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“Cheerleading is tough” How did dancing with pom-poms in revealing outfits turn into a difficult and dangerous sport?: Summer sports: Sports: Lenta.ru

What’s the first thing that comes to mind when you think of cheerleading? Dancing girls in revealing bright outfits with pom-poms in their hands are entertainment for fans at hockey and basketball matches. And few people know that cheerleading is an independent sport recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). This is a mixture of choreography, gymnastics and acrobatics – a difficult activity that requires a huge amount of physical and moral strength. And by the way, not only women are taken into it. Who came up with cheerleading, why he was loved all over the world, due to what he turned from a show into a serious sport and how to defeat the numerous stereotypes that surround him, Lenta. ru understood.

***

What do Ronald Reagan and Tom Cruise have in common other than being Americans? What connects Franklin Roosevelt and Christina Aguilera, Dwight Eisenhower and Megan Fox? Cheerleading!

It is hard to believe, but many very influential people in the United States were participants in this movement in their youth. George W. Bush, Madonna, Cameron Diaz, Jennifer Lawrence – all of them were in support groups for sports teams in their school or college years, dancing with pom-poms, performing various tricks and shouting out chants.

But why was cheerleading so popular? And how did he even appear?

Madonna (center)

Photo: Jeff Fusco / Getty Images

Men’s business

In the 1870s, American football began to develop in the United States – mainly among students. There were more and more people wishing to watch the matches, so stadiums were built for holding tournaments – they practically stopped playing on cozy impromptu venues. The disadvantage of the new arenas was that the stands were located far from the field. The chamber atmosphere was gone, the teams and fans did not feel unity.

In order to somehow remedy the situation, the tournament organizers decided to line up special people along the edge of the field who would turn on the crowd and help keep the mood throughout the match. This was, in fact, the beginning of cheerleading: cheerleader literally translates from English as “leader of joy.”

At the same time, 1898 is officially considered the year of the birth of cheerleading, when movements were added to the chants. Johnny Campbell, a medical student at the University of Minnesota, is called the first cheerleader, who came up with the idea of ​​\u200b\u200borganizing a permanent cheerleading squad at matches. During the performance, he was the first to perform an acrobatic element: a jump over the heads of teammates.

Cheerleading quickly spread to other states. Most universities have cheerleading teams. True, until the 1920s only men participated in them: women were forbidden to perform any tricks, so they were not taken to support groups. Then women were admitted – although they still did not learn acrobatics.

1948 Cheerleaders at the University of Wisconsin-Madison

Photo: uwdigitalcollections / Wikimedia

It wasn’t until after World War II that things changed dramatically, as the male population dwindled. Then cheerleading became predominantly female. Over the next two decades, it gradually began to look like a modern one: the girls put on shorter skirts and began to wear bright makeup.0021

In the early 1970s, a fierce controversy erupted around cheerleading: second-wave feminists claimed that the movement devalues ​​physical abilities, sexualizes girls, and viewers pay attention only to their appearance. After all, the audience of sports matches where support groups performed was mostly male. The claim, however, was justified. The selection for cheerleading was already strict then, they took girls only of model data, and their clothes became more and more defiant.

The ongoing struggle against the objectification of cheerleaders led to the emergence of radical cheerleading – an open movement that combines elements of peaceful political activities, choreography and theater. Radical cheerleaders performed, for example, at the March for the Life of Women in Washington.

So different cheerleading

So, in the minds of most people, cheerleaders are girls in short skirts and with pom-poms in their hands, performing during breaks in matches in basketball, hockey and other sports. Such a direction in cheerleading really exists and is called dance.

There are official cheerleading groups at most major clubs, and the activities of cheerleaders are not limited to filling pauses at games: girls participate in photo shoots and charity events, run social networks to promote the team, speak at conferences, organize training at schools. For this, as a rule, they receive money. The amount of payouts is very dependent on the sport, league level and sponsors. For example, in the US National Football League (NFL), a fairly rich championship, cheerleaders earn between $200 and $400 per game.

However, there is another, more exciting side of cheerleading – competitive. This is an independent sport that began to develop actively in the 1950s and 1960s – again in the USA

The first training camp for cheerleaders was organized in 1949. Lawrence Herkimer led a training course at the Texas Teachers College, which was attended by 52 athletes. The American also received a patent for pompoms, created the National Cheerleaders Association and came up with one of the jump elements. Later, at 19In 1974, Jeff Webb organized an even larger organization dedicated to the preparation of athletes, the Universal Cheerleaders Association (UCA).

As cheerleading spread around the world (although not as fast as the cheerleaders themselves would like), various organizations began to appear. In 1995, the cheerleading movement in Europe was led by the European Cheerleading Association (ECA). In the same year in Stuttgart, she held the first championship of the continent. And in 2001, the International Cheerleading Federation (IFC) was created.

At the same time, the United States, as the founders of the sport, did not want to lose world leadership, so they created a competitive organization, the International Cheerleading Union (ICU). After being recognized by the Global Association of International Sports Federations, the ICU became the main structure in this sport, and this allowed it to hold official world championships. In addition, in 2016, the Union managed to achieve preliminary, and in 2021 – full recognition of cheerleading by the International Olympic Committee (IOC).

Full IOC recognition does not mean that cheerleading will be included in the Olympics. It only says that the sports federation complies with the requirements of the committee. The question of the participation of cheerleaders in the Games should be considered separately

In the middle of the 20th century, the competitive cheerleading program consisted only of building pyramids and stunts (figures in which one person is tossed or lifted up). By the 2000s, the disciplines expanded, elements of choreography and separate dance nominations were added. Modern disciplines of chir sports are divided into two categories: acrobatic – “cheerleading” , and artistic – “cheer performance”.

Acrobatic nominations:

Cheerleading group, Cheerleading group mixed. This discipline assesses the technique of performing stunts, pyramids, visual effects, agitation, choreography and impact on the viewer. The mixed group includes both men and women.

Cheerleading Stunt, Cheerleading Stunt Mixed, Cheerleading Stunt Partner. Programs in these disciplines consist of acrobatic elements, throws, lifts. In the stantas, the judges pay attention to the technique of performing the elements and their complexity, transitions, continuity of the composition.

Artistic nominations:

Cheer-freestyle-two, Cheer-freestyle group. The composition consists of movements of different dance styles. Cheerleaders always perform with pom-poms.

“Chir-jazz-deuce”, “chir-jazz-group”. This nomination includes any style of jazz dance. In “chir-jazz”, the drawing of the composition, placement on the site, movement and teamwork are evaluated.

Cheer-hip-hop-two, Cheer-hip-hop group. Various styles of street dancing have also become part of the cheer sport. In this nomination, attention is paid not only to team interaction, but also to acrobatic elements that are included in the direction of hip-hop

“Cheerleading did not let us go anymore”

In Russia, cheerleading appeared relatively recently – in the mid-1990s. Its spread coincided with the development of American football in the country – as in the United States a century ago. In 1995, the first cheerleading team was created at the children’s league, and very quickly the new activity spread throughout the regions. Cheerleading clubs began to be created – as a rule, on the basis of dance and acrobatic sections.

When in 2004 I came to the club where I work and train now, there was no cheerleading in it. It was just a modern dance studio. A couple of years later, our coach and club director found out about this sport and decided to try it. Cheerleading didn’t let us go anymore

Polina Baevatrainer and athlete of the Neo-dance team, European champion

In order to organize all-Russian competitions, they created the Cheerleaders Federation – support groups for sports teams, which in 2002 was recognized by the European Association and the International Cheerleading Federation. Interestingly, the organization received accreditation in Russia only in 2008. This opened up prospects for participation in the World and European Championships for domestic athletes.

The structure of competitive cheerleading itself is not simple. For example, at the international level, Russia is represented not by a national team in the usual sense, but by teams from different regions. To go to the European Championship, you need to take first or second place in the national championship. In turn, the team that performs better at the continental championship goes to the World Cup.

The most memorable was the European Championship in 2017. We won in the “chir-jazz” nomination. I will remember this feeling for a very long time: to stand on a pedestal, to sing the anthem. Hard training turned into the first place. Also the 2018 World Cup. Parade, flags all around, strangers shouting at you that you are cool. I will do anything to relive these emotions

Ilona Melkonyan Master of Sports, European Champion, representative of the Neo-dance team

The world leaders in cheerleading are the USA and Japan. It is difficult for Russian teams to compete with these countries, but they already manage to get close to the podium. The most successful for Russia was the World Cup in 2021. The team won two bronze medals in the jazz and hip-hop categories.

Team USA at the 2018 World Cheerleading Championships

Is cheerleading easy? And is it just for girls?

Few people in Russia perceive cheerleading as a serious sport. Cheerleaders are convinced that the fact is that people simply do not know about the loads that have to be endured, are unaware of the strictness of the requirements and the nervousness of the competition. Lenta.ru asked the athletes to comment on the main stereotypes surrounding cheerleading.

The first stereotype. There is nothing complicated in cheerleading – it’s just dancing

Polina Baeva, coach and athlete of the Neo-dance team, European champion: I hear these conversations often. But people change their minds dramatically when I show videos from performances. After watching, they sit in shock and say: “How are you spinning upside down on one leg?”

Ilona Melkonyan, athlete of the Neo-dance team, master of sports, European champion: When I tell that I do cheerleading, they say to me: “Ah, this is dancing with pompoms!” These people don’t know how we train. At the beginning of the season, we gradually increase the difficulty, we go to master classes. During the setting of the program, we can train for 10-12 hours a day. Next is processing. These are regular workouts four times a week for two hours. Before the European Championships, we train twice a day, in the morning and in the evening, or once a day, but for a long time. Our task is to show the judges and spectators that it is easy for us. In training it is a tough sport, but for the audience it is an art.

Cheerleading is known to cause serious injuries. In 2006, at a basketball game between Southern Illinois and Bradley Universities, one of the cheerleaders, Kristi Yamaoka, fell off the pyramid and suffered a spinal fracture, a concussion, and a bruised lung. The incident caused a wide resonance: the National University Sports Association even developed a recommendation according to which pyramids with a height of 2.5 levels or more were prohibited until the end of the season. And the rules committee of the American Association of Cheerleading Coaches and Consultants made the ban mandatory. 0021

Second stereotype. Cheerleading is a women’s sport, men have no place in it

Polina Baeva: This stereotype is hard to break. For parents who are afraid to bring a boy to the section, I would say that cheerleading develops all physical qualities. In addition, this is a team sport, so the boy has a good chance of making friends. We have a very friendly and positive atmosphere.

Ilona Melkonyan: We are lucky: the only boy in Russia from the adult teams in the performance category is in our team. He has never been and is not shy about being a cheerleader. He is in the main team and together with us he won the championship of Russia, received a master of sports. I talked to him about this topic, he likes everything.

Danya Sivolapov, Neo-dance team member: I got into cheerleading at the age of seven or eight thanks to another sport – sports acrobatics, which I did from the age of four. I tried it, and I liked it, so that subsequently the hobby grew into a professional sport. My heart told me what to do. A sea of ​​emotions, a lot of dedicated energy for the sake of a dream, a huge and cool team – that’s the whole buzz.

The most recent data available is for 2012, according to which there are about 97 percent women. However, if we talk about university cheerleading, then almost half of those involved are men

The third stereotype. In cheerleading, the frankness of the outfit is important, since it is important to attract the attention of men

Polina Baeva: Yes, girls often wear high-waisted swimsuits, sometimes the gluteal fold is visible. But this is a violation of the rules. The costume should not offend the feelings of other people.

The official rules of cheer sports state: “Costumes and make-up must not be vulgar or aggressive and must be appropriate for audiences of all ages and appropriate for the age of the athletes.” Violation of this rule leads to a decrease in the score. In addition, costumes in cheerleading are usually much more closed than in some other sports, such as synchronized swimming

“We work for emotions and ideas”

The main problem of modern competitive cheerleading is the lack of finances. It sounds strange, but even professional pursuits are pure enthusiasm. According to the athletes, one all-Russian competition is held every year, where you can get a cash prize. It is usually spent either on costume fabric or on a deposit for the next tournament. There is no prize fund even at the World Championships.

Cheerleaders are creative people who work for an idea. We don’t get anything materially for this, but we get emotions and pleasure. It’s worth it

Ilona Melkonyan master of sports, European champion, representative of the Neo-dance team

World Championship-2017. Team Russia

Shot: IntlCheerUnion / YouTube

The fact is that competitive cheerleading is still of little interest to sponsors – average Russians know almost nothing about it. One of the reasons is that at the official level he is deprived of attention. The cheerleaders noticed that when the sport was recognized as Olympic in 2021, there was not a word about it on the social networks of the Russian Olympic Committee.