In the 10th century, they lost their independence and also adopted Christianity. Today, two thirds of them are Catholics, one third are Protestants. The representative of the Lusatian Serbs Stanislav Tillich (CDU) was elected Prime Minister of the Federal State of Saxony in 2008 and held this position until the end of 2017.
Also, images of the Crucifixion of Christ, the Lamb of God and the Tree of Life are often found.
In the first case, its colorless layer protects the places where paint should not remain. For the second technique, heated colored wax is used to apply the pattern. There is an even more complicated method – the scratching technique, when an ornament is applied to the surface of a painted egg with a sharp object.It requires special skill and care.
The participants are faced with the task of touching the egg laid by the first player or remaining from previous attempts. The rolling of the egg symbolizes the stone that rolled down from the Holy Sepulcher before the resurrection of Jesus Christ.
Early in the morning, before sunrise or even at night, they go to the river or other source for Easter water (Osterwasser). It is believed that this water, brought on a holiday in earthenware vessels, has healing properties and is especially beneficial for the skin.GERMANY • FRAME BY FRAME • PHOTO REPORTS
Chinese version of King Lear – Casket – LiveJournal
Until now I knew only one folklore source for the plot of this tragedy – the European fairy tale about the king and his three daughters: “I love you as meat loves salt.
“I remember that a children’s film about a princess and a salt prince from the underground kingdom of minerals was also made based on it. And now, all of a sudden, I found another Chinese version of the same tale. Compared to European ones, it is more “down-to-earth” – this is an everyday fairy tale without miracles and without great passions, imbued with common sense and practicality. But, just like in the European folklore version, which I knew earlier, the end is happy.
Kind daughter-in-law
Chinese folk tale
There was once a man named Lao Lin-mu.He had a son and three daughters. The daughters were beautiful, like goddesses, and very eloquent; their father especially liked to boast of this to his neighbors.
“As soon as my daughters start talking, all the pigeons from the trees flock to them,” he said.
The rumor about eloquent girls spread far around, and my father’s heart rejoiced.
Several years have passed. The daughters got married, the son also got married.
Lao Lin-mu’s daughter-in-law was modest and hardworking. In the house and in the yard she was always neatly tidied.She weaved and embroidered beautifully and worked skillfully in the field. Everything was arguing with her. She and her husband lived peacefully and loved each other, she respected her father-in-law very much, and everyone in the village called her a good daughter-in-law. But Lao Lin-mu did not like her, because she did not know how to speak as beautifully as his daughters.
Before the New Year, Lao Lin-mu took out several lans of silver, earned by him for a year, and looked at them for a long time. He was sorry to buy new clothes for himself with them. He did not want to buy a new dress and his daughter-in-law, who worked so hard for the house.He wanted to give this money to his daughters. But there was not much money, they had to be divided into three parts, and he could not deprive any of the daughters. Throughout the night my father did not sleep, thought about what to do with the money, and finally came up with it.
The next day he got up at dawn and left the house without having breakfast. “We’ll eat a little with each daughter, so I’ll be full,” he decided.
Lao Lin-mu passed ten li (Li is a measure of length, at different times and in different places in China, different, more often equal to 0.576 km.) towards the rising sun and ended up at the house of the eldest daughter. Seeing her father, the daughter was very happy and said many pleasant words to him about how she was waiting for him. Lao Lin-mu shook his head in pleasure and smiled.
“How well my daughter can speak,” he thought, “and she says such nice things. I’ll give the money to her.”
The eldest daughter said a lot, but she didn’t say a word about breakfast. And the father realized that they met him here insincerely, that only words were good for his daughter.He did not give her money and left.
After another ten li, he reached the house of his middle daughter. Seeing her father, she was also very happy, she also uttered many kind words to him and repeated more than once that it would be necessary to treat father to breakfast.
But she never started making breakfast. And Lao Lin-mu realized that here too he was being greeted insincerely. He did not give the money to his middle daughter and went on.
Lao Lin-mu passed another ten li and reached the house of his youngest daughter. She, like her sisters, greeted him very warmly and hastened to say that she would make dzamba for breakfast (Dzamba – cakes made from flour and butter) and feed her father with food prepared with her own hands.Lao Ling-mu smiled and shook his head. After all, he loved his youngest daughter so much! In the meantime, she set to work.
Seeing such a sincere, warm welcome, the father decided to give his youngest daughter all the money so that she could sew herself a new dress.
Meanwhile, the treat was not served. Lao Lin-mu got up early, did not have breakfast at home, and even thirty years had passed; he was really very hungry. And Lao Lin-mu went to the kitchen. There was a hot dzamba, from which steam was coming, but the hostess was nowhere to be seen.
Lao Lin-mu took one cake and was just about to put it in his mouth, when suddenly his daughter came in. He hastily removed his cap and, putting the hot cake on the top of his head, put the cap back on. After counting the cakes and seeing that one was missing, the daughter looked up and noticed the steam above her father’s head. Realizing what was the matter, she said:
– Father, you are so tired that steam is coming from your head. You should take off your hat.
“Having daughters like you, father will inevitably sweat with joy,” Lao Lin-mu answered mockingly.
The daughter was silent. And Lao Ling-mu was convinced that she, too, did not say what she thought, that her speech, too, was sweet, and her heart was cruel. He gave her nothing and returned home with the money.
At this time, the daughter-in-law was sitting at the gate and spinning. Seeing her father-in-law, she immediately put down the spinning wheel and began to serve dinner. Before the father-in-law had time to sit down, the hot aromatic food was already on the table.
“I had breakfast three times today with your sisters and I’m still full,” Lao Ling-mu lied. – Bring lunch back.
“To eat at home once is better than three times at a party,” answered the daughter-in-law.
Lao Lin-mu no longer refused and ate three full cups.
And then he realized that he really had a good daughter-in-law: without unnecessary words, she took care of him and fed him.
“The money must be given to her,” decided Lao Lin-mu. And so he did.
From that time on, Lao Lin-mu did not brag about his daughters anymore, and when his daughter-in-law was praised, he laughed contentedly.
Taken from the site Tales of the Nations
| And there is a partial reconstruction of the statue and the Lion of Mosul, the first reconstruction created within the project. | And there it is the partial reconstruction of the statue, as well as the Lion of Mosul, the first reconstruction completed by our project. |
| This is a statue from Hatra and the Lion of Mosul. | There is the statue from Hatra and the Lion of Mosul. |
| 18 heads, 18 bodies, 18 riddles. | 18 heads, 18 bodies, 18 mysteries. |
| This guy has transplanted hundreds of mouse heads. | So this guy has been transplanting hundreds of mouse heads. |
| Lion, leopard, buffalo, rhino, elephant. | Lion, leopard, buffalo, rhino, elephant. |
| Lion of Urik can easily pass through the salt desert. | The Lion of Urik will stalk across the salt flats. |
| The lion has already made his last jump and was falling on me. | The lion launched himself towards me on the final bound. |
| Leo is my favorite animal. | Lion is my favorite animal. |
Well, probably, any military technology, I think, we got above the roof (of our heads) with regard to weapons and some items of private life, probably. | Well, probably any warfare technology, I think we’ve gotten a little over our heads with regard to weapons and some of the privacy issues I think. |
| The Lion King curled his lips in a smile that parted his fearsome yellowish fangs. | The Lion-King curled his lips in a smile that revealed fearsome ivory fangs. |
| Who held weapons at their heads and forced them to accept my proposals? | Who holds guns to their heads and forces them to take my offerings? |
| A lion and a crow in a strange alliance are fighting over a sea of corpses. | A lion and a crow in strange alliance, fighting across a sea of corpses. |
| God only knows what she will do if a mountain lion wanders into her camp. | God only knew what she would do if a mountain lion or a bear wandered into her camp. |
Drew found this quite appropriate, since the sleeping lion served as the emblem of the lord. | Drey called that apt, since his sigil was a sleeping lion. |
| Do you know that rabbits produce up to 14 heads per litter? | You know that rabbits get up to fourteen pups per litter? |
| Once upon a time there was a big angry lion with a thorn in its paw. | Once upon a time there was a big, mean lion who got a thorn in his paw. |
| How will lion, zebra, giraffe and hippo enter the Monte Carlo casino? | How do a lion, a zebra, a giraffe and a hippo walk into a casino in Monte Carlo? |
| The lion had some faint hopes of getting a chance to attack one of the cubs. | The lion had some slight hopes of getting a chance at one of the calves. |
| He removed the medallion from his neck and carefully wrapped his arms around it so that the lion was in front. | He took his medallion from his neck and grasped it carefully by the edges, with the striding lion to the front. |
| He was the Lion, the king of the jungle, chasing whatever prey he chose until he killed it. | he was a lion, the king of the jungle, stalking whatever prey he chose, going in for the kill. |
| The Lion King left the fountain behind him and wandered through the streets of his city. | The Lion-King put his fountain behind him and wandered the streets of his city. |
| The lion opened his mouth wide and let out a very natural growl. | It opened its mouth wide and gave an extremely realistic roar that made everyone in the vicinity jump. |
| Velasco was going to the airport tomorrow because a Lion is arriving from Miami at noon. | Velasco was going to the airport tomorrow because the Lion will be arriving in the afternoon from Miami. |
| Does he himself understand that he is looking at the crowd, like a lion at a herd of gazelles? | Did he realize he was standing there searching the crowd like a lion staring at a bunch of gazelles? |
This is a hard, ruthless affair in which the lion is rewarded for its ferocity. | It is a thorny, brutal affair that rewards the lion for his ferocity. |
| Usually hair for wigs is collected from the heads of the godless inhabitants of the East. | Ordinary toupee hair is harvested from the heads of the godless oriental. |
| And the largest and most dangerous in the entire universe, a man-eating lion climbed into its kraal. | And the biggest, nastiest man-eating lion in the universe had just strolled into her kraal. |
| We went to Turin to play with Juventus and scored six goals. | We went and played against Juve in Turin and scored six goals! |
| I have a lion, a giraffe, a monkey and a dog. | I have a lion, a giraffe, a monkey and a dog. |
| The first thing they were going to do was find a path leading inside their heads to understand what these new creatures wanted in order to be themselves. | The first thing they were going to do was to find a way of getting inside their heads to discover what these new beings wanted in order to be themselves. |
| War and drought have severely affected local food production and have reduced the livestock population from 2 million to several hundred thousand. | The war and drought seriously affected local food supplies and reduced the number of livestock from 2 million to a few hundred thousand. |
| That is, how far a lion can see in all directions until his or her field of view is restricted by vegetation. | The lower left shows a lion sizing up a herd of impala for a kill, and the right shows what I call the lion viewshed. |
| I wouldn’t want to be gutted alive by a lion. | I wouldn’t want to have my guts ripped out by a lion. |
| That is, the lion just thinks that people are all like that. | See, the lion just thinks that people look like that. |
| The same person whom the lion listens to. | The brother who tells the lion what to do. |
This is a British lion. And here is the face of the king. | It’s the lion of Britain with the head of the king. |
| Let the lion from the wall always look at us. | We must make sure the lion is always there. |
| Then the lion comes to the giraffe and speaks. | Lion comes to a giraffe and the lion says ,. |
| Wildlife is proud to present: The Lion King Alex! | The wild proudly presents: The king. Alex the lion! |
| I wouldn’t want to be gutted alive by a lion. | I wouldn’t want to have my guts ripped out by a lion. |
| I heard that they have a lion in their house. | I heard they have a lion in there. |
| I was already beginning to worry that there would be only one lion left in the world. | I was getting worried the world would have to make do with only one lion. |
It’s like saving a rabbit from a lion, but this lion is a demonic sociopath with a pretty decent bust. | It’s like rescuing a bunny from a lion, but that lion is a demonic sociopath with really nice cleavage. |
| Yes … This old lion will never finish. | Lion, lion, he’ll never finish. |
| If a lion, sensing the coming of spring, begins to roar, there will always be a lioness who will understand what he means. | When a lion gets feeling frisky and begins to roar, there’s another lion who knows just what he’s roaring for. |
| Black Lion-X-ray, says Black Lion-Tango. | Black Lion X-Ray, this is Black Lion Tango. |
| This is paradise, I have six wings and four faces, and one of them is a lion. | In heaven, I have six wings and four faces, one of which is a lion. |
| If you stopped at the treasury by ripping off their arms and legs, please reconsider the decision to execute them in front of the people and hang their heads. | If you are choosing beheading over having their limbs torn off, please reconsider making the execution public and hanging their heads up. |
| Bouncing heads at the sheriff’s station … that’s aggression. | Staging the heads in front of a sheriff’s aggressive. |
| So why don’t you just hurry to your next face-pumping training at the John Travolta Institute for Growing Heads and Gaining Face Weight. | So why don’t you just hurry on to your next face-widening session at the John Travolta Institute for Head Thickening and Facial Weight Gain. |
| And then – a graceful dance between dinner and death – the ants consumed the mycelium, they turned into mummies, and, voila, mushrooms appeared from their heads. | And then – a delicate dance between dinner and death – the mycelium is consumed by the ants, they become mummified, and, boing, a mushroom pops out of their head. |
| At 12:00 an armed terrorist group entered the territory of the Muzairib cattle farm, where it stole 15 heads of cattle, 2 tractors and a large amount of food. | At 1200 hours, an armed terrorist group invaded the Muzayrib cattle farm and stole 15 head of cattle, two tractors and a large quantity of feed. |
| It’s like saving a rabbit from a lion, but this lion is a demonic sociopath with a pretty decent bust. | It’s like rescuing a bunny from a lion, but that lion is a demonic sociopath with really nice cleavage. |
| You can watch a lion kill an antelope, but a small cut scares you? | So you can watch a lion mangle an impala, but you’re scared of a little cut? |
| The betting tongue stands on its hind legs and roars like a lion. | You shoot your mouth off all over town … |
| Dr. Lev is a serious physiologist and leader in the field of birth defects. | Dr. Lev is a serious physician a leader in the field of birth defects. |
| In another post, he praised his youngest son: “Little Adam proved that he really is a Lion!” | In another post, he praised his youngest son: Little Adam has proven that he is truly a Lion! |
There was a sense of uselessness in the air, ”says Lev Zeleny, director of the Russian Space Research Institute. | There was this feeling of uselessness in the air, ”says Lev Zelenyi, director of the Institute of Space Research (IKI) here. |
| Campbell knows Maurice scores the most goals in the league. | Campbell knows Maurice is leading the league in scoring. |
| And in every scripture (here I include Marx’s Capital and Rousseau’s Social Contract) there is always an argument to cut off a couple of heads. | Every Holy Book – and under that heading I include Das Kapital and The Social Contract – has always been an opportunity for a beheading or two. |
How to defeat power without using violence? The experience of Mahatma Gandhi
https://www.znak.com/2020-03-11/kak_pobedit_vlast_bez_primeneniya_nasiliya_opyt_mahatmy_gandi
2020.03.11
90 years ago, Mahatma Gandhi’s “salt campaign” began in India. This event marked the beginning of an open Indian struggle for independence and ultimately led to important geopolitical changes in the world as Britain lost its key colony.
Equally important, the model of civil resistance was tested in practice, which still works.The main feature of the protest led by Gandhi was the absence of violence and the use of methods of moral pressure on the enemy. The current generation of oppositionists still have a lot to learn from Mahatma Gandhi.
Kodak Collection / NMeM / Global Look Press
“If you faced an enemy, conquer him with love”
The first half of the 20th century was marked by the collapse of world empires, as a result of which countries and peoples faced wars, revolutions and national liberation movements.This fate did not escape the British Empire, which clung to its colonies to the last and tried to squeeze as much resources out of them as possible. The most dramatic part was Britain’s farewell to India. This vast southern country was a colony of the British crown from 1858 to 1947. And before that, the English East India Company established its order there for more than two centuries, starting in 1600.
In general, the Indians for several centuries managed to taste all the “delights” of the rule of the British.But at the beginning of the 20th century, it became clear that it was time to end it.
Among those who understood this was Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Future Indian Nobel Prize Laureate for Literature Rabindranath Tagore will call Gandhi “Mahatma” which means “Great Soul”. Since then, this nickname will be assigned to him. True, Gandhi himself will not like it very much, since it sounds immodest. Back in 1906, Gandhi took a brahmacharya vow, which prescribed restraint and modesty in everything.
Mohandas Gandhi is a young lawyer Scherl / Global Look Press
Mohandas Gandhi received his law degree in London.Already at the end of the 19th century, he first entered the struggle for the rights of Indians. As a means of political struggle, he immediately chose non-violent resistance or satyagraha, which literally means “persistence in the truth.” Who would have thought that the teaching of the Russian writer Leo Tolstoy about non-resistance to evil by violence, for which the Church would condemn him at home, would be embodied in distant India.
Gandhi would have admired Tolstoy’s work “The Kingdom of God is within us.” By the way, in 1909-1910 they even corresponded.This is what Lev Nikolaevich Makhatma wrote in one of his last letters shortly before his death: in the depths of his soul, every person feels and knows (as we see it most clearly in children), knows until he is entangled in the false teachings of the world. This law was proclaimed by all, both Indian and Chinese, and Jewish, Greek, Roman sages of the world.I think that it was most clearly expressed by Christ, who even bluntly said that in this alone is the whole law and the prophets. ”
But the main significance for Gandhi was played by the religious and philosophical book of the Hindus “Bhagavad Gita”. In it, Gandhi drew his ideas for political struggle. “If you are faced with an enemy, defeat him with love,” he said. Armed with such convictions, in 1919 he joined the active struggle for the independence of India. Gandhi called on his compatriots to boycott British goods and authorities, and also defiantly violated the colonial laws of the British.
In 1921 he chaired the Indian National Congress. But his main struggle was still ahead.
“On my knees I asked for bread, but instead I received a stone”
Ten years later, Gandhi was already an experienced politician with great authority among his compatriots. But the matter of gaining independence was going slowly. Britain still ruled the land of the Mahatma and his fellow tribesmen. On February 15, 1930, the leadership of Congress decided to launch a campaign of civil disobedience. The Mahatma prepared 11 demands for the upcoming campaign and sent them to Viceroy Irvine.He demanded: reduction of the land tax by at least 50%; the abolition of the government monopoly and the salt tax; reduction of military spending by at least 50%; reducing the number of British officials by at least half; the introduction of protectionist tariffs on the import of foreign fabrics and clothing; a ban on the sale of alcoholic beverages; the release of all prisoners except those convicted of murder; give Indians the right to have weapons for self-defense; liquidate or establish civilian control over the Criminal Investigation Department.The politician assured the Viceroy that if these demands are accepted, he will not insist on civil disobedience.
Mahatma Gandhi, 1932 Scherl / Global Look Press
Irwin dismissed all of Gandhi’s claims as fantastic. Then Mohandas Karamchand decided to exacerbate the situation. Particularly important for him was the clause on the abolition of the monopoly on salt. On March 2, 1930, he sent an ultimatum to Irwin – if the Viceroy does not accept 11 demands, he will violate the “salt law”. Irwin refused again.
“On my knees I asked for bread, and in its place I received a stone. I do not recognize this law and consider it my sacred duty to violate the sad duty to observe the forced peace, which is suffocating the heart of the nation due to lack of air, ”the leader of the Indian resistance wrote in response. In addition, he reminded the Viceroy that his salary was more than five thousand times the average income of an Indian. A system that allows such distortions should be broken without reasoning, he stressed. He accused the British Empire itself of driving the Indians to poverty with its ruinous civil and military administration, destroying the foundations of Indian culture, turning the population into slavery and morally corrupting it.India can no longer bear it, he chided Irwin and his country.
But again he wrote all this without hatred and malice. “I use this word deliberately: transformation. For this is my goal: to transform the British people with nonviolence and to open their eyes to how they are guilty before us. I do not want to harm your people. I want to serve him as I wish to serve my own, ”- it sounded like a religious sermon, not a political ultimatum.
“The survivors, without breaking the line, continued to silently and stubbornly go forward, until they were killed …”
The time has come to act.On the evening of March 11, Gandhi gathered his disciples for the last prayer. “The power is behind us. I pray for the battle that will begin tomorrow, ”he inspired them. On March 12, 1930, at 6:30 am, Gandhi, together with 71 followers, began a “salt hike” to the town of Dundee on the shores of the Arabian Sea. It had to go 20 days. Gandhi said he would not return until the salt tax was lifted. “Victory or death!” – this was the motto of the procession. At that time, he was already 61 years old and did not have excellent health, but this did not bother him at all.
On the way, the Mahatma stopped in villages and towns and at numerous meetings urged people to break the monopoly on salt production. Under pressure from public opinion, village officials resigned from their posts. Thousands of volunteers joined the movement. Among them were Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, Christians, untouchables, many women.
Mahatma Gandhi (center) during the Scherl / Global Look Press Salt March
On April 6, Gandhi plunged into the sea to cleanse himself, returned to shore and collected some salt from the waves.This means that the monopoly on salt was violated: the law forbade touching natural sediments on the seashore. Thousands of Indians all over the country, who were near the ocean, did the same thing. Salt was transported inland, evaporated in pots, on the verandas of houses, itinerant merchants sold it here and there. India has risen.
Gandhi’s associate and in the future the first prime minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru recalled: “Throughout the country, in cities and villages, the main topic of the day is how salt is mined; we have sought the most bizarre ways for this.Since no one really understood this issue, we found out everything about it, printed leaflets with recipes and collected all kinds of vessels; in the end we managed to get a rather unattractive product, which was shown with a triumphant air and often sold at auction at stunning prices … “.
Gandhi’s satyagraha tactics worked. Nehru repented: “We felt embarrassed and ashamed of doubting the effectiveness of this method when Gandhi suggested it.”
However, it was not lambs at all who opposed Gandhi and his associates, but armed men in uniform. So bloodshed was inevitable. On May 5, Gandhi was arrested, and the leadership in the fight against the salt monopoly passed to the famous poet, prominent congresswoman Sarojini Naidu. By this time, 25,000 volunteers had gathered under her command, and she led them to the state-owned salt factory in Dharasana. There it was necessary to seize the saltworks. The action, in which 2.5 thousand people took part, took place on May 21.
Further described by the British journalist Webb Miller. Gandhi’s men came up and stopped a hundred meters from the fence. The selection column left the crowd, climbed over the ditches and approached the barbed wire. The police ordered to withdraw.
The spinning wheel became one of the symbols of Satyagraha. Gandhi encouraged people to weave their own clothes, abandoning British goods, and spun himself daily. The spinning wheel was also associated with Indian and Buddhist symbols Scherl / Global Look Press
“Suddenly, according to a conventional sign, dozens of native policemen pounced on the marchers who were marching ahead, and began to beat them on the head with steel clubs,” the journalist described the bloody scenes.- None of the demonstrators even raised their hands to ward off the blow. They fell like pins. From where I stood, I heard the sickening sound of clubs hitting defenseless heads. The crowd of waiting protesters groaned and held their breath, flinching with each blow. The wounded fell in all directions, unconscious or writhing in pain, with cracked skulls and shoulders … The survivors, without breaking the formation, continued to silently and stubbornly go forward until they were killed … They walked at a steady pace, with their heads raised, without encouraging themselves music or exclamations, without the slightest escape from serious injury or death.The police rushed forward and systematically and automatically destroyed the second column. There was no battle, no struggle; the demonstrators just walked and they were killed … ”.
The slaughter continued for several days. Women took an active part in this non-resistance to evil by violence. As the men were arrested and imprisoned, they took their place. They were treated as cruelly as men, beaten to blood, beaten in the chest and abdomen with feet or sticks: “None wavered, each staunchly remained in its place … In this battle, Indian women became equal to men …” – wrote Webb Miller.
After what happened, of course, the centuries-old colonial policy of England gave a serious crack, India’s gaining independence became a matter of the next few years. Rabindranath Tagore wrote in one of his articles in May 1930: “Europe has finally lost its authority in Asia. In the world, she is no longer considered a champion of justice and a bearer of lofty principles, but a defender of the rule of the white race, an exploiter of people living outside its borders. ” From now on, he pronounced the verdict, Asia can afford to “look at Europe from the top down, while before looking at it from the bottom up.”
“England will cease to exist forever as a great power”
In London, this caused the greatest irritation. After all, the world economy had already been struck by the Great Depression, unresolved territorial disputes smoldered in Europe after the First World War and revanchist sentiments were growing, communism in the face of the Stalinist USSR was gaining strength, a new world war loomed on the horizon. All this could not but affect the interests of the United Kingdom, and India was a source of cheap resources for it.
Winston Churchill wrote irritably in his diary in 1931: “The show of Gandhi, this rebel of petty lawyers, acting as a half-naked fakir walking the steps of the Viceroy’s palace, is disgusting and disgusting.” At a cabinet meeting, he said: “Gandhi should not be released, even if he threatens us with a hunger strike. If he dies, we will get rid of the enemy of the British Empire. ” By the way, he made similar statements to the politician Adolf Hitler, who is gaining popularity in Germany.However, if from the standpoint of the present day you carefully read what statements Churchill himself made, then associations with the Fuhrer’s speeches about the living space in the East for the Aryan race will involuntarily arise. Only Hitler still had to unleash a war of conquest, and Britain had already seized a foreign country, and it was about keeping it at all costs.
“The English people do not at all intend to relinquish control over the life and progress of India … We do not intend to give up this most brilliant and precious pearl of the royal crown, which, to a greater extent than all our other dominions and possessions, constitutes the strength and glory of the British Empire … England, having lost India as its empire, will forever cease to exist as a great power, ”Churchill said openly.
Mahatma Gandhi on hunger strike, 1930s Global Look Press
Repression has been a response to the awakening of the Indian people. In 1931, the leaders of the national liberation movement were arrested and then executed. Among them is Bhagat Singh, who later entered Indian folklore as a martyr. In 1932, the Indian Congress was outlawed. All its committees were banned – from top to bottom, and the organizations affiliated with it – peasant, youth, student, universities, and also schools, hospitals, enterprises created in connection with the Swadeshi movement were closed.Against the backdrop of the repression, Viceroy Willingdon wrote on December 29, 1931 to the Minister of Indian Affairs, Samuel Hoare, that he felt like something like Mussolini.
But the civil awakening has already happened. It was already impossible not to notice or quietly eliminate the factor of the “half-naked fakir”. Viceroy Irvine himself had to accept and listen to him. Once during their meeting, Gandhi was offered a cup of tea, he took out a paper bag of salt (not taxed) from his cloak and said with a smile: “I will put some salt in my tea in memory of the famous Boston tea party.”This, in today’s language, was a very subtle trolling. Recall that under this name the event that took place on December 16, 1773 went down in history. American colonists, in response to the actions of the British government, destroyed a cargo of tea belonging to the English East India Company in Boston Harbor. This event was the impetus in American history, marking the beginning of the American Revolution. Gandhi hinted that a similar event had taken place in the history of the Indian liberation from the fetters of the British Empire and there was no turning back.
“It saved society from collective suicide.”
Indeed, the satyagraha tactics, shown in full force during the salt approach, played a significant role in the struggle for Indian independence. But they managed to find freedom only 17 years later. The events were accelerated by the Second World War and its results. In Europe, the victorious countries all over the world condemned the Nazi policy of racism, chauvinism and an aggressive war, and the perpetrators were executed. To continue to pursue similar colonial policies on another continent and treat the local population as an inferior subordinate race would be a clear manifestation of double standards.It became obvious to everyone that British colonialism, which began even before the advent of human rights policy, could not continue to exist in the middle of the 20th century. His time has come to an end.
First of all, Gandhi remained in history as a symbol of the national liberation struggle. But his movement has other sides as well. He became one of the first in India to advocate the equality of women, as well as the “lower castes”, and thus became the personification of the highest humanism in its European understanding. The women, following their husbands, showed steadfastness during the salt hike.“They are the best symbol of humanity. They have all the virtues of Satyagraha, which filled us with faith in ourselves, ”said Mahatma about women.
Jawaharlal Nehru, recalling the salt campaign, wrote: “The most outstanding event of the year was the wonderful awakening of an Indian woman. Those who did not see with their own eyes how hundreds of them took off their headscarves and, leaving the protection of their hearth, went out into the street and the market square to fight alongside their brothers, whom they could serve as an example, would hardly believe it. ” …
Gandhi opened the doors for Indian women to social and political life. In the 1930s, Congress pledged to equalize women’s rights with men before the law, end discrimination against women in employment, and introduce universal suffrage. It is unlikely that this would have happened without the movement of the Mahatma.
Mahatma Gandhi disembarks the ship in Marseilles. 1931 Scherl / Global Look Press
Untouchables became one of the bargaining cards in the bargaining for independence with the British Empire.Gandhi was the first to understand the imminent danger of the departure of the untouchables from the Hindu community. This could have extremely negative consequences for the future of India. He did his best to prevent the irreparable from happening. Gandhi even went on a hunger strike to persuade his political opponents in the struggle for independence to treat the untouchables as equals. “What I want, what I live for and what I will gladly die for is the complete and absolute elimination of untouchability. I want my hunger strike to fall on the scales of justice.And if this awakens the caste Hindus from hibernation, the goal will be achieved, ”he said.
As a result, Gandhi achieved a meeting with the leader of the untouchables Ambedkar. Then there was a meeting between the leaders of the “pure” Hindus and the untouchables. In September 1932, a pact was signed between the two groups in the city of Pune. In Delhi, the Hindu Mahasabha party, which fought for Indian independence, passed a resolution in support of the pact. The draft resolution was drawn up personally by the Mahatma. After that, the leaders of the “pure” castes ratified the pact and adopted a resolution.It said that henceforth none of the Hindus would be considered untouchable by reason of birth, and all those who were considered as such would receive the same access to wells, roads and other places in public use, as well as to public schools, as and other Indians.
“The agreement between Gandhi and Ambedkar saved society from collective suicide. The Pune Pact was a victory for Gandhi in his struggle to free Hindu society from a malignant tumor that was at the very core of his social life.Perhaps it was the Mahatma’s finest hour, ”writes Indian historian Ravinder Kumar.
Of course, the transformations initiated by Gandhi during the struggle for independence were not liked by all strata of Indian society. And above all, the “higher castes”, for whom such reforms were an attack on the very foundations of Hinduism. In disputes with the Mahatma, the brahmanas quoted sacred texts in their defense and claimed that Christianity and Islam had influenced Gandhi’s views on untouchability.
As a result, extremely conservative circles decided to eliminate Gandhi.The conspiracy was organized by the Bombay millionaire Vinayak Savarkar. He declared Gandhi the “insidious enemy” of the Hindus, and his teachings on Satyagraha immoral. From people loyal to him, Savarkar created a terrorist group. They were educated brahmanas. On January 30, 1948, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was killed. And yet the Mahatma saw India gain independence. This happened on the night of 14-15 August 1947.
Monument to Mahatma Ganda in Hannover, Germany Holger Hollemann / dpa / Global Look Press
“What a clean smell he left behind!”
Of course, today there are ambiguous assessments of the political activities of Mahatma Gandhi.His political philosophy was not to all intellectuals’ liking. For example, the writer and author of the dystopian novel “1984” George Orwell, who served as a police officer in Burma in his youth and knew firsthand all the hardships of the peoples colonized by the British Empire, wrote that he had no sympathy for Gandhi. Reflecting on Gandhi’s philosophy, he wondered how nonviolent resistance could be put into practice on an international scale. And he himself answered:
“When applied to foreign policy, pacifism either ceases to be peacefulness, or turns into appeasement.In addition, Gandhi’s suggestion, which helped him so much in communicating with individuals – that everyone can be approached, and a person will respond to a generous gesture – is very doubtful. It, for example, is not necessarily justified when dealing with madmen. And then the question arises: who is normal? Was Hitler normal? And couldn’t a whole culture be insane by the standards of another culture? And, judging by the feelings of entire nations, is there an obvious connection between a noble deed and a friendly response? Is gratitude a factor in international politics? “
Jawaharlal Nehru and Mohandas Gandhi, 1942 World History Archive / Global Look Press
The writer also doubted that the peaceful exodus of India from the colonial clutches of Britain was the merit of Gandhi and his associates. He wrote:
“On the one hand, the British really left India without a fight – an event that few observers could have foreseen a year before. On the other hand, it happened under the Labor government, and the Conservative government, especially headed by Churchill, would certainly have behaved differently.But if by 1945 a significant part of the British society was benevolent to the independence of India, what is the personal merit of Gandhi? ”
And yet, for all his doubts, Orwell highly valued Gandhi’s role as a politician. “You can feel, as I feel, a certain aesthetic dislike for Gandhi, you can disagree with those who try to write him down as a saint (he himself, by the way, never claimed this), you can reject the ideal of holiness and therefore consider the initial the points of his teaching are inhuman and reactionary; but if you look at him simply as a politician and compare with other leading political figures of our time, what a clean smell he left behind! ” – concluded the writer.
There is also a version that Gandhi indirectly helped the British Empire. Through his activities, he helped split India into Hindu and Muslim – the latter is today known as Pakistan. For the British, in the end, it was important to lay this split in order to continue to play on it according to the principle of “divide and conquer”. But this is only a version.
One thing is indisputable: Gandhism has become a reference point for many civil resistance movements around the world. His statement still remains relevant and inspiring: “At first they do not notice you, then they laugh at you, then they fight with you.And then you win. ”
Text written on the basis of the following sources:
“Ten Reproaches to Winston Churchill”, 24.01.2015, BBC-Russian Service;
Jordis Christina, “Mahatma Gandhi”, Young Guard, 2013;
Orwell George, Reflections on Gandhi, 1949;
Yurlov Felix Nikolaevich, “History of India. XX century ”, IV, 2010.
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The private life of the English king as a theme of a love story – Vox medii aevi
Dmitry Vyacheslavovich Kiryukhin , Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of History and Foreign Languages, Nizhny Novgorod State Agricultural Academy
The bright and magnificent court life that began with the accession of the Tudor dynasty has attracted the attention of writers since the time of William Shakespeare’s Historical Chronicles.For Russian readers, this period of the history of the United Kingdom is familiar mainly from translations of English-language literature. One of the first in the post-Soviet space to turn to the Tudor era was the Kharkov writer Lilia Podgayskaya, who wrote historical love stories about “the era of changes and the time of passions”, included in several cycles: “The evil fate of King Henry” (2016), “The cruel time of the Tudors” (2016), Cross and Sword (2018). The focus of the author’s attention, however, is not at all the foreign or domestic policy of the new king, but his relationship with the women around him: mother, wife, court ladies and noblewomen.At the same time, L. Podgayskaya is not stingy to use numerous myths and cliches about Henry’s greed, cruelty and indifference, which were later debunked in British historiography.
In 2016, the multimedia publishing house Strelbitsky published the novel by L. Podgayskaya “The Evil Doom of King Henry” [1] , which became almost the first Russian-language historical novel dedicated to the life and personality of the founder of the Tudor dynasty in England – King Henry VII ( 1457-1509). Although the circulation of the book was not printed on paper, its electronic version is available in the e-book library Liters [2] , which is an aggregator, distributor and seller of e-books in Russia and the CIS countries, and on other similar resources (litlib.net, mybook.ru, bookz.ru, avidreaders.ru, aldebaran.ru, iknigi.net and many others).
Unfortunately, not much is known about the author of the book. According to the information posted on Liters, “Lilia Podgayskaya was born on August 2, 1940 in Kharkov, where she still lives. The author Lilia Podgayskaya came to literature from science, where she left a noticeable trail of research and many publications … ” scientific works.The main direction of L. Podhaiskaya’s literary activity is “historical and historical-adventure novels”, and she creates “modern sentimental prose” and “fantasy for adults” only as “as a rest” [4] .
The authorship of L. Podgayskaya really owns a lot of books, about sixty editions of a wide variety of topics from “Lessons of the Kamasutra” [5] to “A dog named Lada” (series “Fairy tales for an adult woman”) [6] , but a large some of them are romance novels and detective stories, as a rule, of not very large volume.L. Podhaiskaya’s appeal to the history of England was obviously dictated by the success of her works such as “Secrets of Old Castles” [7] , “The Evil Demon in the Abbey of St. Gall” [8] and other novels, the action of which, being fantasy of the author, unfolds against the backdrop of medieval Europe.
L. Podgayskaya did not limit herself to one book about the Tudor era in England: her authorship also belongs to “The Cruel Time of the Tudors” (2016) [9] and “Mysterious Light Under the Roof” (2017) [10] , included in the cycle The Tudors, together with the novel considered in this material, as well as The Cross and the Sword (2018) [11] (the series Around the Tudors.The Age of Change and the Time of Passion “), The Seventh Star (2018) [12] and The Holiness of the Vow (2019) [13] (Tudor Time series).
Despite the large number of works, these novels are distinguished by a relatively small volume (26-50 pages). Colleague L. Podgayskaya Bryacheslav Ivanovich Galimov devotes his books to the bright life of King Henry VIII and his descendants: “Anne Boleyn’s treason to King Henry VIII” [14] , “Elizabeth’s conspiracy against her sister Mary Tudor” [15] and ” Mary Stuart, Elizabeth’s rival “ [16] .All three books published in 2016 are part of the Around the Tudors series. The era of changes and the time of passions “together with the above-mentioned works of L. Podgayskaya and differ in a much larger volume, however, they deserve rather negative reviews from readers:” I read it only because it was interesting to see the depth of the author’s fall … “ [17] .
Despite the fact that the readership of these works is most likely mainly middle-aged housewives, for a professional researcher of the history of England in the late 15th – early 16th centuries.L. Podgayskaya’s works will be interesting because they vividly and vividly demonstrate in what form the clichés associated with the Tudor dynasty that have developed in both domestic and foreign historiography and culture have survived to this day.
Henry VII and historical stamps
In the center of L. Podhaiskaya’s novel “The Wicked Fate of King Henry” is the figure and personality of Henry VII, the founder of the Tudor dynasty in England. And, perhaps, this is one of the few heroes of this small (94 pages) book, which has been given sufficient attention.In a number of chapters, the story is told in the first person, on behalf of Henry himself, which, on the one hand, gives the author the opportunity to acquaint the reader with the inner world of the protagonist, his thoughts, motives, and aspirations, but also reduces the historical value of the work, inevitably adding not only anachronisms, but also a number of significant errors.
The novel can be conditionally divided into two parts: “historical”, in which real personalities take part, whose actions either took place in the past, or do not contradict historical facts, and “fictional”, where in the center of the narration are heroes and events whose historical the credibility is questionable.The introduction of the second part is due to the fact that it contains the elements necessary for a love story that cannot be revealed in the “historical part” – erotic scenes, sexual violence, as well as the story of a heroine acting in spite of society and finding love and happiness thanks to this. We are talking about such reflections: “ This donkey, her husband, does not even know what love is. And she now knew quite a lot about it – from her mother, who enlightened her in these matters, from the faithful Debbie, who often shared with her mistress her delight from the tenderness and caresses of her beloved Ron, who became her husband, and from her own feelings … “ [18] .
The entourage of King Henry VII in the novel is numerous, but poorly spelled out: many of his supporters, relatives and enemies are named, but most of them deserve only a brief mention. So, the name of the Archbishop of Canterbury John Morton (c. 1420-1500), one of the main supporters of the king, appears only twice, in connection with innovations in the tax system, which are not commented on in any way, except for the use of the well-known expression “Morton’s fork”, and with his activities to transform Richard III into a “monster that can scare children” [19] in the chronicles.A similar situation occurs with many other historical figures who are only a few times named by the author (Margarita Burgundy, Catherine of Aragonskaya and others). However, to some “chosen ones” L. Podgayskaya devotes two or three paragraphs with “historical information”, which is nothing more than a free presentation of the generally available material of any encyclopedia.
One of these, for example, is John de Vere, Earl of Oxford (1442-1513), about whom we can read the following: “ This strong and resourceful man, most likely, has always been faithful only to himself.His life, like Henry’s, was very difficult … He won his military glory at the Battle of Barnet, when he fought on the side of the Lancaster. Then there were many adventures in his life. It included emigration, pirate raids on the land of York, captivity, prison, escape. And then he became the chief military adviser to Henry Tudor. Yes, he was an experienced warrior and a connoisseur of the art of war … <...> … there was a lot in his life before he joined the new contender for the throne … “ [20] However, further in the novel was not found a place not only for “a lot” that happened in his life, but also for John de Vere himself.Such an attitude towards secondary and tertiary characters, for which the author introduces this kind of information and detail, is generally not very clear, since, in addition to volume, this does not add to the novel either historicity or detail, distracting the reader to numerous details that have a very indirect meaning to the narration. …
The novel examines in sufficient detail only the relationship between the king and his wife (of course, to contrast them with the bright and ideal love of fictional characters), his mother and the spirit of the “innocently murdered” Richard III of York, who, like the shadow of Hamlet’s father, relentlessly follows Henry into his thoughts and dreams, hinting at the neuroses and mental instability of the king.
How does Henry VII appear before us in L. Podhaiskaya’s novel? Historians cannot tell much about the personality of this man, who, thanks to the circle of court authors created by him, managed to preserve the iconographic image of the founder of the dynasty and a pious peacemaker in the memory of descendants. Even the thesis about the avarice of the king, which by and large has no basis, is controversial, although the most common.
Lack of information on the identity of Heinrich L.Podgayskaya more than compensates, making him a typical victim of his entourage: first, the desires and ambitions of his mother, and then his closest supporters, who pushed him onto the “vicious” path of struggle for the English throne with a more worthy rival in unworthy methods: “ Or maybe it was better not to listen to the angry voices of those who persecuted Richard: “Atu, hey!”? Maybe there was no need to interfere in this quarrel, started many years ago by those whose bones have long since rotted in the ground. He could have lived no worse than others.After all, he was the Earl of Richmond, and not a simple small-scale nobleman. Maybe he should have peacefully returned to England and bowed to Richard, obeying him? He would forgive. He forgave everyone who did him harm, noble soul “ [21] .
In connection with the above, it is not surprising that instead of an adult, cunning, calculating ruler (we can assert this on the basis of his actions on the throne), we have a weak, always doubting himself and others, embittered and cruel because of the feeling of constant fear, a child worthy at best, the reader’s pity, if not contempt.With some amazing sensuality L. Podgayskaya “debunks” the myth about the founder of the Tudor dynasty.
Excursion to the royal bedroom
Let’s turn to some details of the novel in more detail. As already mentioned above, L. Podgayskaya pays sufficient attention to the personal life of the king, trying to reveal in detail the relationship of the spouses – Henry and Elizabeth of York (1466-1503), who entered into a dynastic marriage, personifying the symbolic end of the war of roses in the unity of the House of York and the heirs of Lancaster – Tudors, which, of course, cannot be happy, because, according to the author of the novel, it is not based on love and unity of two hearts.Although “Henry was always impeccably correct with his wife in front of those around him” [22] , the reader, thanks to L. Podhaiskaya’s imagination, can look into the keyhole of the royal bedroom and find that “nothing but cold is the queen from him did not see “ [23] .
The king appears to his wife as “a dry, unkind person, a cold and closed man who never aroused warm feelings in her” [24] .However, according to Heinrich himself in the novel, and “his wife never aroused good feelings in him” because of the people’s love and belonging to the York house, because his “mother believes that the Yorkist evil is in her blood” [25 ] . Despite this kind of reciprocity, “ what Henry gave her could not satisfy the hot woman, the daughter of the incomparable Elizabeth Woodville, who managed to subdue and subjugate King Edward of York of England. The life of Elizabeth the Younger next to the cold, unconscious Henry and suspicious, seeing and knowing everything, the king’s mother, Margaret Beaufort, was akin to imprisonment.But she knew her duty and conscientiously performed it, although her heart often ached from the desire for another, real life “ [26] .
Of course, this is not the end of the tour to the royal bedroom on the pages of the novel, and L. Podgayskaya invites the reader to trace the life of the king’s firstborn from the moment of his conception: “ … more than a month before the wedding, Henry came to her and demanded to share a bed with him. <…> “… Time is precious. I need an heir as soon as possible.Therefore, madam, you will do what I desire. ” And she did, obeying. But he did not want her at all, but only an heir. Then for the first time she learned how a man doing work behaves in bed. <…> As soon as she carried it, Henry stopped visiting her bedchamber. It was not upsetting, on the contrary, it was pleasant. His visits to her bed never brought joy, neither to her, nor, as she understood, to him “ [27] .
The author does not forget to mention the king’s mistress, who is presented as “an elderly and not very pleasant woman who occupied a very modest position at court” [28] .Despite the rather detailed description of the life of the spouses together, as we can see, not devoid of piquant details, in general, their communication is reduced by the author only to “joint work on conceiving children”, because “King Henry Tudor wants to have many heirs” [29] . Only in the finale of the book, Henry and Elizabeth are united by a hint of a mutual sincere feeling – grief for the deceased firstborn. However, it is not entirely clear why, according to the author, Elizabeth, who found herself in the love and upbringing of her children, in the novel pays special attention only to her first son Arthur.This is probably done with the intention of showing that the reason for the “tyrannical reign of King Henry VIII, who covered the dynasty with the filth of his family squabbles and the blood of numerous victims” [30] , is the lack of attention and love of his parents or lack of education, which, of course, is completely wrong: as you know, Henry VIII was one of the most educated monarchs of his time.
Origin of rumors
If we turn to foreign British historiography, it is not difficult to find that rumors of bad relations between King Henry and Elizabeth of York have been appearing since the middle of the 18th century.At the same time, just as before various authors sought to demonize the image of Richard III of York, their followers used a variety of details and epithets to debunk the myth of a happy marriage of the founder of the Tudor dynasty. Here are the most striking quotes.
“ The thought that he was considered a king only by the right of a spouse, caused such coldness in him towards her that he did not miss an opportunity to express it throughout her life. He postponed her coronation for two whole years and, no doubt, would have postponed her forever, if he did not consider that by continuing to deny her this honor, he was damaging himself ”(Paul de Rapin) [31] .
“ The suspicions that arose … not only disturbed his peace of mind during the entire reign, but also aroused in him disgust for his wife herself and poisoned his family life … <...> … the queen never met a proper reciprocal feeling, or even courtesy from the outside her husband … “(David Hume) [32] .
Manifestations of Popular Love for the House of York “ … in his jealous and sullen soul created a strong disgust … which deprived her of the love of her husband, who mistreated her all her life ” (Robert Henry) [33] .
“ … a meek and unrequited queen, having lived a life miserable because of the hostility that the king felt for her … died in the Tower in 1503 … ” (Thomas Haywood) [34] .
It is unlikely that while writing her novel, L. Podgayskaya got acquainted with the works of the above-mentioned authors, however, she should have turned to The History of the Reign of King Henry VII by F. Bacon in the first place: the Russian translation was made back in 1990 and published by the publishing house “Science” [35] .In J. Spedding’s preface to the 1859 edition, also cited in a domestic publication and supplemented by notes by V.R.Rokityansky, one can find the following: “ proof and shouldn’t wait. Bacon does not say that Heinrich was inattentive or unkind to his wife, the only thing he says is that he did not indulge her wishes too much “ [36] .
In addition, if we turn to the materials of the king’s contemporaries, then in the writings of Bernard André [37] or Polydor Virgil [38] , personally acquainted with the spouses and close to the court, we will not find the slightest hint of their mutual hostility : they are depicted as if they had a genuine feeling for each other. As for the king’s mistress, the author of the novel made a gross mistake – if such could exist (some authors call Sir Roland de Veleville, the bastard of Henry VII, from the king’s inner circle), their relationship dates back to the time before Henry’s marriage to Elizabeth of York – in the 1470s during his flight to Brittany [39] .
Attention to detail?
Although the time of the novel covers the period from the spring of 1487 to the spring of 1509, ending with the death of Henry VII, L. Podgayskaya several times during the story brings the reader back to the events of August 22, 1485 – the Battle of Bosworth. By the beginning of the events of the book, King Richard III of York (1452-1485) had long been dead, but the author pays much more attention to him than to the living supporters of Henry Tudor. Already at the end of the very first paragraph, we learn about the nobility of Richard.In what, however, it is expressed is not entirely clear. From the text it follows that only in death on the battlefield. Next, we learn about his bravery, unprecedented talents of a warrior and ruler, and almost universal mercy towards his enemies.
It is a little annoying that the events of the battle, which, it would seem, could be shown from different points of view by different characters, are presented in the novel in an extremely monotonous manner. Of course, it would be naive to expect pictures of colorful battle scenes from a love story, but in this case it would not be worthwhile to introduce multiple repetitions.Due to the practically absent detailing and argumentation, as well as frequent repetitions, the novel sometimes resembles a propaganda leaflet, which briefly, clearly and clearly explains to the reader: Richard is good and noble by nature, and Henry is a coward, a deceiver and did not have any rights to the English throne.
The appearance on the pages of the novel of an impostor – Perkin Warbeck (c. 1475-1499), about which we learn from the words of Henry VII himself, and he from his “numerous spies”, causes bewilderment.Obviously, the main source of information about Warbeck for L. Podhaiskaya was one of the articles of an encyclopedia, which sets out a point of view about his origin, based on the “Confessions of Perkin Warbeck” [40] – a document that, most likely, was prepared by Henry’s supporters in order to demonstrate the low origin of Perkin and could hardly objectively tell about the events that took place. Of course, there are practically no sources that could shed light on the history of the impostor, and who he really was, we can only assume [41] .
However, in a historical novel, in which the addition of some fiction is permissible, it would be logical to expect a more intriguing version than a retelling of the story of the “unknown boy”. The version set forth in the “Confession” quite probably kept silent about some important facts, undoubtedly known to both Henry himself and his supporters, however, in L. Podgayskaya, the king completely sincerely does not understand how “this boy was born with an aristocratic, graceful appearance” [42] .The foregoing is doubly sad given that a huge number of works of fiction have been dedicated to the figure of Perkin Warbeck, from the novel by Mary Shelley (1830) [43] to the present day.
In a very schematic and unambiguous manner, the novel raises the question of the “princes in the Tower” – the sons of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville, Edward V and Richard of York. According to L. Podgayskaya, Henry VII, with the help of his supporters, kills children and skillfully covers their tracks. Modern historical science cannot answer the question of what really happened to them, and who really was their killer, if the murder itself took place, – Richard III or Henry VII.The sympathies of the author of the novel, as indicated above, are undoubtedly on the side of Richard. However, this episode has not received sufficient development: considering how many names and events are mentioned by the author, the reader does not notice another “atrocity of Henry”, once again “taking sin on his soul.”
Errors of Fact or Artistic Freedom?
The above leads us to the need to note a number of significant mistakes made by L. Podgayskaya in her novel. Of course, we do not undertake to consider all of them, paying attention only to the brightest.First, it is surprising how the author uses the names of historical characters. Some of them are named erroneously, for example, the commander of the German mercenaries who participated in the Battle of Stokefield, “Martin Schultz”, when according to sources he was called “Martin Schwartz” [44] , the names of others are used in English transcription: “Elizabeth” instead of Elizabeth , “Margaret” instead of Margarita, “Katarina” instead of Catherine.
Secondly, Roland de Velleville, whom some researchers consider the illegitimate son of Henry VII from an unknown person, is called in the novel “a faithful companion who went with him all the way of an exile in Brittany” [45] , which seems very strange, because even if Roland’s father was someone else, he was born in 1471/1474.(which did not prevent him, of course, from being an exile with Henry in infancy).
Thirdly, during the story of the events of the civil war on behalf of one of its protagonists, the term “Wars of the Roses” is used, which is undoubtedly a gross anachronism: this term was widely used in historiography only in the 19th century. [46] Edmund Beaufort says about this in L. Podhaiskaya’s novel: “… And then began what later became known as the War of Roses, and what some also called the War of Cousins” [47] .Although it is not very clear whether these words are the thoughts of the hero or the author, it can hardly be assumed that Edmund could have foreseen how, after several centuries, his descendants would call the events of the civil war.
Fourthly, the following lines, dedicated to the death of the King of France Charles VIII of Valois (1470-1498), cause surprise as well: “Just think! A very young man. Twenty-seven years in total “ [48] . It should be recalled that Charles inherited the throne at the age of thirteen, and life expectancy at the end of the 15th – beginning of the 16th centuries.was somewhat different than at the beginning of the XXI century. Hearing such judgments from the lips of historical characters – and these are the thoughts of Henry VII, according to the novel – is extremely strange.
Fifthly, the author’s assessment of the personality of Prince Henry, the future Henry VIII, saddens most of all: “ And this loud-voiced Henry, who is the only one left to him that he can, is an untrained, uncontrollable, arrogant boy who has only tournaments, hunting and women? And to teach him there is no longer either the strength or, frankly, the desire “ [49] .It is necessary to clarify that Henry, like his older brother Arthur, both received an excellent education, Henry VIII was one of the most educated kings of his time, he read a lot, wrote poetry and songs, composed scripts for tournament competitions and court festivities, and he himself took direct participation [50] . Tournaments, hunting and festivities played not so much an entertainment role for the king’s entourage, but were an important part of the representation of royal power, a demonstration of prestige, wealth and influence of the court and the country as a whole [51] .Do not forget that both brothers received an excellent education at the same time, with the only difference that initially Prince Henry was prepared for the role of spiritual leader.
In addition to what has been said, there are quite common misprints associated with the incorrect spelling of Roman numerals in the names of rulers, as well as outright rudeness that the author puts into the mouths of crowned heroes. Some comparisons are downright unfortunate or trivial. Either “Heinrich froze like a rabbit in front of a boa constrictor” [52] when he saw Richard III on the battlefield, then he “froze in a pillar of salt”, every now and then on the pages of the novel his head is on fire, in his ears there is a call “ [53] .All this, of course, because of his enemies, who are “an eternal thorn in his, Heinrich’s, priest – and it is impossible to pull out, and it hurts to sit” [54] . However, this splinter already in the next chapter goes “into the heel of the English kings” [55] . Do not forget about frank naturalism, of which there is not much, but its appearance is nevertheless unjustified (the standard-bearer of Richard III with severed legs, a scene of sexual violence, etc.).
However, the greatest number of errors and absurdities awaits the reader in the epilogue, in which L. Podgayskaya gives her critical assessment of the entire Tudor dynasty. So, the legendary King Arthur becomes the “owner” of the magic sword Excalibur, Henry VIII “got stuck somewhere in the middle between two religions” (which?) And executed exclusively women for religious reasons, Edward VI left no trace at all in history. All this concludes with a discussion about a certain “higher justice” that exists by itself – whether it is contained in God, in a certain higher reason or something else, the author does not bother himself with explanations.
Despite the fact that in her novel L. Podgayskaya was one of the first to try to reveal the complex and contradictory personality of King Henry VII, this attempt cannot be called successful. The book is oversaturated with a huge number of facts, names, events and titles, but most of them are only listed without revealing the characters, their heap does not make the novel historical. The historical context itself is poorly disclosed, if not mistakenly, replete with a lot of unverified information and slander.The author, apparently determined to debunk the founder of the Tudor dynasty, depicts Henry VII in a deliberately caricatured and distorted manner.
Smile without pleasure
Nowadays in Western Europe it is no longer possible to surprise anyone with a work, the events of which unfold during the reign of the Tudor dynasty. British authors have addressed this topic since the time of Shakespeare, often rethinking the role of certain personalities and events. Perhaps this is most clearly demonstrated by the example of King Richard III of York, whose image has come a long and difficult way from “a humpbacked tyrant with a withered hand” to “the last knight of England without fear or reproach.”Many historians and writers have made a great contribution to the rehabilitation of his image. As for fiction, it will not be superfluous to mention the historical detective J. Tay “Daughter of Time” (1951) [56] . Thanks to the development of Western European popular culture, the Tudor era has long been an important part of the book and film industries.
The most famous and successful Western European novels about the Tudor dynasty are those written primarily by women. Perhaps the most prolific British writer and screenwriter, Philip Gregory, has fifteen books in her series of novels, The Tudors and Plantagenets, several of which focus on key female characters of the era.Also worth mentioning is the British writer and literary critic Hilary Mantel, who has won many awards for her novels about Thomas Cromwell Wolf Hall (2010) [57] and Bring in the Bodies (2012) [58] . The bestselling historical novel author Karen Harper [59] dedicates her equally popular book to the fate of Anne Boleyn. Interestingly, some, such as Alison Weir, have authored both popular science fiction [60] and historical romance novels [61] .Of course, in their books, they pay more attention primarily to female images, such as Anne Boleyn, Catherine of Aragon, Marguerite Beaufort and, of course, Queen Elizabeth. King Henry VIII, whose difficult personal life is still a source of inspiration, is also not overlooked.
Another peculiarity is the close connection not only of works of art with popular science and history, but also with cinematography. So the works of Philip Gregory were filmed several times: the popular novel “Another of the Boleyn Family” [62] in 2003.was released by the BBC as a television movie, and on February 19, 2008, the film adaptation of the same name was released, starring Hollywood stars Scarlett Johansson, Natalie Portman and Eric Bana. 2013 to 2019 TV series were filmed based on the novels of F. Gregory about the events of the war of the Scarlet and White Rose and the beginning of the reign of the Tudor dynasty. (“White Queen”, “White Princess”, “Spanish Princess”). In 2015, the Wolf Hall, a six-part television film, was released, which tells about the events of two books by Hilary Mantel.Do not forget about the very popular TV series The Tudors, which aired in 2007–2010, and numerous films about Queen Elizabeth.
***
What is interesting in the light of the above mentioned novel by L. Podgayskaya about the founder of the Tudor dynasty? At least the fact that it is not a literal copy of famous Western novels, representing, of course, a compilation of popular, often unfounded and outdated clichés, but the compilation is original in its own way. However, the main disadvantage of “The Wicked Fate of King Henry” is not that much described in the book is unreliable and does not correspond to the truth, any work of art can use a certain fiction to create a brighter and more memorable artistic image.
In general, the language of the novel, unfortunately, is not expressive, often filled with unnecessary naturalism, frankly strange or bordering on rudeness remarks on behalf of the top officials of the state, oversaturated with the factology of names and events, many of which, like the Battle of Bosworth, are repeated many times, hardly not in the same words. Representatives of the king’s entourage are practically not disclosed, and King Henry himself is depicted rather caricatured. To summarize, L. Podgayskaya’s novel can be interesting for a historian, sometimes it can make him smile, but a person who is far from the history of England during the Tudor dynasty’s accession is unlikely to enjoy reading it.
[1] Podgayskaya L. The evil fate of King Henry (Tudors series). Kiev: Strelbitsky Multimedia Publishing House, 2016.
[2] Library of electronic books Liters. URL: https://www.litres.ru/ (date of access: 15.12.2019).
[3] Podgayskaya L. About the author // Library of electronic books Liters. URL: https://www.litres.ru/liliya-podgayskaya/ob-avtore/ (date of access: 15.12.2019).
[4] Ibid.
[5] Podgayskaya L. Lessons of the Kamasutra. Kiev: Strelbitsky Multimedia Publishing House, 2016.
[7] Podgayskaya L. Secrets of old castles. Kiev: Strelbitsky Multimedia Publishing House, 2016.
[8] Podhaiskaya L. An evil demon in the Abbey of St. Gall. Kiev: Strelbitsky Multimedia Publishing House, 2017.
[9] Podgayskaya L. Cruel time of the Tudors (series “The Tudors”).Kiev: Strelbitsky Multimedia Publishing House, 2016.
[10] Podgayskaya L. Mysterious light under the roof (Tudors series). Kiev: Strelbitsky Multimedia Publishing House, 2017.
[11] Podgayskaya L. Cross and sword (series “Around the Tudors. The era of changes and the time of passions”). Kiev: Strelbitsky Multimedia Publishing House, 2018.
[12] Podgayskaya L. The seventh star (Tudor Time series).Kiev: Strelbitsky Multimedia Publishing House, 2018.
[13] Podgayskaya L. Holiness of the Vow (Tudor Time series). Kiev: Strelbitsky Multimedia Publishing House, 2019.
[14] Galimov BI Anne Boleyn’s betrayal to King Henry VIII (series “Around the Tudors. The era of changes and the time of passions”). Kiev: Strelbitsky Multimedia Publishing House, 2016. URL: https://www.litres.ru/galimov-bryacheslav/izmena-anny-boleyn-korolu-genrihu-viii/ (date accessed: 15.12.2019).
[15] Galimov BI Elizabeth’s conspiracy against her sister Mary Tudor (series “Around the Tudors. The era of changes and the time of passions”). Kiev: Strelbitsky Multimedia Publishing House, 2016.
[16] Galimov BI Maria Stuart, Elizabeth’s rival (series “Around the Tudors. The era of changes and the time of passions”). Kiev: Strelbitsky Multimedia Publishing House, 2016.
[17] Galimov B.I. Treason of Anne Boleyn … URL: https://www.litres.ru/galimov-bryacheslav/izmena-anny-boleyn-korolu-genrihu-viii/ (date accessed: 15.12.2019).
[18] Podgayskaya L. The evil fate of King Henry … p. 44.
[19] Ibid. S. 15.
[20] Ibid. P. 57.
[21] Ibid. P. 93.
[22] Ibid. S. 16-17.
[23] Ibid. S. 17.
[24] Ibid.P. 18.
[25] Ibid. S. 16.
[26] Ibid. S. 17.
[27] Ibid. P. 18.
[28] Ibid. P. 18.
[29] Ibid. P. 18.
[30] Ibid. P. 94.
[31] Rapin-Thoyras P. de. An abridgement of the History of England … London: Printed for J. and P. Knapton, 1747. Book XIV. P. 42–68.
[32] Hume D. The History of England from the Invasion of Julius Caesar to the Revolution in 1688 in 6 Vol. New York: Harkavy Publishing Service, 1983. Vol. III, XXIV. P. 14.
[33] Henry R. The history of Great Britain, from the first invasion by the Romans under Julius Caesar. 6 th ed. 12 vol. London: Printed for Hodgson and Co., 1823. Vol. XI, Ch. 1. Pt. 1.§ 1.P.8.
[34] The most pleasant song of Lady Bessy the eldest daughter of King Edward the Fourth, and how she married King Henry the Seventh of the House of Lancaster./ Ed. by Th. Heywood. London: Printed by Richard Taylor, 1829. P. 14-15.
[35] Bacon F. History of the reign of King Henry VII / Art. and total. ed. M.A. Barga, per. V.R. Rokityansky, N.A. Fedorova, A.E. Yavrumyana, comm. V.R. Rokityansky. Moscow: Nauka, 1990.
[36] Spedding J. Notes to the 1859 edition // Bacon F. History of the reign of King Henry VII … p. 252.
[37] André Bernard. History of the life and achievements of Henry VII / per. from lat., entry. Art., comment. D.V. Kiryukhin. Moscow; St. Petersburg: Center for Humanitarian Initiatives, 2017.
[38] Vergil Polydore . Anglica Historia. 1555 ed. / transl. by D.F. Sutton. / The Library of Humanistic Texts of the Philological Museum of the University of Birmingham. Book XXVI. URL: http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/polverg/26lat.html (date accessed: 15.12.2019).
[39] Beauclerk-Dewar P., Powell R. King Henry VII (1457-1509): Roland de Velville (1474-1535) // Royal Bastards: Illegitimate Children of the British Royal Family. Gloucestershire: The History Press, 2008. P. 177-186.
[40] Kiryukhin DV “Confession” of Perkin Warbeck and its role in the system of representation and propaganda of the power of the first Tudors. // Middle Ages. Issue 77 (3-4). Moscow: Nauka, 2016. pp. 132–143.
[41] Brown ED “He has deceived the world for so long …” Self-styled Prince Perkin Warbeck.// Case: Individual and Unique in History – 2018. Issue. 13. / Ed. O.I. Togoeva and I.N. Danilevsky, with the participation of O.E. Koshelevoy; Institute of General History of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Moscow: “Indrik”, 2018, pp. 37–54.
[42] Podgayskaya L. The evil fate of King Henry … p. 53.
[43] Shelley M. The Fortunes of Perkin Warbeck: A Romance. London: G. Routledge & Co., 1857.415 p.
[44] André Bernard .The story of the life and achievements of Henry VII … p. 76.
[45] Podgayskaya L. The evil fate of King Henry … p. 62.
[46] Brown ED Wars of the Roses. History. Mythology. Historiography. Moscow; St. Petersburg: Center for Humanitarian Initiatives, 2016.206 p.
[47] Podgayskaya L. The evil fate of King Henry … p. 30.
[48] Ibid. P. 82.
[49] Ibid.P. 92.
[50] Siemens R. G. Henry VIII as Writer and Lyricist. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. URL: http://web.uvic.ca/~siemens/pub/MQ2009.pdf (date accessed: 15.12.2019).
[51] Kiryukhin DV Strategy for the representation of royal power in the cultural and intellectual life of the English court in 1485–1533: dis. Cand. ist. sciences. Nizhny Novgorod: NGPU, 2014.
[52] Podgayskaya L. The evil fate of King Henry … p. 13.
[53] Ibid. P. 32.
[54] Ibid.
