Penny usa flag: The request could not be satisfied

3. “Commercial revolution “in the American newspaper press (1830 – 1840)

In Europe, especially in England, by the beginning of the 19th century, attempts were already made to produce cheap newspapers. Most of these attempts did not lead to any positive result: circulation growth was constrained either by existing regulations, or simply the high cost of publishing a publication, since it is not always political dividends were considered preferable to real financial benefit.In the United States at this time, the party-political press, since the country faced the most difficult tasks of formation and development new statehood, and the press helped in solving them.

It was at this time, the time of the dominant position of the party-political press in America, philosophical ways and technological basis for its qualitative transformation. Qualitative leap was favored by three most important factors:

More than half of all US newspapers were published in New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington (US capital since 1800) and New Orleans. By the early 1830s, the American newspaper was almost universally weekly, but in cities more and more daily newspapers began to appear, which was important for the development of the press.

The then typical daily newspaper had four pages. Her front page was dedicated exclusively to ads, as newspapers became more and more commercial publications.Actually journalistic the content was within the number. The second lane usually contained editorial column. The second and third pages traditionally reported the arrival of ships from Europe and the maintenance of their holds, as well as other sea news. Political news was at the forefront of the American newspaper. IN the system itself of the then mass media most attention the reading public was attracted by political newspapers, which were financed political organizations, party and state leaders who controlled the entire editorial policy up to the direct writing of editorials.So the “party” (political) newspapers did not depend on political leaders. only financially, but also ideologically, especially during their stay in power.

Political and commercial press publications had several common features. First of all, both were equally expensive (one a copy of the newspaper usually cost 6 cents) and was distributed exclusively by subscription (annual newspaper subscription cost 8-10 dollars). Unsurprisingly, even the best American newspapers had circulation 1000-2000 copies.Their readers mostly belonged to to the financial, trade and political elite. The stamp of elitism lay on everything especially on content essentially limited to trade and politics.

“Commercial revolution” does not apply to all newspapers era, but only to those of them that most radically broke with existing customs and developed a model of newspaper publication with which in the main, and will be associated with the further development of the American newspaper journalism, continuing to this day.

Historians of American journalism most often associate the emergence of the “penny press” with the era of the Jacksonian administration (years reign of President Andrew Jackson 1829-1837), although cheap there were newspapers in America before. True, all of them were not designed for a wide the reader’s addressee, but for businessmen, politicians, etc. It is clear that large such newspapers simply did not need circulation. The term “revolution” as applied to newspaper press in the USA 1830-1840 applied print researcher John Nero, who noted that the pre-existing the newspapers were “not for the working class”.However, Nero saw in the arisen the phenomenon of development, evolution, and not a revolutionary leap.

Walter Lippmann wrote in 1931 that the following existed stages of development of the press. The first stage was characterized by monopoly ownership of the media by the government. Stage two – destruction government monopoly; the press began to dominate political parties, recruiting supporters. The third stage is the emergence of the “penny press”, whose task was to conquer financial support from readers.Lippmann also predicted the fourth stage: in journalists with professional education will work in newspapers, which will allow journalism itself to be more independent and active, not inclined to mercantilism, free from dependence on political parties and government.

Other researchers (Arthur Cole and Joseph McKems, for example) believed that the emergence of the “penny press” was caused by the dialectical development of society: the current call conflicts with the previous status quo.As a result publications that are not able to quickly adapt to a changing environment, “Die out like dinosaurs.”

How has the “environment” changed? Why was it needed to the newspaper press this “third stage of development” and a new reader’s addressee? Than was it caused?

In the first half of the 19th century, the population of the present United States of America was predominantly rural. It was the villagers who played the main role in economy of the country. But the development of capitalist relations required the emergence personally free people in a double sense: free personally and free from property.America still had to cope with this task, but even then cities grew in number due to the emergence of more and more new jobs. Developing capitalism needed not just an employee, but a person, confidently coping with a complex technique at that time. Hence a new requirement followed: literacy of the population.

The concentration of the population in large cities has made it possible the emergence of the “penny press”. But there were other reasons as well. So, Ward calls the following:

Indeed, the emergence of daily and mainstream newspapers created a new situation in the media market. In a young independent country, stormy industrial and agricultural production developed. rules competitive struggle extended to literally everything: the purchase and sale of land, trade in goods and services, recruitment of labor and supply of labor. Studies of the urban population of 1820-1860 in The United States showed that at that time, in quantitative terms, the “average class “, t.That is, in essence, the petty bourgeoisie. This created the conditions for the orientation of the press towards the working class. Each of the newspapers in the future in its own way solved this problem. Thus, the New York Sun newspaper supported equal rights population against the emerging monopolies, defended civil rights, including including the right of workers to form unions; “Herald” and “Tribune” supported workers in the fight against employers. Elite edition “Journal of Commerce” noted, in particular, that “the penny press is forced to turn its attention to trade unions and other nonsense. “

The Penny Press has contributed to education itself population as newspapers became teachers and mentors for broad the masses, including for the representatives of the new wave of emigration.

More professionally trained than journalists Old leaven, young reporters and publishers were looking for new ways to reach out to readership.

Exciting ideas of political struggle continued to excite the minds of Americans. Among such ideas is the requirement abolition of slavery, call for moderation, movement of scientific thought.

The general requirement for newspapers, regardless of whether what national audience they are designed for, it became necessary to provide Recreational opportunities for readers, i.e. just let the reader rest with newspaper in hand. This was somewhat inconsistent with the requirements of Puritan morality but allowed newspapers to begin to master new topics for their publications.

The requirement to restore order in the cities was supported by almost all newspapers, which ultimately resulted in the provision of a large part of the newspaper space for police chronicles.

The young American press with religion. Since in America already at that time there were representatives different religious denominations, the press began to lean towards the so-called civil religion close to ecumenism and transcendentalism.

Despite a clear dominance in American newspapers local news, nevertheless it should be noted and a clear interest in the lives of people far outside the United States, and not only in Europe, but also in “exotic countries”.Bennett and Raymond lived abroad with their families and sent their materials from there; Henry Morton Stanley was sent to the heart of Africa in search of an explorer Livingstone, and when he found him, sick and weak, in the area of ​​Lake Tanganyika, then uttered the words that became immortal: “Dr. Livingston, I suppose?”

Played an important role in the development of the “penny press” technical innovations. So, in 1822 Dan Treadwell for the production of printed products used a real horse.But the very next year appeared steam “horsepower” with more power than a real horse. In 1825 year Robert Ho invented a rotary machine that produces more copies per minute, than a flatbed printing machine. The first is really fast the rotary printing press debuted in 1847. As John Tabbel put it, “It revolutionized the newspaper business.” The first telegraph communication was installed in the United States between Washington and Baltimore in 1844.Invented New York professor S.F.B. Morse telegraph was universally taken to equip the editors of American newspapers in the next few decades.

Of course, the decline in the value of the paper also played a very a serious role: for the mass “penny press” newsprint needed a lot times more than before for low-circulation and expensive newspapers.

The very idea of ​​a principally new type of press – a “penny” newspaper, a “penny press” – originated among New York typographers.And although cheap newspapers in other cities were no longer a rarity, it was the New York experience their publication led to a “commercial revolution” in the US newspaper press. At the beginning 1830 the weekly newspaper New York Morning began to appear, price per a copy of which was 2 cents, or 1 penny at the then exchange rate. The first the daily penny newspaper in the United States was the Daily Evening Transcript (Daily evening recording “- Boston, 1833), the release of which ceased immediately after the start of its publication (the announced annual subscription cost only 4 dollar).Earlier, in 1830, in Philadelphia they tried to establish a publication a cheap newspaper called Cent. Researchers know little about short history of this newspaper. There was an attempt to publish a penny newspaper and Horace Greeks, but economic difficulties prevented him from succeeding at the time.

However, all these early attempts to create cheap mainstream newspapers were not successful. Such newspapers, small in size, miserable in content, financially weak, died, barely having time to appear on shine.But nevertheless, it was they who paved the way for the future, new in content and successful economically “penny press”.

Among others, Benjamin’s attempt at Day to publish the New York Sun (New York Sun) newspaper, the first issue of which came out on September 3, 1833. Four-lane, small format, it only cost 1 cent. It was the first newspaper in the history of the country, the circulation of which reached fantastic figure – 30 thousand copies (note: to the beginning of the publication “New York Sun” a global one-time circulation of all New York newspapers was only 26.5 thousandcopies).

The cheapest, not only in New York, but in the whole the country B. Day’s newspaper was designed for the urban population and for the mass, those. basically an illiterate reader. She first came out twice in day, and the morning edition was full of political controversy, and the evening, on the contrary, it offered readers materials for informational purposes only. character.

Benjamin Day

One of the first in America The New York Sun began to publish deliberately fictitious information, deceitful reports in which sensationalism and untruths from first to last line.So, on August 25, 1835, the newspaper placed under huge headline material about “lunar people”, allegedly discovered by astronomers. Day’s newspaper strips were filled with criminal information and messages about various “incidents”.

The real competition for the New York Sun was at that time only the new daily newspaper The New York Herald (New York Gazette), with which is customary in the first place to associate the newspaper “revolution” of 1830-1840 in the American press.Her outstanding role in history of the American periodicals cannot be overestimated, and its name founder, creator and publisher James Gordon Bennett (1795-1872) has a special halo in the history of journalism United States,

Native of Scotland, Bennett began publishing The New York Herald with a capital of only $ 500, and in his edition there were only two chairs. By 1839 year circulation of Bennett’s newspaper rose to 30 thousand copies, in 1855 reached 75 thousand, and in 1860 – 77 thousand.copies.

James Gordon Bennett

Bennett himself attributed this success to “complete novelty”, introduced by him to the publication of the daily newspaper. He formulated his journalistic credo on August 19, 1836: “What can prevent a newspaper from becoming a larger organ of public life? Books had their times, their times it was in theaters, it was in churches … But the newspaper can send more souls to heaven and rescue them from hell than all the churches put together and, besides, to earn money”.

The New York Herald published various information: international, national and local, – seriously expanding the topic publications. Bennett received extensively and consistently materials from the European press, using for this invention Morse (already in 1848 in the “New York Herald” 10 columns of telegraph news were published). He was the first to report in his newspaper about the discovery of gold mines in California.

Bennett was one of the first in America to create the correspondent bureau of his newspaper in Washington and began to send special correspondents to major European cities, got his own permanent correspondents in Europe.Bennett was also the first to send his special correspondent to Africa in search of the missing traveler Livingstone.

During the 1846-1848 war between the United States and Mexico, which resulted in the United States annexed Texas, California and New Mexico from Mexico, thereby increasing almost half of its territory, Bennett sent his correspondents to this theater of war. I must say that the war with Mexico and later the American Civil War 1860-1865 contributed to the growing interest of the American public in information.Starting with New York herald “newspapers went at considerable additional costs in order to quickly receive military information and promptly communicate it to readers.

In the New York Herald, Bennett introduced a finance heading, what he called the “money page”, a column of letters from readers with their opinions about newspaper publications and events covered by it. Editorials had resonant and informative in nature and, as a rule, were notable for thoroughness.

However, Bennett’s major reform efforts to radically the renewal of the concept of the American newspaper that had developed before him went in a different direction.The Penny Press he created led to the emergence of a new economic basis for newspapers by attracting new layers of readers through the promotion of the newspaper to the forefront of “stories of human interest and emotion” (crimes, accidents, scandals in high society, family dramas, religion, Wall Street, etc.), in which, in his words, “a person best reveals your fantasies and whims ”. The main genre of the New York Herald Tribune was factual, so-called realistic, reportage.

As a matter of fact, it was with Bennett in America that the to develop the tabloid press. Here is the extreme sensationalism that has become an end in itself, and blasphemy, and dishonor, and blackmail, and great love for scandalous glory, for the constant noise surrounding the New York Herald Tribune: it was all direct or indirect advertising to the newspaper. The newspaper published all the most sensational police news, published more and more everyday “stories”. A special role in the commercial success of Bennett, primarily associated with all increasing circulation of the newspaper, advertising played.

A large and varied professional journalism the legacy of Bennett, one of the fathers of the US mainstream press, has always evaluated by historians of American journalism, not to mention contemporaries, not only with a plus sign. So, the newspaper “New York Tribune”, which named him in the day of his death on June 3, 1872, a “news collector”, noted that he was cynical, unstable, disregarding rules and easily influencing the opinion of others with his own prejudices.

The New York Herald has many competitors and imitators in New York itself (American Daily Advertiser – American Daily Announcement Newspaper, The Journal Commerce “-” Commercial Gazette “,” New York Eveningpost “-” New York Evening Mail “,” Gazette and General Advertiser ” – “Newspaper and main announcements”). Onepenny, typologically New York Herald related newspapers also appeared in other cities in America (“Daily Penny Post” – “Daily Penny Mail” in Boston, Public Ledger – Public Ledger in Philadelphia, etc.).

As you can see, the “newspaper” or “commercial revolution” is not accidentally began and by the third quarter of the 19th century it gained its greatest scope precisely in New York, already the largest economic and cultural center of the United States America. It was in this city that the first really large newspapers appeared, who managed to dramatically expand their readership at the expense of workers and small the bourgeoisie, lowering the selling price to 2 cents, which then equaled one English penny or ten French francs.

It should be emphasized that the “revolution” did not affect all newspapers of that period, but only those of them that radically broke with the previous traditions and created a new model of newspaper periodicals – “penny press”. However, the development of the American newspaper press in the line laid by Bennett’s newspaper, there was much more quantitative rather than qualitative process associated with the improvement of newspaper edition type. Fenimore Cooper authoritatively spoke about its negative consequences.He wrote in 1838: “It is often boasted that the United States publishes a great variety of newspapers and magazines. It would be wiser to grieve about this, for the quality of these publications is inversely proportional to their number …

In America, where great principles were proclaimed, seal helped to raise the people’s spirit, improve public reason, protection of public interests; but since the struggle to implement these principles are no longer maintained, replaced by the rivalry of pride and narrowly personal interests, the press as a whole serves to destroy its own undertakings, preparing the country for terrible changes…

In its current state, the seal may be perhaps, it is called the main tool with which it is distorted, suppressed, everything good is destroyed and everything bad rises and flourishes. ”

The main vices of contemporary American press Cooper considered “the rudeness of the American press”, “corruption of the press”, “moral lies “,” distortion of truth, mixing of truth and lies in information “, the fact that” she bears traces of a biased, prejudiced opinion “and” instills the atmosphere intolerance “.

Since in the years 1830-1840 American newspapers due to the transformation that took place in their mass existed thanks to advertising, they already began to be managed as commercial and industrial enterprises aiming ultimately at obtaining profits. Two-cent newspapers, the main place in which was devoted to “Tabloid” news, offered its readers, like an eight-page The New York Herald, four stripes of editorial material and four stripes paid ads, and in some cases, three-quarters of all printed area.

The opposite “New York Herald” idea has found its embodiment in another New York newspaper, the appearance of which in 1841, undoubtedly was the largest phenomenon of the American newspaper press in the first half of the 19th century. We are talking about the New York Tribune newspaper. The founder of this newspaper, Horace Greeley, by the way, is a former employee of the “New York herald “, rejected Bennett-style journalism inseparable from him sensationalism, depiction of crimes, etc.

Greeley’s original war against Bennett was fought before. all in editorials under the banner of the fight against immoral and decadent press, protection of public interests and justice.

Greeley newspaper (and from September 1841 he began publishing as an illustrated supplement to the New York Tribune weekly “Weekly Tribune” – “Weekly Tribune”, the first ever of the American periodical press publications of this type that only raised the authority of the New York Tribune in the eyes of its readers, with a circulation of 1860 200 thousand copies) became an elementary school for a whole galaxy later famous American journalists (C.A. Dana, G.Jarvis, G. Raymonds, D.W. Curtis).

The New York Tribune’s Most Important Contribution to Journalism History The United States was the fact that she laid the foundation for her other major typological trends, becoming a prototype, or a prototype, of quality US newspapers. A lot more serious and austere than its competitors, the New York Tribune quickly found extensive audience, primarily in the puritanical circles of America. Being one of the most popular in the country, perhaps the most widespread American newspaper, the New York Tribune was close to the left wing founded in 1854 Republican Party of the United States – “Whig”.

A supporter of Jefferson’s ideas, G. Greeley wrote: agent is to reduce friction between classes and economic interests “. Together with the New York Tribune, in contrast to the New York Herald, which supported southern slave-owning planters, advocated limiting or even abolishing slavery of American blacks, the movement to liberate which she consistently supported.

Horace Grills

Has great political influence in the United States (especially to note the influence of G.Grills), The New York Tribune contributed significantly to the election of Abraham Lincoln as president USA in 1860.

Unlike the New York Herald and others like it newspapers, one of the distinguishing features of which was political conservatism, The New York Tribune was the main organ of liberal America and had socializing, pro-socialist character. She published articles by C. Fourier and other utopian socialists. To the left of G. Greeley in the editorial board Another influential member of the New York Tribune was Charles Dana, who took an active interest in socialist teachings.

In the fall of 1848, Dana met Karl in Cologne Marx, whose intelligence and knowledge made a strong impression on him. It is by Dana Marx was invited to collaborate with the New York Tribune as her European correspondent.

This is a collaboration that actually began in August 1852, continued until March 1862. In total, the New York Tribune had more than 500 articles and correspondences of K. Marx and F. Engels have been published (about a third of these publications were written by F.Engels), which amounted to five (from 9 to 13) volumes of the second edition of their collected works in Russian language. These are materials about Germany, about European events and problems, in particular, about G. Garibaldi’s campaigns in southern Italy, about the civil war in the United States, etc. The most important reason for the breakup of K. Marx and F. Engels with the newspaper “New York Tribune” by the way, what happened on the initiative of Marx was the party-political the engagement that the New York Tribune acquired by becoming an official body of the Republican Party.

Thus, the New York Tribune was the only one in USA as a non-socialist and non-Marxist publication, in which K. Marx.

Speaking of Significant Contributions to the History of American Journalism New York Tribune, we also note that this newspaper for the first time in the American press began to use interview genre and also for the first time in America Greeley introduced stereotyping, before that already used in England.

An important episode in the American newspaper press the middle of the last century was the emergence in line with the trend laid Greeley, New York Times (New York Times), the first issue of which was published on September 18, 1851 (originally it was called “New York the daily times “).This newspaper, which renounced the excesses of “reportage” journalism, attracted the attention of the most educated segment of American society for its “Quality” (the number and variety of headings, high literary level, etc.). Its founder G. Raymonds (died 1869) the most important pledge the veracity of his newspaper proclaimed the principle of independence from various parties. As it was already seen from the editorial of the first issue, “New York Times “, which from the very beginning acted as a follower of the” New York Tribune ” Grills, focused on enlightenment, morality, industry and religion and wrote about responsibility to the reader – a principle, which was the cornerstone for G.Grills and its editions.

The era of the “commercial revolution” in the US newspaper press remembered for the names of prominent publishers and editors, reform activities which are difficult to overestimate. Bennett, Greeley, Raymonds and other titans American journalism have stamped the press with their striking personalities, making her personal and individual as never before before or after.

The “commercial revolution” itself took place under conditions a stormy technological revolution, in fact, covering all the most important areas American life.1830-1850 was a period of material and spiritual progress of the United States, genuine commercial flourishing, entrepreneurial and industrial activity, which relied on the institution of private property, constitutionally considered as one of the unshakable foundations of the very American civilization.

Development of heavy engineering in New England factories, opening up new markets in West thanks to railways, invention of the seeder.For the first time in 1850 the cost of the annual product of American industry has exceeded the cost agricultural product. In just a decade (1845-1855), 3 million new immigrants entered the country. In 1820-1850, universities opened in 19 states.

In the context of deep political democratization American reality, there was a rapid development of the market, which integrated and rationalized American economic life. Market ideology formed a breeding ground for the press, both in terms of its position and content.

In 1840, 1,631 newspapers were published in the country, of of which there were 274 per New York. There were already 116 daily newspapers, and weekly – 1000. That it was a decade of genuine newspaper boom, according to statistics: from the total in the country to By 1850 2302 newspapers were already 254 daily and 1902 weekly.

The development of the mass press is extremely favored by technological innovations that have created the prerequisites for reducing the cost, expanding the dissemination and strengthening the independence of the press.Here follows in first of all, name the invention of the rotary printing press (1846), two-part (1886), three-part (1897) rotation, use telegraph communications, especially after laying in 1866 transatlantic cable.

Deep, fundamental changes affecting themselves foundations and ways of its functioning, survived the US newspaper press in the period under review. Until the 1830s, newspapers were predominantly political, fully dependent on party (political) organizations and their leaders, they were addressed to a narrow circle of “professional” readers: politicians, government officials, businessmen.Yes, and high the price of newspapers severely limited their audience. Typologically, these daily or the periodicals published several times a week were rather By “opinion newspapers” (“viewpoints”) rather than “news newspapers” (“Newspapers”). American newspapers still had to become such publications.

A sharp drop in the price of a newspaper in itself is not solved the whole problem. Undoubtedly, the main factor in the stormy and accelerated the development of the American press was the development of advertising, and in this country it was needed more urgently than in Europe.Here we are dealing with mutually due to regularity: advertising led to an increase in circulation, advertisers, for our part, sought to attract potential buyers as actively as possible their products through the largest possible circulation, through the widest readability newspapers.

In search of all the new profits needed to the maximum possible reduction in the price of the newspaper, the American press, together with the considered “Revolution” in its system went to the distant approaches to the “age of advertising”.Exactly in the United States, advertising eventually took on the form that later became known worldwide.

This radical turn towards the formation, development of a new type of newspaper and expressed itself in many other ways. He kind of meant not distancing the reader from the newspaper as a news transmitter in the first place, as informant, but on the contrary, approaching her.

Types of American Daily Press Editions were determined in the 18th century and in the first three decades of the XIX century as an “advertiser” (“Newspaper with ads”), “commercial” (“commercial”), “mercentile” (“Commercial”), which was reflected already in the names of various newspapers.It seemed would, it should have taken the newspaper further and further from the main news functions, making it primarily the body of ads, paid advertising. Meanwhile, as already it was shown that US newspapers of this time were primarily party bodies, political publications and were, rather, “viewpoints”, rather than Newspapers.

Fundamentally changed with the advent of the penny press the very attitude to news in the entire American press began to disappear from newspaper titles the words “advertiser”, “commercial” and “mercentile” and instead of them appeared: “herald” (“messenger”), “tribune” (“tribune”), “critic”, “old” (“Star”) or “san” (“sun”).

Due to the fact that in an American newspaper for the first time the place has advanced information, especially as technical means are improved communications, the requirements for the promptness of the reported information have increased enormously, press response to current events. Evening editions or, as was the case with The New York Herald, Evening Morning Newspapers in the Afternoon and containing responses to today’s events, gradually became a practice American press as one of the main types of its publications.

Important and significant a milestone in the development of the periodical press and the entire journalistic business in the United States was the creation of the country’s first information Press Agency – The Associated Press (AP) in 1848.

At first, the raison d’être of its existence was to collect and the spread in the New World of news from Europe, so slowly reaching America and so eagerly awaited here.

Prior to this, the situation was as follows. Once the ship from Europe appeared on the horizon, newspapers were sent to meet him on boats their correspondents who boarded the ship and received through it captain or trusted passenger news from the Old World and fresh European newspapers, then hastily returned to the shore, where they immediately compiled summary information based on the information just obtained in this way for newspapers or newspapers.The same Bennett was most active here. He created their flotilla of ships, which were met by ocean-going ships at sea, received news destined for the New York Herald and forwarded them to New York Earlier then others. Thus, the information delivered to the shore reached the editorial office. “New York Herald” and was published even before the arrival of ships in New York harbor.

By May 1848 in the offices of six leading newspapers New York, vying with each other for the first news from the old continent, realized that due to the cost of collection means and especially delivery information they face bankruptcy if they do not put an end to unproductive a rivalry that pitted them against each other.

The need for agreement between them became all the more imperious, that they were all faced with a new common danger: the appearance of the telegraph and activities of his companies in the news market.

The executives of the six New York newspapers decided make joint efforts and provide joint expenses for obtaining the most necessary information. They set up a joint organization, the Associated Press, which spent only the first year of its existence amounted to 10 thousand.dollars. But these expenses paid off.

These six newspapers alone, as founding members the new cooperative organization, had priority on news, receiving them free of charge, and to all other American newspapers, information was sold at certain prices, and all the costs of maintaining the AP in the end fell on the shoulders clients. Thus, from the very beginning of its existence, the AP played a double role – for some an extremely cost-effective information enterprises for the production of information, for others – a news dealer.

Over time, in every American city at least one newspaper became a member of the Associated Press.

The “Commercial Revolution” in the newspaper press did not only to the growth of publishers’ interest in advertising and its development, but also to serious changing the very content of newspapers. Striving for the highest possible circulation led to the fact that many “penny newspapers” consisted entirely of stories various anecdotal character. As the publishers noted then, “let’s we will pay less attention to political cretins, and we will deal with pragmatic values ​​”.

The same Benjamin Day ignored the political news, giving the newspaper space to the police chronicle, and tried to combine it with humor. Other “penny newspapers” followed.

Here are some examples of such humor. They were brought to court husband and wife – John and Judy McMahon. The husband drank a little the day before (so much it is not enough that his fat head did not even feel the whiskey), but his wife is pissed off. She decided to subject her husband to corporal punishment. He became resist, but couldn’t handle the angry woman.Then the husband screams “Kill!” began to call for help. The watchman who came to the rescue helped to twist the evil woman. The court released the spouses, taking from them their word that they “will not be any more.”

Another case was of a slightly different nature. William Scott, who lived near Central Market, was sued for cohabitation with a girl to whom he was not married. He was promised freedom if he marries his passion. But Scott got stuck. The court demanded that he immediately made a decision: to go down the aisle or to prison, and there, they say, it will be possible to think long.Scott melancholy replied that he “could marry an idiot.” Court this answer satisfied.

Even a different, seemingly dramatic and, in general, an ordinary case, could have served as food for the humor of the New York Sun newspaper. For example, a note that the train had hit a bull on the rails, the newspaper filed under heading “The bull butts with the train.”

We have already noted that Day’s newspaper could easily have introduced misleading readers with notoriously fictional stories.A.I. Vlasov sees in it is a deliberate strategy of approaches to the brainwashing system. He appreciates so much Penny press:

“By the mid-1830s, American capitalism, paving the way for the press, creates so-called “penny newspapers”. $ 5 distribution a year of jokes and sensational reports allowed the owners of these newspapers increase circulation and increase profits. But by their content “penny newspapers “went far beyond commercial enterprises.They worked out methods of propaganda, which later will occupy far from the last place in sophisticated brainwashing system. Let’s turn to the pages of one of the first – “New York Sun”, founded in 1833.

First page – ads. There is no profit without them. Names of ships, time of departure and arrival of ships, announcements of buying, selling, renting.

One of the pages regularly posted anecdotes from port taverns. The stories were shocking in their stupidity.Here’s one: the guy from Vermont, working alone, used to whistle. The habit has turned into disease. The guy whistled at dinner, in a dream, whistled to answer the questions of friends. The “whistler” was cured by his friend. The recipe is simple – as soon as the guy started to whistle, he received slap.

August 25, 1835 New York Sun opened sensational message.

Through a telescope, the newspaper staff examined the moon and discovered “a herd of brown bison-like tetrapods.”On the The moon there are “plains, raging oceans of greenery, which resemble prairies of North America. “Three days later, the moon became habitable. four feet with short, copper-colored hair “they talked, gestured with their hands and shook their heads.”

Human Bats on the Moon in Richard’s Hoax Locke.

Reader handling in a similar spirit was pushed and advertising system, which was entirely in the hands of large entrepreneurs and served as one of the important levers for determining the political face of the newspaper.The content of the advertisement was not much different from the “penny newspapers”. The same spirit of deception and sensations, the same distracting maneuvers. Advertising was becoming a kind of form invasions into the spiritual life of people.

The fate of Barnum is remarkable in this respect, whom bourgeois researchers consider the father of advertising.

Barnum, 24, started his career as a salesman grocery store. One day from buyers he heard the story of a Negro woman, slaves of father George Washington.It was said that she was 161 years old. Barnum for I bought $ 1,000 an elderly black woman, straightened her documents and arranged for Broadway Exhibition.

Advertising was based on sheer deception: “You see the old woman who first put on little George Washington. ” Weekly an enterprising grocer pocketed $ 1,500

However, it would be incorrect to represent the process the formation of the US bourgeois propaganda system as an easy climb escalation ladder of deception.The emergence of industry, the growth of the ranks of the worker class contributed to the spread of freedom-loving ideas. Huge help in this American freedom fighters was rendered by the emigrants – participants of the revolutionary battles in Europe ”.

It was during these years that American journalism actively women invade. The democratization of US life has led to the fact that the fair sex began to publish newspapers and magazines themselves, actively participate in the political life of the country.Amelia Bloomer, for example, founded anti-alcohol and suffrage newspaper; Victoria Woodhull was the publisher suffragette, candidate for the presidency of the United States. There are many names and other women journalists and public figures.

Amelia Bloomer

Victoria Woodhull

New for the American press, genres, or, as they were then called, “technological techniques “: interview-dialogue, reportage to be continued in the next issue, etc.d.

Change content, of course, affected the design of newspapers: they began to use illustrations, large headings, text highlighting, large headings pins and other decoration techniques.

Exactly The “commercial revolution” in the newspaper press actively began to change its face American newspapers.

to the contents of Chapter I << >> to the next page

“Imagine” John Lennon proposed to be the anthem of the United States – ROCK FM

John Lennon’s “Imagine” has been suggested as the US anthem.This idea was put forward by political activist and journalist Kevin Powell, author of When We Free The World. It was supported by the historian Daniel Walker. Reported by the New York Post.

Both noticed the figure of Francis Scott Key, the author of the words for the current official United States anthem, The Star-Spangled Banner. Poet and lawyer, he wrote a poem that became a future anthem back in September 1814. At the same time, Key himself was a slave owner, and as a lawyer, he sent many abolitionists to jail, that is, those who helped black slaves escape and return to Africa.It is also known that when in 1931 the poems set to music became the national anthem they had to cut out the third verse, which dealt with “mercenaries and slaves”.

According to Powell, it is high time to abandon such a legacy in the new reality of Black Lives Matter, and why not make a new anthem, for example, “Imagine” by John Lennon.

This is the most beautiful and one-of-a-kind song that unites all people, regardless of their belonging to any social group, the activist argued.

Kansas-based football team Tulsa Athletic has already supported Powell’s initiative. But instead of the official national anthem, she began to use not “Imagine”, but “This Land is Your Land” by the classic of American folk Woody Guthrie.

Race issues have made headlines in the world’s music media in recent weeks.

Penny Lane, the famous Liverpool street that inspired The Beatles, was proposed to be renamed if its name was confirmed to be associated with the 18th century slave owner James Penny.

British ska legends The Specials have been mistakenly blocked by the group’s account and hundreds of Facebook fan profiles on suspicion of racism.

Coin 1 penny, UK

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Earn levels in Dangerous Shallow Season of Bravery, clear dungeons, and complete the Deadly Movie and Set Sails! Quest lines.

Hello commanders!

We welcome you all to the base again! Today, we’re taking a look at Fortnite’s Rewarding the Storm this week and next. Spoiler alert … TIME TO GO TO THE ZONE OF CHARITY!

Home Base … report the situation!

In game on April 4, 03:00 UTC.Grab your gear, commanders. Dangerous Shallow Season of Courage Begins

Get ready for a new season of courage, commanders. Dangerous Shoal, the next season of Save the World, kicks off at on April 4 at 03:00 UTC and will end at on June 20 at 03:00 UTC .

– WARNING – In Dangerous Shallow Season of Courage, the Husks are super cool. The Minks, now known as the Super Monsters, have acquired dangerous modifiers in the Dangerous Shallow bravery zone missions.Here’s what’s happening on the battlefields now:

Melee Super Monsters – Predators and Husks that prefer melee move and attack faster, and their attacks slow down commanders by 30% for 5 seconds. After destroying the Melee Super Glint, you will briefly stun weaker enemies in a small area. Several of these stuns in a row can also knock out tougher Husks.

Ranged Super Monsters – Throwers, Pitchers, and Throwers throw more projectiles, while Electric Slam and Blasters fire twice as fast.They spend so much energy on shooting and throwing that their health is reduced by 30%.

Super Resilient Husks – Strongers and Thugs have increased resistance to damage from traps and ranged weapons, and their attacks do more damage to buildings. They are, of course, super, but clumsy, so their movement speed is reduced by 20%.

Now it’s our turn, commanders. Grab your gear, because it’s time to fight and collect loot. From the killed Husks, especially the thugs, from time to time, chests drop out, filled with valuable goods.The larger the monsters, the more generous the rewards. The more Husks we destroy, the more loot chests we get.

But the zones of bravery are not the only news this week, because …

Oh yes! Fight monsters, avoid traps, stock up on equipment and descend into the depths where an ancient evil awaits. They say there are even weapons and heroes that you can draw to your aid. Magic keys, deep dark labyrinth, gold coins… it’s time to go in search of adventure! Play dungeons to unlock heroes, loading screens, and more!

“Have you noticed that there are fewer vampires? You don’t have to thank. ” Swamp Knight

• Standard Perk Spooky Feast
  • Increases damage dealt to Mist Monsters by up to 42% based on the amount of health you have lost.
• Commander Perk: Spooky Treat +
  • Increases damage dealt to Mist Monsters by up to 42% based on the amount of health you have lost. In addition, receiving damage has a 45% chance to spawn a Phantom that deals 62 damage. base energy damage to the nearest enemy within a radius of 0.5 cells (cooldown: 1.5 sec.)

Obtainable for completing dungeon quests before June 19, .

“Boole!” Sea Monster Ken

• Standard Skill: Terror from the Deep
  • Increases your melee weapon damage by 44% based on the amount of health you have lost.
• Commander Perk: Terror from the Deep +
  • Increases your melee weapon damage by 44% based on the amount of health you have lost. In addition, killing with a Powerful Melee Attack has a 60% chance to spawn a Phantom that deals 62 damage. base energy damage to the nearest enemy within a radius of 0.5 cells (cooldown: 1.5 sec.)

Obtainable for completing dungeon quests before June 19, .

New missions in the Killer Movie lineup!

Ray is missing. Explore a fallen comet and gather a team of superheroes. Find Ray and bring her home! Complete the Deadly Movie questline and unlock the mythical soldier Carbide and the mythical ninja Stealthy Shuriken.

Carbide, arrived to the call!

“I will be on call at any minute.” Carbide

• Standard Skill: Ball
  • “Left-Right” injures the enemy and inflicts 13 damage. base Energy Damage of every second for three seconds.
• Commander Skill: Sharakh +
  • “Left-Right” injures the enemy and inflicts 26 damage. base Energy Damage of every second for three seconds. Left-Right uses Space Pistols, which bounce off objects and pierce enemies through
• Command Skill: Outsider
  • FOR EVERYONE: Hero of epic or higher rarity increases the effectiveness of healing by 2.5% depending on the number of enemies nearby.

Available in the Deadly Movie Questline until June 19, .

“Shrouded in mystery.”Stealthy Shuriken

• Standard Skill: Fan of Stars
  • Throws all shurikens in an arc. appears 1 more shuriken
• Commander Perk: Fan of Stars +
  • Throws all shurikens in an arc. 3 more shurikens appear
• Command Skill: Round Trip
  • Abandoned shurikens return, dealing damage again on their way back. REQUIRED: Two Ninja of Legendary or higher rarity.

Available in the Deadly Movie Questline until June 19, .

A black flag appears on the horizon! A pirate ship is approaching the base! Get ready for dashing pirate adventures in the sea! And don’t forget to grab some pirate llamas to add to your collection.

Thunderstorm of the Seas Black Corsair Pirate Constructor

Dread Pirate Captain of Rough Seas

• Standard Skill: Boarding!
  • Increases the damage dealt by the Cannonball by 20% .
• Commander Skill: Board! +
  • Increases the damage done by the Cannonball by 40% . ROSIE now fires 25 cores.
• Command Skill: Pirate Sense
  • When destroying enemies, you have a 5% chance to find one of the Black Corsair’s caches containing these items: Wooden leg, coconuts or cannonballs.

Available in the Set Sails! Quest Line until June 19 , sea wolves!

“I’ve wanted to try on this outfit for so long.”Miss Rabbit Penny

• Standard Skill: Plasma Overload
  • Reduces the energy cost of Plasma Pulse by 38%.
• Commander Skill: Plasma Overload +
  • Reduces the energy cost of Plasma Pulse by 75%.

This item will be available in the Event Store from 03:00 AM April 4 to 03:00 AM June 20 UTC.

In game on April 11, 03:00 UTC. Dangerous Rabbit and Eagle Eye Hare await you in the event store.

Dangerous Rabbit Jonesy uncovers his weapon

“These eggs don’t have a surprise inside, do they?” Dangerous Rabbit Jonesy

• Standard Skill: On Target
  • Increases the critical damage inflicted by sniper rifles by 75%.
• Commander Skill: Right on target +
  • Increases the critical damage inflicted by sniper rifles by 225%.

This item will be available in the Event Store from 03:00 AM April 11, to 03:00 AM ET, June 20, .

“Jump-jump – you won’t get away from me!” Hare Eagle Eye

• Standard Skill Egg Shift
  • Phase Shift generates 3 Egg Bombs, dealing 90,517 18 damage. base damage to nearby enemies.
• Commander Perk: Egg Shift +
  • Phase Shift generates 3 Egg Bombs dealing 55 Arcane damage. base damage to nearby enemies.

This item will be available in the Event Store from 03:00 AM April 11, to 03:00 AM ET, June 20, .

“Half robot. Half girl. Completely and completely ready for battle. “

Don’t forget to get the Roboticist Mina set. Roboticist Mina will be discontinued April 17, 2021 !

Set “Robotic Mina” includes new hero and equipment , blueprint “Shock Trap” (works on the principle of “Wall generator”), decoration on the back “Reservoir” , tests of Robotics Mines and access to Save the World . Completing these exclusive Save the World Challenges will earn you 1,000 V-Bucks and 1,000 X-ray Tickets.

Note: The cosmetic items in this set will be available in Battle Royale, Save the World, and Creative. These new packs will not affect existing daily login rewards and V-Bucks, which are only available to Early Access founders. This outfit may appear in the item store in the future.

See you on the battlefield, commander!

D.i.R.T .: Origin of the Species

D.i.R.T .: Origin of the Species (rus.D.i.R.T.: Origin of Species) is a computer game with action elements created by Nu Generation Games in 2006. Combines a mixture of science fiction and action.

Plot

The action takes place in the near future. The world is engulfed in mutants because of which many people died.

The main character, the girl Dirt, wakes up in prison and finds a killed guard and an unknown mutant there. She picks up a gun and kills him. She also finds a girl who, as it turned out, also woke up here.She asks Deert what she remembers from what happened to her, but Deert tells her that she only remembers being with friends at the lake and celebrating something. The girl asks Deert to take her out of here.

The girls turned out to be in New York. The girl tells Deert that someone called the editorial office and told about the release of chemicals in a reservoir in one of the small towns, she and her colleagues were sent there because they were closest, so she had to shake over bumps in their old car.She and her colleagues were just approaching the city when some armed people blocked the road and ordered to turn around and get out of there, but how could she not grab onto such a thing, because before that, she had had nothing but an old routine and boring for 8 months reports. In general, she decided to take a chance and left the road to get into the city from the other side. She thinks that these people quietly grabbed her. Then she does not remember anything, after all this she woke up in prison and felt terrible.The girl thinks they’ve been drugged. Deert is asked that this is all due to the release of chemicals, which she may be responsible for, but she thinks that everything is much more complicated. She says that she herself saw the monster that attacked the guard. She adds that it smells like “another military experiment.” Then she asks her name. Dirt tells her his name. The girl tells her that this is a strange name. She then says that her name is Penny Whistler and she is a journalist. Only she asks Dirt not to laugh, because her daddy must have been drunk when he gave her the name.Penny suggests Deert get out of here and adds that he needs to find out what is going on in the city. Dirt says that she should find her friends, but Penny tells her that she hasn’t seen anyone else here. Penny thinks they escaped and left her to fend for herself. Of course, she doesn’t mind if Deert looks for his friends, and at this time Penny tries to call from her mobile and figure out how to get out of here.

Deert will have to look for a way out alone. At this time, she meets strange monsters.Dirt then meets a guard who opens the doors for her. After that, she saves the man. Dirt asks him if he saw her friends here, to which he replies that he did not see anyone. Deert moves on and meets the police. Soon they are attacked by two huge monsters, which Dirt hardly kills.

Then she enters the building and finds a wounded guard, who says that some people started shooting at him. It soon becomes clear that these are the military who are trying to rid the city of mutants.Dirt overhears conversations and hears one mentioning the girl the general was talking about. Another says that they are unlikely to see it, because it has become a formula for cockroaches. Deert kills all the military and ends up in the rest room. An unknown voice asks if she is the same Dirt, to which Dirt says yes. An unknown voice tells her that she is worried about how to get out of here because the military is preparing to strike at this place. Dirt asks him why she should believe him, to which he replies that it is important for him that nothing happens to her.For Dirt to believe the Unknown Voice, he opens the door in which the machine gun is located. Dirt says she believes him. He tells her that you can get out through the basement. Dirt penetrates there while destroying the military. Deert easily opens the door to the basement. Then she enters the hall and sees that her way is blocked by lasers.

To disable the lasers, Dirt uses the Bullet Control ability while finding a computer and successfully disables the lasers. Then Deert will call into a room with three windows.An unknown voice tells her that one of them is fake. Deert leaves the building.

Outside snipers. To open the gate, Deert must destroy three computers. Two of them are on the roof and one at the gate. Then Dirt destroy the monsters, leaves through the door and enters the club.

There are many mutants in the club, so Deert has to save the dancers and strippers. When Deert enters the club, he sees the dead director and a note on how to get out of the club by an emergency exit.Then she finds a dead engineer, but two girls are alive. One of them, a scientist, helps her open the emergency exit door.

Then Deert gets to the station. where she is helped by surviving people who are shocked by what is happening. Deert takes one of them to help her open the door while destroying the military. Then, at the station, she finds her friend Leaf, who is completely out of his mind and reminds Dirt that she was a good person.

Deert then arrives at the station where she finds the Excavator.Deert kills him and leaves the station on a New York street. Deert kills all the mutants and the military and then arrives on the street where a large mutant attacks the police, but she easily kills him, but when Deert killed the military, Stinger attacked the cops, killing almost all the cops. Dirt finds Stinger and kills him.

The wall collapses and Dirt sees Leaf. A quarrel arises between them. At this time, Penny approaches and tells Deert that last night the detainees were taken to the Rock Bridge Church, 25 kilometers away.Dirt invites Leaf to go there, but he refuses and Dirt will have to go alone.

An unknown voice tells her that everyone has been dead for a long time, and so are her friends. Deert then finds the church in which the priest Arclight is locked. The military mentions death moans there. Deert manages to open the lock on the church door.

She enters the church and finds Arclight there. It turns out he is a human robot. Many years ago he was badly wounded in the war, but iron was made from his body. Dirt destroys Arclight by aiming for the head.She leaves the church and finds a mad scientist who begs Deert to help him get to his laboratory. Dirt manages to do it. He then tells Deert about a project called “K. OL.LOSY”. He mentioned “Area 51” which the military denies it exists, but he knows the truth. He says that a Russian intelligence officer who lives in a shelter will help to get to the zone. Dirt tries to infiltrate the zone, but alas – she is wounded by a sniper.

Dirt she wakes up in a Russian hideout. He introduces himself as Vladislav Krasnov.He is a Russian intelligence officer. He has been watching the zone for 7 years, but has not seen anyone get there. He helps Deert infiltrate Area 51. He then tells her that to get into the zone she needs to turn off 4 generators. Two of them are in hangars 11 and 18, but he warns her to be careful at hangar 18 because it has become dangerous there lately. Deert turns off the generator 11 of the building. Deert then finds robot 3-208 in building 18. Deert destroys him and shuts down the generator.

Deert then enters the main building and turns off two more generators. Then he enters the inner building. She finds a scientist and he says that lasers have blocked almost all the roads and he gives her a generator with which she turns off some lasers. To get into the room, Dirt will have to show her gymnastics skills and jump over the lasers that block her path. Deert manages to do this and she enters the room.

Deert then finds the Mad Scientist who says Deert is Gorgeous, but Deert says she doesn’t like scientists like him and asks him to tell her where her friends are.Instead, the scientist tells her about the T-76. Then he introduces her, so to speak, with her “relative.” Dirt kills him and returns to the room, then finds a room with a light globe and sun. When Dirt leaves the room, she sees that all the lasers are off, and she enters the room with the beam.

Deert has entered a strange room where she finds Joshua’s hologram. To defeat him, Dirt has to disable the generators. Dirt does this with ease. Deert then goes to the room where he hears the conversation between General Monroe and General Campbell.From the conversation, Dirt learns that Monroe wants to destroy all the witnesses and their traces, but Campbell tells him that they are innocent people there is nothing to kill them for. But Monroe insists that they spent the $ 20 billion K. OL.LOSY project. Then the scientist Brian appears and tells Monroe and Campbell that things are getting worse by the minute and that everything is getting out of control. The specialists have just returned with samples that were obtained from the West of the lake. The creatures they examined were able to overcome the B-8.He also says that they collect some kind of food for important information or their life. The mutants are building what looks like a hive. The scientist says that they multiply and they grow up in an hour. After that, General Campbell says that he will call headquarters to prepare the B-2 then they will erase the project “K. OL.LOSY”, but General Monroe is against this and he kills Campbell and injures Brian. Deert then walks over to the injured Brian. It turned out that Dirt had a T-76 in his body. When Deert was little she got sick and could die.Brian had to do something and as a result he injected her into the body of the T-76. It turns out that Brian is Deert’s father, who abandoned her family when Deert was a child. He said that the queen is in the space room. Deert must find someone who can lead her there.

Deert travels to West Lake and finds a car, but it is broken. To restore the car, Dirt will have to look for spare parts. When Deert finds the last piece for the car, she meets Leaf and they fight again. Deert tells him that she needs to go to the space center.Deert and Leaf go there. Deert finds the military who help her walk through the wreckage of the plane. She then finds the sniper who wounded her. She immediately finds her friend. Dirt kills the sniper and frees his friend. Then she goes to the space center.

While killing the military, Dirt meets the wounded Leaf. Then they find General Monroe who says Deert is Project Angel. He also mentioned that he does not destroy anything due to the death of his daughter Jessica. Dirt kills him and goes to the rocket launch room and kills the queen.

Deert and Leaf are sitting on a bench. He says that he was wrong about people and now he looked at the world with completely different eyes, to which Dirt says, “We already had a hard day! It’s over.” An unknown voice says “This is not the end yet. Everything is just beginning …”.

Ability Points and Game Mode

D.i.R.T. is a third-person action adventure game with a flexible superpowers system that helps the player in battle and offers him a new approach to solving problems

At the very beginning, the player is given three classes of ability development (Stealth, Shooting and Aggression).Depending on the selected class, the player will earn ability points in different ways. Thanks to these points, the player has additional weapons, powers and other hidden bonuses. For example, if the player chooses the “Shooting” class, points are added for the firing range (that is, the greater the distance to the hit target, the more points), headshots, etc.

Game Modes – You can choose from two modes to keep the game playable.

Adventure is a traditional adventure game with its own storyline. Speed ​​game -When passing each level, you need to meet the allotted time, for which you can earn extra points.

Office

• Jumping in eight directions
• Fast tricks in four directions
• Counter-stunts (trick + special punch) in four directions
• Throwing grenades
• Bending movement in four directions
• The ability to duck and shoot from behind cover
• Blind shooting from behind cover
• Ability to become invisible
• Attack a target from behind using stealth.
• The use of one- and two-handed weapons.

Characters

Deert is the main character of the game. She is 19 years old. Dirt has always lived without a father. One day she and her friends were celebrating at West Lake and suddenly passed out. Woke up in prison and found a monster and a dead guard. Also in the New York prison, she meets Penny Whistler, who also went to prison for unknown reasons. Dirt goes in search of friends, but then finds out that they have been dead for a long time.

Appearance: Dirt is dressed in a black T-shirt, leather jeans, a silver chain hangs on her belts, she also has a thong over her pants, black Adidas sneakers, various piercings on her face, red hair with blonde tips and a black bracelet.

Penny Whistler is a journalist. She is about 30 years old. First appears in Chapter 1. 8 months old. She has a boring job like she says. But then they called her and told about the release of chemicals into a reservoir in one of the small towns. Penny and her colleagues went there because they were the closest, but the military blocked their way. Penny decided to take a risk and pulled off the road to get into the city from the other side, but she was quietly grabbed and drugged. Believes her daddy was drunk when he gave her the name.Her further fate is unknown.

Appearance: Penny is dressed in a light pink sweater, black skirt, light tights, black shoes, blonde hair.

Leaf – Deert’s old friend. First appears in Chapter 7 at the station. Deert meets him at the station, but he is not himself. He was often abandoned, so Leaf often thought that people were just leaving their friends for their own lives, but it turned out he was wrong.

Appearance: The bodice is wearing a pink T-shirt, jeans with brown boots, brown hair.

Dr. Martin – Only spawns in the gun shop. After completing a new level, Deert goes to Martin’s store.

General Jack Monroe – the general who created the team to destroy the mutants who attacked the city. He soon refused to kill the queen in the space center, believing that he would lose everything and because of this he killed General Campbell and scientist Brian. Dirt is killed in the last chapter.

General Campbell – The most important general. He commanded troops in Vietnam, Iraq and Samoli.Little is known about him. He also convinces Monroe not to kill innocent citizens. Was killed by General Monroe.

Brian – Scientist. Together with his colleagues, he developed the T-76 and is also the father of Deert, who abandoned her family when she was a child. Was killed by General Monroe.

Jessica – General Monroe’s daughter. Her name is first pronounced by Dirt in the last chapter. She died under unknown circumstances. Deert’s behavior suggests that she knew Jessica.

Sarah is the girl from the club who was saved by Deert.

Appearance: Sarah is dressed in a black top, black skirt, black tights, black boots, silver bracelets on her arms, blonde hair.

Elizabeth – the girl from the club that Deert saved

Appearance: Elizabeth is wearing a red top, red skirt, black tights, black boots, silver bracelets on her arm, black hair.

Boo – The bear backpack that Dirt always carries with him is very intelligent and sensitive. It is designed to display specific features of the interface.Examples of Bu action are as follows:

-It displays Deert’s health level: he either dances merrily with good health, or crumples dejectedly if Deert’s health is weakened.

– It serves as a danger radar: it worries when danger approaches, and then begins to cry and curls up like a dog.

– Discovers secret places: if the Scary Stare is gazing at something invisible, then the player can discover something interesting if he clicks on the object over which the Action icon appears.

Bosses: There are several bosses in the game who, as usual, present themselves as very strong opponents. In the battle with them, the player will have to apply special tactics and super powers to win.

Multiple boss description:

• Excavator is a large beetle that can be destroyed with weapons or super powers. You will have to use your powers to create a small source of energy in the room and drive a bug into it with a firearm.

• Stinger – military jet and additional helicopters from which paratroopers jump. The player needs to learn how to use the Shield to defend against their attacks.

• Arclight is an insane war priest, an inhuman cyborg who has risen from the grave as a result of evil experiments. His body is protected by metal so that only his head remains vulnerable. In a battle with him, the player will have to dodge all his attacks, and also be careful in those moments when he invokes the Wrath of God.

• 3-208 is a huge robot that towers over the player and pours fire on him.

• Joshua is a mechanism capable of creating holograms. In battle, he uses electrostatic fields and telekinesis, which are best avoided. To destroy him, you need to disable the generators in his rooms.

• Supertemite – This half-robot, half-insect breathes fire and brandishes its huge claws.

• Sniper is a very good marksman found in a rusty airplane.To defeat him, you will have to use cunning and all abilities.

• Queen – is in one of the rooms with an active rocket launcher. Its destructive power is obvious. Before launching the rocket, you need to destroy all the queen’s eggs.

Super powers and weapons

Deert has 8 unique super powers:

• Telekinesis – with its help, Dirt can pick up several objects at the same time and throw.
• Pyrokinesis – With the help of pyrokinesis, Dirt can set fire to an object.
• Telekinetic shot – with the help of it, Dirt can use enemy cartridges intercepted during the flight.
• Quick turnover – with this, Dirt can make several turns.
• Blade Disc – With it, Dirt can select three targets and throw the disc at the targets you choose. He can even go through a wall.
• Acrobatic Roll – With it, Dirt will roll, killing several enemies.
• Magic Bullet – When Deert fires a weapon, she can control the bullet and hit the desired target.
• Shield – with its help, Dirt can protect himself from a bullet, but unfortunately she cannot shoot and move at the same time.
• Ghost – With the help of a ghost, Dirt can be invisible.

In D.i.R.T. provided 14 types of weapons, which uses 3 types of ammunition. Each type of weapon has unique characteristics: power, speed, range.All weapons are thoroughly worked out, and three types are equipped with sniper sights that help to hit targets at long distances.

A physician on the US national gymnastics team has raped female athletes for over 20 years. Why wasn’t he caught earlier?

Match TV captures the main feature of the HBO documentary about the loudest scandal in the history of American sports: the cover-up of coaches, the FBI’s negligence, the rapist’s last word in court.

Match TV captures the main feature of the HBO documentary about the loudest scandal in the history of American sports: the cover-up of coaches, the FBI’s negligence, the rapist’s last word in court.

In the fall of 2016, gymnasts began to report sexual assault in the US media by former US team and University of Michigan doctor Larry Nassar. There were more and more statements every day. As a result, 125 people sued him. Among the victims of Nassar, Olympic champions – Eli Reisman, Simone Biles, McKayla Maroni.

In January 2018, the doctor was sentenced to 40 years in prison. To prevent Nassar from being released on parole, Judge Rosemary Aqualina gave him another 175 years in prison.

In May 2019, HBO released the documentary At the heart of gold: Inside the USA gymnastics scandal (translated into Russian as The Price of Gold: A Scandal in American Gymnastics), which explains why Nassar has so many victims and no one for the entire time of this practice could stop him.Match TV sets the stage for an HBO movie.

Larry was a friend of gymnasts

At the beginning of the film, it is about what a difficult sport it is, constantly associated with injuries. The coaches with whom Nassar worked had a tough approach to their athletes, which created a supportive environment for Nassar.

For example, spouses Bella and Martha Karolyi, who led the national team’s training program, required all gymnasts to attend a monthly training camp at their Texas ranch.At the ranch, communication with personal trainers and parents was prohibited so that nothing would distract from training. The 2012 Olympic coach John Geddert, who worked at the Twister gym, is called “Satan” and “tyrant” by the victims in the film for his brutal treatment of gymnasts.

Nassar was the complete opposite of coaches. A classic example of a rapist from a Hollywood movie: sociable, smiling, kind, family man. The one you think of last.Nassar was visited not only to heal the injury, but also to share the misfortune. Everyone trusted him. Larry could always listen, brought the athletes food, gave sweets. He was admired. Here’s what the gymnasts said about him in the film:

• “He was great. We loved him “90 130
• “He was always smiling. Was the best friend “
• “He was considered the guardian angel of the gymnasts. He constantly said that athletes should be protected. And such things are not often heard in elite sports “90 130
• “I texted him almost every day.We were friends on Facebook, he wrote on my wall. She knew by sight his children and wife. He was a friend “

The athletes did not understand that they were being subjected to violent acts

Larry was constantly alone with the gymnasts, although, according to the rules, an assistant must be present at the procedures. However, he worked without gloves. The coaches turned a blind eye to this. The film describes Nassar’s methods.

If a gymnast came to him with back pain or in any other place far from the groin area, he would still stick his fingers where they should not.He explained his actions by the fact that there is a reflex point that will relieve this pain. During the procedure, Nassar did not stop talking, constantly asking the gymnasts about their studies and family, chatting up their victims. The underage athletes trusted the doctor and considered it a standard procedure.

Photo: © Scott Olson / Staff / Getty Images News / Gettyimages.ru

“He would take off his belt and start moaning. It seems to everyone that everything is obvious. But imagine a little girl who has no sexual experience.She was often told that this was a doctor from the Olympic Games and that he would help her. The girls didn’t understand anything, ”one of the victims explains in the film.

“At each visit, he touched my entire body, straightened, massaged my back. Not everyone understands that in gymnastics, touch is a common thing. We are used to being held by adults and helping us with stretching. We got used to being touched. But Larry went further. He explained to my mother that he would touch me near intimate places. I didn’t ask, but presented with the fact that he would do this, ”says one of the former patients of Dr. Nassar.

Nasser could have been jailed back in 1997, but the gymnast was intimidated by the coach

In 1997, gymnast Larissa Boyes complained about Nassar to University of Michigan head coach Kattie Klages:

“I studied at the“ Young Spartans ”club. The procedures were in doubt, and I wanted to discuss it with an adult to sort it out. Kathy Klages invited me to her office. I told her bluntly that Larry was sticking his fingers in me. She simply said that I did not understand anything, that he would never do anything inappropriate.Like, she has known him for many years, but I’m just wrong.

I was sitting in her office, and other girls from the team came in two by two. She asked if Larry did anything that raised questions. And everyone said no, except for one girl. She stayed with us. Katie still couldn’t believe what we were saying. Then Katie brought in a couple of older gymnasts. They said that his hands came close to certain places, but everything was within the bounds of decency. I insisted: “It was not so with me! He sticks his fingers inside. “Then the students left, the other girl too.

I explained again what was going on. Kathy said, “I can apply, but there will be serious consequences for you and Larry Nassar, so think carefully.” I seem to have raised my hands and said, “I don’t want problems. I don’t want that. ” I ran out of the office, hid in the closet and cried for most of the workout.

On his next visit to Nassar, he stopped by and said, “I spoke to Catty.” My heart sank. It was so embarrassing that I was humiliated.He continued, “Kathy told me what worries you. You know that it helps you. ” I remember how I answered: “Forgive me, I am guilty. I messed it up and I’m sorry. ” I convinced myself that the problem is in me and I must endure. And then I jumped onto the table, and he continued the same for four more years.

Kathy knew there was a certain procedure to be followed, but she herself decided not to do anything. Therefore, I blame the university. She is his employee, ”Larissa Boyce said in the film.

Kathy Klagges / Photo: © Handout / Handout / Getty Images News / Gettyimages.ru

Kathy Klages is currently awaiting trial. In March 2018, the University of Michigan agreed to pay $ 500 million to those affected. The total number of victims is 332 people.

In 2014, a formal complaint was filed against Nassar, but Larry was helped by the university

In 2014, University of Michigan student Amanda Tomashow filed a formal complaint about Nassar’s lecherous behavior:

“I described exactly what was happening to them.Nassar put his fingers into me, I pushed him away, got up, he rushed to the corner of the room to hide his erection, ”recalls Amanda Tomashow.

The University has begun an investigation. To assess Nassar’s actions, the university invited four experts, selected by Larry himself. Three out of four were his former students, one was a doctor he knew. Experts did not find any traces of violence.

Amanda Tomashaw / Photo: © Scott Olson / Staff / Getty Images News / Gettyimages.ru

“Larry said it was a cure.I said, “This is sexual assault.” And then they asked his friends for an opinion. Erection was not mentioned in the report. Nothing is said about me pushing him away. I was 24. I knew what was proper for a doctor and what was not. They made me question it, ”says Tomashow.

Nassar was suspended for 90 days pending investigation. He then returned to work on condition that the recommendations were followed:

• Examine patients with gloves

• For all examinations, the presence of an assistant is mandatory 90 130

• Explain your actions to patients

No one followed the recommendations.Nassar continued to work as usual.

From 1997 to 2015, 17 complaints were received against Nassar in various forms.

In 2015, the FBI learned about Nassar’s affairs, but did not take the message seriously

In the spring of 2015, at the monthly gathering at the Karolyi ranch, national team member Maggie Nichols asked Eli Raisman: “What is the doctor’s technique? Why is he sticking his fingers inside me. I’m not sure if I need this. ” Personal trainer Nichols heard about this and reported to the Artistic Gymnastics Federation.

Federation President Steve Penny decided to conduct an internal investigation first, which lasted five weeks. During this period, Nassar continued to work at the University of Michigan because the federation did not report anything. Penny then spoke about the problem to the head of the US NOC, who replied that he needed to immediately contact the FBI.

The FBI investigation hasn’t even begun. The message went to the Indianapolis office, where they said they would send all the data to the Detroit office, but they never did.The bureau did not take the message from the federation seriously.

Steve Penny / Photo: © Mark Wilson / Staff / Getty Images News / Gettyimages.ru

Following the verdict of Nassar, the entire leadership of the US Artistic Gymnastics Federation has resigned. Steve Penny is awaiting trial for not reporting Larry’s cases to the police for 41 days.

Investigation began after the gymnast confessed to reporters

Nassar went on to work at the University of Michigan. In the summer of 2016, former gymnast Rachel Denholander contacted a journalist, who was told that Nassar had raped her since she was 15.After that, a member of the US Olympic team spoke anonymously, calling Larry a rapist. The scandal gained momentum, and many began to follow Denhollander’s example, sharing their experiences.

Rachel Denholander / Photo: © Scott Olson / Staff / Getty Images News / Gettyimages.ru

Some of Nassar’s victims at first refused to believe he was guilty:

“I read the headline and laughed in surprise. I thought: “No, it can’t be! He’s a saint! ” Of course, I didn’t like the procedures, but I thought it was real treatment.At first I got angry: “How dare you accuse such a kind person of such a terrible crime?”

I didn’t even read the article because I was at a dance rehearsal in college. And when I began to read after the rehearsal, I realized that Rachel had stated everything accurately. She described my own experience: strange comments, no gloves, manipulation inside. And he said that he did not touch anyone inside. That evening my head boiled.

It turned out that for seven years I had mistaken his actions for medical procedures and honest help.I have always praised and recommended him. It turns out that I sent them to the monster. ”

In the end, Nassar was arrested, but not because of the messages of the gymnasts, but according to the statement of the daughter of Larry’s friends, who was not his patient. That is, he could not, in that case, refer to the fact that these were necessary medical procedures.

Nassar did not last long. He was released on $ 1 million bail. After a search of Larry’s house found hard drives containing 37 thousand images of child pornography, he was arrested a second time without the right to be released on bail.

In court, the father of three victims tried to attack Nassar, lawyers received threats

Nassar pleaded guilty to sexual assault, but not right away. As part of the plea agreement, the court refused to press charges in 125 lawsuits against Nassar, but Larry had to listen to the victims’ statements. At first, 88 injured girls wanted to speak out, but every day there were more and more people willing to tell their story. As a result, 156 people appeared in the court.

The trial began on January 16, 2018, and for a week the girls approached the podium, looked into Nassar’s eyes, read out their statements and left with tears to applause.Here are some of the events that are shown in the courtroom film:

1. The first to speak was the daughter of Larry Nassar’s friends, according to whom the doctor was arrested.

Kayla Stevens / Photo: © Scott Olson / Staff / Getty Images News / Gettyimages.ru

“Until this moment, I was called ‘victim Z-A’ or ‘family friend’. I gave my first testimony in this case, fearing attention. She asked me to hide my name. Today I am addressing you openly. This is a statement for you. I have nothing to be ashamed of.

My parents became friends with Larry and his wife Steffany when I was about six years old. The first abuse began on the part of Larry Nassar. Let me tell you what I was interested in at the age of six. Favorite TV program – “Big Red Dog Clifford”, favorite book – “Junie B Jones”. I didn’t know how to multiply. I still had baby teeth. At this level of maturity, I was forced to engage in sexual activities.

(Next, the girl talks about these actions of Nassar, we skip this for ethical reasons.)

When I was 12, I told my parents. They demanded an explanation from Larry. He denied everything. Due to circumstances that I do not want to talk about now, my parents believed Larry Nassar, not me.

From 12 to 18 years old, I avoided contact with them. My father believed that only a disgusting person could slander someone so terribly. He thought I was lying, and his beliefs destroyed our connection. We fought constantly. He said, “You have to apologize to Larry.” It was just before leaving for college that I tried again to clear my name.

Larry Nassar’s actions caused me a lot of harm. But it was even more terrifying to see my father find out what I went through. Dad and I tried to mend our relationship before he committed suicide in 2016. ”

2. The defendant’s lawyer said that she was threatened.

“They shouted at the defense lawyers. They threatened to kill my relatives and employees. Even kill my colleague’s children. As if we were all complicit. And oil was constantly added to this fire. In the end, the explosion was inevitable. “

Larry Nassar with lawyers / Photo: © Scott Olson / Staff / Getty Images News / Gettyimages.ru

3. The father of the three victims tried to attack Nassar in court.

– Your Honor, as part of the verdict – let me spend five minutes in a locked room with this monster.

– I already …

– Allow me?

– Our system …

– Yes or No?

– No, sir.

– Just one minute then.

– I can’t.The judicial system doesn’t work that way.

– Then you have to …

At this moment, the father rushes sharply towards Nassar, but he is intercepted by the police. They knock the assailant to the floor, handcuff him and take him out of the courtroom. Leaving the father says: “And if it was your daughter?”

A fragment of the attack can be seen in the official movie trailer.

4. Judge Aqualina read out a letter from Larry Nassar, which he wrote during the hearing.

Judge Rosemary Aqualina / Photo: © Scott Olson / Staff / Getty Images News / Gettyimages.ru

“He declares: ‘I am very worried that my psyche simply will not stand listening to witnesses for another four days.” Sir, a few phrases are causing me questions. You write: “Now Aqualina is hosting a four-day media circus for sentencing. She wants me to sit next to her all four days in order to get into the lenses of all cameras. ”

5. Nassar burst into tears as former gymnast Trinea Gonchar read her statement.

“If you may, I would like to address him directly, please.What have you done? I told my mother that the hardest thing is to see how small they are, these young girls. She replied: “You were the same, if not younger.”

I made a tough decision this week. I decided whether to support you further or support the girls. Larry, I choose them!

I’ve known you all my life – 31 out of 37 years. I remember your wedding. We thought Stephanie was the luckiest woman in the world. My heart aches for her and your children. Why lose so much good? For what?

Larry Nassar / Photo: © Scott Olson / Staff / Getty Images News / Gettyimages.ru

We loved you as dear. Thought you loved us too. I decided to look you in the eye and tell you that you hurt us. It hurts me, because he raped almost my entire life. You’ve hurt me a lot, old friend. I don’t know who you are anymore. Larry, I thought you’d be delighted to know that I was four months old. I got a boy. And all my life I will do everything so that people like you do not harm any of us.

Goodbye Larry. I close the door. God bless your dark soul. “

6. The last speaker was Rachel Denholander, after whose announcement in the media it all started.

When Rachel made her speech, the judge thanked her: “You have built an army of fighters and have become a great general. All voices have sounded thanks to you. Thank you”.

7. Larry Nassar’s last word before sentencing.

Larry Nassar with lawyers / Photo: © Scott Olson / Staff / Getty Images News / Gettyimages.ru

– This is a short statement.Your words these days evoked a strong emotional reaction in me and shook me deeply. I realize that my feelings are nothing compared to the pain, trauma and emotional destruction that you are experiencing, each of you. There are no words to describe how deeply I regret what happened. An acceptable apology is impossible to describe and utter. I will carry your words through all the remaining days.

“I’ll read more of your letter,” Judge Aqualina said. “I want to do this because it will be part of your apology, if you can trust them.Listen to your own words: “The press convinced them that all my actions were impermissible and vicious. It seems to them that I have betrayed their trust. There is no anger in hell comparable to that of a rejected woman. ”

The last sentence in the letter drew the ire of those in the courtroom.

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