How would a manual transmission option enhance the Dodge Charger’s appeal. What are the potential benefits of offering a stick shift for this iconic muscle car. Why might Dodge consider adding a manual gearbox to the Charger lineup.
The Current State of the Dodge Charger
The Dodge Charger, despite its age and the prevalence of SUVs in today’s market, continues to be a successful part of FCA’s product lineup. This four-door sedan offers a compelling package that includes:
- A spacious interior
- Traditional rear-wheel-drive layout
- Competitive pricing
- Multiple V8 engine options
The Charger is available with three different Hemi V8 engines:
- 5.7L Hemi in the R/T model
- 6.4L Hemi in the Scat Pack/392 models
- 6.2L supercharged Hemi in the Charger Hellcat
These powerful engines provide impressive performance, allowing the Charger to compete with and often outperform more expensive European luxury sedans in terms of acceleration and tire-smoking capabilities.
The Case for a Manual Transmission
Currently, the Dodge Charger is only offered with an eight-speed ZF automatic transmission across all trim levels. While this gearbox is highly regarded for its quick shifts and fuel efficiency, it doesn’t provide the same engaging driving experience as a manual transmission. Here’s why adding a stick shift option to the Charger lineup could be a game-changer:
Enhanced Driver Engagement
A manual transmission offers a more interactive and engaging driving experience. It allows drivers to have greater control over gear selection and engine performance, creating a stronger connection between the driver and the vehicle.
Unique Market Position
With the discontinuation of manual transmissions in many sports sedans, offering a stick shift in the Charger would set it apart from its competitors. This unique selling point could attract enthusiasts who prioritize a more traditional driving experience.
Enthusiast Appeal
Manual transmissions are often favored by car enthusiasts who appreciate the skill and involvement required to operate them. By offering a stick shift option, Dodge could cater to this passionate demographic and potentially increase brand loyalty.
Feasibility of Adding a Manual Transmission
Implementing a manual transmission option for the Dodge Charger is not as challenging as it might seem. Here are some factors that make this proposition more feasible:
Existing Platform Compatibility
The Dodge Challenger, which shares a platform with the Charger, already offers a six-speed manual transmission option for its V8 models. This existing compatibility significantly reduces the engineering challenges associated with adding a manual gearbox to the Charger.
Minimal New Parts Required
The majority of the necessary components for a manual transmission Charger already exist within the FCA parts bin. The primary new elements required would likely be:
- Pedal assembly
- Modified center console
- Shift boot for the Tremec six-speed shifter
This relatively small list of new parts would help keep development costs down and make the project more financially viable.
Potential Benefits for Dodge
While the take rate for manual-equipped Chargers might be relatively low, there are several potential benefits for Dodge in offering this option:
Increased Media Attention
The introduction of a manual transmission option for the Charger would likely generate significant media coverage and enthusiasm within the automotive community. This publicity could help reinvigorate interest in the aging LX platform and boost overall sales.
Premium Option Potential
Some buyers might be willing to pay a premium for the manual transmission option, potentially increasing profit margins on these specialized models.
Brand Image Enhancement
Offering a manual transmission in the Charger would reinforce Dodge’s image as a brand that caters to driving enthusiasts and isn’t afraid to go against current market trends.
Challenges and Considerations
While there are many potential benefits to offering a manual transmission in the Dodge Charger, there are also some challenges and considerations to keep in mind:
Limited Market Demand
The overall demand for manual transmissions has been declining in recent years, with many automakers phasing them out due to low take rates. Dodge would need to carefully assess the potential market for a manual Charger to ensure it’s financially viable.
Regulatory Compliance
Adding a new transmission option may require additional emissions and fuel economy testing to ensure compliance with current regulations. This could add to the development costs and timeline.
Production Complexity
Introducing a manual transmission option would add complexity to the production line, potentially increasing manufacturing costs and logistics challenges.
The Future of Manual Transmissions
The future of manual transmissions in the automotive industry is uncertain, with many manufacturers moving away from this traditional gearbox in favor of advanced automatics and electric powertrains. However, there is still a dedicated enthusiast base that appreciates the engagement and control offered by manual transmissions.
Declining Availability
The number of new cars available with manual transmissions has been steadily decreasing. Notable recent losses include:
- Fiat 124 Spider
- Honda Fit
- Toyota Yaris
- Chevrolet Corvette (now only offered with a dual-clutch automatic)
- Ford Mustang Shelby GT350 models
Niche Market Potential
While manual transmissions may become increasingly rare, there is potential for them to occupy a niche market catering to enthusiasts and collectors. Vehicles equipped with manual transmissions could become more valuable and sought-after in the future.
Conclusion: A Bold Move for an Iconic Muscle Car
Adding a manual transmission option to the Dodge Charger would be a bold move that aligns with the brand’s reputation for pushing boundaries in the performance car segment. While there are challenges to consider, the potential benefits in terms of enthusiast appeal, media attention, and brand image could make it a worthwhile endeavor.
As the automotive industry continues to evolve towards electrification and autonomous driving, offering a manual transmission in a powerful V8 sedan like the Charger could serve as a celebration of traditional driving experiences. It would provide enthusiasts with a unique option in the market and potentially create a future collectible.
Ultimately, the decision to offer a manual transmission in the Dodge Charger would depend on a careful analysis of market demand, development costs, and long-term brand strategy. However, for a brand known for its bold moves and dedication to performance, it’s an idea that certainly merits consideration.
Why the Dodge Charger Needs a Stick Shift
Earlier this month we pondered the idea of Subaru taking the turbocharged 2.0L flat four from the WRX and dropping it into the already popular Crosstrek to create a one-of-a-kind rally-bred exploration machine. That scheming also got us thinking about another potentially awesome car that’s just a few parts bin changes away—a stick shift Dodge Charger.
Despite its age and the fact that it’s a four-door sedan living in an SUV world, the Dodge Charger continues to be a successful part of FCA’s product lineup. Why shouldn’t it be? In base form it offers a roomy interior, traditional RWD layout, competitive pricing and it only gets better when you dig into the V8 options.
The Charger is available with no less than three different Hemi V8s, starting with the 5.7L Hemi in the R/T, the 6.4L Hemi in the Scat Pack/392 models and of course, the top dog 6.2L supercharged Hemi in the big bad Charger Hellcat.
An Automatic Just Isn’t the Same
While any of those three engines are a recipe for tire smoking fun and acceleration that can rival and often destroy much more expensive European luxury sedans, the Charger is only offered with an eight-speed ZF automatic transmission across the board.
As far as automatics go, the ZF 8-speed is a great gearbox. It delivers quick upshifts and downshifts and surprisingly good fuel economy when mated to the big Hemi V8s, but driving one just doesn’t make for the same experience same as a traditional manual transmission. That’s why we think the current V8 Charger deserves a manual option.
It Wouldn’t Be Hard
Unlike some of the unrealistic fantasies enthusiasts tend to have have, putting a stick into the Charger wouldn’t be hard to do at all. That’s because the Charger’s platform-mate, the Dodge Challenger, has long been available with a six-speed stick in all of its V8 trims.
In the last couple years we’ve seen Dodge expand the Challenger lineup with models like the Demon, Redeye and the Widebody Scat Pack—and a stick option would be a good way to spread some of that love over toward the Charger.
In terms of R&D costs, it’s not like there are many new parts would be need to be engineered outside of perhaps some new pedals and a new center console and shift boot for the Tremec six-speed shifter.
The brawny V8 Charger is already a car that stands out on the market, but the idea of offering one with a stick shift would make for a car unlike anything else available. Especially now that the Chevy SS is no more and most RWD sport sedans no longer offer a manual option.
Sure, there’s no doubt that the take rate for manual-equipped Chargers would be low, and that’s surely why Dodge hasn’t yet offered one. But we think the publicity alone would be worth the effort, and we could even see buyers willing to pay a premium for the manual option.
Making Something Special
In its current form the Charger is already a pretty special car that combines that practicality of a family sedan with the attitude of an American muscle car, but having the option to shift the gears yourself would take it to another level. If any brand is going to do something crazy like this, Dodge would be the one.
It’s well established that Dodge likes to do bold things with its performance cars and isn’t afraid of blazing its own path. Giving us a V8 Charger with three pedals would not only create an instant enthusiast favorite, it would help breathe some new excitement into a platform that’s nearly 15 years old.
At this point we aren’t sure how much longer the aging LX platform will be around or how exactly FCA plans to follow up the Charger, but why not do something a little wild send the current one out with a bang…of gears?
We’ve found that not only is the Challenger Scat Pack a fun car to drive, it can be a fairly practical family car!
Every New Car You Can Still Buy with a Manual Transmission
Roy RitchieCar and Driver
Before we start, a moment of silence for the stick-shift-equipped models we’ve lost recently.
The list of discontinued three-pedal machines is depressingly long and includes the Fiat 124 Spider, Honda Fit, Toyota Yaris, Chevy Corvette (now only offered with a dual clutch automatic) and Ford’s two Mustang Shelby GT350 models.
Chances are the manual transmission won’t be with us much longer. It’s a dying breed. Last year, sales of electric cars surpassed those with three pedals. But don’t have your left foot removed just yet. There are still 27 new cars available in the United States with a manual gearbox. (A handful of sport-utes come with them, too, but we covered those in a separate list.) If you’re after a row-it-yourself driving experience one of these cars should do the job.
Aston Martin Vantage
The first on the list is the Aston Martin Vantage. Although its turbocharged engines now come from Mercedes-AMG, a manufacturer that does not offer a manual transmission, Aston does offer its gorgeous “entry-level” Vantage with a seven-speed manual.
The track-ready AMR performance variant even gets an unconventional dog-leg-pattern shifter behind the sports car’s twin-turbo 4.0-liter V-8
BMW 2-Series and M2
You can whine all day about how BMWs aren’t as sporty as they used to be, but the brand has the most cars on this list. Three-pedal driving is still alive and well at the Bayerische Motoren Werke. In the 2-Series you can specify a six-speed manual in the rear-drive 230i and M240i coupes, the M240i convertible, the M2 Competition, and the top-of-the-line M2 CS. The new 2-series Gran Coupe, however, is an automatic-only zone.
BMW M3
New year, new M3. Every BMW M3 since the original E30 has been available with a manual gearbox. Thankfully BMW has decided to keep that streak alive. Like its mechanical twin, the M4 Coupe, the high-performance sedan is also available with a six-speed manual. Two models are available, the standard 473-hp and the 503-hp M3 Competition.
BMW M4
Everyone has been focused on the funky new grille of the 2021 BMW 4-Series, and for good reason. But the 4-Series coupes and convertibles haven’t just lost their classic good looks, they’ve also lost their third pedal. Last year BMW dropped the stick shift from the new 3-series, now the 4-Series is automatic only, with one exception. The 2021 M4 Coupe can be ordered with and a row-your-own six-speed behind its twin-turbo inline six, including the 503-hp M4 Competition.
Chevrolet Camaro
Chevy will no longer sell you a Corvette with a manual gearbox, but it still lets you rip gears in the Camaro. In fact, a six-speed manual is available in every variation of the rear-wheel drive muscle car, from the base 1LS with the turbo 2.0-liter all the way up to the fire-breathing ZL1 and ZL1 1LE with their supercharged 6.2-liter V-8.
Chevrolet Spark
With a base price just over $14,000, Chevy’s pint-size hatchback is the cheapest new car available in the U.
S. in 2021. The Spark is the GM’s smallest car and it still comes standard with a five-speed manual. In fact, all four of its trim levels can with bought with the stick or a continuously variable automatic transmission (CVT), which costs an extra $400.
Dodge Challenger
Like its rivals the Ford Mustang and the Chevy Camaro, the Dodge Challenger is still offered with a manual gearbox. In fact, the Dodge is the only model Fiat Chrysler offers in the U.S. with a stick. Several versions of Mopar’s muscle car come standard with a six-speed manual, including the R/T, R/T Scat Pack, the supercharged 700-plus-hp Hellcat and the Hellcat Widebody.
Ford Mustang
Though the Ford Mustang Shelby GT350 is dead and the Shelby GT500 is only available with a seven-speed dual-clutch automatic transmission, you can still get a stick in every other version of Ford’s pony car, be it a fastback coupe or a convertible.
A six-speed manual is available with the potent turbo-four, the GT’s 5.0-liter V-8, as well as in the 480-hp Bullitt and the new Mach 1.
Genesis G70
Hyundai’s luxury brand still offers its smallest sedan with a six-speed stick. Although the Genesis G70 shares its mechanicals with the automatic-only Kia Stinger, you can buy the Genesis with rear-wheel drive, a turbo 2.0-liter inline-four and three pedals. All-wheel-drive and V-6 models only come with an eight-speed automatic.
Honda Civic and Civic Type R
With the demise of the Fit, the Civic is now Honda’s smallest car. Although the manual-only Si has also been discontinued, several versions of the compact are still available with a six-speed stick, including the Sport hatchback, which also packs the 180-hp version of the turbocharged four-cylinder engine. Thankfully, the 305-hp Civic Type R survives and is still only offered with the six-speed.
Hyundai Accent
Hyundai offers more cars with a manual transmission than most brands, including its smallest model, the Accent. One of the cheapest new cars on the market, the subcompact sedan has a base price around $16,000 and comes standard with a six-speed manual behind its 120-hp four-cylinder. The mid-level SEL and the top Limited trim get a standard CVT automatic.
Hyundai Veloster and Veloster N
Another Hyundai for the stick-shift faithful is the brand’s unique Veloster hatchback, which features three side doors. It gets a standard six-speed manual with the base 2.0-liter four or the turbocharged 1.6-liter four, which packs 201 horsepower. Hyundai also offers its 275-hp Veloster N hot hatch with three pedals, although we expect most buyers to go for its impressive new wet eight-speed dual-clutch.
Kia Forte GT
Unlike its sister brand Hyundai, the number of Kia models with three pedals has diminished radically over the last few years.
For 2021, Kia only offers one model with a stick, the Forte sedan. A six-speed manual is available in the base FE trim level and in the turbocharged Forte GT, which is also available with a seven-speed dual-clutch.
Lotus Evora GT
The Evora GT remains the only street car Lotus currently sells in the United States. And it remains one of the only mid-engine sports cars you can buy with a stick shift. Though a six-speed automatic is available, a six-speed manual is standard and a better match for the Evora’s 3.5-liter 416-hp supercharged V-6.
Mazda 3
Mazda doesn’t offer its smallest sedan with a stick, however, the Mazda 3 hatchback is still available with one. A six-speed manual is standard in the hatch with the Premium trim level and front-wheel drive. It’s paired with a 186-hp 2.5-liter four-cylinder. Cars ordered with all-wheel drive or the new 250-hp version of the turbocharged engine are automatic only.
Mazda MX-5 Miata
Though its platform mate, the Fiat 124, has been euthanized, the fourth-generation Mazda Miata not only lives on but remains resolutely faithful to the rear-wheel drive sports car’s original format, which includes a manual transmission. Both the two-seat roadster version and the RF (for “retractable fastback”) are offered with the choice of a six-speed manual or an automatic across all trim levels.
Mini Cooper Hardtop and Clubman
The number of Mini models with manual transmissions is dwindling, but the British brand owned by BMW still offers three pedals in the Cooper and more powerful Cooper S versions of its Hardtop and Clubman. A six-speed stick is standard, while a dual clutch automatic is also available. This includes the hotter John Cooper Works versions of the Hardtop, however, the new 301-hp JCW GP is automatic only. That also goes for all-wheel drive versions of the Clubman.
Mitsubishi Mirage
This year, the Mitsubishi Mirage gets a mild facelift with revised front and rear styling and a few interior upgrades, but the small three-cylinder powered subcompact still comes standard with a stick and remains one of the cheapest cars out there. Base versions of both the Mirage hatchback and Mirage G4 sedan come standard with a five-speed. The higher trim levels get a CVT and return better fuel economy.
Nissan 370Z
Nissan’s all-new 400Z will arrive sometime this year. Meanwhile the current 370Z, which hasn’t changed much since 2009, remains its most affordable and only rear-drive sports car. The roadster was discontinued last year, but the coupe lives on and comes with a six-speed manual transmission in most trim levels, including the NISMO version. It even features an excellent rev-matching system.
Nissan Versa
All-new just last year, Nissan’s smallest and least expensive model is better than ever.
The Note Hatchback model is history, but the Versa sedan is still one of the most budget-friendly new cars you can buy, and you can get it with a five-speed manual. Unfortunately it’s only available on the base S trim. Higher-level models get a CVT.
Porsche 718 Boxster / 718 Cayman
These days Porsche may be selling more crossovers than sports cars, but it keeps expanding its 718 lineup of mid-engine two-seaters. And each and every variation of both the Cayman coupe and Boxster convertible come with a stick. In fact, the manual is standard in all trim levels and with every powertrain, plus, the six-speed remains the only transmission offered in the hardcore Cayman GT4 and Boxster Spyder models.
Porsche 911
We hope we’ll never see the day when the Porsche 911 doesn’t offer a stick. So far, so good. This year, the brand’s seven-speed manual remains a no-cost option over the eight-speed dual-clutch on the Carrera S and Carrera 4S in both coupe and convertible body styles.
The new ultra high-performance 911 GT3, which will get an enhanced version of the fabulous naturally aspirated 4.0-liter flat-six and make more than 500 horsepower, will also be available with either a manual or automatic transmission.
2022 Subaru BRZ
All-new for the 2022 model year, Subaru’s BRZ rear-drive 2+2 sports car still isn’t turbocharged but it is more powerful and it’s much better looking. More importantly, it’s still available with a stick. Subaru has replaced the BRZ’s current 205-hp 2.0-liter flat four with its 228-hp 2.4-liter of the same configuration. Both a six-speed manual and a six-speed automatic will be offered.
Subaru Impreza / WRX / STI
This year, Subaru customers can spec their Impreza with a stick, making the model a bit of a rarity in today’s market, with a combination of all-wheel drive and three pedals. The base sedan and base hatch versions of the compact are available with a five-speed or a CVT.
The two turbocharged high-performance variants, the WRX and WRX STI, get a six-speed manual.
Toyota 86
Toyota’s Supra has been gobbling its sports car headlines lately, but the two-seater, co-developed with BMW, is only offered with an automatic. However, its other rear-drive sports car, the 86, is offered with a stick. Co-developed with Subaru, the 2+2 is a mechanical twin to the Subaru BRZ so it too will be all-new and more powerful for 2022. Sometimes called the “Toyobaru,” the small coupe will be offered with a six-speed manual or a six-speed automatic.
Toyota Corolla
Wrap your brain around this car lovers: Toyota offers more models with a manual transmission than a long list of automakers that includes Ford, FCA, Mercedes, and Honda. In addition to the 86, you can order a row-it-yourself gearbox in a Toyota Corolla. Toyota offers a six-speed manual as an alternative to the standard CVT on the Corolla SE sedan, as well as the SE and XSE versions of the Corolla hatchback.
Volkswagen Golf and Golf GTI
The all-new eighth-generation Golf will arrive later this year as a 2022 model. The hatchback will feature a manual transmission, and the GTI, which will be cranked up to 241 horsepower and 273 lb-ft of torque, will return with a standard three-pedal set up. A seven-speed dual-clutch automatic will be optional. In the meantime, you can still get the current Golf and GTI with a six-speed manual. Sadly the Golf R has been shelved, but VW says it too will return.
Volkswagen Jetta and Jetta GLI
The other VW with a stick is the Golf’s be-trunked counterpart, the Jetta. Most are sold with the eight-speed automatic, but you can get the base S model with a six-speed manual. You can also get the stick on any version of the performance-oriented Jetta GLI, which is basically a sedan version of the Golf GTI. Both made our 10Best list again this year.
Here’s Every Crossover and SUV with a Manual Transmission Sold Today
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Should You Buy A Dodge Challenger With an Automatic or Manual Transmission? | News
CARS.COM — If there’s one thing we learned while thrashing a 2016 Dodge Challenger R/T Scat Pack for our V-8 Muscle Car Challenge, it’s that Dodge’s six-speed manual transmission is a handful. Literally, of course, but also in that it’s a burly, unforgiving stick shift just as you’d expect in a nostalgic coupe like the Challenger. Recently, we also had the opportunity to test the R/T Scat Pack’s eight-speed automatic counterpart, giving two of the three Challenge judges — myself and Executive Editor Joe Wiesenfelder — an opportunity to test the other side of the coin.
Which transmission would we choose if it were our vehicle?
Related: The V-8 Muscle Car Challenge 2016: Performance
Looking at the price of each Challenger option won’t make the decision easier. The automatic transmission is $1,400, but its improved fuel economy — 15/25/18 mpg city/highway/combined EPA ratings versus 14/23/17 mpg — frees it of the manual model’s $1,000 gas-guzzler tax. An R/T Scat Pack with manual and destination charge starts at $39,990, and with eight-speed automatic, it’s just $400 more at $40,390. If price is the most critical aspect in your transmission choice for a Dodge Challenger, you’ll have to dig deeper for your vehicle.
Weight savings for you performance-minded folk isn’t a factor, either. An automatic Challenger Scat Pack weighs just 7.5 pounds more than one with a manual: 4,239.8 pounds versus 4,232.3 pounds. Manual transmissions aren’t necessarily more fuel-efficient or lighter than their automatic counterparts as they once were in older vehicles.
And what about availability of the Challenger’s two transmission options? Chances are, you’ll be able to find and get behind the wheel to drive one or the other without too much trouble. According to Dodge spokesman Jiyan Cadiz, 60 percent of Scat Packs come with the automatic transmission and 40 percent with the manual.
Though a stalemate on paper, it doesn’t take much more than one mash of the accelerator in either car to feel the difference. After manhandling the manual transmission Scat Pack R/T down the quarter-mile for our comparison testing, I wouldn’t pick it for that style of driving. The heavy clutch pedal and long shifter throws are a chore to move quickly in the Dodge. Power isn’t planted very cleanly with the manual, either, and while using its horsepower to rev up the rpm and leave patches of rubber in 2nd and 3rd gears on the cold track was fun, it definitely left a lot of time on the table.
I’m partial to the automatic transmission if one wants to drive on the street, too.
The Scat Pack auto’s eight gears keep the engine revs high up in the power band during spirited driving. Rarely does the transmission drop below its happy place — unlike with the manual, where sometimes you’re in no man’s land and have to downshift. The automatic has a way of making seat-of-the pants acceleration feel like the Challenger is lighter than its 4,200-pound curb weight, which is quite the accomplishment. We didn’t have a drag strip at our disposal at the time of testing the Scat Pack automatic, but the auto-only Charger R/T Scat Pack felt effortlessly fast with its near-identical transmission, gearing and engine.
Wiesenfelder experienced a few hesitations with the automatic transmission, including one point at which it refused to shift while in Sport mode. Even without the hiccup, though, he’d still take the manual Challenger.
“I’m not saying it’s an easy choice, but I’m still going manual,” he said. “Something about a giant car with a manual tickles me, and manual transmissions are always fun.
Bonus: If you have the Shaker hood [both of our test cars did], when you’re waiting for a light, you can jab the accelerator and watch the engine tilt like it’s shaking its head, telling the car next to you to piss off. Sure, you can do that with the automatic, but if you put it in Neutral just to do that, you feel like an ass.”
Cars.com’s Editorial department is your source for automotive news and reviews. In line with Cars.com’s long-standing ethics policy, editors and reviewers don’t accept gifts or free trips from automakers. The Editorial department is independent of Cars.com’s advertising, sales and sponsored content departments.
2018 Dodge Challenger SRT Hellcat Widebody Manual
“Traditionalists can still beat the Challenger SRT 392 and the Hellcat engine with a stick,” read Dodge’s press release back in 2014. “The supercharged 6.2-liter Hemi V-8 can be paired with a modified, Viper-sourced six-speed manual transmission . . . ”
Four years later, the Dodge Challenger SRT Hellcat is the second-most-powerful car you can buy in the United States with a manual transmission.
Although it’s now outponied by the 2019 Chevrolet Corvette ZR1, the Challenger has a base price that’s not a whole lot more than half that of the $122,000 Corvette. Compared with the ZR1, this 2018 Dodge Challenger SRT Hellcat Widebody—with its more motherly hips, wider tracks, and larger rubber—also looks like a blowout-sale bargain with an as-tested price of $76,525.
Michael SimariCar and Driver
Hellcat manuals are good business. From 2015 to 2017, Challenger Hellcat production totaled about 22,000 cars, and Dodge says the take rate for the stick has been 35 percent. So they’re not exactly rare.
Still Slower Than the Automatic
We tested a manual Hellcat back in 2015 and made a disappointing discovery: The automatic car would put it on the trailer. The manual ran from zero to 60 mph in 3.9 seconds, trailing the automatic by three-tenths. Its quarter-mile performance of 11.9 seconds at 124 mph was 0.2 second and 2 mph slower.
“If bragging rights are important (and how are they not with this car?),” we wrote, “the automatic is the one to have.”
Michael SimariCar and Driver
That’s still true with the Widebody.
Getting all it can from its rear 20-inch Pirelli P Zero tires, the Challenger Hellcat Widebody automatic hits 60 mph in 3.8 seconds and storms through the quarter in 11.8 seconds at 126 mph. With the manual, however, it’s a 4.0-second run to 60 mph and a 12.4-second quarter-mile at 120 mph. That disappointing performance trails that of the much lighter but less powerful Chevy Camaro ZL1 manual and the Ford Mustang Shelby GT350R. That makes the Shelby, in particular, a bit of a giant killer, since it has the only naturally aspirated V-8 of the bunch and it’s down more than 180 horsepower to the Dodge.
HIGHS: The Hemi ’Cuda of our day, the one everyone will want in 20 years, handles and stops almost as well as it goes.
The Hellcat’s portly 4538 pounds is partly to blame here—with the Widebody coming in 69 pounds heavier than the already hefty standard model—but it’s really the tall gearing of the six-speed manual that slows this beast. With a 2.26:1 first, 1.58:1 second, and 1.19:1 third-gear ratio, the Tremec TR-6060 is just no match for the 4.71:1 first, 3.14:1 second, and 2.10:1 third of the optional ZF-supplied 8HP90 eight-speed automatic. And the six-speed’s 3.70:1 rear-axle gear, up from the automatic’s 2.62:1 ratio, just isn’t enough to make up the difference.
Michael SimariCar and Driver
You can feel it the first time you nail the gas in first gear. Oh, the Hellcat manual will put you back in the seat and scare the bejesus out of any passengers, but if you just climbed out of the automatic, you’ll wonder if a plug wire has popped loose. The fix is to keep your foot down and throw gears like Dick Landy. The Hellcat gets plenty of tire scratch on the 1-2 upshift, and it’ll chirp those big rear 305s in third.
Considering the Hellcat’s 650 lb-ft of torque, its twin-disc clutch is remarkably light, and its clean pickup makes stop-and-go traffic manageable. The shifter—which is canted forward a few degrees—is well placed, and its action takes just the right amount of muscle, but its throws could be shorter. The ball-shaped shift knob works fine, but this car is crying out for a Pistol Grip shifter. Hurst can solve both of those problems for about $800.
Handles Better Than Its Reputation
So, it’s not the king of the drag strip, but that’s the Challenger Demon’s job description the last time we checked. The Hellcat Widebody manual is a more well-rounded beast with dance moves, impressive braking performance, and plenty of grip.
Michael SimariCar and Driver
It generated 0.95 g of grip on the skidpad and stopped from 70 mph in just 154 feet with no fade. These numbers don’t match up to the performance of the Camaro ZL1 or the Shelby, but the skidpad number betters the narrow-body Hellcat’s 0.91 g. The Widebody benefits from a 1.7-inch-wider front track and massive 305/35ZR-20 front tires. Our test car also had the $695 Summer Tire option, which is over and above the $6000 Widebody Performance package.
Despite 56.7 percent of its weight over those front tires, the Hellcat is more fun to push in the hills than expected, with good turn-in and an ability to rotate under braking. It feels big, especially at first, but with practice you can pitch it into corners, rotate the big coupe around the mass of its powertrain, and drive it out on the throttle in a controlled slide.
Michael SimariCar and Driver
On tight back roads, its tall second- and third-gear ratios are now exactly what you want, and it’s stupid fun to accelerate out of a second-gear corner right on the edge of traction and charge hard toward the next corner, snatching third just as the big V-8 kisses its 6200-rpm fuel cutoff. Here the fantasy isn’t Dandy Dick but Sam Posey tossing his Sublime 1970 Challenger T/A around Laguna Seca. Just know that the howl of that 6.2-liter can be heard for miles and Johnny Law just may be waiting for you up over that rise. Don’t ask us how we know.
LOWS: Not as quick as the automatic, its rear tires cost $260 apiece, foot-operated parking brake is just weird with a manual transmission.
In Sport and Track modes the Hellcat’s precise throttle response, along with its exceptional stability-control system, allows a driver to choose the rates of yaw and tire destruction without feeling as if the car is going to get away from you. Those bold enough can also shut down the system completely. Pedal placement makes heel-and-toe rev matching easy, and the 14.4:1 steering ratio is quick.
Michael SimariCar and Driver
Manual Labor Saves Money
Every Challenger SRT Hellcat is subject to the $1700 gas-guzzler tax, but sticking with the manual transmission saves $2995 over the optional automatic. That not only pays off Uncle Sam but leaves $1295 for fuel, which is a good thing since we averaged 12 mpg over 800 miles.
Dodge has already announced its tweaks to the 2019 Challengers. These include a 10-hp increase for the Hellcat and a new model called the Redeye. With technology lifted from the now defunct Demon, that last one will offer 797 horsepower, but like the Demon it will be automatic only. The Hellcat Widebody will remain the hottest Challenger with three pedals. And traditionalists, those who know there’s more to a great car than ultimate acceleration, will continue to beat the Challenger’s Hellcat engine with a stick.
Specifications
Specifications
2018 Dodge Challenger SRT Hellcat Widebody
VEHICLE TYPE
front-engine, rear-wheel-drive, 5-passenger, 2-door coupe
PRICE AS TESTED
$76,525 (base price: $73,340)
ENGINE TYPE
supercharged and intercooled pushrod 16-valve V-8, iron block and aluminum heads, port fuel injection
Displacement
376 in3, 6166 cm3
Power
707 hp @ 6000 rpm
Torque
650 lb-ft @ 4800 rpm
TRANSMISSION
6-speed manual
CHASSIS
Suspension (F/R): multilink/multilink
Brakes (F/R): 15.4-in vented, slotted discs/13.8-in vented, slotted discs
Tires: Pirelli P Zero, 305/35ZR-20 (107Y)
DIMENSIONS
Wheelbase: 116.2 in
Length: 197.5 in
Width: 79.2 in
Height: 57.5 in
Passenger volume: 94 ft3
Trunk volume: 16 ft3
Curb weight: 4538 lb
C/D TEST RESULTS
Zero to 60 mph: 4.0 sec
Zero to 100 mph: 8.9 sec
Zero to 130 mph: 14.2 sec
Zero to 150 mph: 22.2 sec
Rolling start, 5–60 mph: 4.9 sec
Top gear, 30–50 mph: 8.8 sec
Top gear, 50–70 mph: 7.0 sec
Standing ¼-mile: 12.4 sec @ 120 mph
Top speed (drag limited): 195 mph
Braking, 70–0 mph: 154 ft
Roadholding, 300-ft-dia skidpad: 0.95 g
C/D FUEL ECONOMY
Observed: 12 mpg
EPA FUEL ECONOMY
Combined/city/highway: 16/13/21 mpg
c/d testing explained
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Twist and Stick, or Dodge across the Kingdoms
Citation: Rossez Y, Wolfson EB, Holmes A, Gally DL, Holden NJ (2015) Bacterial Flagella: Twist and Stick, or Dodge across the Kingdoms. PLoS Pathog 11(1):
e1004483.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004483
Editor: James B. Bliska,
Stony Brook University, UNITED STATES
Published: January 15, 2015
Copyright: © 2015 Rossez et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Funding: This work was supported by Leverhulme Trust (RPG-096) and the BBRSC (BB/I014179/1). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
The prokaryotic flagellum is best known as a motility organelle responsible for bacterial movement and necessary for chemotaxis [1]. An extraordinary multisubunit organelle, complex in its regulation and assembly, the flagellum has been the subject of extensive research over the past four decades and a central topic of evolutionary debate [2]. Ongoing research is still revealing surprises in various aspects, from assembly to function [3,4].
A switch in lifecycle from sessile to motile, e.g., exiting biofilms or established microcolonies in response to depletion in nutrients, effectively deems individual flagellate cells as pioneers, in search of more favourable environments. Often this means exploration of new hosts, habitats or niches. In this respect, flagella can be considered an early stage colonisation factor. Flagella from a variety of bacteria have been shown to bind to a diverse array of animal and plant substrates, and this review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of how flagella impact host-microbe interactions. The flagellum filament, attached to a transmembrane motor complex, is a long helical structure made up of hundreds of subunits of the flagellin protein, encoded by fliC (or homologues). The copy number and location on the bacterial cell surface varies between species. Here, adherence is described for intact flagella, while aspects of recognition and evasion relate to the flagellin protein. Polymorphisms in flagellin has provided a mechanism of sub-species differentiation, based on the “H” (Hauch) antigen type.
Twist and Stick: Interactions with Host Tissues
A role for flagella-mediated adherence has been demonstrated in many different plant species and animal infection models, for both pathogenic and opportunistic bacteria [4,5]. These results reveal a significant role for flagella during colonisation and, consequently, environmental transmission. Other factors also facilitate adherence, including electrostatic charge, or specific fimbrial-mediated interactions that may occur at subsequent stages and confer tissue tropism.
Initial flagella interactions drive formation of bacterial biofilms or microcolony communities and maintain their structure along colony surfaces through physical interactions [6]. Additionally, and perhaps surprisingly, these organelles can act as probes of uneven surfaces during biofilm formation, attaching within crevices [7]. Recent work demonstrated that individual cells, and consequently the growing colony, effectively become tethered to artificial surfaces that resemble microvilli; a scenario that is very likely to hold true for interactions with true biotic surfaces [7].
There is a large body of published work for flagella-mediated adherence, yet there are very few examples of specific interactions where both flagella and host determinants have been formally dissected. Instead, there is an emerging theme of nonspecific interactions, which has been challenging to investigate and likely relates to the biophysical properties of flagella (Fig. 1). Firstly, flagella organelles are long filaments that can reach up to 20 μm from the bacterial cell surface (Fig. 1A). It is therefore logical that flagella can be exploited as adhesive scaffolds and are involved in initial probing of surfaces as an early colonisation factor. Secondly, its motor can spin flagella filaments at speeds in excess of 15,000 rpm (Fig. 1B), which not only increases the chances of the filament coming into contact with surfaces, but also ensures it does so with force [8]. This is consistent with evidence that some flagella aren’t adhesive, but are involved in cellular binding and invasion in processes distinct from providing niche proximity through propulsion. In the absence of specific protein receptors, observation of intercalation and penetration into plant and animal membrane lipid layers by flagella could also be explained by this phenomenon. Thirdly, the flagellum filament is a polymeric structure, comprised of repeating epitopes of one or more flagellin types (Fig. 1C). Repeating epitopes are high avidity by definition: low affinity ionic interactions can be consolidated, amplified, and relevant if the binding substrate is also repetitive. With very few exceptions (innate immune receptors being the most notable), published examples of “specific” flagella binding interactions are with factors that are repetitive, such as polymeric proteins, proteoglycans, glycolipids, and phospholipids. Flagella therefore appear to be a tool with general properties that can be adapted to pathogenic colonisation of a diverse range of niches across plant and animal kingdoms.
Figure 1. The biophysical properties of flagella, to “twist and stick,” lend themselves towards nonspecific adhesion.
Left, a summary of key characteristics of the flagella apparatus that are advantageous for adherence, and right, specific properties highlighted on the left. (A) Flagellum length results in a long reach towards colonization surfaces as an early-stage anchor—higher affinity binding can occur at closer proximity with specific adhesins and receptors. (B) Flagella rotation generates force that promotes membrane interactions during initial adherence. (C) Flagella are highly repetitive structures, non-specific low affinity binding can result in adhesion at high avidities.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004483.g001
Adhesion to plant tissues
Flagella-mediated adherence to plant tissues has previously been described for phytobacteria, such as Pseudomonas syringae to bean seedlings [9] and nitrogen-fixing bacteria Azospirillum brasilense to wheat roots [10]. Fresh vegetables or fruits are now recognised as secondary hosts involved in the transmission of human pathogenic bacteria through the food chain [11,12]. Flagella play a role in adherence to plants for multiple human pathogens, including Salmonella enterica, pathogenic Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes. Attachment of S. enterica to basil leaf epidermis appears to be serovar specific, such that flagella mutants of serovar Senftenberg were significantly reduced in attachment compared to an isogenic parent, whereas S. enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) mutants were not, presumably because of other adherence factors [13]. L. monocytogenes flagella adhere to sprouted seeds of alfalfa, broccoli, and radish [14]. Interestingly, a motility deficient mutant (motAB) was not deleteriously affected in adherence compared to the parental strain, demonstrating that flagella-mediated binding did not require chemotaxis or flagella rotation. Chemotaxis towards and tropism for stomatal guard cells has been reported for S. Typhimurium on lettuce leaves [15] and enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) on rocket leaves, respectively, although mutation of EAEC fliC did not reduced adherence to epidermal leaf cells [13]. Flagella expressed by enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) O157:H7 and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) mediate attachment to rocket, spinach, lettuce, and basil leaves [16,17]. The requirement of flagella for systemic spread of S. enterica or EHEC from root to shoot of Arabidopsis thaliana plants is likely to relate more to motility and dissemination rather than to adhesion [18].
Adhesion to mammalian tissues
The role of flagella in bacterial adherence to mammalian hosts has been demonstrated for various bacterial species in a number of hosts [5]. Dissection of the different contributions of flagella for motility, adherence, and invasion is complex. This is exemplified by studies with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, where flagella-dependent uptake by macrophages occurs, despite only a marginal role for flagella-mediated binding to the cells [19]. In motile L. monocytogenes, flagella were required for optimal adherence and invasion of CaCo-2 cells, even after centrifugation onto monolayers, although the flagella alone were not adhesive [20]. This suggests that in this case rotational force was necessary for adherence and invasion, distinct from bacterial propulsion.
Flagella binding can be host tissue-specific for particular flagellar serotypes. Flagella from attaching and effacing bacteria EHEC O157:H7 and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) O127:H6 have both been shown to be involved in the adherence to porcine gastric mucins and bovine primary intestinal epithelial cells and explants [21,22]. However, H7 serotype flagella appear to have a particular tropism for rectal epithelial cells. Complementation of an E. coli O157:H7 fliC mutant with fliCH7 restored adherence in this tissue to wild-type levels, whereas no significant effect was seen for the mutant complemented with an alternative fliC type (H6). An earlier study reported that while purified h3 and H6 flagella were adhesive to HeLa cells, H7 flagella was not [23], illustrating the importance of using relevant cell lines for infection models.
For some species, secretion of nonflagellin proteins occurs via the flagella apparatus, similar to that of the nonflagellar T3SS. For example, flagella-mediated secretion has been demonstrated for Campylobacter jejuni FlaC, an adhesin that facilitates binding to Hep-2 cells [24].
Interaction with mucus
Epithelial mucosal tissues act as a barrier between the animal host and its environment. Epithelial barrier cells are often coated by a layer of high viscosity mucus under a low viscosity mucus layer, both composed of water and a plethora of defensive compounds such as mucins. Mucins are highly glycosylated glycoproteins mainly composed of O-linked oligosaccharides, acidic monosaccharides with sialic acid, or modifications of other components, such as sulphate groups.
Flagellar-mediated motility through (animal) mucus can be a prerequisite for successful mucosal colonisation [25]. Helicobacter pylori swims through the mucus barrier, burrowing deep in the gastric mucus layer to escape the acidity of the stomach [26–28]. Yet, although Helicobacter flagella may be required for colonisation, there is no evidence of specific attachment of flagella to epithelial cells [29]. Indeed, mucus can repress motility, as with EHEC, ETEC, and S. Typhimurium, where incubation with mucus results in a down-regulation of flagella-associated genes or reduced swarming motility [30–32]. For Vibrio cholerae, passage through mucus can trap flagella, causing them to break and release the anti σ28-factor FlgM. This derepresses fliA, which encodes σ28, allowing optimal expression of late-class flagella genes, perhaps to replace the broken flagellum. Additionally, σ28 represses HapR, part of a quorum sensing network in V. cholera, allowing expression of genes required for toxin production [33]. This is an elegant mechanism of sequential and appropriate expression that occurs where expression of a single flagellum is needed and linked to discrete points of the infection cycle.
There are various reports of interactions between flagella and mucus. The opportunistic pathogen Stenotrophomonas maltophilia has been described to bind mouse tracheal mucus via its flagella [34]. Similarly, H6 and H7 flagellins from EPEC and EHEC, respectively, adhere to bovine mucus [35]. A certain FliD cap protein type (B-type) of P. aeruginosa strains binds to respiratory-derived mucins via the Lewis X determinants [36,37]. Probiotic E. coli strain Nissle flagella adhere to human intestinal mucus through gluconate [38], although gluconate is not directly associated with gastric nor intestinal human mucins [39,40]. It is possible that resident microbial communities degrade complex host mucus glycans and release gluconate into the mucus layer, providing a gluconate “decoy” as a means of competition [41,42]. In contrast, there are relatively few reports showing direct interactions of bacterial components with plant mucilage [43,44] and none as yet for flagella, although one could conceive the potential for such interactions. Mucilage secreted by plant root tip cells, to facilitate expansion of the growing root and provide protection against many microbes, is functionally but not structurally analogous to mucus [45].
Molecular targeting
While there are many studies demonstrating a role for flagella in adherence and colonisation of tissues, few have identified or characterised specific targets used by the flagella for binding. In animal cell models, P. aeruginosa flagella can recognise the basolateral surface of polarized lung epithelial cells through heparan sulphate, a highly sulphated proteoglycan [46]. A recent study supports a new role for surfactant protein A in binding and enhancing the clearance of P. aeruginosa flagellin, mediated in part by enhanced IL-1β production [47]. Furthermore, the P. aeruginosa flagellum has been described to bind glycolipids monosialoganglioside (GM) or disialoganglioside (GD), playing a role in the pulmonary infection where flagellin binding to GM1 was greater than to asialoGM1 [48]. In contrast, flagella from E. coli O113:h31 did not contribute to adherence, but did contribute to invasion via asialoGM1 [49].
Flagella-mediated adherence does not have to be direct; flagella can act as extended molecular scaffolds for other secreted adhesins. EtpA, a two-partner secretion exoprotein adhesin from ETEC, interacts with the conserved region of flagellin, by accessing the uncapped flagellum tips. This “bridge” allows the indirect adhesion of the flagella to intestinal mucosal tissues [50].
Recent work has highlighted the importance of membrane interactions in flagella-mediated adherence to plant cells. H6, H7, and h58 flagellins from E. coli were shown to bind algae sulphated polysaccharides and membrane phospholipids in an ionic charge-dependent manner. Specificity for phospholipid recognition allows flagella to intercalate into plant plasma membranes [51], in a manner that may be similar to the flexible, elongated type-III secretion system of phytopathogenic bacteria. The underlying mechanism is likely to be conserved with other eukaryotic hosts and thus a generic method of host–microbe interaction. As demonstrated with L. monocytogenes [20], the rotational force of the flagella may promote interactions and aid penetration of plant cell walls. Flagella rotation is also important for S. Typhimurium interactions with HeLa cells in a process called “near-surface swimming” [52].
Dodge: Immune Recognition
Flagellar-mediated host interactions incur a cost, as conserved regions in flagellin monomers are potent inducers of innate immune responses in vivo, across kingdoms. Consequently, recognition of flagellin leads to the greater clearance of flagellated versus nonflagellated strains [20,53–55]. Therefore, there are many immunomodulatory strategies, the simplest being alteration of flagella production and selection of bacteria that are less flagellate upon host-cell contact [56].
Structural recognition
The flagellin monomer is organised into four connected domains designated D0, D1, D2, and D3 (Fig. 2) [57]. To form these domains, flagellin peptides fold back on themselves, like an elaborate hairpin, with the termini associated with one another. The D2–D3 domains are highly variable and generate the antigenic diversity described as H-serotypes [58–60]. The termini that form the D0–D1 domains are well conserved across all bacterial flagellins. Both N- and C-termini are rich in hydrophobic residues, which form coiled–coil interfaces that allow them to associate with one another; these interfaces are also required for filament polymerisation [3,61,62]. Importantly, the flagellin needs to be disassociated to make D0–D1 accessible to innate immune receptors, in contrast to the polymeric structure involved in binding interactions. Flagellin recognition occurs in plant cells [63] and animal cells of both invertebrates [64] and vertebrates [65]. The receptors for these conserved regions are Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) for extracellular flagellin [66–68] and NAIP5-NLRC4 for intracellular flagellin [69] in vivo, and Flagellin sensitive 2 (FLS2) receptor for flagellin in planta (Fig. 2) [70].
Figure 2. Cross-kingdom immune recognition of flagellin structures.
Top: backbone of the key residues of flagellin recognized by plant (left) and animal (right) innate immune receptors are highlighted in red. FliC from S. enterica is presented as a “model” flagellin, with reports for recognition by both TLR5 and FLS2 receptors. These residues are superimposed on the solved flagellin structure (PDB# 1UCU) in UCSF Chimera [113]. Surfaces and backbone are coloured according to previously assigned structural domains as indicated below each monomer [57]. Bottom: recognition of flagella filaments by plant (left) and animal (right) innate immune receptors does not occur as key residues (surfaces highlighted in red) are hidden within the filament structure. However, immune recognition still occurs in animals via antibody recognition of the D3 domain.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004483.g002
Plant and mammal cell membrane receptors share the same architecture of extracellular leucine-rich repeats (LRR) and cytoplasmic association with a conserved family of serine-threonine kinases, although the LRR domains of those two receptors are very divergent [71]. Immune recognition of flagellin is based on highly conserved motifs that span diverse bacterial species (Fig. 2). TLR5 interacts with two short flagellin peptides from both termini (LQRIRELAVQ and LGAIQN) [67,72]. The D1 domain makes a substantial contribution to both high-affinity binding and TLR5 signalling, whereas D0 contributes to TLR5 signalling, but has little or no effect on binding [73]. In plants, FLS2 recognises a conserved N-terminal 22 amino acid peptide in the D0 domain (QRLSTGSRINSAKDDAAGLQIA), termed flg22, derived from P. syringae pv. tabaci [74,75]. A newly described flagellin-derived MAMP, flgII-28 (located in the D1 domain, Fig. 2), has been shown to be recognized independently of FLS2 by tomato and other solanaceous plants, but not by Arabidopsis [76,77].
Flagellin can also be recognised intracellularly in animal cells through another pathway involving receptors from the NOD-like receptor (NLR) family of intracellular pattern recognition or signalling molecules. The NLR apoptosis-inhibitory protein-5 (NAIP5), binds to 35 amino acids from the C-terminus and 52 amino acids from the N-terminus conserved regions of flagellin [78,79]. Unlike mammalian cells, plant cells do not have a cytoplasmic receptor to detect flagellin, as demonstrated by artificial delivery of phytopathogenic bacterial flagellin into the cytosol [80]. This feature may have evolved to prevent exploitation by necrotrophic pathogens that gain from death-associated immune responses.
Immune evasion by flagella
Since flagellin is such an important immunogen, bacteria have evolved multiple strategies to avoid or evade recognition (Fig. 3). Some pathogens enocode multiple flagellin types, which may relate to evasion or even niche versatility [81]. The majority of S. enterica encode two flagellin types (phase 1 & 2), under phase variable control of expression [81–84]. A third flagellin gene, flpA, has also been described for a particular S. enterica isolate [84]. However, control of expression may be of greater importance in evasion. Nonflagellate mutants out-competed flagellated EHEC O157:H7 colonisation in cattle [85], and nonflagellated strains of plant pathogens Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. fuscans are isolated from natural epidemics of plant disease [86]. Furthermore, attenuation of infection occurred when phase 2 flagella were constitutively expressed in S. Tyhimurium, following oral or intravenous inoculation of mice were in the mouse model of infection [87].
Figure 3. A variety of mechanisms employed to “dodge” the flagellin innate immune response.
(A) Flagella filaments degrade, releasing monomeric flagellin, the residues of which are recognised by receptor TLR5, NLRC4, or FLS2, resulting in cytokine release or PTI. The example residues and receptor (right) shown are involved in TLR5 recognition. (B) Flagellin recognition by TLR5, NLRC4, or FLS2 is evaded by variation in key residues involved in flagellin detection, which can necessitate compensatory mutations. (C) Bacteria secrete enzymes that specifically target and degrade monomeric flagellin, preventing its recognition by TLR5, NLRC4, or FLS2. (D) Post-translational glyosylation of flagellin is thought to enhance flagella stability; reduced release of flagellin from flagella filaments will result in reduced recognition by TLR5 or FLS2. (E) Bacteria secrete effector proteins that interfere with TLR5, NLRC4, or FLS2 recognition either by direct inhibition of receptor expression or binding, or by inhibition of downstream signalling pathways. (F) Bacteria down-regulate or switch off flagella expression when motility and/or binding are no longer required.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004483.g003
Amino acid substitution enables several animal bacterial pathogens and commensals to reduce activation of TLR5 signalling [88]. Differences in recognition and subsequent signalling elicited by different flagellins suggests host discrimination between pathogenic and commensal bacteria, as a nonpathogenic strain of E. coli (K-12) elicited a less pronounced flagellin response than did a pathogenic strain of S. Typhimurium [89]. Divergence in the protofilament number in C. jejuni compared to S. Typhimurium serves to evade the TLR5 recognition, due to substantially different packing of the D1 domains [90].
Immune activation in plant hosts varies depending on variation in the flg22 sequence of not only phytopathogenic bacteria [76,77,88,91] but also human pathogenic bacteria. Variation in five amino acids of the flg22 peptide derived from certain S. Senftenberg isolates induces a reduced pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) in plants in comparison to that from S. Typhimurium [92]. Likewise, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs), such as Sinorhizobium meliloti and Agrobacterium tumefaciens have divergent flg22 epitopes that do not elicit any responses [75]. There is also evidence to suggest that the PGPR Burkholderia phytofirmans has evolved to evade the grapevine immune recognition system via FLS2 altogether [93].
As an alternative strategy, some bacteria evade immune recognition of flagellin independently of the flg22 peptide (Fig. 3). Phytopathogenic bacteria secrete effector proteins that specifically target FLS2 counteracting detection in plants. While some effectors rapidly act on FLS2 to shut down the PTI response [94,95], others suppress FLS2 accumulation and subsequent signalling cascades [96]. FLS2-induced stomatal closure is a characterised response to prevent pathogens from entering internal plant tissue [97], dependent on the action of oxylipins, rather than the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) [98]. Some isolates of P. syringae can prevent stomatal closure via secretion of a phytotoxin (coronatine) [99]. Intriguingly, S. Typhimurium can also delay stomatal closure, although to a lesser extent, via potential effector proteins other than coronatine, which may target the oxylipin pathway. EHEC O157:H7, which shares the same flg22 sequence as S. Typhimurium, cannot prevent stomatal closure, suggesting active manipulation of PTI by Salmonella [100]. P. aeruginosa, an opportunistic pathogen of plants and animals, produces an alkaline protease (AprA) to specifically degrade flagellin monomers. This strategy effectively evades the immune recognition in both kingdoms by degrading the natural ligand of TLR5 and FLS2 [101].
Post-translational modification
An alternative mechanism of evading recognition may come from modification of flagellin, reported for a number of animal and phytopathogenic bacteria [102,103]. Glycosylation enhances the structural stability of flagellin, preventing exposure of the flg22 region to FLS2 recognition, thereby evading the plant immune response [104]. There are multiple examples of O-glycosylation, well characterised for the flagellins of C. jejuni and Campylobacter coli [105]. Other examples include P. aeruginosa [106] and Shewanella oneidensis [107]. However, C. jejuni flagellar glycosylation was not involved in evasion of TLR5 recognition [108]. Perhaps it relates more to virulence and adherence, rather than filament stability [109–111]. Interestingly, S. Typhimurium flagellin is methylated at multiple lysine residues, yet this has no known impact on flagellar function [112]. The role of flagella post-translational modification in immune recognition clearly needs further investigation.
GM, Dodge trucks will stick with steel
Minnesota’s Iron Range received some good news out of Detroit this week when Fiat Chrysler announced it would continue making its Dodge Ram truck bodies out of steel even as it redesigns its light truck line heading into the 2019 model year.
It follows news from December that GM also will continue using domestic steel for its newly redesigned 2019 Chevrolet and GMC trucks.
Much of the domestic steel used for domestic trucks is made out of domestic iron ore, all of which comes from Minnesota or Michigan. And automakers continue to be one of the largest drivers of demand for domestic steel and ore.
Fiat Chrysler said it would buy its steel from AK Steel, Nucor Corp and ArcelorMittal. AK and Nucor buy taconite iron ore from Cleveland Cliffs, which operates United Taconite, Hibbing Taconite and Northshore Mining in Minnesota and the Tilden operations in Michigan’s Upper Peninsula.
ArcelorMittal owns and operates the Minorca mine in Virginia and is part owner of Hibbing Taconite.
Fiat Chrysler and GM decided not to follow Ford which, starting with its 2015 models, moved to all-aluminum truck bodies to save weight and improve gas mileage. Bauxite, an aluminium ore, is the world’s primary source of aluminium and is mined mostly in Australia, China and Brazil.
Ford, the nation’s largest seller of light trucks, accepted a higher cost for aluminum, analysts say more than double steel. But it gave Ford’s F-150s better gas mileage with about 700 pounds less weight per truck.
Since then GM and Dodge have moved to other technological advances to boost gas mileage, even while each making their next-year trucks longer, and both GM and Fiat Chrysler are using a new, high-strength steel that is lighter than traditional steel but still cheaper than aluminum.
ArcelorMittal on Tuesday said it had assigned engineers to most major automakers to improve the efficiency of their steel in cars and trucks.
“Steel is and always will be the complete package to help automakers achieve the fuel efficiency targets set before them,” Blake Zuidema, director of ArcelorMittal’s automotive steel division, said in a statement at a Detroit Auto Show event Tuesday. “It’s the most affordable solution for our customers and the consumer; it’s the best choice for the environment.”
Dodge strategy | Dan-Ball Wiki
The Dodge strategy is a strategy that can be applied in the game Stick Ranger. The goal is to use one character to fight an enemy while dodging its attacks. By doing this all or most damage to the character can be avoided. Other ranged characters may help in the meantime to fight the enemy, but this is sometimes not required. This strategy requires quick reflexes and good drag and drop skills.
The dodge strategy has some similarities to the Hit and Run strategy and the Bait strategy. In contrast to the Hit and Run strategy the attacking character does not leave the enemy’s attack range. In contrast to the bait strategy the character is not constantly dragged around, thus allowing it to attack the enemy on its own. Therefore the dodge strategy is not dependent on the help of other ranged character unlike the bait strategy.
Enemies with an indirect ranged attack
Ground enemies with an indirect ranged attack are shooting pellets or other projectiles in a high arc towards the characters. A typical example for this are X Walkers. Drag a character under the X walker’s range and wait for it to fire. If an projectile approaches the character the player must avoid it and dodge the projectile by dragging the character to another place. However the character does not have to be constantly dragged, therefore it can attack the enemy.
Airborne enemies
Since airborne enemies fire projectiles to the ground, characters have to be moved from side to side to dodge these vertical attacks. Ranged characters also work better than melee characters on this type of enemy, since melees have a shorter range.
Underwater enemies
With underwater enemies, the situation is similar with the one that includes airborne enemies. But, the water enables characters to move freely around, which unfortunately also applies to enemies and enemy attacks. Once an enemy projectile is fired towards a nearby character, it simply has to be dragged to the side of the attack where it can continue inflicting damage upon the enemy.
Enemies with a slow ranged attack
For enemies with a slow ranged attack the dodge strategy is significantly easier. It gives the player more time to attack the enemies before he has to dodge their attacks. It even allows to use the strategy against enemies which use a direct ranged attack, or against larger groups of enemies. An example for this is the Green Gel Tree which is an underwater enemy in Submarine 2.
The Castle Boss
The Castle Boss is a typical example for an enemy which is usually beaten by using the dodge strategy. With the red Two Arrow attack it has a slow melee attack, which appears in the air and drops on the ground. It is worth avoiding this attack because it causes a lot of damage to characters. Furthermore it has an indirect ranged attack, which fires 12 grey pellets into the air, which turn into fire on impact. However the fire and the pellets do only small damage in contrast to the Two Arrow attack. Therefore a dodge strategy with melee characters is mainly focusing on avoiding the red Two Arrow attack.
90,000 Olympic champion in biathlon pierced his leg through with a ski pole
https://rsport.ria.ru/20180802/1140006165.html
Olympic champion in biathlon pierced his leg through with a ski pole
Olympic champion in biathlon thrust through his leg with a ski pole RIA Novosti Sport, 02.08.2018
Olympic champion in biathlon pierced his leg through with a ski pole
An incident occurred in Norway shortly before the start of the race at a roller ski festival.Femling tried to dodge because of the car that had driven out, but lost his balance and fell, driving a ski pole into his right leg.
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sports, peppe femling
The incident took place in Norway shortly before the start of the race at the roller ski festival.Femling tried to dodge because of the car that had driven out, but lost his balance and fell, driving a ski pole into his right leg.
Mycoplasma spp., DNA [PCR]
General information about the study
Mycoplasmas are small prokaryotic microorganisms that do not have a cell wall. They are the smallest of all known cellular organisms: the cell diameter is 0.1 microns, which is ten times smaller than the size of Escherichia coli. About 100 species of mycoplasma are known, which are characterized by a saprophytic or parasitic mode of existence.The role of several species has been proven in human pathology: M . pneumoniae , M . genitalium , M . hominis , M . f ermentalis , M . arthritidis .
Some saprophytic mycoplasma species live on mucous membranes and are often found in the oral cavity and urogenital tract of healthy people.Bacteria that have penetrated the protective barrier of the skin and mucous membranes are able to live and multiply in various tissues and body fluids (blood, synovial, cerebrospinal fluid) and inside cells. Due to the peculiarities of the cell structure and the absence of a peptidoglycan cell wall, mycoplasmas are resistant to the action of beta-lactam antibiotics, are able to evade the defense mechanisms of the immune system, live inside leukocytes and penetrate with them through various tissue barriers.
The most studied species is M . pneumoniae – the causative agent of atypical pneumonia (respiratory mycoplasmosis) and other respiratory diseases.
In inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs, pathology of the fetus and newborns, M are of importance. genitalium and M . hominis . Infection occurs mainly through sexual contact. These organisms are considered a likely etiological factor in some cases of cystitis, non-gonococcal urethritis in men, cervicitis, and pelvic inflammatory disease in women.Urogenital mycoplasmosis has no specific clinical signs and is more often suspected in cases of chronic, low-grade inflammatory diseases of the genitourinary organs that are resistant to standard antibiotic therapy.
Vertical transmission of infection (from mother to fetus) and infection when the child passes the birth canal in some cases is a likely cause of premature birth and lung pathology, bacteremia, meningitis and sepsis in newborns.
Some clinicians question the role of mycoplasmas in the development of inflammatory diseases of the urogenital tract, which is explained by the difficulty of isolating these types of microorganisms and confirming their presence, as well as the frequent detection of several bacterial agents at once.However, numerous studies show a significant relationship between the presence of mycoplasmas and various infectious and inflammatory conditions.
M . genitalium is found in the urine of some patients with acute pyelonephritis and, possibly, in 5% of cases is the causative agent of this pathology. Mycoplasma infection does not cause vulvovaginitis, but it probably plays a role in the course of bacterial vaginosis. This microorganism is present in 10% of women with inflammation of the appendages.
The presence of mycoplasmas is confirmed by a cultural or molecular genetic method. However, on nutrient media, microorganisms grow slowly, and the result can be obtained only after a few weeks. The determination of the genetic material of mycoplasmas using PCR is characterized by high specificity and sensitivity, as well as quick results. It allows you to identify the DNA of various species from the genus of mycoplasmas and establish the fact of infection with these bacteria.
What is the research used for?
- For the diagnosis of urogenital mycoplasmosis (non-gonococcal urethritis, epididymitis, prostatitis),
- for the diagnosis of the causes of inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs, cervicitis,
- to determine the possible causes of inflammatory pathology of the urinary organs (pyelonephritis, cystitis),
- to monitor the effectiveness of the therapy for urogenital mycoplasmosis.
When is the study scheduled?
- With clinical signs of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases of the genitourinary organs and the absence of other pathogenic microorganisms,
- for preventive examination,
- after antibacterial therapy of mycoplasmosis.
of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation Article 42. Victim / Consultant Plus
ConsultantPlus: note.
On the issue of State protection of victims, seeFederal Law of 20.08.2004 N 119-FZ.
Code of Criminal Procedure Article 42. Victim
1. A victim is a natural person to whom the crime has caused physical, property, moral harm, as well as a legal entity in the event of damage to its property and business reputation by the crime. The decision on recognition as a victim is taken immediately from the moment of initiation of a criminal case and is formalized by a decision of an inquiry officer, investigator, judge or a court ruling. If, at the time of the initiation of a criminal case, there is no information about the person who was harmed by the crime, the decision on recognition as a victim shall be made immediately after receiving information about this person.
(as amended by Federal Laws of 05.06.2007 N 87-FZ, of 28.12.2013 N 432-FZ)
2. The victim has the right:
1) to know about the charge brought against the accused;
2) to give evidence;
3) refuse to testify against himself, his spouse (his wife) and other close relatives, the circle of which is determined by paragraph 4 of Article 5 of this Code. If the victim agrees to testify, he must be warned that his testimony can be used as evidence in a criminal case, including in the event of his subsequent refusal from this testimony;
4) present evidence;
5) submit petitions and challenges;
6) give evidence in his native language or the language he speaks;
7) use the help of an interpreter free of charge;
8) have a representative;
9) participate, with the permission of the investigator or the inquiry officer, in investigative actions carried out at his request or at the request of his representative;
10) get acquainted with the protocols of investigative actions carried out with his participation, and submit comments on them;
11) get acquainted with the decision on the appointment of a forensic examination and the expert’s opinion;
(as amended byFederal Law of 28.12.2013 N 432-FZ)
12) at the end of the preliminary investigation, including in the event of the termination of the criminal case, with all the materials of the criminal case, extract from the criminal case any information and in any volume, make copies of the materials of the criminal case, including with the help of technical means. If several victims are involved in a criminal case, each of them has the right to get acquainted with those materials of the criminal case that relate to the harm caused to this victim;
(as amended byFederal Law of 28.12.2013 N 432-FZ)
13) receive copies of decisions to initiate a criminal case, to recognize him as a victim, to refuse to elect the accused as a preventive measure in the form of detention, to terminate a criminal case, to suspend criminal proceedings, to send a criminal case according to jurisdiction, on the appointment of a preliminary hearing, court session, receive copies of the verdict of the first instance court, decisions of the courts of appeal and cassation instances.The victim, upon request, has the right to receive copies of other procedural documents affecting his interests;
(Clause 13 as amended by Federal Law No. 432-FZ of 28.12.2013)
14) participate in the trial of a criminal case in the courts of the first, second, cassation and supervisory instances, object to the ruling of a sentence without a trial in a general manner, as well as in the cases provided for by this Code, participate in a trial when the court considers issues related to execution of the sentence;
15) to speak in the judicial pleadings;
16) support the prosecution;
17) get acquainted with the protocol and audio recording of the court session and submit comments on them;
(p.17 as amended. Federal Law of 29.07.2018 N 228-FZ)
18) lodge complaints about the actions (inaction) and decisions of the inquiry officer, the head of the inquiry unit, the head of the inquiry body, the inquiry body, the investigator, the prosecutor and the court;
(as amended by Federal Law of 30.12.2015 N 440-FZ)
19) to appeal against the sentence, ruling, ruling of the court;
20) to know about the complaints and representations brought in in the criminal case and to submit objections to them;
21) apply for the application of security measures in accordance with part three of Article 11 of this Code;
21.1) on the basis of a ruling, a court ruling adopted at the petition of the victim, his legal representative, representative, declared before the end of the debate of the parties, to receive information about the arrival of the person sentenced to imprisonment at the place of serving the sentence, including when moving from one correctional institution to another, about the convict’s departure from the institution executing a sentence of imprisonment, about the time of the convict’s release from places of imprisonment, as well as being notified of the court’s consideration of issues related to the execution of the sentence about the release of the convicted person from punishment, about the postponement of the execution of the sentence or about the replacement of the convicted person with unserved parts of punishment with a milder type of punishment;
(p.21.1 as amended. Federal Law of 30.03.2015 N 62-FZ)
22) exercise other powers provided for by this Code.
3. The victim is provided with compensation for property damage caused by the crime, as well as expenses incurred in connection with his participation in the preliminary investigation and in court, including expenses for a representative, in accordance with the requirements of Article 131 of this Code.
4. At the claim of the victim for compensation in monetary terms for the moral damage caused to him, the amount of compensation is determined by the court when considering a criminal case or in civil proceedings.
5. The victim is not entitled:
1) to avoid appearing when summoned by an inquiry officer, investigator and in court;
(as amended by Federal Law of 05.06.2007 N 87-FZ)
2) give deliberately false testimony or refuse to testify;
3) disclose the data of the preliminary investigation, if he was warned about it in advance in the manner prescribed by Article 161 of this Code;
4) to evade from passing the examination, from proceedings in relation to his forensic examination in cases where his consent is not required, or from the provision of samples of handwriting and other samples for comparative research.
(Clause 4 introduced by Federal Law No. 432-FZ, dated 28 December 2013)
5.1. An application for obtaining the information specified in clause 21.1 of the second part of this article shall be submitted by the victim, his legal representative, or a representative before the end of the debate of the parties in writing. The petition contains a list of information that the victim or his legal representative wishes to receive, the address of the place of residence, e-mail address, telephone numbers, as well as other information that can ensure the timely receipt of the information by the victim or his legal representative.
(Part 5.1 was introduced by Federal Law of March 30, 2015 N 62-FZ)
6. If the victim does not appear on the call without good reason, he may be subjected to a drive.
7. For giving deliberately false testimony, the victim is liable in accordance with Article 307 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, for refusing to testify, as well as for evading examination, from proceedings in relation to his forensic examination in cases where his consent is not required , or from the provision of handwriting samples and other samples for a comparative study, the victim is liable in accordance with Article 308 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.For the disclosure of data from the preliminary investigation, the victim is liable in accordance with Article 310 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.
(as amended by Federal Law No. 432-FZ of 28.12.2013)
8. In criminal cases on crimes, the consequence of which was the death of a person, the rights of the victim, provided for in this article, are transferred to one of his close relatives and (or) close persons, and in their absence or the impossibility of their participation in criminal proceedings – to one from relatives.
(Part 8 as revised by Federal Law No. 432-FZ of 28.12.2013)
9. If a legal entity is recognized as a victim, its rights shall be exercised by a representative.
10. Participation in a criminal case of a legal representative and a representative of the victim does not deprive him of the rights provided for in this article.
There was also a gorod playground on our territory.There was such a subtlety that the townspeople came with their bats and then carried them away. The townships, however, were common. We got our own sticks, and when the site was free, we tried to play there in what looked like townships. The rest of our games had nothing in common with sports games. They played, of course, both hide and seek and tag – which, I think, they play now. But there were also games that, perhaps, have already been forgotten today. For example, in a siskin. A chizhik was a short segment of a round stick sharpened at both ends.It was laid on the ground in a drawn square called a con. They hit the sharpened end of the siskin with a stick, it flew over the horse, and with the same stick it was necessary to hammer the siskin as far as possible on the fly. And the driver had to either catch the siskin, or from the place where it fell, throw it into the horse. They also played twelve sticks. Which were the same “hide and seek”, but the driver did not count the “counting rhyme”, giving the rest of the time to hide, but instead the following happened. At stake, across a stick, was a small board.On the lower end of this plank, 12 sticks were neatly placed, after which they were sharply kicked on the upper end of the plank. And while the driver collected the scattered sticks and put them back, everyone scattered and hid. When the driver found one of those who had hidden, then both of them – the driver and the discovered one – ran to the stake. And the one who ran up first beat the board. The sticks flew apart and everything started anew. There was a game called “Pop Chase.” One single town, set on the priest, had to be driven as far as possible with the blows of the beats.Sometimes the game moved a kilometer from the original point. There were games with a small ball: “stander”, “bouncers”. And everywhere it was necessary to throw, catch, dodge, run away. We loved to play trackers in the park. The game consisted in the fact that a small group – three or four people – went forward, far, far away into the park, to the most unexpected place, by the most unexpected route. At the same time, leaving arrows on the ground or in trees indicating the route. From time to time, a letter was hidden, which indicated that another letter containing valuable information was hidden there, etc.e. After the agreed time, the second group followed these signs and had to find either the hidden object or the hiding members of the first group. They also played border guards in the park. A border was established, which the violators had to cross, and the border guards had to catch them. These games already required a large number of participants. We also loved to ride bicycles around the park. But there was a significant limitation, because not everyone had bicycles.I, in particular, did not have a bicycle. However, I learned to ride other people’s bicycles. The owner of the bike stops next to you and you ask him: “Give me a ride, Vasya.” And Vasya says: “No, I haven’t skated myself yet. Here, I’ll go for a ride – then maybe I’ll give it to you. ” Or Vasya says: “Well, okay. One circle around the sports ground, but no more. ” And thanks for that. One summer, my mother’s friend, graduate student Esfir Karlovna Krymskaya, a Karaite nationality, went on an expedition for the whole summer and suggested to her mother: “Come on, I’ll leave Valery my bike.”And so I myself became the bike steward. I could ride when I wanted and I could give or not let others ride. It was already a completely different quality. next> add comment >> |
Test for grade 6 “Orienteering on the ground”
CARD No.1
1. Determine the direction of the arrow:
2 . Which star is in the north at night:
a) Vega; b) polar stars; c) constellation Cassiopeia.
3. How many degrees per hour the sun deviates :
a) 15; b) by 7; c) at 10.
4. Where the compass arrow points:
a) to the west; b) to the north; c) to the south.
5. The sun is opposite the clockwise direction, where the north is at
a) 13h b) 15h c) 15.30h d) 21.30h.
6. The shadow of the stick points to the northeast:
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 5
7. The moon is at 01 o’clock:
a) East; b) South; c) the West; d) North.
8. The gentle slope of the anthill is directed to:
a) south; b) north; c) west; d) east.
9. The numbers on the quarter pillars in the forest, indicate the direction to the south, between:
a) 4-5; b) 5-17; c) 17-18; d) 18-4.
10. PROBLEM:
Determine the time by the sun and compass, if it is known that the azimuth is 270º
CARD # 2
1. Determine the direction of the arrow:
2 Where the compass needle points:
a) to the west; b) to the north; c) to the south.
3. Which star is in the north at night:
a) Vega; b) polar stars; c) constellation Cassiopeia.
4. At noon, the falling shadow from objects has the smallest length and indicates the direction to:
a) south; b) north; c) west.
5. The sun is opposite the clockwise direction, where the north is at
a) 13.30h b) 21h c) 15.30h d) 17.30h.
6. The shadow from the stick points to the east:
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 5
7. The moon at 19 o’clock is located:
a) in the East; b) South; c) the West; d) North.
8. Black birch bark on:
a) north; b) south; c) the west; d) east.
9. The numbers on the quarter pillars in the forest, indicate the direction to the north, between:
a) 4-5; b) 5-17; c) 17-18; d) 18-4.
10. PROBLEM:
Determine the time by the sun and compass, if it is known that the azimuth is 270º
CARD # 3
1.Determine arrow direction:
2 . At noon, the falling shadow from objects has the smallest length and points to:
a) south; b) north; c) west.
3. By what signs can you determine the side of the horizon?
a) along the slope of the tree; b) on the flat side of the anthill; c) along the river.
4. How to determine the cardinal points while in the forest on a moonless night?
A) by the clock, B) by the moon, C) by the Pole Star.
5. The sun is opposite the clockwise direction, where the north is at
a) 17.30h b) 10h c) 11.30h d) 12.30h
6. The shadow of the stick points to the west:
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 5
7. The moon is at 07 o’clock:
a) the East; b) South; c) the West; d) North.
8. More resin flows out on conifers from:
a) south; b) north; c) the west; d) east.
9. The numbers on the quarter pillars in the forest, indicate the direction to the west, between:
a) 4-5; b) 5-17; c) 17-18; d) 18-4
10. PROBLEM:
Determine the time by the sun and compass, if it is known that the azimuth is 270º
CARD # 4
1. Determine the direction of the arrow:
2 . What should you do if you are behind the group during the hike?
a) Stay put; b) I’ll go back; c) I’ll go look for the group
3 . You are standing with your back to the sun at noon. Which side is east?
a) front; b) on the right; c) behind.
4. What signs can be used to determine the sides of the horizon:
a) in the direction of the wind; b) for mushrooms near the tree; c) in the direction of the animal path.
5. The sun is located opposite the clockwise, where the west is at
a) 13.h b) 10h c) 14h d) 17h.
6. The shadow of the stick points to the northwest:
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 5
7. The moon is at 07 o’clock:
a) East; b) South; c) the West; d) North.
8. There is more snow in winter from:
a) south; b) north; c) the west; d) east.
9. The numbers on the quarter pillars in the forest indicate the direction to the east, between:
a) 4-5; b) 5-17; c) 17-18; d) 18-4.
10. PROBLEM:
Determine the time by the sun and compass, if it is known that the azimuth is 270º
CARD 5
1. Determine the direction of the arrow:
2. What time of day is the sun in the west:
a) at 24 hours; b) at 19 o’clock: c) at 13 o’clock
3. What local signs can be used to determine the cardinal points:
A) lichen and moss, B) bushes and dry grass, C) by stream flow direction,
4. How to determine the cardinal points while in the forest on a moonless night?
A) by the clock, B) by the moon, C) by the Pole Star.
5. The sun is located opposite the clockwise, where the west is at
a) 12 h b) 13 h c) 14 h d) 17.30 h.
6. The shadow from the stick points to the north:
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 5
7. The moon is at 01 o’clock:
a) East; b) South; c) the West; d) North.
8. The berry will ripen faster from:
a) the north; b) south; c) the west; d) east.
9. The numbers on the quarter pillars in the forest, indicate the direction to the south, between:
a) 4-5; b) 5-17; c) 17-18; d) 18-4.
10. PROBLEM:
Determine the time by the sun and compass, if it is known that the azimuth is 270º
CARD 6
1. Determine the direction of the arrow:
2. How many degrees per hour the sun deviates :
a) 15; b) by 7; c) at 10.
3 . What time of day is the sun in the east:
a) at 7 o’clock; b) at 10 o’clock; c) at 12 o’clock.
4. Where the compass needle points:
a) to the west; b) to the north; c) to the south; d) to the east.
5. The sun is opposite the clockwise direction, where the west is at
a) 12 h b) 13 h c) 13.30h d) 16.30h.
6. The shadow from the stick points to the east:
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 5
7. The moon is in the west:
a ) 01 hours; b) 07 hours; c) 19 hours; d) She is not visible.
8. Inflorescences on flowers are most often deployed to:
a) north; b) south; c) west; d) east.
9. The numbers on the quarter pillars in the forest, indicate the direction to the north, between:
a) 4-5; b) 5-17; c) 17-18; d) 18-4.
10. PROBLEM:
Determine the time by the sun and compass, if it is known that the azimuth is 270º
CARD №7
1. Determine the direction of the arrow:
2.
Where the compass needle points:
a) to the west; b) to the north; c) to the south.
3. By what signs can you determine the side of the horizon?
a) along the slope of the tree; b) on the flat side of the anthill; c) along the river.
4. It is possible to determine the cardinal points on the terrain by the following factors :
a) wind direction; b) own shadow; c) stars;
5. The sun is opposite the clockwise direction, where the east is at
a) 9 h b) 8 h c) 12 h d) 13 h.
6. The shadow from the stick points to the west:
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 5
7. The moon is in the west:
a) 01 hours; b) 07 hours; c) 19 hours; d) She is not visible.
8. Mosses and lichens are more located in:
a) north; b) south; c) the west; d) east.
9. The numbers on the quarter pillars in the forest, indicate the direction to the west, between:
a) 4-5; b) 5-17; c) 17-18; d) 18-4.
10. PROBLEM:
Determine the time by the sun and compass, if the azimuth is known to be 270º
CARD 8
1.Determine arrow direction:
2. . You stand with your back to the sun at noon. Which side is east?
a) front; b) on the right; c) behind.
3. How many degrees per hour the sun deviates :
a) 15; b) by 7; c) by 10; d) to 5.
4. Where the compass arrow points:
a) to the west; b) to the north; c) to the south.
5. The sun is opposite the clockwise, where the east is at
a) 9 h b) 11 h c) 12 h d) 13 h.
6. The shadow of the stick points to the northeast:
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 5
7. The moon is in the east:
a) 01 hours; b) 07 hours; c) 19 hours; d) She is not visible.
8. Snow on the slopes of mountains and hills, melts faster from:
a) north; b) east; c) the west; d) south.
9. The numbers on the quarter pillars in the forest indicate the direction to the east, between:
a) 4-5; b) 5-17; c) 17-18; d) 18-4.
10. PROBLEM:
Determine the time by the sun and compass, if you know that the azimuth is 270º
CARD # 9
1. Determine the direction of the arrow 9044
9035
2 . By what signs can you determine the side of the horizon?
a) along the slope of the tree; b) on the flat side of the anthill; c) along the river.
3. What time of day is the sun in the west:
a) at 24 hours; b) at 19 o’clock: c) at 13 o’clock
4. Where the compass needle points:
a) to the west; b) to the north; c) to the south; d) to the east.
5. The sun is located opposite the clockwise, where the east is at
a) 10.30 h b) 12.30 h c) 13 h d) 9.30h
6. The shadow from the stick points to the east:
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 5
7 . The moon is in the south:
a) 01 hours; b) 07 hours; c) 19 hours; d) She is not visible.
8. The cap of mushrooms is darker from:
a) north; b) east; c) the west; d) south.
9. The numbers on the quarter pillars in the forest, indicate the direction to the south, between:
a) 4-5; b) 5-17; c) 17-18; d) 18-4.
10. PROBLEM:
Determine the time by the sun and compass, if it is known that the azimuth is 270º
CARD # 10
1. Determine the direction of the arrow:
90
2353. What signs can be used to determine the sides of the horizon:
a) in the direction of the wind; b) for mushrooms near the tree; c) in the direction of the animal path.
3. What time of day is the sun in the east:
a) at 7 o’clock; b) at 10 o’clock; c) at 12 o’clock.
4. At sunny noon, the shadow indicates the direction to:
a) south, b) north, c) west, d) east
5. The sun is located opposite the hour hand, where the South is to
a) 13h b) 15h c) 15.30h d) 17.30h.
6. The shadow from the stick points to the west:
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 5
7 . The moon at 01 o’clock is located:
a) the East; b) South; c) the West; d) North.
8. Birch bark cracks more from:
a) north; b) east; c) the west; d) south.
9. The numbers on the quarter pillars in the forest, indicate the direction to the north, between:
a) 4-5; b) 5-17; c) 17-18; d) 18-4.
10. PROBLEM:
Determine the time by the sun and compass, if it is known that the azimuth is 270º
CARD №11
1.Determine the direction of the arrow:
2. At sunny noon, the shadow indicates the direction to:
a) south, b) north, c) west, d) east.
3. Indicate the ways of determining the cardinal points on the terrain:
a) wind direction, b) own shadow, c) river flow direction, d) stars,
4. You are standing with your back to the sun at noon. Which side is east?
a) front; b) on the right; c) behind; d) on the left.
5. The sun is located opposite the clockwise direction, where the South is located at
a) 13.30h b) 15h c) 15.30h d) 17.30h.
6. The shadow from the stick points to the northwest:
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 5
7. The moon is at 19 o’clock:
a) East; b) South; c) the West; d) North.
8. The gentle slope of the anthill is directed to:
a) south; b) north; c) west; d) east.
9. The numbers on the quarter pillars in the forest, indicate the direction to the west, between:
a) 4-5; b) 5-17; c) 17-18; d) 18-4.
10. PROBLEM:
Determine the time by the sun and compass, if it is known that the azimuth is 270º
CARD # 12
1. Determine the direction of the arrow:
2.
ways determination of the cardinal points on the terrain:
a) wind direction, b) own shadow, c) river flow direction, d) stars.
3 . How many degrees per hour the sun deviates :
a) 15; b) by 7; c) by 10; d) to 5.
4. Where the compass arrow points:
a) to the west; b) to the north; c) to the south; d) to the east.
5. The sun is located opposite the clockwise direction, where the South is located at
a) 13.30h b) 10h c) 11.30h d) 12.30h.
6.The shadow from the stick points to the north:
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 5
7. The moon is in the east:
a) 01 hours; b) 07 hours; c) 19 hours; d) She is not visible.
8. Black birch bark on:
a) north; b) south; c) the west; d) east.
9. The numbers on the quarter pillars in the forest indicate the direction to the east, between:
a) 4-5; b) 5-17; c) 17-18; d) 18-4.
10. PROBLEM:
Determine the time by the sun and compass, if it is known that the azimuth is 270º
CARD №13
1. Determine the direction of the arrow:
2 How to determine the cardinal points while in the forest on a moonless night?
a) by the clock, b) by the moon, c) by the Pole Star.
3 . By what signs can you determine the side of the horizon?
a) along the slope of the tree; b) on the flat side of the anthill; c) along the river.
4. At noon, the falling shadow from objects has the smallest length and indicates the direction to:
a) south; b) north; c) west; d) east.
5. The sun is located opposite the clockwise direction, where the South is located at
a) 13.h b) 10h c) 14h d) 14.30h.
6. The shadow from the stick points to the east:
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 5
7. The moon is in the south:
a) 01 hours; b) 07 hours; c) 19 hours; d) She is not visible.
8. More resin flows out on conifers from:
a) south; b) north; c) the west; d) east.
9. The numbers on the quarter pillars in the forest, indicate the direction to the south, between:
a) 4-5; b) 5-17 ; c) 90 350 17-18; d) 18-4.
10. PROBLEM:
Determine the time by the sun and compass, if it is known that the azimuth is 270º
CARD # 14
1.Determine the direction of the arrow:
2. What local signs can be used to determine the cardinal points:
a) tree trunks and bark, b) bushes and dry grass, c) lichen and moss, d) downstream of the streams.
3. You are standing with your back to the sun at noon. Which side is east?
a) front; b) on the right; c) behind; d) on the left.
4. Which star is in the north at night:
a) Vega; b) polar stars; c) constellation Cassiopeia.
5. The sun is located opposite the clockwise, where SO is located at
a) 12 h b) 13 h c) 14 h d) 14.30 h.
6. The shadow from the stick points to the west:
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 5
7. The moon is in the east:
a ) 01 hours; b) 07 hours; c) 19 hours; d) She is not visible.
8. There is more snow in winter from:
a) south; b) north; c) the west; d) east.
9. The numbers on the quarter pillars in the forest, indicate the direction to the north, between:
a) 4-5; b) 5-17; c) 17-18; d) 18-4.
10. PROBLEM:
Determine the time by the sun and compass, if it is known that the azimuth is 270º
CARD No. 15
1. Determine the direction of the arrow:
2.
What time of day is the sun in the east:
a) at 7 o’clock; b) at 10 o’clock; c) at 12 o’clock.
3. Specify the methods for determining the cardinal points on the terrain:
a) wind direction, b) own shadow, c) river flow direction, d) stars,
4. You stand with your back to the sun at noon. Which side is east?
a) front; b) on the right; c) behind.
5. The sun is located opposite the clockwise, where the SO is located at
a) 12 h b) 13 h c) 13.30h d) 14.30h.
6. The shadow of the stick points to the northeast:
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 5
7. The moon is in the south:
a) 01 hours; b) 07 hours; c) 19 hours; d) She is not visible.
8. The berry will ripen faster from:
a) the north; b) south; c) the west; d) east.
9. The numbers on the quarter pillars in the forest, indicate the direction to the west, between:
a) 4-5; b) 5-17; c) 17-18; d) 18-4.
10. PROBLEM:
Determine the time according to the sun and compass, if it is known that the azimuth is 270º
CARD №16
1. Determine the direction of the arrow:
2. What time of day is the sun in the west:
a) at 24 hours; b) at 19 o’clock: c) at 13 o’clock
3. At noon, the falling shadow from objects has the smallest length and indicates the direction to:
a) south; b) north; c) west; d) east.
4. By what signs can you determine the side of the horizon?
a) along the slope of the tree; b) on the flat side of the anthill; c) along the river.
5. The sun is opposite the clockwise direction, where the SO is located at
a) 9 h b) 11 h c) 12 h d) 13 h
6. The shadow from the stick points to the east:
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 5
7. The moon is in the west:
a) 01 hours; b) 07 hours; c) 19 hours; d) She is not visible.
8. Inflorescences on flowers are most often deployed to:
a) north; b) south; c) west; d) east.
9. The numbers on the quarter pillars in the forest indicate the direction to the east, between:
a) 4-5; b) 5-17; c) 17-18; d) 18-4
10. PROBLEM:
Determine the time by the sun and compass, if it is known that the azimuth is 270º
CARD # 17
1.Determine the direction of the arrow:
2. How many degrees per hour the sun deviates :
a) 15; b) by 7; c) by 10; d) by 5.
3. Which star is in the north at night:
a) Vega; b) polar stars; c) constellation Cassiopeia.
4. At sunny noon, the shadow indicates the direction to:
a) south, b) north, c) west, d) east
5.The sun is located opposite the clockwise hand, where the SO is located at
a) 9 h b) 11 h c) 12 h d) 13 h.
6. The shadow from the stick points to the west:
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 5
7. The moon is in the north:
a ) 01 hours; b) 07 hours; c) 19 hours; d) She is not visible.
8. Mosses and lichens are more located in:
a) north; b) south; c) the west; d) east.
9. The numbers on the quarter pillars in the forest, indicate the direction to the south, between:
a) 4-5; b) 5-17; c) 17-18; d) 18-4.
10. PROBLEM:
Determine the time by the sun and compass, if it is known that the azimuth is 270º
CARD 18
1. Determine the direction of the arrow:
2.
Where the compass needle points:
a) to the west; b) to the north; c) to the south; d) to the east.
3. You are standing with your back to the sun at noon. Which side is east?
a) front; b) on the right; c) behind.
4. What time of day is the sun in the west:
a) at 24 hours; b) at 19 o’clock: c) at 13 o’clock
5. The sun is located opposite the clockwise, where the South is located at
a) 10.30 h b) 12.30 h c) 13 h d) 13.30 h …
6. The shadow of the stick points to the northwest:
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 5
7. The moon at 01 o’clock is:
a) East ; b) South; c) the West; d) North.
8. Snow on the slopes of mountains and hills, melts faster from:
a) north; b) east; c) the west; d) south.
9. The numbers on the quarter pillars in the forest, indicate the direction to the north, between:
a) 4-5; b) 5-17; c) 17-18; d) 18-4.
10. PROBLEM:
Determine the time by the sun and compass, if you know that the azimuth is 270º
CARD # 19
1. Determine the direction of the arrow:
2.
What star is in the north at night:
a) Vega; b) polar stars; c) constellation Cassiopeia.
3. By what signs can you determine the side of the horizon?
a) along the slope of the tree; b) on the flat side of the anthill; c) along the river.
4. At sunny noon, the shadow indicates the direction to:
a) south, b) north, c) west, d) east
5. The sun is located opposite the hour hand, where the South is to
a) 10.30 h b) 12.30 h c) 13 h d) 13.30 h.
6. The shadow of the stick points to the north:
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 5
7. The moon is at 19 o’clock:
a) East; b) South; c) the West; d) North.
8. The cap of mushrooms is darker from:
a) north; b) east; c) the west; d) south.
9. The numbers on the quarter pillars in the forest, indicate the direction to the west, between:
a) 4-5; b) 5-17; c) 17-18; d) 18-4.
10. PROBLEM:
Determine the time by the sun and compass, if it is known that the azimuth is 270º
CARD # 20
1. Determine the direction of the arrow:
2. At noon, the falling shadow from objects has the smallest length and indicates the direction to:
a) south; b) north; c) west; d) east.
3 . By what signs can you determine the side of the horizon?
a) along the slope of the tree; b) on the flat side of the anthill; c) along the river.
4. You are standing with your back to the sun at noon.Which side is east?
a) front; b) on the right; c) behind; d) on the left.
5. The sun is opposite the clockwise direction, where the north is at
a) 13h b) 15h c) 15.30h d) 21.30h
6. The shadow from the stick points to the east:
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 5
7. The moon at 07 o’clock is located:
a) the East; b) South; c) the West; d) North.
8. Birch bark cracks more from:
a) north; b) east; c) the west; d) south.
9. The numbers on the quarter pillars in the forest indicate the direction to the east, between:
a) 4-5; b) 5-17; c) 17-18; d) 18-4
10. PROBLEM:
Determine the time by the sun and compass, if it is known that the azimuth is 270º
CARD # 21
1. Determine the direction of the arrow:
2 . You are standing with your back to the sun at noon. Which side is east?
a) front; b) on the right; c) behind; d) on the left.
3 By what signs can you determine the side of the horizon?
a) along the slope of the tree; b) on the flat side of the anthill; c) along the river.
4. What time of day is the sun in the west:
a) at 24 hours; b) at 19 o’clock: c) at 13 o’clock
5.The sun is opposite the clockwise hand, where the north is at
a) 13.30h b) 21h c) 15.30h d) 17.30h
6. The shadow from the stick points to the west:
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 5
7. The moon at 07 o’clock is:
a) in the East; b) South; c) the West; d) North.
8. The gentle slope of the anthill is directed to:
a) south; b) north; c) west; d) east.
9. The numbers on the quarter pillars in the forest, indicate the direction to the south, between:
a) 4-5; b) 5-17; c) 17-18; d) 18-4.
10. PROBLEM:
Determine the time by the sun and compass, if it is known that the azimuth is 270º
CARD 22
1. Determine the direction of the arrow:
2.
By what signs can you determine the side of the horizon?
a) along the slope of the tree; b) on the flat side of the anthill; c) along the river.
3 . At sunny noon, the shadow indicates the direction to:
a) south, b) north, c) west, d) east
4. How many degrees per hour the sun deviates :
a ) by 15; b) by 7; c) by 10; d) at 5.
5. The sun is located opposite the clockwise, where the north is at
a) 17.30 h b) 10 h c) 11.30 h d) 12.30 h.
6.The shadow from the stick points to the northeast:
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 5
7. The moon is at 01 o’clock:
a) East ; b) South; c) the West; d) North.
8. Black birch bark on:
a) north; b) south; c) the west; d) east.
9. The numbers on the quarter pillars in the forest, indicate the direction to the north, between:
a) 4-5; b) 5-17; c) 17-18; d) 18-4.
10. PROBLEM:
Determine the time by the sun and compass, if it is known that the azimuth is 270º
CARD 23
1. Determine the direction of the arrow:
2.
By what signs can you determine the sides of the horizon:
a) in the direction of the wind; b) mushrooms next to the tree; c) in the direction of the animal path.
3. You are standing with your back to the sun at noon.Which side is east?
a) front; b) on the right; c) behind; d) on the left.
4. Which star is in the north at night:
a) Vega; b) polar stars; c) constellation Cassiopeia.
5. The sun is located opposite the clockwise, where the west is at
a) 13.h b) 10h c) 14h d) 17h.
6. The shadow from the stick points to the east:
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 5
7. The moon is in the west:
a) 01 hours; b) 07 hours; c) 19 hours; d) She is not visible.
8. More resin flows out on conifers from:
a) south; b) north; c) the west; d) east.
9. The numbers on the quarter pillars in the forest, indicate the direction to the west, between:
a) 4-5; b) 5-17; c) 17-18; d) 18-4.
10. PROBLEM:
Determine the time by the sun and compass, if it is known that the azimuth is 270º
CARD # 24
1.Determine the direction of the arrow:
2. How to determine the cardinal points while in the forest on a moonless night:
a) by the hour; b) by the Moon; c) at Polaris.
3. By what signs can you determine the side of the horizon?
a) along the slope of the tree; b) on the flat side of the anthill; c) along the river.
4. At sunny noon, the shadow indicates the direction to:
a) south, b) north, c) west, d) east
5.The sun is opposite the hour hand, where the west is located at
a) 12 h b) 13 h c) 14 h d) 17.30 h.
6. The shadow of the stick points to the west:
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 5
7. The moon is in the west:
a ) 01 hours; b) 07 hours; c) 19 hours; d) She is not visible.
8. There is more snow in winter from:
a) south; b) north; c) the west; d) east.
9. The numbers on the quarter pillars in the forest indicate the direction to the east, between:
a) 4-5; b) 5-17; c) 17-18; d) 18-4.
10. PROBLEM:
Determine the time by the sun and compass, if it is known that the azimuth is 270º
CARD №25
1. Determine the direction of the arrow:
2.90 It is possible to determine the cardinal points on the terrain by the following factors :
a) wind direction; b) own shadow; c) stars;
3. What time of day is the sun in the west:
a) at 24 hours; b) at 19 o’clock: c) at 13 o’clock
4. By what signs can you determine the side of the horizon?
a) along the slope of the tree; b) on the flat side of the anthill; c) along the river.
5. The sun is opposite the clockwise direction, where the west is at
a) 12 h b) 13 h c) 13.30 h d) 16.30h
6. The shadow of the stick points to the northwest:
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 5
7. The moon is in the east:
a) 01 hours; b) 07 hours; c) 19 hours; d) She is not visible.
8. The berry will ripen faster from:
a) the north; b) south; c) the west; d) east.
9. The numbers on the quarter pillars in the forest, indicate the direction to the south, between:
a) 4-5; b) 5-17; c) 17-18; d) 18-4.
10. PROBLEM:
Determine the time according to the sun and compass, if it is known that the azimuth is 270º
CARD # 26
1. Determine the direction of the arrow:
2.
What local objects can be used to determine the cardinal points :
a) tree trunks and bark; b) shrubs and dry grass; c) stones;
3. At sunny noon, the shadow indicates the direction to:
a) south, b) north, c) west, d) east
4. How many degrees per hour the sun deviates :
a) 15; b) by 7; c) by 10; d) at 5.
5. The sun is located opposite the clockwise, where the east is at
a) 9 h b) 8 h c) 12 h d) 13 h.
6. The shadow of the stick points to the north:
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 5
7. The moon is in the south:
a) 01 hours; b) 07 hours; c) 19 hours; d) She is not visible.
8. Inflorescences on flowers are most often deployed to:
a) north; b) south; c) west; d) east.
9. The numbers on the quarter pillars in the forest, indicate the direction to the north, between:
a) 4-5; b) 5-17; c) 17-18; d) 18-4.
10. PROBLEM:
Determine the time by the sun and compass, if it is known that the azimuth is 270º
CARD # 27
1.Determine the direction of the arrow:
2. You are standing with your back to the sun at noon. Which side is east?
a) front; b) on the right; c) behind.
3. By what signs can you determine the side of the horizon?
a) along the slope of the tree; b) on the flat side of the anthill; c) along the river.
4. What time of day is the sun in the west:
a) at 24 hours; b) at 19 o’clock: c) at 13 o’clock
5.The sun is opposite the hour hand, where the east is located at
a) 9 h b) 11 h c) 12 h d) 13 h.
6. The shadow of the stick points to the east:
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 5
7. The moon is at 01 o’clock:
a) the East; b) South; c) the West; d) North.
8. Mosses and lichens are more located in:
a) north; b) south; c) the west; d) east.
9. The numbers on the quarter pillars in the forest, indicate the direction to the west, between:
a) 4-5; b) 5-17; c) 17-18; d) 18-4.
10. PROBLEM:
Determine the time by the sun and compass, if you know that the azimuth is 270º
CARD # 28
1. Determine the direction of the arrow:
2.90 Where the compass needle points:
a) to the west; b) to the north; c) to the south; d) to the east.
3 . What time of day is the sun in the east:
a) at 7 o’clock; b) at 10 o’clock; c) at 12 o’clock.
4. By what signs can you determine the side of the horizon?
a) along the slope of the tree; b) on the flat side of the anthill; c) along the river.
5. The sun is located opposite the clockwise, where the east is at
a) 10.30 h b) 12.30 h c) 13 h d) 9.30 h.
6. The shadow from the stick points to the west:
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 5
7. The moon is at 19 o’clock:
a) the East; b) South; c) the West; d) North.
8. Snow on the slopes of mountains and hills, melts faster from:
a) north; b) east; c) the west; d) south.
9. The numbers on the quarter pillars in the forest indicate the direction to the east, between:
a) 4-5; b) 5-17; c) 17-18; d) 18-4.
10. PROBLEM:
Determine the time by the sun and compass, if it is known that the azimuth is 270º
CARD # 29
1. Determine the direction of the arrow:
2. What time of day is the sun in the west:
a) at 24 hours; b) at 19 o’clock: c) at 13 o’clock
3 . How many degrees per hour the sun deviates :
a) 15; b) by 7; c) by 10; d) by 5.
4. At sunny noon, the shadow indicates the direction to:
a) south, b) north, c) west, d) east
5. The sun is located opposite the hour hand, where the South is to
a) 13h b) 15h c) 15.30h d) 17.30h.
6. The shadow of the stick points to the northeast:
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 5
7. The moon is in the east:
a) 01 hours; b) 07 hours; c) 19 hours; d) She is not visible.
8. The cap of mushrooms is darker from:
a) north; b) east; c) the west; d) south.
9. The numbers on the quarter pillars in the forest, indicate the direction to the south, between:
a) 4-5; b) 5-17; c) 17-18; d) 18-4.
10. PROBLEM:
Determine the time by the sun and compass, if it is known that the azimuth is 270º
CARD # 30
1. Determine the direction of the arrow:
2. How many degrees per hour the sun deviates :
a) 15; b) by 7; c) at 10.
3. What time of day is the sun in the east:
a) at 7 o’clock; b) at 10 o’clock; c) at 12 o’clock.
4. By what signs can you determine the side of the horizon?
a) along the slope of the tree; b) on the flat side of the anthill; c) along the river.
5. The sun is opposite the clockwise hand, where the SOUTH is located at
a) 13.30h b) 15h c) 15.30h d) 17.30h
6. The shadow from the stick points to the east:
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 5
7. The moon is in the south:
a) 01 hours; b) 07 hours; c) 19 hours; d) She is not visible.
8. Birch bark cracks more from:
a) north; b) east; c) the west; d) south.
9. The numbers on the quarter pillars in the forest, indicate the direction to the north, between:
a) 4-5; b) 5-17; c) 17-18; d) 18-4.
10. PROBLEM:
Determine the time by the sun and compass, if it is known that the azimuth is 270º
ANSWERS
Order number
1
2
3
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
SZ, S, NW, S, V, SZ
B
A
B
9000 B
A
A
V
19
Ch.
2
V, SE, C, C, V, C
B
B
B
B
A
B
A
A
3
90Z SW, S, NE, V, W
B
B
V
A
D
V
A
D
4
SE, SE, NW, NE, N SZ
A
B
B
D
D
B
B
B
5
N, S, NE, S, S, S
V
G
V
A
B
V
6
NW, NE, W, SW, SW, SE
A
A
B A
G
B
A
7
N, SE, SE, S, SW, SW
B
B
V
B
D
A
8
SE, W, V, V, W, SV
B
A
B
A
B
D
D
B
9
SW, SE, S, W, S
B
B
B
D
A
V
A
V
10
N, NE, SE, SW, N SE
B
A
V
V
D
V
A
A
11
NW, V, S, Yu, V, V
B 90 003
B
D
B
A
D
12
W, SW, S, N, NE, SW
D
A
B
C
A
A
B
13
SZ, S, NW, S, V, SZ
C
B
B
C
A
B
C
14
H, SE, C, C, V, C
V
B
B
D
D
V
B
A
15
A
15
, S, NE, V, W
A
D
B
C
B
A
B
G
16
SE, SE, NW, NE, NW
B
B
B
B
A
B
B
B
17
N, S, NE, S, SW, W
A
B
V
D
D
A
V
18
NW, NE, W, SW, SW, SE
B
B
B
B
B A
D
A
19
N, SE, SE, S, SW, SW
B
B
B
C
V D
A
20
SE, W, V, V, W, SV
B
B
B
D
A
V
A
B
21 900 03
N, SW, SE, S, W, S
B
B
B
B
D
B
A
V
22
, N , SW, N, SE
B
B
A
A
B
A
A
A
23
NW, V, S, S, V, V 903
B
B
B
C
A
D
A
D
24
W, SW, S, S, N, B, SW
C
D
D
A
B
B
25
SZ, S, NW, S, V, SZ
C
B
B
D
D
D
D
92 946 B
V
26
V, SE, S, S, V, C
A
B
A
B
V
V
B
A
NW, SW, S, NE, E, W
B
B
B
A
A
V
A
D
28
, SV, SZ, SZ
B
A
B
G
D
B
D
B
29
N, S, NE, S, S, NE, W
B
A
B
C
B
A
A
V
30
NW, NE, W, SW, SW, SE
A
B
A
B
A
A
| |||||
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Naturally lazy children do not exist – Rossiyskaya Gazeta
A healthy child will not be lazy if his parents do not force him to do so.
“The laziness of children is one appearance, a fiction, and not a real phenomenon; I looked at it more closely and it disappeared.” How do you, strict and categorical mothers and fathers, is the opinion of the famous Russian teacher Pyotr Kapterev? He believed that behind the words “laziness”, “laziness” are hidden absolutely specific reasons for the child’s unwillingness to engage in this or that business, moral or physical, and parents must understand and eliminate them – then the word “laziness” will become mythical, non-existent.
Phlegmatic is not guilty
Children who are naturally lazy do not exist. Every healthy child in early childhood is quite active for himself, from him you only hear: “I myself,” he gets angry when he is not allowed to do something on his own. Passivity, inactivity – which parents also see as manifestations of laziness – most often indicate that the child is simply unwell.
Among younger students, inability is often mistaken for laziness. The child has not yet learned how to properly organize his work: he clutches first at one thing, then at another, he does not succeed, he gets tired, is disappointed, he gives up everything… As a result, the lessons were done somehow, and over time he is more and more reluctant to take on them: why do something if it still doesn’t work?
Sometimes laziness is mistakenly referred to as pronounced manifestations of temperament. The phlegmatic kid is inactive, slow, swinging for a long time. It is useless to urge him on and accuse him of laziness, anyway he will work at the pace dictated by his inner warehouse. The person is not to blame for not being able to work, like these lively guys around him, who have everything in their hands on fire.But at the same time, the same choleric people who need vigorous activity are considered lazy, and it is difficult for them to do boring, monotonous work. For them to play is a real thing, but to collect scattered toys in the sandbox is a deadly longing.
On praise by leaps and bounds
Sometimes you just want to yell, or even swing your belt at the child, “chopping” into a computer shooter, while you expect him to make efforts to correct the twos. But will it help? It is easy to force a person to do your will, but how can you break your mother’s laziness?
Yard, sandbox.Here everyone is busy with business. Someone loads a dump truck with sand, others make Easter cakes, collect pebbles … In childhood, play is a real work. And with what zeal children strive to achieve their plans, to take, for example, the same first step! Is it possible to suspect the laziness of a child who is trying and is trying to dig an all crumbling and crumbling underground passage in the sandbox? Why then the same child is not forced to take out the trash or solve a math problem?
… This is a disaster! Our five-year-old Natalia decided to help her grandmother wash the dishes! This means, like last time, there will be a puddle near the sink, hands are wet to the elbows, and it’s good if all this lasts only half an hour and the dishes remain intact…
Grandma can’t stand it:
– Natasha, don’t, go play, you won’t do it right anyway! Wipe even later for you!
And the child obediently goes where he was sent. Read a book, play or do homework. And I really wanted to help, do something myself …
At three or four years old, children are striving for independence – so give them the opportunity to enjoy it! Of course, at first it turns out badly – but in order to learn something, you need to start doing it! Here the kid puffs, sniffs, but at the same time he is crawling on his bed, refueling it.Praise him for even the smallest success! And let him bring the matter to the end. He brought him, washed the dishes, put the pillow back in place – appreciate his work, children grow by leaps and bounds on praise.
He will continue to be happy to do the same housework, if over and over again he increases his importance in his own eyes, receiving bonuses in the form of praise or something more weighty from adults. He gets motivation to work, what could be more important than that?
Further – more. Assign some household responsibilities to the growing up children and insist on their fulfillment, and the instructions should be specific, really necessary, and not invented for educational purposes.And continue to emphasize that the bread is, say, bought fresh, the dust has been wiped clean. And rewards are necessary just like air! It is better for a younger child to say openly that, having unloaded you, he got the opportunity, for example, to stay at the zoo for a longer time, to go to the movies, and with those who are older, you can already talk about the “honest” section of homework.
With household chores, the child begins to develop an attitude towards work as a vital need. And if you repeatedly pulled out a broom from Natasha, who was raising clouds of dust in the apartment, a broom from her hands – do not be surprised when, having grown up, she will be able to calmly walk past a sink full of dishes and will not strive to take on at least part of household chores, as they say, “default”.And is it only home?
Hormonal laziness
The presence-absence of a “motive” also explains the behavior of the so-called lazy people at school age. To begin with, a child who, by all means, avoids lessons, most likely simply does not have his own motivation for his most important, only, one might say, business, sincerely not understanding why he himself needs all these lessons, homework, etc. etc. Then he gets so used to the constant supervision of adults that he concludes: “They need this, not me.”And it seems that he is not a lazy person, he is interested in a lot of things, but in school matters he is a bum bum.
Isn’t it time for you to weaken your petty every minute attention and exactingness? Otherwise, the label of “lazy” will become unexpectedly attractive for the child – maybe they will at least leave him alone, because those around him are still unhappy, and meaningless activity “out of stick” can cause nothing but disgust and the desire to avoid overloads. Maybe try to convey to the child the meaning of his work, explain that if he does not know and know how, he will not be needed by anyone except his parents.Look for the meaning for which he will strive to class. Let it be only communication with peers – and for this you might want to go to school! As soon as the child begins to do what is interesting to him, what is important to him, laziness will disappear, and the grades will improve.
Laziness often turns around and, on the contrary, an overestimation of a person’s talents, and his automatically increasing self-esteem. A really smart, capable, boastful child does not want to study, because everything is already easy for him, and he considers himself the best in the class and without any extra effort on his part.In parental complaints about a lazy person, one can even hear something like admiration – a storehouse of abilities, he would move mountains if he wanted to, but “laziness was born ahead of him.” This comforts and relaxes you, and the person is so asserted in his innocence: he has the abilities – so they will manifest themselves without unnecessary efforts on his part. And it would be better if he heard from you that laziness and talent are mutually exclusive concepts and that the first is burying the second in the ground.
… It sometimes seems that teenagers are completely in this laziness – lying on the couch, sitting in front of the monitor or strolling through the streets.At the same time, they often say that they have not had time to rest, that they need to relax, “have fun”. But a person is young, more or less healthy, he does not go to work and is not overloaded with household chores – but he is fooling around, taking time off, you are sure. And in vain. At a certain age, physiology intervenes in the matter: global changes are taking place in the adolescent’s body associated with hormonal changes, and this really causes a constant feeling of fatigue. Rather than blaming him hourly for idleness, start “feeding” him with vitamins, go somewhere together, organize a vacation for him yourself, if you already want to control your child inside and out.
By the way
Proverbs on the topic
- Looking at the forest, you will not grow, but looking at the people, you will not be rich.
- Don’t eat for at least three days, and you won’t get off the stove.
- We will not go into the forest, and we will freeze on the beds.
- Lazy sitting asleep, lying down works.
- You can’t reach out and you can’t get it off the shelf.
- The lazy spinner has no shirt to himself.
- Sleeping long – living with debt.
- The way to plow, it’s better to unharness.
- Lazybones and the sun does not rise at the right time.
- If there had been bread and clothes, I would have eaten lying down.
- As we work, we will eat.
Advice to parents
1 If your child is constantly trying to avoid household chores, school, etc., try to understand if he can in principle be able to present your requirements.
