How do titanium and scandium lacrosse shafts compare in performance. What are the key differences between these two materials for lacrosse equipment. Which type of shaft is better suited for different playing styles and positions.
The Evolution of Lacrosse Shaft Materials
Lacrosse, a sport with ancient roots, has seen significant technological advancements in equipment over the years. One area of particular innovation has been in the materials used for lacrosse shafts. Two materials that have gained prominence in recent years are titanium and scandium. These metals offer unique properties that can enhance a player’s performance on the field.
Traditionally, wooden shafts were the norm in lacrosse. However, as the sport evolved, so did the need for lighter, stronger, and more durable materials. This led to the introduction of aluminum shafts, which quickly became popular due to their improved strength-to-weight ratio. The quest for even better performance eventually brought titanium and scandium into the spotlight.
The Rise of Metal Alloys in Lacrosse
The introduction of metal alloys in lacrosse equipment marked a turning point in the sport’s history. These advanced materials offered a combination of strength, lightness, and durability that was previously unattainable. Among these alloys, titanium and scandium-aluminum (ScTi) have emerged as frontrunners, each with its own set of characteristics that cater to different player preferences and styles.
Understanding Titanium Lacrosse Shafts
Titanium has long been revered in various industries for its exceptional strength-to-weight ratio. In the context of lacrosse, titanium shafts offer several advantages that make them a popular choice among players.
Key Properties of Titanium Shafts
- Exceptional strength and durability
- Lightweight construction
- Excellent resistance to corrosion
- High tensile strength
- Good vibration dampening
These properties contribute to the overall performance and longevity of titanium lacrosse shafts. Players who prefer a shaft that can withstand intense gameplay and last for multiple seasons often gravitate towards titanium options.
Advantages of Titanium Shafts in Lacrosse
Titanium shafts offer several benefits that can enhance a player’s performance on the field. The material’s strength allows for powerful shots and passes, while its lightweight nature ensures quick maneuverability. Additionally, the corrosion resistance of titanium means that these shafts can maintain their integrity even in harsh weather conditions.
Another significant advantage of titanium shafts is their ability to absorb vibrations. This feature can reduce hand fatigue during long games or practice sessions, allowing players to maintain their performance levels for extended periods.
Exploring Scandium Lacrosse Shafts
Scandium, while less well-known than titanium, has been making waves in the lacrosse community. Typically used in an alloy form with aluminum (ScTi), scandium offers a unique set of properties that appeal to many players.
Characteristics of Scandium (ScTi) Shafts
- Extremely lightweight
- High strength-to-weight ratio
- Excellent energy transfer
- Good flexibility
- Responsive feel
Scandium alloy shafts are known for their incredibly light weight, which can be a game-changer for players who prioritize speed and agility. The material’s strength allows manufacturers to create shafts with thinner walls, further reducing weight without compromising durability.
Benefits of Scandium Shafts for Players
The lightweight nature of scandium shafts translates to improved maneuverability on the field. Players can execute quick stick movements and rapid direction changes with ease. The material’s good energy transfer properties also contribute to powerful and accurate shots and passes.
Scandium shafts often provide a more responsive feel compared to other materials. This enhanced feedback can help players develop better control and finesse in their stick handling skills.
Comparing Titanium and Scandium Shafts
When it comes to choosing between titanium and scandium lacrosse shafts, players must consider various factors that align with their playing style and preferences.
Weight Comparison
In terms of weight, scandium shafts generally have the edge. They are often lighter than titanium shafts of comparable strength. This weight difference can be significant for players who rely heavily on quick movements and rapid transitions.
Durability and Strength
Titanium shafts are renowned for their durability and ability to withstand impacts. While scandium shafts are also strong, they may not match the long-term durability of titanium. However, the difference in strength may not be noticeable for many players, especially those who don’t subject their equipment to extreme stress.
Feel and Responsiveness
Scandium shafts often provide a more responsive feel, offering better feedback to the player. Titanium shafts, while still responsive, may feel slightly stiffer. The preference for feel is highly subjective and can vary greatly among players.
Cost Considerations
Generally, titanium shafts tend to be more expensive than scandium options. The higher cost is often justified by the material’s exceptional durability and longevity. Scandium shafts, while still premium products, usually fall into a slightly lower price range.
Choosing the Right Shaft for Your Playing Style
Selecting the ideal lacrosse shaft involves considering your position, playing style, and personal preferences. Different positions on the field may benefit from specific shaft characteristics.
Attackmen and Midfielders
Players in these positions often prioritize quick movements and precise ball control. The lightweight nature of scandium shafts can be particularly beneficial, allowing for rapid stick handling and shot execution. However, titanium shafts can also be suitable for players who prefer a slightly more substantial feel.
Defenders
Defensive players typically require shafts that can withstand frequent checks and physical play. The durability of titanium shafts makes them a popular choice among defenders. However, scandium shafts with reinforced designs can also be viable options, offering a balance of strength and light weight.
Goalies
Goaltenders often prefer shafts that provide a good balance of strength and maneuverability. Both titanium and scandium can be suitable, with the choice often coming down to personal preference and the specific demands of the player’s style.
Maintenance and Care for Metal Lacrosse Shafts
Proper maintenance is crucial for ensuring the longevity and performance of both titanium and scandium lacrosse shafts. While these materials are known for their durability, proper care can significantly extend their lifespan and maintain their optimal performance characteristics.
Cleaning and Inspection
Regular cleaning is essential for both types of shafts. Use a mild soap and water solution to remove dirt, grass stains, and sweat. After cleaning, thoroughly dry the shaft to prevent any potential corrosion. Inspect the shaft regularly for any signs of damage, such as dents, cracks, or unusual bends.
Storage Recommendations
Store your lacrosse shaft in a cool, dry place when not in use. Avoid leaving it in extreme temperatures, as this can potentially affect the material properties over time. For long-term storage, consider using a protective sleeve or case to prevent accidental damage.
Addressing Wear and Tear
While both titanium and scandium shafts are resistant to wear, they may show signs of use over time. Small scratches or scuffs generally don’t affect performance. However, if you notice any significant damage, it’s best to consult with a professional or consider replacement to ensure safety and optimal play.
The Future of Lacrosse Shaft Technology
As materials science continues to advance, we can expect further innovations in lacrosse shaft technology. Manufacturers are constantly researching new alloys and composite materials that could potentially offer even better performance characteristics.
Emerging Materials and Designs
Some areas of research include:
- Carbon fiber reinforced metal alloys
- Advanced polymer composites
- Nanotechnology-enhanced materials
- Biomimetic designs inspired by nature
These developments aim to push the boundaries of what’s possible in terms of strength, weight, and responsiveness in lacrosse shafts.
Customization and Personalization
Another trend in lacrosse equipment is the move towards greater customization. Advanced manufacturing techniques, such as 3D printing, may soon allow for highly personalized shaft designs tailored to individual players’ preferences and biomechanics.
As the sport of lacrosse continues to evolve, so too will the equipment used by players. The ongoing competition between materials like titanium and scandium drives innovation, ultimately benefiting players with ever-improving options for their game.
Making an Informed Decision
Choosing between titanium and scandium lacrosse shafts ultimately comes down to personal preference and playing style. Both materials offer distinct advantages that can enhance a player’s performance on the field.
Factors to Consider
When making your decision, consider the following factors:
- Your position and playing style
- The level of competition you play at
- Your budget for equipment
- Personal preferences for shaft feel and responsiveness
- The durability requirements based on your play intensity
It’s also worth noting that many players own multiple shafts, allowing them to switch between titanium and scandium options depending on the specific game situation or personal preference on a given day.
Trying Before Buying
If possible, try out both titanium and scandium shafts before making a purchase. Many lacrosse retailers and team equipment managers may have demo shafts available for testing. This hands-on experience can provide valuable insight into which material feels more comfortable and suited to your playing style.
Remember, the best lacrosse shaft is the one that feels right in your hands and allows you to perform at your highest level. Whether you choose titanium, scandium, or another material altogether, the most important factor is how it complements your skills and enhances your game on the field.
Scandium (ScTi) Shaft – Salty Lacrosse
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Prices, distribution, production and use of titanium
Titanium is a chemical element with the element symbol Ti and atomic number 22. It belongs to the transition metals and is in the 4th subgroup (group 4) or titanium group in the periodic table. The metal is shiny, white and metallic, lightweight, durable, flexible, corrosion and temperature resistant. Therefore, it is particularly suitable for applications requiring high corrosion resistance, strength and low weight. Due to the complex manufacturing process, titanium is ten times more expensive than regular steel.
Titanium was discovered in 1791 in England by a priest and amateur chemist William Gregor in titanium iron. In 1795, the German chemist Heinrich Klaproth also discovered it in rutile ore and gave the element its current name, after the Greek Titan gods.
However, it was not until 1831 that Justus von Liebig succeeded in extracting metallic titanium from the ore. Pure titanium metal (99.9%) was first produced by Matthew A. Hunter in 1910 by heating titanium tetrachloride with sodium to 700-800 °C in a steel bomb.
It was not until the 1940s that William Justin Kroll succeeded in discovering titanium for commercial use through the Kroll process, introducing the large-scale reduction of titanium tetrachloride with magnesium.
Occurrence
Titanium occurs in the earth’s crust only in association with oxygen in the form of an oxide. This is by no means uncommon, with a content of 0.565% it ranks 9th in terms of the abundance of elements in the continental crust.
It is usually only available in low concentrations.
Important minerals are:
- Ilmenite (titanium iron ore), FeTiO3
- Leucoxene, low iron ilmenite
- Perovskite, CaTiO3
- Rutile, TiO2
- Titanite (sphene), CaTi [SiO4] O
- Titanates such as barium titanate (BaTiO3)
- Companion in iron ores.
The main deposits are located in Australia, Scandinavia, North America, the Urals and Malaysia. Deposits were discovered in Paraguay in 2010, but their development is only planned.
Meteorites may contain titanium. Titanium has also been found on the Sun and in M-type stars. There are also deposits on the Earth’s Moon. Rock samples from the Apollo 17 lunar mission contained up to 12.1% TiO. 2 . There are considerations for mining asteroids.
It is also found in coal ash, plants and in the human body.
| Item | Earth | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Australia | 1 300 | 2 110 | 2 230 |
| 2 | South Africa | 1070 | 1 130 | 1 130 |
| 3 | Canada | 810 | 870 | 870 |
| 4 | China | 400 | 840 | 820 |
| 5 | Norway | 380 | 370 | 420 |
recovery
Pure titanium is almost never found on Earth.
Titanium is obtained from ilmenite or rutile. The manufacturing process used is very complex, which is reflected in the high price of titanium. In 2008, a ton of titanium sponge cost an average of 12.000 euros.
The production process has not changed much since the discovery of the Kroll process. Usually based on ilmenite or rutile, enriched titanium dioxide is converted by heating with chlorine and carbon into titanium (IV) chloride and carbon monoxide. Then there is a reduction to titanium using liquid magnesium. For the production of workable alloys, the resulting titanium sponge must be remelted in a vacuum arc furnace.
The largest producer of titanium and titanium alloys is VSMPO-AVISMA, headquartered in Verkhnyaya Salda or Yekaterinburg in the Urals, which has been indirectly owned by the Russian state since September 12, 2006 through the holding company Rosoboronexport.
The purest titanium is produced by the Van Arkel de Boer process.
Eigenschaften
When exposed to air, titanium forms an extremely resistant oxide protective layer which makes it corrosion resistant in many environments.
Remarkable high strength at a relatively low density. However, above a temperature of 400 °C, the strength properties deteriorate rapidly. Ultrapure titanium is ductile. At higher temperatures, it becomes brittle very quickly due to absorption of oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen. Consideration should also be given to the high reactivity of titanium with many media at elevated temperatures or elevated pressures if the passive layer is not capable of withstanding chemical attack. Here, the reaction rate can increase to an explosion. In pure oxygen at 25 °C and 25 bar, titanium burns completely from the freshly cut edge to form titanium dioxide. Despite the passivating layer, it reacts with oxygen at temperatures above 880 °C and with chlorine at temperatures above 550 °C. Titanium also reacts (“burns”) with pure nitrogen, which must be taken into account during mechanical processing, for example, due to the released heat.
Titanium is resistant to dilute sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, solutions containing chloride, cold nitric acid and most organic acids and bases such as sodium hydroxide.
On the contrary, it slowly dissolves in concentrated sulfuric acid to form purple titanium sulfate. Due to the risk of explosion, the operating conditions must be strictly observed when using chlorine gas.
Mechanical properties and corrosion behavior can be greatly improved by adding mainly minor alloys of aluminium, vanadium, manganese, molybdenum, palladium, copper, zirconium and tin.
Titanium becomes superconductive below 0.4 K.
Below 880°C, titanium is present in the closest hexagonal packing of spheres. Above 880 °C, a body-centered cubic lattice structure is formed.
titanium alloys
Titanium alloys are often used according to US ASTM standard. Class 1 to 35 characterizes. Grade 1-4 refers to pure titanium in varying degrees of purity.
Pure titanium has material number 3.7034; the most economically important material used (also for turbocharger blades) Ti-6Al-4V (6% aluminium, 4% vanadium, ASTM: Grade 5) is numbered 3.
7165 (industrial use) and 3.7164 (aerospace use).
Other important titanium alloys mainly used in the aerospace industry:
| designation | chemical composition | Young’s modulus in GPa | Density in g cm -3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ti6246 | Ti-6Al 2Sn-4Zr-6Mo | 125.4 | 4.51 |
| Ti6242 | Ti-6Al 2Sn-4Zr-2Mo | 4.50 |
Nitinol (nickel-titanium) is a so-called shape memory alloy.
Use
Titanium is mainly used as a micro-alloyed steel component. It imparts high toughness, strength and ductility to steel even at concentrations of 0.01-0.1 percent by weight. In stainless steels, titanium prevents intergranular corrosion.
Titanium-based alloys are much more expensive than superalloys – about 45 euros / kg. Therefore, they are used only for the highest requirements:
Sea water and chloride containing applications
- Marine propeller parts such as shafts and spacers for marine applications
- Built-in parts in seawater desalination plants
- Components for evaporating potassium chloride solutions
- HVDC 9 Subsea Cable Transmission Anodes0020
- Equipment for chlorine chemistry enterprises
Outdoor and sporting goods
- for high quality bicycles in combination with aluminum and vanadium as frame material
- (Diving) knives with titanium or titanium alloy blades and cutlery
- as tent pegs (high strength despite low weight)
- for clubs as club head
- with tennis rackets in frame
- in stick shooting as an extremely stable stick with ice stick
- as extra light mountaineering ice screw
- as lacrosse shaft for more durability and lighter weight
- as a solid leader when catching predatory fish with sharp teeth
Use as compounds
- Manufacture of relatively soft artificial gemstones
- Single crystals of titanium-doped sapphire serve as an active medium in a titanium-sapphire laser for ultrashort femtosecond pulses.
- as titanium tetrachloride for the production of glass mirrors and artificial fog
- Formation of intermetallic phases (Ni 3 Ti) in high temperature nickel alloys
- superconductive niobium-titanium alloys (e.g. as superconductive cables in electromagnets from HERA to DESY)
- in pyrotechnics
- More than 90% of the titanium ore produced is mainly processed into titanium dioxide using chloride and, to a lesser extent, sulfate process.
- as titanium titrites for coating indexable inserts and cutters in production technology
Titanium compounds
with boron, carbon or nitrogen are used as solid materials. Titanium compounds are also used for the production of cermets, ceramic and metal composite materials.
construction parts
- Wear parts in soldering systems, direct contact with electrical solder up to 500 °C
- Springs in car chassis
- in aircraft and spacecraft for highly stressed parts that still need to be light (external skin at supersonic speeds, compressor blades and other engine parts)
- in steam turbines for the most loaded blades on the low pressure side
- in armor: Some types of former Soviet Union submarines had a strong titanium alloy hull (e. g. Mike class, Alfa class, Papa class, or Sierra class). In addition, titanium is used more often in military aviation than in civil aviation. As a result, at the peak of Soviet arms production, most of the titanium mined worldwide was produced in Russia and rebuilt.
- due to its low density in the production of level gauges and floats
g. Mike class, Alfa class, Papa class, or Sierra class). In addition, titanium is used more often in military aviation than in civil aviation. As a result, at the peak of Soviet arms production, most of the titanium mined worldwide was produced in Russia and rebuilt.Medicine
- As a biomaterial for implants in medical technology and dentistry (dental implants, about 200.000 pieces per year in Germany alone) due to its very good corrosion resistance compared to other metals. There is no immunological rejection reaction (allergy to the implant). It is also used to make dental crowns and dental bridges due to its significantly lower cost compared to gold alloys. In surgical orthopedics with metal prostheses of the legs (prostheses of the hip joint) and replacement of the femoral head, replacement of the knee joint after osteoarthritis is widely used. The titanium oxide layer allows the bones to grow firmly into the implant (osseointegration) and thus allows the artificial implant to be firmly anchored in the human body.
- In middle ear surgery, titanium is the material of choice for ossicular prostheses and tympanostomy tubes.
- In neurosurgery, titanium clamps (for aneurysm operations) have largely replaced stainless steel clamps due to their more favorable NMR properties.
electronics
- In 2002, Nokia launched the 8910 mobile phone, and a year later, the 8910i mobile phone in a titanium case.
- In April 2002, Apple Inc. launched the PowerBook G4 Titanium laptop. Large parts of the case were made of titanium, and the version with a 15.2-inch screen and 1-inch thickness weighed only 2.4 kg.
- Some Lenovo (formerly IBM) ThinkPad series laptops have a titanium-reinforced plastic chassis or a titanium-magnesium composite chassis frame.
Other applications
- Titanium jewelry, watch and eyeglass frames
- Titanium core coins (e.g. Austrian 200 shillings)
- Ultra High Vacuum Titanium Sublimation Pump
- Electroplating as support for aluminum anodic oxidation (ELOXAL)
- As part of bulletproof vests standardized to CRISAT
proof
TiO 2+ forms a characteristic yellow-orange complex with hydrogen peroxide (triaquohydroxooxotitanium (IV) complex) which is also suitable for photospectrometric detection.
Standardize
Titanium and titanium alloys are standardized in:
- DIN 17850 edition: 1990-11 Titanium; chemical composition
- ASTM B 348: Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloys, Bars and Billets
- ASTM B 265: Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Sheets and Plates
- ASTM F 67: Standard Specification for Unalloyed Titanium, for Use in Surgical Implants
- ASTM F 136: Standard Specification for ELI (Extra Low Interstitial) Wrought Titanium-6Aluminum-4-Vanadium Alloy for Surgical Implant Applications
- ASTM B 338: Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Seamless and Welded Tubing for Condensers and Heat Exchangers
- ASTM B 337: Specification for Seamless and Welded Titanium and Titanium Alloy Pipe
Safety
Titanium is flammable in powder form and is harmless. Most titanium salts are considered harmless.
Incompatible compounds such as titanium trichloride are very aggressive as they form hydrochloric acid with traces of water.
Titanium tetrachloride is used in smoke candles and smoke grenades; it reacts with moisture and produces white smoke from titanium dioxide, as well as a mist of hydrochloric acid.
The biological deficiencies of titanium in the human body are currently unknown. Thus, titanium hip joints or jaw implants, unlike nickel, did not cause allergies.
Links
While titanium metal is only reserved for complex technical applications due to its high production cost, the relatively inexpensive and non-toxic color pigment titanium dioxide has become a companion in everyday life. Virtually all white plastics and paints today, including food coloring, contain titanium dioxide (found in food as E 171). However, titanium compounds are also used in electrical and materials technology, and more recently in the production of high-performance batteries for vehicle propulsion (lithium titanate batteries).
- Barium titanate, BaTiO 3
- lithium titanate
- Titanium(III) chloride, TiCl 3
- Titanium boride, TiB
- Titanium carbide, TiC
- Titanium nitride, TiN
- Titanium (IV) chloride, TiCl 4
- Titanium (II) oxide TiO
- Titanium (III) oxide Ti 2 O 3
- Titanium (IV) oxide (titanium white), TiO 2
- Titanium suboxides from TiO to Ti. 2 O
- Titanium (IV) sulfate oxide (titanyl sulfate), TiOSO 4
- ferrotitanium
- Nitinol memory metal
- Titanium hydride, TiH 2
41%
50 g/cm 3 (25°C)
34
062
