Pants Requirements: A Comprehensive Guide to Managing Python Dependencies

How does Pants handle Python dependencies. What are the benefits of Pants’ dependency management approach. How can you define third-party dependencies in Pants. How does dependency inference work in Pants.

Understanding Pants’ Approach to Python Dependencies

Pants takes a unique and precise approach to managing Python dependencies, offering significant advantages over traditional methods. Unlike conventional workflows that rely on a single, heavyweight virtual environment containing all dependencies, Pants employs a more granular strategy.

How does Pants handle dependencies differently? Pants analyzes your project to determine exactly which dependencies each file requires. This precise understanding allows Pants to use only the necessary subset of dependencies for any given task, resulting in more efficient and streamlined operations.

Benefits of Pants’ Dependency Management

• Fine-grained caching: By understanding exact dependencies, Pants can safely use cached results when dependencies haven’t changed.
• Improved performance: Only loading required dependencies reduces overhead and speeds up operations.
• Better project organization: Clearer visibility into dependency relationships helps maintain a cleaner codebase.

To illustrate Pants’ precision, consider the following examples:

$ ./pants dependencies src/py/app.py
//:flask

$ ./pants dependencies src/py/util.py
//:flask
//:requests

These commands demonstrate how Pants can identify the specific dependencies for individual files within your project.

Defining Third-Party Dependencies in Pants

For Pants to effectively manage dependencies, it needs to understand your project’s “universe” of third-party dependencies. How are these dependencies defined in Pants?

Each third-party dependency is represented by a python_requirement_library target. Here’s a basic example:

python_requirement_library(
    name="Django",
    requirements=["Django==3.2.1"],
)

To simplify the process of defining multiple dependencies, Pants provides macros that can generate python_requirement_library targets automatically.

Using python_requirements for requirements.txt

The python_requirements() macro parses a requirements.txt-style file to create python_requirement_library targets. Here’s an example:

# requirements.txt
flask>=1.1.2,<1.3
requests[security]==2.23.0
dataclasses ; python_version<'3.7'

# BUILD file
python_requirements()

This macro will generate equivalent python_requirement_library targets for each entry in the requirements.txt file.

Using poetry_requirements for Poetry Projects

For projects using Poetry, the poetry_requirements() macro can parse the Poetry section of your pyproject.toml file. Here's an example:

# pyproject.toml
[tool.poetry.dependencies]
python = "^3.8"
requests = {extras = ["security"], version = "~1"}
flask = "~1.12"

[tool.poetry.dev-dependencies]
isort = "~5.5"

# BUILD file
poetry_requirements()

This macro will generate python_requirement_library targets based on the dependencies specified in your Poetry configuration.

Dependency Inference in Pants

Once Pants is aware of your project's dependencies, how does it determine which ones to use for each file or target? This is where dependency inference comes into play.

Pants analyzes your Python import statements to automatically map them to the relevant python_requirement_library targets. For example, an import statement like import django will be linked to the corresponding Django dependency target.

To verify that dependency inference is working correctly, you can use the following command:

./pants dependencies path/to/file.py

Or for a specific target:

./pants dependencies path/to:target

Handling Non-Inferred Dependencies

In some cases, dependency inference may not capture all required dependencies, particularly for runtime dependencies that aren't explicitly imported. How can you address this?

For such cases, you can manually add the dependency to the dependencies field of your target. Here's an example:

python_library(
    name="lib",
    dependencies=[
        # Explicitly adding a dependency that isn't inferred
        "//:psycopg2-binary",
    ],
)

Configuring Module Mappings for Dependency Inference

Dependency inference relies on mapping import statements to the correct dependency targets. However, some packages expose modules with names different from their project names. How does Pants handle these cases?

By default, Pants assumes that a dependency's module name is its normalized project name. For instance, a distribution named "My-Distribution" would be expected to expose a module named "my_distribution". When this assumption doesn't hold true, you may need to provide additional information to Pants.

Pants includes default module mappings for common Python packages, but you might need to augment these mappings for your specific dependencies. Here's how you can do that:

# BUILD file
python_requirements(
    module_mapping={
        "beautiful-soup4": ["bs4"],
        "pyyaml": ["yaml"],
    }
)

This configuration tells Pants that the "beautiful-soup4" package exposes the "bs4" module, and "pyyaml" exposes the "yaml" module, ensuring correct dependency inference for these packages.

Leveraging Lockfiles in Pants

Lockfiles play a crucial role in ensuring reproducible builds by pinning exact versions of dependencies. How does Pants incorporate lockfiles into its dependency management system?

Pants supports both pip-style and Poetry lockfiles, allowing you to maintain consistent dependency versions across your development and CI environments.

Using pip-style Lockfiles

To use a pip-style lockfile with Pants, you can generate it using the following command:

./pants generate-lockfiles

This will create a lockfile based on your requirements.txt file. You can then reference this lockfile in your python_requirements() macro:

python_requirements(
    lockfile="requirements.txt.lock",
)

Integrating Poetry Lockfiles

For Poetry projects, Pants can utilize your existing poetry.lock file. Simply ensure that your poetry.lock file is up to date, and Pants will automatically use it when resolving dependencies.

To explicitly specify the location of your Poetry lockfile, you can use the following configuration:

[python]
poetry_lockfile = "path/to/poetry.lock"

Advanced Dependency Management Techniques

As projects grow in complexity, managing dependencies can become more challenging. What advanced techniques does Pants offer for handling complex dependency scenarios?

Dependency Constraints

Pants allows you to specify dependency constraints to ensure version compatibility across your project. You can define these constraints in a separate file and reference it in your BUILD files:

python_requirements(
    constraints="constraints.txt",
)

Custom Resolvers

For projects with specific requirements, Pants supports custom dependency resolvers. You can configure a custom resolver by implementing the PythonResolver interface and specifying it in your pants.toml file:

[python]
resolver = "custom.resolver.MyCustomResolver"

Troubleshooting Dependency Issues in Pants

Even with Pants' sophisticated dependency management, issues can sometimes arise. How can you diagnose and resolve common dependency problems?

Dependency Resolution Conflicts

If you encounter version conflicts between dependencies, you can use the following command to inspect the dependency graph:

./pants dependencies --transitive path/to:target

This will show you the full dependency tree, helping you identify conflicting versions.

Missing Dependencies

If you're seeing import errors or missing dependencies, first ensure that the dependency is correctly defined in your requirements file or BUILD file. Then, verify that dependency inference is working by running:

./pants dependencies path/to/file.py

If the dependency isn't listed, you may need to add it explicitly or adjust your module mappings.

By leveraging Pants' powerful dependency management features and following these best practices, you can maintain a clean, efficient, and well-organized Python project. The precise control over dependencies that Pants offers not only improves build times and caching but also helps prevent common issues related to dependency conflicts and version mismatches.

Third-party dependencies

Pants handles dependencies with more precision than traditional Python workflows. Traditionally, you have a single heavyweight virtual environment that includes a large set of dependencies, whether or not you actually need them for your current task.

Instead, Pants understands exactly which dependencies every file in your project needs, and efficiently uses just that subset of dependencies needed for the task.

$ ./pants dependencies src/py/app.py
//:flask

$ ./pants dependencies src/py/util.py
//:flask
//:requests

Among other benefits, this precise and automatic understanding of your dependencies gives you fine-grained caching. This means, for example, that if none of the dependencies for a particular test file have changed, the cached result can be safely used.

For Pants to know which dependencies each file uses, it must first know which specific dependencies are in your "universe", i. e. all the third-party dependencies your project uses.

Each third-party dependency is modeled by a python_requirement_library target:

BUILD

python_requirement_library(
    name="Django",
    requirements=["Django==3.2.1"],
)

To minimize boilerplate, Pants has macros to generate python_requirement_library targets for you:

• python_requirements for requirements.txt.
• poetry_requirements for Poetry projects.

The python_requirements() macro parses a requirements.txt-style file to produce a python_requirement_library target for each entry.

For example:

requirements.txtBUILD

 txt">flask>=1.1.2,<1.3
requests[security]==2.23.0
dataclasses ; python_version<'3.7'

python_requirements()

# The above macro is equivalent to explicitly setting this:
python_requirement_library(
    name="flask",
    requirements=["flask>=1.1.2,<1.3"],
)
python_requirement_library(
    name="requests",
    requirements=["requests[security]==2.23.0"],
)
python_requirement_library(
    name="dataclasses",
    requirements=["dataclasses ; python_version<'3.7'"],
)

If the file uses a different name than requirements.txt, set requirements_relpath= like this:

python_requirements(requirements_relpath="reqs.txt")

?

Where should I put the requirements.txt?

You can put the file wherever makes the most sense for your project.

In smaller repositories that only use Python, it's often convenient to put the file at the "build root" (top-level), as used on this page.

For larger repositories or multilingual repositories, it's often useful to have a 3rdparty or 3rdparty/python directory. Rather than the target's address being //:my_requirement, its address would be 3rdparty/python:my_requirement, for example.

BUT: if you place your requirements.txt in a non-standard location (or give it another name via the python_requirements(requirements_relpath=..) argument), you will need to configure pantsd to restart for edits to the non-standard filename: see #9946.

The poetry_requirements() macro parses the Poetry section in pyproject. 3.8"
requests = {extras = ["security"], version = "~1"}
flask = "~1.12"

[tool.poetry.dev-dependencies]
isort = "~5.5"


poetry_requirements()

# The above macro is equivalent to explicitly setting this:
python_requirement_library(
    name="requests",
    requirements=["requests[security]>=1,<2.0"],
)
python_requirement_library(
    name="flask",
    requirements=["flask>=1.12,<1.13"],
)
python_requirement_library(
    name="isort",
    requirements=["isort>=5.5,<5.6"],
)

See the section "Lockfiles" below for how you can also hook up poetry.lock to Pants.

Once Pants knows about your "universe" of dependencies, it determines which subset should be used through dependency inference. Pants will read your import statements, like import django, and map it back to the relevant python_requirement_library target. Run ./pants dependencies path/to/file.py or ./pants dependencies path/to:target to confirm this works.

If dependency inference does not work—such as because it's a runtime dependency you do not import—you can explicitly add the python_requirement_library target to the dependencies field, like this:

project/BUILD

python_library(
    name="lib",
    dependencies=[
        # We don't have an import statement for this dep, so inference
        # won't add it automatically. We add it explicitly instead.
        "//:psyscopg2-binary",
    ],
)

Some dependencies expose a module different than their project name, such as beautifulsoup4 exposing bs4. Pants assumes that a dependency's module is its normalized name—i. e. My-distribution exposes the module my_distribution. If that default does not apply to a dependency, it will not be inferred.

Pants already defines a default module mapping for some common Python requirements, but you may need to augment this by teaching Pants additional mappings:

BUILD

# module_mapping is only needed for requirements where the defaults do not work.

python_requirement_library(
    name="my_distribution",
    requirements=["my_distribution==4.1"],
    module_mapping={"my_distribution": ["custom_module"]},
)
                   
python_requirements(
    module_mapping={"my_distribution": ["custom_module"]},
)

poetry_requirements(
    module_mapping={"my_distribution": ["custom_module"]},
)

If the dependency is a type stub, and the default does not work, set type_stubs_module_mapping. (The default for type stubs is to strip off types-, -types, -stubs, and stubs-. So, types-requests gives type stubs for the module requests.)

When you have multiple targets for the same dependency—such as a target with Django==2 and another with Django==3—dependency inference will not work due to ambiguity. Instead, you'll have to manually choose which target to use and add to the dependencies field. Pants will warn when dependency inference is ambiguous.

This ambiguity is often a problem when you have 2+ requirements.txt or pyproject.toml files in your project, such as project1/requirements.txt and project2/requirements.txt both specifying Django. If the version of the overlapping constraints are the same, you may wish to move the common requirements into a common requirements file.

It can, however, be helpful to have multiple targets for the same dependency. For example, this allows part of your repository to upgrade to Django 3 even if the rest of your code still uses Django 2:

BUILD

python_requirement_library(
    name="Django2",
    requirements=["Django>=2.2.24,<3"]
)
python_requirement_library(
    name="Django3",
    requirements=["Django>=3.2.7,<4"]
)

python_library(
    name="new-app",
    sources=["new_app.py"],
    dependencies=[":Django3"],
)
python_library(
    name="legacy-app",
    sources=["legacy_app.py"],
    dependencies=[":Django2"],
)

We strongly recommend using lockfiles because they make your builds more stable so that new releases will not break your project.

This lockfile is used for your own code, such as when packaging into a PEX binary or resolving dependencies for your tests.

?

Better user lockfile support is coming

We've been redesigning user lockfile support to be more ergonomic and flexible. In the meantime, there are limitations:

• Only one lockfile may be used for the whole repository.
  • If you must use conflicting versions for the same dependency, such as Django==2 and Django==3, then you'll need to leave the dependency out of the lockfile.
• You can leave off dependencies, which means the lockfile might not be comprehensive.
• The lockfile must be manually generated.
• The lockfile cannot include --hash to ensure that the downloaded files are what is expected.

?

User lockfiles greatly improve performance

As explained above, Pants only uses the subset of the "universe" of your dependencies that is actually needed for a build, such as running tests and packaging a wheel file. This gives fine-grained caching and has other benefits like built packages (e.g. PEX binaries) only including their true dependencies. However, this also means that you may need to resolve dependencies multiple times, which can be slow.

If you use a lockfile, Pants will optimize to only resolve your requirements one time for your project. Then, for each build, Pants will extract from that resolve the exact subset needed. This greatly speeds up the performance of goals like test, run, package, and repl.

If the build's dependencies are not all included in the lockfile, this performance optimization will not be used.

To use a lockfile, first generate a constraints.txt file, such as by using one of these techniques:

Then, set the option [python-setup].requirements_constraints like this:

pants.tomlconstraints.txt

[python-setup]
requirement_constraints = "constraints.txt"

certifi==2019.6.16
chardet==3.0.2
idna==2.7
requests==2.23.0
urllib3==1.25.6

Pants will then ensure that pip always uses the versions pinned in your lockfile when installing requirements.

Each Python tool Pants runs for you—like Black, Pytest, Flake8, and MyPy—has a dedicated lockfile.

Pants distributes a lockfile with each tool by default. However, if you change the tool's version and extra_requirements—or you change its interpreter constraints to not be compatible with our default lockfile—you will need to use a custom lockfile. Set the lockfile option in pants. toml for that tool, and then run ./pants generate-lockfiles.

[flake8]
version = "flake8==3.8.0"
lockfile = "3rdparty/flake8_lockfile.txt"  # This can be any path you'd like.

[pytest]
extra_requirements.add = ["pytest-icdiff"]
lockfile = "3rdparty/pytest_lockfile.txt"

$ ./pants generate-lockfiles
19:00:39.26 [INFO] Completed: Generate lockfile for flake8
19:00:39.27 [INFO] Completed: Generate lockfile for pytest
19:00:39.29 [INFO] Wrote lockfile for the resolve `flake8` to 3rdparty/flake8_lockfile.txt
19:00:39.30 [INFO] Wrote lockfile for the resolve `pytest` to 3rdparty/pytest_lockfile.txt

You can also run ./pants generate-lockfiles --resolve=tool, e.g. --resolve=flake8, to only generate that tool's lockfile rather then generating all lockfiles.

Anytime your custom lockfile becomes stale, such as because you changed the version again, Pants will error with instructions to regenerate the lockfile.

To disable lockfiles, set lockfile = "<none>" for that tool, although we do not recommend this!

You might be used to using pip's proprietary VCS-style requirements for this, like git+https://github.com/django/django.git#egg=django. However, this proprietary format does not work with Pants.

Instead of pip VCS-style requirements:

git+https://github.com/django/django.git#egg=Django
git+https://github.com/django/[email protected]/2.1.x#egg=Django
git+https://github.com/django/[email protected]#egg=Django

Use direct references from PEP 440:

Djang[email protected] git+https://github.com/django/django.git
[email protected] git+https://github.com/django/[email protected]/2.1.x
[email protected] git+https://github.com/django/[email protected]

You can also install from local files using PEP 440 direct references. You must use an absolute path to the file, and you should ensure that the file exists on your machine.

Django @ file:///Users/pantsbuild/prebuilt_wheels/django-3.1.1-py3-none-any.whl

Pip still works with these PEP 440-compliant formats, so you won't be losing any functionality by switching to using them.

?

Version control via SSH

When using version controlled direct references hosted on private repositories with SSH access:

[email protected] git+ssh://[email protected]:/myorg/[email protected]

...you may see errors like:

 Complete output (5 lines):
  [email protected]: Permission denied (publickey).
  fatal: Could not read from remote repository.
  Please make sure you have the correct access rights
  and the repository exists.
  ----------------------------------------

To fix this, Pants needs to be configured to pass relevant SSH specific environment variables to processes by adding the following to pants. toml:

[subprocess-environment]
env_vars.add = [
  "SSH_AUTH_SOCK",
]

If you host your own wheels at a custom index (aka "cheese shop"), you can instruct Pants to use it with the option indexes in the [python-repos] scope.

pants.toml

[python-repos]
indexes.add = ["https://custom-cheeseshop.net/simple"]

To exclusively use your custom index—i.e. to not use PyPI—use indexes = [..] instead of indexes.add = [..].

While Pants itself doesn't need a virtualenv, it may be useful to create one for working with your tooling outside Pants, such as your IDE.

You can create a virtualenv using standard Python tooling—such as Python's builtin venv module—along with running Pants to query for all of your Python requirements.

For example, this script will first create a venv, and then generate a constraints.txt file to use as a lockfile.

build-support/generate_constraints.sh

#!/usr/bin/env bash

set -euo pipefail

# You can change these constants.
PYTHON_BIN=python3
VIRTUALENV=build-support/.venv
PIP="${VIRTUALENV}/bin/pip"
REQUIREMENTS_FILE=requirements.txt
CONSTRAINTS_FILE=constraints.txt

"${PYTHON_BIN}" -m venv "${VIRTUALENV}"
"${PIP}" install pip --upgrade
# Install all our requirements.txt, and also any 3rdparty
# dependencies specified outside requirements.txt, e.g. via a
# handwritten python_requirement_library target.
"${PIP}" install \
  -r "${REQUIREMENTS_FILE}" \
  -r <(./pants dependencies --type=3rdparty ::)
echo "# Generated by build-support/generate_constraints.sh on $(date)" > "${CONSTRAINTS_FILE}"
"${PIP}" freeze --all >> "${CONSTRAINTS_FILE}"

?

This script only captures dependencies that are consumed

Unless the dependency was specified in requirements. txt, Pants will only capture it if it is actually used by your code.

pants/requirements.txt at main · pantsbuild/pants · GitHub

pants/requirements.txt at main · pantsbuild/pants · GitHub

Permalink

Cannot retrieve contributors at this time

This file contains bidirectional Unicode text that may be interpreted or compiled differently than what appears below. To review, open the file in an editor that reveals hidden Unicode characters. Learn more about bidirectional Unicode characters

	# Note: Adding a third-party dependency is usually frowned upon because it increases the time to install Pants.
	# This is particularly painful for CI, where the installation of Pants is often slow.
	# Additionally, it increases the surface area of Pants's supply chain for security.
	# Consider pinging us on Slack if you're thinking a new dependency might be needed.
	ansicolors==1.1.8
	fasteners==0.16.3
	freezegun==1.1.0
	# Note: we use humbug to report telemetry. When upgrading, ensure the new version maintains the
	# anonymity promise we make here: https://www.pantsbuild.org/docs/anonymous-telemetry
	humbug==0. 2.7
	ijson==3.1.4
	packaging==21.0
	pex==2.1.54
	psutil==5.8.0
	pystache==0.5.4
	# This should be kept in sync with `pytest.py`.
	pytest>=6.2.4,<6.3
	PyYAML>=6.0,<7.0
	requests[security]>=2.25.1
	setproctitle==1.2.2
	setuptools>=56. 0.0,<58.0
	toml==0.10.2
	types-freezegun==0.1.4
	types-PyYAML==5.4.3
	types-requests==2.25.0
	types-setuptools==57.0.0
	types-toml==0.1.3
	typing-extensions==3.10.0.2

You can’t perform that action at this time.

You signed in with another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.
You signed out in another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session.

Dress Code Guidelines for Women

Once you arrive at Orientation many days will require either "Business Casual" or "Business Professional" dress. See below for recommended dress code guidelines.

Pants / skirts:
Women can wear casual pants or skirts. Neither should be tight. Fabrics should be crisp; colors should generally be solid; navy, black, gray, brown and khaki are always safe bets. For the most business-like appearance, pants should be creased and tailored; neither extreme of tight or flowing. If you are pursuing a conservative industry and are in doubt, observe well-dressed women in your industry on the job, at career fairs, at information sessions, or consult your career coach.

Skirt length and slits:
Your skirt should come at least to your knees while you are standing. While you are seated, your thighs should be covered. If your skirt comes to just below the knee, a slit to just above the knee might be acceptable. A very long skirt should not be slit to above the knee. Generally slits in the center back of a skirt — to facilitate walking a stair climbing — are acceptable. Slits to facilitate a view of your legs are not appropriate for business purposes. Slips should not be visible.

Shirt / sweaters:
In addition to tailored shirts or blouses, tailored knit sweaters and sweater sets are appropriate business casual choices for women. Cotton, silk, and blends are appropriate. Velvets and shimmery fabrics suitable for parties are not appropriate. Fit should not be tight. Cleavage is not appropriate to business and job search occasions.

Jewelry / accessories:
Keep your watch and jewelry choices simple and leaning toward conservative. Avoid extremes of style and color. If your industry is creative, you may have more flexibility than someone pursuing a conservative industry.

Cosmetics:
Keep makeup conservative and natural looking. A little is usually better than none for a polished look. Nails should be clean and well groomed. Avoid extremes of nail length and polish color, especially in conservative industries.

Shoes:
Should be leather or fabric / microfiber. Appropriate colors are black, navy, brown, tan, taupe (to coordinate with your other attire and accessories). For the most conservative look, toes should be covered. Sandals which are neither extremely dressy nor extremely casual might be appropriate. Excessive straps and spike heels are not appropriate. Chunky heels and platforms are not appropriate. Your choices reflect your judgment. Make certain you can walk comfortably in your shoes.

Hose:
Not essential for business casual, but are recommended if your skirt is knee length (rather than calf length) and in more formal environments such as hotels. Climate and weather can be a factor. Hose may not be expected in hot climates/weather and in less conservative industries. Hose may be expected in more conservative industries.

Purse / bag:
If you carry a purse, keep it simple, or carry a small briefcase or business-like tote bag in place of a purse. A structured bag tends to look more professional than something soft or floppy. Purse/bag color should coordinate with your shoes if possible.

Business professional attire is the most conservative type of business wear. It’s what you’ll be expected to wear in the office if you work in accounting, finance, or other conservative industries. For women, this means a business suit or pant suit, or dress and jacket. For men, professional dress means a business suit or a blazer, dress pants and a tie. Remember: it’s always better to be over dressed than under dressed.

Suits:
Suits are always a safe bet when dressing for a business professional environment. Pant suits or skirt suits are both acceptable. Well-tailored suits in conservative colors/prints are best (black, navy blue, and brown).

Pants / skirts:
Women can wear casual pants or skirts. Neither should be tight. Fabrics should be crisp; colors should generally be solid; navy, black, gray, brown and khaki are always safe bets. For the most business-like appearance, pants should be creased and tailored; neither extreme of tight or flowing. If you are pursuing a conservative industry and are in doubt, observe well-dressed women in your industry on the job, at career fairs, at information sessions, or consult your career coach.

Skirt length and slits:
Your skirt should come at least to your knees while you are standing. While you are seated, your thighs should be covered. If your skirt comes to just below the knee, a slit to just above the knee might be acceptable. A very long skirt should not be slit to above the knee. Generally slits in the center back of a skirt — to facilitate walking a stair climbing — are acceptable. Slits to facilitate a view of your legs are not appropriate for business purposes. Slips should not be visible.

Jackets:
A jacket should always be a part of your business professional wardrobe. Be sure it has a tailored fit in a conservative color/print. If you are wearing a long sleeved shirt underneath, the jacket sleeve should hit the wrist just above the long sleeve so you can see the shirt sleeve peek out just a bit.

Shirts:
Wear tailored shirts or blouses in cotton, silk for a blend. Fit should not be tight. Cleavage is not appropriate to business and job search occasions. No sweaters should be worn for business professional occasions.

Jewelry / accessories:
Keep your watch and jewelry choices simple and leaning toward conservative. Avoid extremes of style and color. If your industry is creative, you may have more flexibility than someone pursuing a conservative industry.

Cosmetics:
Keep makeup conservative and natural looking. A little is usually better than none for a polished look. Nails should be clean and well groomed. Avoid extremes of nail length and polish color, especially in conservative industries.

Shoes:
Should be leather or fabric / microfiber. Appropriate colors are black, navy, brown, tan, taupe (to coordinate with your other attire and accessories). For the most conservative look, toes should be covered. Excessive straps and spike heels are not appropriate. Chunky heels and platforms are not appropriate. Your choices reflect your judgment. Make certain you can walk comfortably in your shoes.

Hose:
Not essential for business casual, but are recommended if your skirt is knee length (rather than calf length) and in more formal environments such as hotels. Climate and weather can be a factor. Hose may not be expected in hot climates/weather and in less conservative industries. Hose may be expected in more conservative industries.

Purse / bag:
If you carry a purse, keep it simple, or carry a small briefcase or business-like tote bag in place of a purse. A structured bag tends to look more professional than something soft or floppy. Purse/bag color should coordinate with your shoes if possible. Backpacks should not be a part of your wardrobe in any situation. Please leave then in your locker, home or in the car.

Citations for the wearing of short pants by employees engaged in hot tar and asphalt construction work.

April 17, 1997

In response to concerns raised by the Senate Appropriations Committee, OSHA has reviewed its enforcement policy regarding the standard on personal protective equipment (PPE) in the construction industry and the hazards arising from employees wearing short pants during hot tar and asphalt construction activities. The committee has expressed concern that the agency may apply the standard without taking into account the risk that may be imposed by literal compliance with the standard. The standard that has sometimes been cited for violations relating to the use of PPE, including protective clothing, is 29 CFR 1926.28(a). Federal citation policy issued some time ago, however, is that the use of appropriate PPE be governed by 29 CFR 1926.95(a) rather than 1926.28(a).

As you know, 1926.95(a) requires protective equipment to be worn "whenever it is necessary by reason of hazards...." Thus, where employees are exposed to the hazard of hot tar or asphalt getting on their skin and burning them while doing work on a road surface, it is appropriate that proper skin covering be worn to provide protection. While the standard does not specify any particular kind of protection, such as long pants, employers do have the responsibility to decide which workers are exposed to the hazard and thus require protective clothing and which methods should be used to comply with the standard.

Other factors may exist, however, which would pose a greater safety or health hazard than that of being burned by hot tar or asphalt. In such cases a citation of the PPE standard for lack of skin protection may not be appropriate. Naturally, workers at the site who are not exposed to the hazard of hot tar or asphalt coming into contact with their skin would not be required by the regulation to wear any kind of PPE intended to provide protection against that danger.

To ensure consistency in the future application of 1926.95(a), compliance officers shall be instructed to carefully balance the need for personal protective clothing, such as long pants, during hot tar and asphalt operations against the need for clothing that is appropriate for severe environmental conditions, such as extremely warm weather.

State Plans: Regional Administrators should discuss this policy with their State Designees and ask that they adopt an equivalent policy.

[Corrected 3/20/2007]

Super Fancy Pants Adventure system requirements

A brief history of women in pants — Quartz

Of all the long controversial topics that are still unsettled in 2019—abortion, immigration, etc. —you wouldn’t expect that the way women and girls choose to cover their legs would be one of them.

Yet here we are: In March, a federal judge struck down a rule at a North Carolina charter school that prohibited girls at the school from wearing pants. It required them instead to wear skirts, skorts, or jumpers. The school had argued that the dress code promoted “traditional values.”

The same month, Hannah Kozak, a senior at a Pennsylvania high school, received the guidelines for her school’s upcoming graduation ceremony. “No pants,” it said for girls, specifying that they were to wear a “light colored dress or skirt.” Kozak had to fight the school board (paywall) for the right to wear pants.

The reasons that Western societies (that is, the men in them) have devised for barring women from covering each leg individually have often fallen back on these sorts of appeals to tradition and values. Gayle Fischer, an associate professor of history at Salem State University and author of Pantaloons and Power: A Nineteenth-Century Dress Reform in the United States, explained on NPR in 2017 that authorities have frequently pointed to the values dictated by the Bible as their justification for reinforcing skirt-wearing. Deuteronomy 22:5 states that women should not wear men’s clothes and men should not wear women’s.

You’ll notice it doesn’t actually say anything about pants though. Over time, it’s just become culturally accepted that pants are something men wear. “It becomes part of the culture in the West that pants are a male garment, and by the time we get to the 18^th and 19^th century, men have been wearing pants for centuries,” Fischer said on NPR. “And so everyone knows that men have always worn pants—even though of course that’s not true.”

Pants first appeared—and persisted—because they’re practical: They protect the legs and keep the wearer covered up, while still allowing for easy movement. But to women in places such as Europe and the US, they also came to represent power, equality, and freedom from the restrictions—physical, social, and moral—foisted on them.

In the garment’s early history, though, women were there wearing pants right alongside men. It was only later that they had to start fighting for the right.

The practical origins of pants

The three girls at the center of the North Carolina case said wearing a skirt (pdf) meant they always had to pay attention to how they positioned their legs, and it literally left them cold in the winter. It’s a problem that Adrienne Mayor, a classics scholar at Stanford University, was familiar with. “I grew up in South Dakota where it’s really cold, and we were not allowed to wear pants to school,” she says.

Mayor has made extensive study of the Greeks and their attitude toward the Scythians, a term, she explains, the Greeks used to describe what were really numerous nomadic, horse-riding tribes that spread across Eurasia—and the likely inventors of pants. The garment didn’t just spontaneously appear; it’s tailored, requiring multiple pieces of fabric to be assembled, unlike the simpler rectangles of fabric that the Greeks cinched and pinned as their clothing. The Scythians appear to have devised them out of necessity for a life spent on horseback. (Imagine riding a horse without pants on and you’ll see why.) The oldest fragments of pants found date back to these steppe tribes, who were wearing them as early as about 3,000 years ago.

According to Mayor, evidence indicates that both women and men may have donned them. Greek writings refer to Scythian women wearing pants, as do numerous paintings on vases, while archaeological sites have uncovered the remains of battle scarred Scythian women who appear to have rode and fought like the men, suggesting these women may have been the real Amazons behind the myths. “The men and women dressed the same, they had the same skills,” Mayor says.

The Greeks, she adds, thought pants were bizarre. They derided them as “multi-colored bags” or “sacks” for the legs, and mocked them as “effeminate,” probably because women wore them along with men. (Greek folklore even variously credited three women with inventing these notoriously manly garments.)

The Greeks never adopted trousers themselves. The Persians did, and, by the 5th and 6th centuries, despite their initial resistance, the Romans had as well. But for women in the West, they remained mostly off limits for quite a while longer.

The fight for pants

There are examples of women in Europe and the US wearing pants long before it was socially acceptable, as writer Kathleen Cooper detailed in The Toast, even though in countries such as the US, England, and France they could actually be jailed for it in the 18th and 19th centuries. Some would dress as men to do things such as join the military. The most famous example was probably 18th-century Englishwoman Hannah Snell, who served for years in the British navy and later become a minor celebrity after revealing that she was a woman. During the US Civil War, Mary Walker, an assistant surgeon with the Union Army, chose pants over skirts (and was once arrested for impersonating a man).

In polite society, though, the fight to make it permissible for women in the US and Europe to wear pants began in earnest in the 1850s, with the women’s rights movement. Feminists were seeking liberation, not just from patriarchal oppression, but from the restrictions of corsets. Though Edwardian and Victorian women had adopted them voluntarily, the undergarments literally made it difficult to move, sometimes even to breathe. Suffragists such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton saw dress reform as part of their battle for rights, and some adopted an alternative outfit in the form of baggy “Turkish” pantaloons worn with a knee-length skirt. In April 1851, Amelia Bloomer, the editor of the first women’s newspaper, The Lily, told her readers about it, and thereafter the pants picked up the nickname bloomers.

Bloomers were not exactly a battle cry for equality in the form of trousers, though. Pantaloons and Power author Fischer explained on NPR:

The argument that they’re making at this time is that it’s more practical for women as wives and mothers in the home. So if you’re wearing a long skirt, and you’re holding a crying baby in one arm, and you’re holding a pitcher of water in the other arm, and you have to go upstairs or downstairs, and you’re wearing a long skirt, that’s very dangerous. But if you’re wearing these bloomer outfits, that have pants, you can easily go up and down the stairs, not trip, not kill the baby, not spill the water…They were very adamant that they were not trying to take something away from men in wearing pants.

Bloomers did not suddenly break down the wall between women and pants. In fact, bloomers were only popular for a few years, in part because women didn’t find them attractive. Activist Susan B. Anthony even lamented in a letter that when she went on stage to speak wearing them, people only paid attention to her clothes and didn’t hear what she had to say.

A woman in pants would remain a curiosity for some time. When mountaineer Annie Smith Peck summited the Matterhorn in 1895, her climbing outfit included pants. Most women of Peck’s day scaled mountains in layers of heavy woolen skirts. Many didn’t approve of Peck’s pants, including rival mountaineer Fanny Bullock Workman, which put Peck at the center of considerable controversy.

Library of Congress

Annie Smith Peck, mountaineer, pants-wearer.

Around the turn of the 20th century, though, something else was happening that would change how Americans and Europeans dressed. Formality’s grip on fashion was weakening, and sportswear was beginning to find a place in the everyday wardrobe. Ease of movement was starting to become a priority. In the 1910s, a young designer named Coco Chanel helped to spur this shift with her popular, sporty clothes; through the latter half of the 1920s, she also helped bring menswear staples into women’s wardrobes, including tailored jackets and trousers. While she wasn’t the only designer showing pants for women, her influence was strong.

“One of the most radical developments for women was the gradual acceptance of trousers, which were no longer considered either eccentric or strictly utilitarian,” write historians Valerie Mendes and Amy de la Haye in their book, 20th Century Fashion. “Chanel did much to accelerate this move and was often photographed during the day wearing loose, sailor-style trousers, known as ‘yachting pants. ’ The most fashionable young women started to wear trousers for leisure pursuits, particularly on the beach, or for early evening wear at home, the latter in the form of luxurious, Chinese-style, printed silk pyjama suits.”

Pants steadily migrated beyond the realm of leisure in women’s wardrobes, though there were still strict limits on where women could wear them. In 1933, actress Marlene Dietrich, who tantalized audiences as a tuxedo-clad cabaret singer in the 1930 film Morocco, caused a minor uproar by turning up to famed Hollywood hangout the Brown Derby in pants. According to the Los Angeles Times, Robert Cobb, the restaurant’s owner, refused to seat her. On witnessing her rejection, a pair of comics, Bert Wheeler and Robert Woolsey, left the restaurant and came back in skirts (it’s unclear whether they were allowed in). It would be decades before Cobb lifted his ban on women in pants, the Times said.

AP Photo

Marlene Dietrich wearing a Chanel suit in 1933.

The triumph of pants

However devoted the anti-pants faction, it couldn’t stop change. During World War II, for instance, practicality trumped propriety and many women pulled on pants as they entered the workplace to fill the jobs left vacant by men going off to fight.

Even after the war, as women returned to the home, the notion of a woman wearing pants was losing its shock value—in the home at least, if not yet so much outside it. In 1960, a judge ejected a woman named Lois Rabinowitz from a New York traffic court for wearing pants, telling her to come back “properly dressed” on a later date. But the image of the housewife in a full skirt was quickly growing outdated.

Mary Tyler Moore made it a point to use her wardrobe choices to update that image. In the 1960s, the actress wanted the character she played on The Dick Van Dyke Show to reflect the real lives of American women. “I think we broke new ground, and that was helped by my insistence on wearing pants, you know, jeans and capri pants at the time because I said I’ve seen all the other actresses and they’re always running the vacuum in these little flowered frocks with high heels on, and I don’t do that,” Moore told NPR in 1995. “And I don’t know any of my friends who do that.”

Sponsors didn’t love the “cupping under” the pants did on Moore’s rear. But she sneakily incorporated pants into the wardrobe more and more, and eventually they became part of her character’s look.

By the time the counter-culture movement of the 1960s had reached its height, a woman in pants wasn’t much to be outraged by, even if in workplaces pants remained the preserve of men for a while longer. Until 1993, it was the unofficial rule on the floor of the US Senate that women weren’t supposed to wear pants. Now, of course, former senator Hillary Clinton looks practically conservative in her wardrobe of pantsuits (or you could just call them suits).

Still, there are lingering reminders that women have had to travel a long road to get to a point where they can cover their legs as they choose. As recently as 2013, France revoked a law that barred women in Paris from wearing pants. Najat Vallaud-Belkacem, France’s minister of women’s rights, had said when the law was overturned that it “aimed first of all at limiting the access of women to certain offices or occupations by preventing them from dressing in the manner of men. ” (The law apparently focused on Paris because, during the French Revolution, that’s where a trouser-wearing faction of the working class calling itself les sans-culottes rose against the upper classes, the men of which dressed in puffy, knee-length breeches, i.e. culottes. Female revolutionaries wanted to don trousers too, but were prohibited, and risked arrest if they did.)

And then, of course, there are still cases such as the schools in North Carolina and Pennsylvania, promoting beliefs that are long outdated by this point. Kozak, the Pennsylvania senior who fought to change the dress policy for her graduation ceremony, put it succinctly. “If you’d like to argue that forcing women to wear a dress or skirt promotes ‘traditional values’ or helps young ladies ‘meet a certain expectation,’ I would like to remind you that it’s 2019,” she told school administrators. “Women do not have an expectation to live up to; women do not have a certain standard to meet. We are not living in the 1800s anymore.”

This story is part of How We’ll Win in 2019, a year-long exploration of workplace gender equality. Read more stories here.

What is the Dining Dress Code

A.

In general, most onboard dining locations are "cruise casual,” so casual attire, such as shorts and T-shirts, is permitted, with the exception of swimwear and tank tops. Most cruises have special theme nights that provide opportunities to dress up for a one-of-a-kind family photo. Here's a breakdown of special dress events by cruise itinerary:

3-night cruises:

• One cruise casual night—no swimwear or tank tops
• One pirate night themed deck party
• One optional “dress-up night"—jacket for men, dress or pantsuit for women

4-night cruises:

• First night is cruise casual—no swimwear or tank tops
• One pirate night themed deck party
• One optional dress-up night—jacket for men, dress or pantsuit for women
• Final night is cruise casual—no swimwear or tank tops

7-night cruises:

• First night is cruise casual—no swimwear or tank tops
• One pirate night or other themed deck party
• 3 additional cruise casual nights—no swimwear or tank tops
• One formal and one semi-formal night—both give you the opportunity to dress up and take advantage of the onboard photography services. Though optional, we recommend dress pants with a jacket or a suit for men, and dress or pantsuit for women

Dress Codes for Palo and Remy, Adults-Only Restaurants for Guests 18 and Older

So that we may provide an enjoyable and refined dining experience for all Guests, please be advised that tank tops, swimsuits, swimsuit cover-ups, shorts, hats, cut-offs, torn clothing, t-shirts with offensive language and/or graphics, flip-flops or tennis shoes are not permitted at Palo or Remy. We thank you for your understanding and your cooperation with the following dress requirements

At Palo: The elegant northern Italian-inspired dining venue aboard all 4 ships.

Dinner and Brunch

• Men: dress pants or slacks and collared shirt; jacket is optional
• Women: dress, skirt or pants with a blouse
• Jeans may be worn if in good condition (no holes)

At Remy: Serving sophisticated French cuisine aboard the Disney Dream and Disney Fantasy.

Dress to Impress

To preserve the elegant atmosphere, you are asked to adhere to a strict dress code when dining at Remy.

Dinner

At dinnertime, the following dress code is enforced:

• Men: A jacket (such as a sports, suit or tuxedo jacket) is required, with dress pants/slacks and shoes. Ties are optional. Please no jeans, shorts, sandals, flip-flops or tennis shoes.
• Ladies: Cocktail dress, evening dress, pant suit or skirt/blouse are required. Please no jeans, shorts, capri pants, sandals, flip-flops or tennis shoes.

Brunch and Dessert

During brunch and dessert, the following dress code is enforced:

• Men: Dress pants and a shirt are required for men. A jacket is optional. Please no jeans, shorts, capri pants, sandals, flip-flops or tennis shoes.
• Women: A dress or pantsuit is required. Please no jeans, shorts, capri pants, sandals, flip-flops or tennis shoes.

Discover all the restaurants and dining options aboard Disney Cruise Line.

Clothing requirements

The tradition of wearing a certain outfit in educational institutions has existed for many years. In gymnasiums, lyceums, seminaries, institutes for noble maidens, in cadet corps, there was a mandatory uniform. This tradition came to Russia in 1834 from England. The uniform made it possible to distinguish between students from different institutions, disciplined, smoothed out social inequality, and develops a careful attitude to clothing. The style of school uniforms in the Soviet Union since 1949 was the same for all educational institutions: brown dresses with aprons for girls and blue suits for boys.In 1992, the uniform was officially canceled. Since that time, each school could decide for itself whether or not to introduce a form within its walls.

December 27, 2012, at a regular meeting of the State Council, Russian President V.V. Putin advocated the introduction of compulsory school uniforms in Russia. He noted that “it is important to restore the best school traditions, including the educational role of the school. Of course, the school uniform should not be the same everywhere and everywhere, but we need to make sure that all children are comfortable at school, regardless of nationality, religion, and even more so from the wealth of their parents. "

Law of St. Petersburg dated 17.07.2013 No. 461-83 "On Education in St. Petersburg"

"Article 13. Requirements for clothing of students of state educational organizations"

1. For students in educational programs of primary general, basic general, secondary general education and secondary vocational education, uniform requirements for clothing are established (hereinafter - students' clothing): occupations, temperature conditions in the room;
the appearance and clothing of students of state educational organizations must comply with generally accepted standards of business style, be secular in nature;
students are not recommended to wear clothes, shoes and accessories with traumatic fittings, with symbols of asocial informal youth associations, as well as promoting psychoactive substances and illegal behavior in state educational organizations.

2. The state educational organization has the right to establish the following types of clothing for students:
- casual clothing;
- dress clothes;
- sportswear.

3. General view of students' clothing, its color, style are determined taking into account the opinions of all participants in the educational process of the state educational organization.

4. Additional requirements for students' clothing and the obligation to wear it are established by the local regulatory act of the educational organization.

5. Students' clothes may have distinctive signs of the state educational organization (class, class parallels): emblems, stripes, badges, ties.

Why do we need a uniform style of clothing for students?
• Austere dress code creates a business-like atmosphere at school that is essential for class.
• Uniform disciplines a person.
• Uniform style avoids competition among children in dress.
• No problem With what to go to school, children develop a positive attitude, a calm state activates the desire to learn.
• A uniform style of dress helps a child to feel like a student and a member of a certain group, makes it possible to feel their involvement in this particular school.
• If the child likes the clothes, he will take pride in his appearance.

One style is:
• Ability to wear business clothes
• Problem solving What to go to school?
• Feeling proud of your appearance
• Desire to work in a team
• Solving social problems

Business casual attire for training sessions

For girls: clothes should be classic style, modern strict cut: suit, vest, skirt, trousers, navy blue dress, blouse, turtleneck (plain, calm colors, without inscriptions and drawings), in various combinations.

Neat hairstyle, if the girl has long hair, it should be tied up (ponytail, bun, braid), bangs should not cover her eyes.

For boys: clothes of a classic style, modern strict cut: a classic suit, a jacket, a vest, dark blue trousers, a shirt (plain, calm tones, without inscriptions and drawings), a tie in various combinations.

Business Attire excludes: Jeans, Shorts, T-shirts, T-shirts, Sportswear, Slippers and Flip Flops.

More details on the requirements for the appearance of students can be found in the Regulation on the appearance of students in grades 1-11.

Clothing requirements

Good afternoon! In this article, I suggest you familiarize yourself with what clothes are, what requirements are imposed on them, as well as what applies to clothes and what does not.

Clothes are various items made of materials of plant, animal and artificial origin, which protect the human body from various environmental influences, maintain a normal healthy state of the body and, in addition, serve as an object of decoration.

Clothes do not include: hats, gloves, stockings and shoes.

Outerwear includes: coats, short coats, raincoats, jackets, jackets, skirts, trousers, vests, dresses, robes, blouses and so on.

Depending on the seasonality, the purpose, the clothes are divided into winter, demi-season (spring-autumn), summer and all-season.

Clothing requirements

1. Hygienic requirements ensure the heat-shielding properties of clothing, air exchange in the underwear layer, helps to remove moisture from the body, and protects against adverse (conditions) environmental influences.
2. Operational ones provide for the convenience of using clothing and its reliability in operation. Comfortable clothing provides freedom of movement and breathing of a person, easy putting on and taking off; reliability in use means trouble-free service of clothes during the entire period of wearing until the moment of its moral or physical wear.
3. Aesthetic includes the artistic production of a product, a set of accessories and materials in color and texture in accordance with the requirements of fashion.
4. Technical requirements must be met during the production of clothing in full compliance with the requirements of standards and specifications.
5. Economic provide for a reduction in the cost of manufactured products, minimum consumption of materials, reduction of time for manufacturing products, etc.

The process of making clothes includes three main stages: creating a model, design and patterns; preparation of material for cutting and cutting; sewing the product.

Like this post? Share!

Basic consumer properties and requirements for clothes

Clothing is one of the means of protecting the human body. She performs not only a utilitarian, but also an aesthetic, psychological, social role.

The range of materials for clothing is constantly updated. Various fabrics, non-woven materials, artificial and natural fur, genuine leather, duplicated materials are used.

Requirements for clothing depend on its purpose, operating conditions, age and gender of the consumer.

Functional requirements.

The utilitarian (practical) function of clothing is to protect a person from adverse weather conditions, to provide optimal temperature conditions. Clothing should adorn a person, hide his physical defects. Clothing can serve as a sign of sadness (mourning) and a sign of joy (wedding).Clothing performs various social, ritual, and professional functions. Accordingly, different meanings of the functions of the garment are determined. For example, for formal and elegant clothes, the main function is aesthetic, wearability and durability for everyday wear.

Ergonomic requirements.

Ergonomic requirements for clothing are associated with physiological, anthropometric and other characteristics of a person. Clothing should be comfortable and create a feeling of comfort, it should not tire and cause a decrease in performance.

Anthropometric requirements.

Clothes must correspond to the height, size, fullness of the buyer. Clothes should be convenient to take off, put on, button up, iron, change sizes, etc. Of great importance in clothes is the degree of freedom of fitting the product to the figure, it is provided by the corresponding values ​​of increments or allowances.

The minimum allowance for a coat is 5-6 cm, for a dress, jacket, jacket - 2.5 cm.

Anthropometric requirements are also met through the use of textile materials capable of compensating for changes in body size in dynamics due to deformation and elongation.The greater the elongation of the textile materials of fishing, the smaller the allowances for free fitting should be.

Hygiene requirements.

The hygienic requirements include: thermal protection, hygroscopicity, vapor and air permeability, water resistance.

Thermal protection - the ability of clothing to keep warm; the design, cut, style affect the thermal protection. To increase the heat protection, fleece fabrics and special insulation cushioning materials are used.

Hygroscopicity - the ability of clothing to absorb moisture to ensure the absorption of sweat and its return to the external environment; It is due to the hygroscopicity of the fabric from which the clothes are made.

Air permeability. Clothing should be well ventilated. Carbon dioxide accumulates in the underwear space, this negatively affects the well-being and performance of a person

claims. The highest air permeability should be observed in the underwear and dress assortment, the least - overcoat, raincoat, costume.

Water vapor permeability. The thicker and denser the fabric, the less vapor permeability. The best vapor permeability for clothing made of cotton and viscose fabrics.

Weight of the garment. The weight of a set of winter clothing is sometimes 1/10 of a person's body weight. This causes additional energy consumption when worn, therefore, it is necessary to use light basic, auxiliary and insulation materials.

Aesthetic requirements.

Clothing should correspond to modern style and fashion.

Style is a historically established stable system of means and techniques of artistic expression. Features of the Gothic, Romanesque, Baroque, Rococo styles are reflected in the form, size, color, proportions. The style reflects the character of the era, its artistic taste and determines the changes in the forms of household items and clothing.

The reliability of garments in operation is an important consumer property. During operation, the quality indicators should not change dramatically over a certain period of time (service life of the garment).The reliability of clothing is associated with partial or complete loss or change in the utilitarian and aesthetic properties of the garment. The reliability of clothing is a complex property consisting of such elements as reliability, maintainability, durability, etc.

The durability of a product depends on its resistance to physical wear and tear. Physical wear and tear is a visible destruction of materials, changes in size, color, loss of waterproof properties, etc. If a product has ceased to meet fashion or consumers have changed requirements for the shape, color, texture of the material, it means that the obsolescence of clothing has occurred.

Anthropometric properties of garments - properties that ensure the compliance of the dimensional characteristics of products with the shape and size of the human body in statics and dynamics, creating favorable conditions for breathing, blood circulation, as well as performing various movements, ease of use (the ability to easily put on, take off , fasten, use separate elements).

Safety of products is a property of products that ensures the absence of unacceptable risk associated with harm to human life, health and property.It is determined by harmlessness - the absence of the release of substances harmful to the body (toxic, pathogenic microorganisms, allergic action), the electrification of materials. In clothing, safety is also ensured by the necessary parameters for the clothing space, the ability of products to protect the human body from the harmful effects of the environment; reliable connection of parts and assemblies.

Hygienic properties of garments - properties that provide a comfortable microclimate of the underwear space (temperature, humidity, gas composition, cleanliness, etc.)), good health and human performance, protecting against the effects of adverse external factors. The main characteristics of these properties are: heat-shielding, hygroscopicity, sorption capacity, air permeability, dust permeability, dust holding capacity, electrification, dirt holding capacity.

Obsolescence (social obsolescence) of products - loss of the ability of products to satisfy aesthetic needs while maintaining the main useful properties with a change in fashion, children's clothing - inconsistency with the shape and size of the child as a result of growth.

Consumer properties of products - a set of properties manifested during the operation (consumption) of products, including safety, functional, ergonomic, aesthetic and reliability properties.

Psychophysiological properties of garments - properties that provide mental comfort and physiological needs of a person. Determined by the aesthetics of products, good fit (clothing), anthropometric compliance, comfortable conditions for the body.

Repairability of products - the ability of products to restore their original properties as a result of minor, as well as medium and major (reworking) clothing repair. It is determined by the complexity of the design, the way of connecting parts and assemblies. The most repairable are products with a thread connection.

Reliability properties of garments - properties that ensure the ability of products to maintain material and intangible properties within specified limits for a certain time during storage, transportation and operation, including durability, preservation, maintainability.

Storability of products - the ability of products to maintain consumer properties after storage and transportation.

Service life of products - the calendar duration of product operation to the limit state (physical and (or) obsolescence) in days, months, years.

Physiological properties of garments - properties that ensure compliance of products with power and speed capabilities of a person. Determined by the conformity of products to the size and shape of the human body, mass, rigidity, flexibility, friction force between the layers of the product, the product and human skin.

Physical wear and tear of products - deterioration of the properties of materials or their destruction, changes in the design, shape and (or) dimensions of products, destruction of joints of parts and assemblies under the influence of the simultaneous influence of mechanical, physicochemical and biological factors.

Form and dimensional stability of products - the ability of products to maintain and quickly restore their original shape, changed during storage, transportation, operation under the influence of physicochemical and mechanical factors.Determined by elasticity, stiffness, shrinkage (attraction) of materials; in clothes also - by the design of the product, - by the presence of elastic cushioning parts, processing of rigid parts (quilting the lower collar, lapels, belt, etc.), crease resistance and anti-shrinkage of finishes.

Functional properties of garments - ensuring the conformity of products to the size and full-age group of a person; areas of application and operating conditions in clothing; the season.

Ergonomic properties of garments - characterizing convenience and comfort, including anthropometric, hygienic, psychophysiological and physiological.

Aesthetic properties of products - ensuring the ability of products to meet the social needs of a person, compliance with the social aesthetic ideal, the prevailing style direction, fashion, tastes of consumers. They include information expressiveness, rationality of form, integrity of the composition, a high level of confection, technological processing and finishing.

What should be the clothes of a laboratory assistant

Complex experiments that are carried out using chemical reagents require personnel to comply with certain safety rules. The use of drying cabinets, muffle furnaces, distillers, rotators, centrifuges is carried out in special equipment that is able to protect the skin and mucous membranes from toxic substances and prevent the ingress of toxic compounds into the body.The requirements for the clothing of laboratory technicians are contained in the standards and instructions that must be kept at the enterprise.

Basic conditions

Personnel activities are carried out only in closed shoes with low heels, in dressing gowns and special headdresses. When working with concentrated acids and alkalis, goggles, gloves and long aprons made of rubber should be worn. The equipment used to work with vacuum drying ovens, centrifuges, distillers has oil-repellent properties.If a laboratory technician takes samples in a workshop, he is usually provided with a gas mask and hard hat.

Requirements and standards

Clothes are made of materials that are resistant to physical and chemical influences, such as the influence of organic solvents, repeated washing, dry rubbing, light. The protective properties of fabrics with constant cleaning can be reduced by no more than 20%. The clothes used by laboratory technicians are made from natural raw materials and may contain impurities of chemical fibers.

Equipment must be breathable, puncture and cut resistant. Additionally, clothing can have a local enhancement of protective qualities, for which rubberized fabrics, artificial leather and fabrics with special impregnations are used. Clothes can be supplied with a variety of fasteners, hoods, volume adjusters, wristbands, pockets, straps. It should be borne in mind that the technological solutions used in the creation of clothing should provide ease of use and functionality....

Article 120. Requirements for special protective clothing for firefighters / Consultant Plus

Article 120. Requirements for special protective clothing for firefighters

1. Special protective clothing (general purpose, for protection against thermal influences and insulating type) must provide protection for firefighters from the dangerous effects of fire factors. In this case, the degree of protection should be characterized by indicators, the values ​​of which are set in accordance with the need to ensure safe working conditions for firefighters.

2. The materials used and the design of special protective clothing must prevent the penetration of fire-extinguishing substances into the inner space of clothing and provide the possibility of urgent removal of clothing, control of the pressure in the cylinders of the breathing apparatus, reception and transmission of information (sound, visual or with the help of special devices).

3. The design and materials used for special protective clothing of insulating type must ensure the maintenance of excess air pressure in the space under the suit at a level that ensures safe working conditions for a firefighter working in special protective clothing of an insulating type.

4. Special protective clothing of an insulating type used to extinguish fires at hazardous production facilities must provide protection against ingress of aggressive and (or) radioactive substances on the skin and internal organs of a person. Special protective clothing of an insulating type used when fighting fires and carrying out emergency rescue operations at radiation hazardous facilities, in addition, must ensure the protection of human vital organs from ionizing radiation.In this case, the attenuation coefficient of external exposure to beta radiation with an energy of not more than 2 megaelectronvolts (source Sr90) should be at least 150, the attenuation coefficient of external exposure to gamma radiation with an energy of 122 keV (source Co57) - not less than 5.5.

5. The mass of special protective clothing of insulating type must ensure the possibility of safe working conditions for firefighters.

Open the full text of the document

Requirements for medical clothing for personnel

Requirements for medical clothing for personnel

Overalls are a distinctive feature of medical workers, which distinguishes them from representatives of other professions.Dressing gowns, suits, hats, masks and other elements of clothing become the basis of the doctor's image both in the waiting room and in the operating room. In the online store "Lechi Krasivo" you can choose stylish and high-quality clothes for the staff of medical institutions. Fashionable styles, bright colors and non-standard solutions - all this is presented in the catalog.

Medical clothing has several basic functions:

• denotes the scope of human activity;
• protects the body and normal clothing from contact with blood, drugs and other substances.

According to the functional purpose, clothes for doctors are of the following categories:

• for operations;
• for medical manipulations in the waiting rooms and in the hospital;
• for pathological procedures.

The standards of medical clothing depend on the specialization of the doctor. There are also universal requirements. Clothes must be:

• Clean. Doctors should wear a clean uniform every shift.The uniforms presented in the Lechi Beautifully catalog withstand many washes and practically do not wrinkle. The doctor will save time every day.
• Convenient. Nursing clothing should be one size or one size larger. Doctors and nurses move around a lot, so their uniforms shouldn't hinder movement.
• Breathable. Breathable fabrics contribute to comfort throughout the work shift.

The form for doctors, presented in the catalogs of the Lechi Krasivo brand, is made of high quality materials.It performs a protective function, is easy to wash, is wear-resistant and meets all the requirements for medical clothing for personnel. Regular washing does not affect the appearance of the uniform in any way.

A variety of medical clothing allows you to emphasize your own style, look fashionable and modern at the workplace.

Requirements for medical caps

A medical cap is an important and indispensable accessory used by doctors every day.It performs a protective function: it prevents hair from getting on objects and surfaces in offices and operating rooms. Also, the accessory protects hair from contact with medicinal substances. The requirements for a medical cap depend on the conditions in which it will be used. It should be:

• non-toxic;
• made of hypoallergenic material;
• breathable and moisture resistant;
• on a stretching elastic band;
• durable and wear-resistant.

The medical caps presented in the "Lechi Krasivo" range are made of a mixed fabric that meets all the requirements. Stylish products will not wrinkle, which will allow you to look neat throughout the entire work shift.

Requirements for medical gowns

The Medic's appearance includes many elements, but the main piece of clothing is the robe. In polyclinics, dentistry, hospitals and private admission departments, medical personnel most often go to them.The standard uniform has become a hallmark of doctors, so special attention is paid to its choice. The gowns are also used by students of medical universities - they are worn both in pairs and in practical classes outside the university.

Requirements for medical gowns depend on the place of their use. The main one is that the uniform of medical staff should be sterile, practical and comfortable. For specialists working in the admission department and in the hospital, there are usually no restrictions on the appearance of the form.

When choosing a medical gown, you need to pay attention to:

• the length of the sleeves: in the warm season, models with short sleeves are relevant, in the cold - with long ones; there may be special requirements related to the specifics of the work;
• model length: minimum length - slightly above the knee; for their convenience, doctors often choose knee-length gowns;
• size: a medical gown cannot be taken with the hope of losing weight or if it fits the figure; this piece of clothing should be a little loose so that the doctor does not restrict himself in movements).

Style and color are equally important factors. A medical professional who spends most of his working time in a dressing gown wants to be confident in the presentability of his image. High-quality and stylish medical clothing increases self-esteem and allows you to feel comfortable in any situation.

The Lechi Beautifully online store invites you to pay attention to the unique collections of medical gowns. In the catalogs on the site you will find women's bathrobes:

• with a bow on the belt;
• with a double skirt;
• asymmetrical length;
• with a half-sun skirt;
• with black piping.

The clinic can choose gowns for all employees in the same style to highlight the individuality of the institution and attract even more patients. Bright design solutions in clothing will help you stand out from competitors. Fasteners, inserts of other colors, embroidery, drawings are used as decorative elements.

Men's dressing gowns in the "Lechi Krasivo" range differ in design, can be with various buttons and knitted inserts, and have a stand-up collar.Some models are distinguished by an asymmetrical cut.

Requirements for footwear of medical workers

Doctors and nurses spend most of their working time on their feet. Receiving patients, moving between rooms and floors in a hospital, performing operations - all this requires endurance during the day. If the shift lasts a day, then fatigue will only accumulate. Comfortable footwear will allow you to feel comfortable while working and not to experience pain in your legs.

Basic requirements for footwear of medical workers:

• wide toe - prevents squeezing of the toes and the appearance of calluses;
• non-slip sole - in medical institutions, tiles are often used as flooring, so it is important that the doctor feels comfortable;
• durability - high-quality shoes are worn for a long time;
• high sole - allows you not to create additional stress on the spine;
• good air and heat exchange - to protect against dermatological diseases.

Medical footwear manufacturers take care not only of basic requirements, but also of comfortable closure and modern design. In the catalogs of the online store "Lechi Krasivo" various models of footwear made of hypoallergenic materials are presented. All models presented on the site are also different:

• antistatic properties;
• ease of care;
• removable antibacterial insole;
• adjustable straps.

Medical footwear from "Lechi Krasivo" can be easily washed using cleaning agents, and some models can even be autoclaved.

To create an individual style, the assortment also includes jibits and patches that are used to decorate shoes. Both female and male models will become unique with these accessories.

We recommend that you pay attention to medical shoes from the brands Oxypas and Leon, which have proven themselves well.Manufacturers were able to combine natural materials with high-quality tailoring and affordable prices. The basis of the assortment of footwear in the Lechi Krasivo store is made up of the goods of these brands.

Medical clothing and footwear are important components of a doctor's image, and the requirements for them are quite universal. All wardrobe items should be comfortable, sterile, practical and suitable for long-term wear in clinics, hospitals and other medical institutions.

Order stylish clothes and shoes in the Lechi Krasivo online store.We guarantee high quality goods and fast delivery to the regions of Russia.

Sanitary requirements for cook clothes

A pastry chef, a trendy restaurant chef and a nearby sushi bar “guru” all work in the catering industry. Ultimately, both the quality of the finished product and the health of the people who use their services depend on the observance of personal hygiene by these chefs.

The main task of a cook's clothing is to protect food from potential "contamination" by the worker himself.

The set of sanitary clothes for the cook includes:

• robe (jacket),
• chef's hat (hat, scarf),
• skirt / pants,
• chef's apron,
• shoes.

Modern sets of sanitary clothes are made without buttons, buttons and pockets.

Sanitary requirements for clothes for cooks

Sanitary clothing should be made of cotton, easily disinfected, white or light-colored.

• It should be regularly disinfected and ironed after washing with a hot iron.
• Cooks are obliged to change sanitary clothes as they become dirty (at least every 2 days), and also - necessarily - before the immediate distribution of ready-made food.
• The chef is obliged to cover his head with a special kerchief or a cap to avoid accidental ingestion of hair into food. The headpiece is put on before putting on a robe or jacket!
• Cook's shoes should have non-slip soles, closed heels, easy to clean.

Forbidden:

• to wear any jewelry during work - beads, rings, clips, to prevent them from getting into food,
• Wear sharp pricks in sanitary clothes,

• to leave their workplace in sanitary clothes, including visiting the staff bathroom,
• to store sanitary clothes together with items of outer clothing,
• To pin sanitary clothing with pins, brooches, needles and hairpins.

Cooks must be dressed in sanitary clothes and footwear of the established sample and made of materials approved by Rospotrebnadzor. Sanitary clothing should cover the employee's personal clothing well and be as comfortable as possible.

Sanitary clothes are stored in a special cabinet, periodically this cabinet is also washed and disinfected.

Norms of sanitary clothes for cooks are determined by the Ministry of Trade and Rospotrebnadzor.

You can pick up comfortable, beautiful and durable overalls in the stores of the MKS company.