How is the Shiga toxin gene localized in Shigella dysenteriae. What methods were used to generate stx mutants. How does Shiga toxin production affect virulence in S. dysenteriae. What insights does this study provide about the genetics of Shiga toxin production.
Mapping the Shiga Toxin Gene in Shigella dysenteriae
The study by Sekizaki et al. focused on localizing the genetic determinant responsible for high-level Shiga toxin production in Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1. Through a series of genetic experiments, the researchers were able to map the location of this critical virulence factor.
Construction of Hfr Strains
To begin the mapping process, the researchers first constructed Hfr (High frequency of recombination) strains of S. dysenteriae. This was accomplished by integrating an RP4 plasmid derivative carrying transposon Tn501 into the Shigella chromosome. The integration occurred through Tn501-mediated cointegration, creating strains capable of efficiently transferring chromosomal genes during bacterial conjugation.
Conjugation Experiments
The newly created Hfr strains of S. dysenteriae were then mated with Escherichia coli K-12 recipients carrying various auxotrophic markers. This conjugation process allowed for the transfer of prototrophic Shigella genes to the E. coli recipients. Importantly, some of the resulting E. coli transconjugants were found to produce high levels of a cytotoxin that was neutralized by both polyclonal and monoclonal anti-Shiga toxin sera, indicating the successful transfer of the Shiga toxin-producing determinant.
Genetic Mapping
Using the E. coli transconjugants that had acquired the ability to produce Shiga toxin, the researchers were able to map the location of the toxin determinant, which they designated as stx. Through Hfr crosses, they localized stx to the trp-pyrF region, situated at approximately 30 minutes on the E. coli chromosome. Further refinement of the gene order was achieved through bacteriophage P1-mediated transduction analysis, which established the sequence as trp-pyrF-stx.
Generation of Shiga Toxin Mutants
A key aspect of this study was the creation and characterization of Shiga toxin-deficient mutants. This process involved several sophisticated genetic techniques:
Transposon Mutagenesis
To generate Stx- mutants, the researchers employed random in vivo insertion mutagenesis. They used a Tn10 derivative transposon called Tn-mini-kan to create insertions in the genome of an Stx+ E. coli transductant. This approach allowed for the random disruption of genes, potentially including the stx gene.
Selection and Confirmation of Mutants
Following transposon mutagenesis, the researchers used P1 cotransduction to transfer the kanamycin resistance marker (from the transposon) along with the PyrF+ marker into a pyrF Stx+ E. coli K-12 recipient. This step allowed for the selection of potential stx mutants.
Transfer of Mutations to S. dysenteriae
One of the confirmed stx::Tn-mini-kan transposon mutations was then transferred from the E. coli Stx- mutant back into S. dysenteriae strains. This was accomplished by first moving the mutation into an E. coli K-12 Hfr strain via P1 transduction, and then using conjugation to transfer it to the original S. dysenteriae 1 strain and two others.
Impact of Shiga Toxin Production on Virulence
An intriguing finding of this study was the relationship between Shiga toxin production and virulence in S. dysenteriae:
- All kanamycin-resistant recombinants of S. dysenteriae 1 that received the stx::Tn-mini-kan mutation lost their ability to produce high levels of Shiga toxin.
- Despite the loss of Shiga toxin production, these Stx- mutants of S. dysenteriae 1 exhibited full virulence in the Serény test, a standard assay for measuring the invasiveness of Shigella strains.
This observation suggests that while Shiga toxin is a significant virulence factor, its production is not essential for the overall virulence of S. dysenteriae in this particular model of infection.
Significance of Shiga Toxin Gene Localization
The localization of the stx gene near pyrF on the chromosome of S. dysenteriae 1 provides important insights into the genetic organization of this pathogen. Understanding the precise location of this virulence determinant has several implications:
- It facilitates further genetic studies of Shiga toxin production in S. dysenteriae.
- It allows for the development of more targeted approaches for diagnosing and potentially treating Shiga toxin-producing infections.
- It provides a foundation for comparative genomic studies with other Shiga toxin-producing organisms, such as certain strains of E. coli.
Methodological Advancements in Bacterial Genetics
This study showcases several advanced techniques in bacterial genetics that were cutting-edge at the time:
Hfr Strain Construction
The creation of Hfr strains in S. dysenteriae was a significant achievement, as it allowed for efficient genetic transfer and mapping. How does the Hfr system facilitate genetic analysis in bacteria? Hfr strains can transfer large portions of their chromosome to recipient cells during conjugation, allowing researchers to map the relative positions of genes based on their frequency of transfer.
Transposon Mutagenesis
The use of transposon mutagenesis to generate stx mutants demonstrated the power of this technique in creating targeted gene disruptions. Why is transposon mutagenesis an effective tool for studying gene function? Transposons can insert randomly into the genome, creating mutations that can be easily selected for and mapped, allowing researchers to identify and study the functions of specific genes.
Phage-Mediated Transduction
The application of bacteriophage P1-mediated transduction for fine-mapping and transferring genetic elements between strains highlighted the versatility of this technique. How does phage-mediated transduction contribute to bacterial genetics? It allows for the precise transfer of small segments of bacterial DNA between strains, facilitating detailed genetic mapping and the construction of specific mutant strains.
Implications for Understanding Shiga Toxin-Mediated Diseases
The findings of this study have broader implications for our understanding of Shiga toxin-mediated diseases:
Pathogenesis Mechanisms
The observation that Stx- mutants retained virulence in the Serény test suggests that Shiga toxin may play different roles in various aspects of S. dysenteriae pathogenesis. How might Shiga toxin contribute to disease progression in ways not captured by the Serény test? Shiga toxin could be involved in aspects of infection such as systemic spread, long-term colonization, or induction of specific host responses that are not reflected in the acute invasiveness measured by the Serény test.
Potential Therapeutic Targets
Localizing the stx gene and generating specific mutants provides new avenues for developing targeted therapies. Could inhibiting Shiga toxin production be a viable strategy for treating S. dysenteriae infections? While the study suggests that Shiga toxin is not essential for invasiveness, targeting its production could potentially reduce the severity of symptoms or complications associated with the toxin, such as hemolytic uremic syndrome.
Evolutionary Considerations
The location of the stx gene near housekeeping genes like pyrF raises questions about its evolutionary history. How might the chromosomal location of stx influence its stability and transmission? Its proximity to essential genes could promote its retention in the genome, while also potentially facilitating its spread to other bacteria through horizontal gene transfer mechanisms.
Future Directions and Unanswered Questions
While this study provided significant insights into the genetics of Shiga toxin production in S. dysenteriae, it also opened up new avenues for research:
- What is the exact molecular mechanism by which the stx gene is regulated in S. dysenteriae?
- Are there additional factors near the stx locus that influence toxin production or secretion?
- How does the genetic context of stx in S. dysenteriae compare to that in other Shiga toxin-producing organisms?
- What role does Shiga toxin play in the different stages of S. dysenteriae infection in humans?
- Could the methods used in this study be applied to investigate other virulence factors in Shigella or related pathogens?
These questions highlight the ongoing importance of genetic studies in understanding bacterial pathogenesis and developing new strategies to combat infectious diseases.
Localization of stx, a determinant essential for high-level production of shiga toxin by Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1, near pyrF and generation of stx transposon mutants
. 1987 Sep;55(9):2208-14.
doi: 10.1128/iai.55.9.2208-2214.1987.
T Sekizaki, S Harayama, G M Brazil, K N Timmis
PMID:
3040592
PMCID:
PMC260680
DOI:
10.1128/iai.55.9.2208-2214.1987
Free PMC article
T Sekizaki et al.
Infect Immun.
1987 Sep.
Free PMC article
. 1987 Sep;55(9):2208-14.
doi: 10.
1128/iai.55.9.2208-2214.1987.
Authors
T Sekizaki, S Harayama, G M Brazil, K N Timmis
PMID:
3040592
PMCID:
PMC260680
DOI:
10.1128/iai.55.9.2208-2214.1987
Abstract
Hfr strains of Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 were constructed by transient integration of an RP4 plasmid derivative carrying transposon Tn501 into the Shigella chromosome through Tn501-mediated cointegration. The Hfr strains were mated with Escherichia coli K-12 recipients carrying various auxotrophic markers, and E. coli recombinants which had received prototrophic Shigella genes were selected.
Some of the E. coli transconjugants produced high levels of a cytotoxin which was neutralized by both polyclonal and monoclonal anti-Shiga toxin sera. The determinant for Shiga toxin production, designated stx, was first transferred to E. coli K-12 and then mapped by Hfr crosses to the trp-pyrF region located at 30 min on the E. coli chromosome. Bacteriophage P1-mediated transduction analysis of stx gave the following gene order: trp-pyrF-stx. The level of Shiga toxin production in E. coli Stx+ transconjugants and transductants was as high as that of the parental S. dysenteriae 1 strain. Stx- mutants of an Stx+ E. coli transductant were generated by random in vivo insertion mutagenesis with a Tn10 derivative transposon, Tn-mini-kan, followed by P1 cotransduction of the kanamycin resistance and PyrF+ markers into a pyrF Stx+ E. coli K-12 recipient. One stx::Tn-mini-kan transposon mutation was transferred by P1 transduction from this E. coli Stx- mutant to an E. coli K-12 Hfr strain and in turn transferred by conjugation to the original S.
dysenteriae 1 strain plus two others. All kanamycin-resistant recombinants of S. dysenteriae 1 had lost their ability to produce high levels of Shiga toxin. A gene that specifies high-level Shiga toxin production is thus located near pyrF on the chromosome of S. dysenteriae 1. Stx- mutants of S. dysenteriae 1 exhibited full virulence in the Serény test.
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References
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Original unusual poems. Creative and non-standard poetry 2022
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Original and unusual, creative poems
to write and get rid of white roses – [Andrey Rodionov] Poems not included in the headings / added on 05/19/2023 at 23: 30 views: 5 / reviews: 0
The air is saturated with stardust… – [Yavetsky Pavel]0003
Reflections on love – [Elena Fomina] The world of the soul / added on 05/19/2023 at 21:05 views: 11 / reviews: 3 19:39 views: 4 / reviews: 1
You can’t replace the soul with the body (Epigram) — [Aleksey “Customs”] reviews: 0
Dandelions .
.. – [Svetlana Dergach (Meshcheryakova)] Poems not included in the headings / added 19.05.2023 at 16:10 Views: 4 / Reviews: 0
Wild field – [Alisa Mikhailovna Volkonskaya] Poems that were not included in the headings / added on 05/19/2023 at 15:53 reviews: 12 / Reviews: 1
Communists – [ Alisa Mikhailovna Volkonskaya] Poems not included in the headings / added on 05/19/2023 at 15:30 views: 7 / reviews: 1 headings / added on 19.05.2023 at 15:10 views: 3 / reviews: 0
Sample. On the swings of life. Natasha’s poem… – [Nina Shendrik] Poems not included in the headings / added on 05/19/2023 at 2:57 pm views: 10 / reviews: 2 2023 at 13:55 views: 2 / reviews: 0
Sailors – [Yuri Bogomolov] Poems not included in the headings / added on 05/19/2023 at 10:49 views: 3 / reviews: 0
Your daily ritual … – [Evgeny Ryabov] Poems not included in the headings / added 19.05.2023 at 10:11 views: 6 / reviews: 0
The night is leaving – [Larisa] Boris Ponomarev] Poems not included in the headings / added on 05/19/2023 at 07:21 views: 4 / reviews: 0
Good morning – [Yana Borisova] Poems not included in the headings / added on May 19, 2023 at 06:42 views : 29 / reviews: 7
Haven’t played yet – [Sergey Vokrich].
05.2023 at 06:40 views: 2 / reviews: 0
Parting – [Galina Korolkova] Poems not included in the headings / added on May 19, 2023 at 06:23 views: 6 / reviews: 0
Arrogant nose – [Alexander Popov-Opechensky] Ironic verses / added on 05/18/2023 at 9:52 pm views: 12 / reviews: 2
Later Lesson – [Vitaly Golnev] Poems not included in the headings / added on 05/18/2023 at 9:49 pm views: 4 / reviews: 0
More Hellas is good… – [Vitaly Golnev] Poems not included in the headings / added on 05/18/2023 at 21:47 views: 3 / reviews: 0
* Hundreds of years travel around Russia (St. I. Alekseeva … – [Irina Alekseeva22 Vladimir Korobov11] – [Elena Korvin] Poems not included in the headings / added on May 18, 2023 at 19:29 views: 5 / reviews: 1
Losikha – [Galina Korolkova] Poems not included in the headings / added on May 18, 2023 at 15:13 views: 5 / reviews: 0
A sad evening – [Galiaskarova Elena] Poems not included in headings / added on May 18, 2023 at 14:46 views: 11 / reviews: 0
Mayskoye – [Elena Pron] Poems not included in the headings / added on 05/18/2023 at 2:33 pm views: 9 / reviews: 0 .
2023 at 13:34 views: 8 / reviews: 0
Not everyone will appreciate the revelation – [Aleksantin] Poems not included in the headings / added on 05/18/2023 at 13:34 views: 2 / reviews: 0
I’ll Show the Great World! — [Aleksey “Customs”]0003
Evening day – [Nikita Malyants] Poems not included in the headings / added on May 18, 2023 at 11:19 6 views / reviews: 0
Dennis Tito – [Dmitry Malyants] Poems not included in the headings / added on May 18. 2023 at 09:54 views: 5 / reviews: 0
…. — [Marusya Kozlova] Natasha Korneeva] Poems not included in the headings / added on 05/18/2023 at 09:03 views: 6 / reviews: 1
Rybka – [Natasha Korneeva] Poems not included in the headings / added on 05/18/2023 at 08:55 views: 4 / reviews: 0
about dead wood – [Alexander Tsvetkov] Poems, not included in the headings / added on 05/18/2023 at 08:33 views: 4 / reviews: 0
Own pole – [Mikhail Bombusov] Poems not included in the headings / added on 05/18/2023 at 07:54 views: 3 / reviews: 0
LINE TA .
.. – [Artsybashev Gennady]views: 3 / reviews: 0
Distribution of shares around the corner – [Gennady Dergachev] Poems not included in headings / added on 05/18/2023 at 07:16 views: 5 / reviews: 0
next to you I am – [Yana Borisova ] Poems not included in the headings / added on May 18, 2023 at 06:10 34 views / reviews: 6
This is later … – [Alisa Mikhailovna Volkonskaya] Poems not included in the headings / added on May 18, 2023 at 00: 56 views: 13 / reviews: 1
Under the sky of tavern everyday life – [Alisa Mikhailovna Volkonskaya] Poems not included in the headings / added on May 18, 2023 at 00:33 views: 36 / reviews: 3
Sod shot through, stretched … – [Yavetsky Pavel] Poems not included in the headings / added on 05/18/2023 at 00:07 views: 5 / reviews: 0
Bumblebees – [Yavetsky Pavel] Poems not included in the headings / added on 05/17/2023 at 23:52 views: 8 / reviews: 0
Scooter – [Anatoly Pavlovsky] Poems not included in the headings / added on 05/17/2023 at 22:48 views: 6 / reviews: 0
I am a light bulb turned on .
.. – [Yavetsky Pavel]0003
We will not notice him … – [Alisa Mikhailovna Volkonskaya] Poems not included in the headings / added on 05/17/2023 at 20:35 views: 33 / reviews: 3 headings / added on May 17, 2023 at 20:22 views: 5 / reviews: 0
Summer in two weeks – [V.Vladimirov] Poems not included in the headings / added on May 17, 2023 at 20:13 views: 3 / reviews: 0
Order – [Svetlana Panasenkova]0003
20 verses for the last call – grade 11 (from … – [Life of people] Poems not included in the headings / added on 05/17/2023 at 17:55 views: 34 / reviews: 0
Turn the page … – [Inna Kovylina] Poems not included in the headings / added on 05/17/2023 at 17:42 views: 11 / reviews: 0
headings / added on 17.05.2023 at 17:27 views: 32 / reviews: 0
Dreams that left me far behind – [Squirrel Belochkina] Poems not included in the headings / added on 17.05.2023 at 16:37 views: 2 / reviews: 0
Word – [Larisa] Poems not included in the headings / added on May 17, 2023 at 16:11 views: 8 / reviews: 0
Eldorado – [Denis Savin] Poems not included in the headings / added on May 17, 2023 at 15 :32 views: 7 / reviews: 0
Thoughts aloud – [Marat Syrazi] Poems in prose / added on 05/17/2023 at 15:08 views: 5 / reviews: 0
So life rushed by – [Marat] Poems, not Categorized / added on 17.
05.2023 at 14:43 views: 5 / reviews: 0
About an evil old woman. – [Evgeny Butrim] Satirical poems / added on 05/17/2023 at 12:43 11 views / reviews: 0
Rock, Brushes, and Work – [Aleksey “Customs”] verses not included in the headings / added on May 17, 2023 at 12:40 pm views: 5 / reviews: 0
Cozy May evening – [Alexei N. Maslenitsyn] Poems not included in the headings / added on May 17, 2023 at 11:25 views: 11 / reviews: 0
The sea will throw out a mermaid – [Dmitry Malyants]0003
Who needs the souls of the nebula now. – [Valentin Baranov] Poems not included in the headings / added on May 17, 2023 at 09:55 views: 4 / reviews: 0
Flibuster – [Galina Korolkova] Poems not included in the headings / added on May 17, 2023 at 09:39 views: 9 / reviews: 1
SON… unread letter. – [Natalya Bogdanova] World of the soul / added on 05/17/2023 at 08:43 10 views / reviews: 0
With the letter Z… – [Igor Deryabin] Poems not included in the headings / added on 05/17/2023 at 05: 42 views: 5 / reviews: 0
How beautiful is Autumn.
.. – [Vladimir Prohoda] Poems not included in the headings / added on 05/17/2023 at 05:38 views: 9 / reviews: 3
yellow night… – [Student Liu] Poems, not rubrics / added on May 17, 2023 at 05:33 11 views / reviews: 1
Not for the sake of awards, pedestals and fame – [Angela Baer] Poems not included in rubrics / added on May 17, 2023 at 05:06 views: 22 / reviews: 4
Very nonsense .. – [Al Fernis] Poems not included in the headings / added on May 17, 2023 at 01:14 views: 3 / reviews: 0
“Children’s” (Melodeclamation, art. A. Kudryasheva) – [Svetlana Kaigorodova] World of the soul / added on 05/17/2023 at 00:34 views: 38 / reviews: 0
I figured out how to take a picture of a bird – [V. Vladimirov] Poems not included in the headings / added on 05/16/2023 at 23:50 views: 5 / reviews: 0
at 23:34 views: 4 / reviews: 0
Try on a different life – [Igor Ryzhiy] Poems not included in the headings / added on 05/16/2023 at 22:18 views: 32 / reviews: 5
About the friendship of peoples – [Konstantin Yakhontov] Poems not included in the headings / added on 05/16/2023 at 20:32 views: 3 / reviews: 0
The rose was plucked – [Bezh-Ge] Poems not included in the headings / added 05/16/2023 at 20:15 views: 4 / reviews: 0
except bitterness – [Rimma Nouarre] Den Zhe] Poems not included in the headings / added on 05/16/2023 at 19:18 views: 4 / reviews: 1
Paper man – [Nelli m.
] , Uncategorized / added on 05/16/2023 at 19:08 views: 3 / reviews: 0
Plaid, socks, hot tea in addition – [Lyudmila Kovenko] Poems not included in the headings / added on May 16, 2023 at 19:00 views: 6 / reviews: 0
Real jazz – [Irina Podolskaya] Poems not included in the headings / added on May 16, 2023 at 18 :01 views: 10 / reviews: 1
Listen to illusions – [Egoria Enotova]views: 23 / reviews: 1
Someday all this will end … – [Nikolai Lisin] little – [Larisa] Poems not included in the headings / added on 05/16/2023 at 17:30 views: 10 / reviews: 1
Memories give me flight again – [V.Vladimirov] Poems not included in the headings / added on 16.05. 2023 at 16:33 views: 6 / reviews: 0
Hunt – [Nelli m.]0003
Poetic parachuting – [Andrey Karpov] Poems not included in the headings / added on May 16, 2023 at 13:06 views: 4 / reviews: 0
Maybe – [Nelli m.] Poems not included in the headings / added on May 16 .2023 at 12:57 views: 3 / reviews: 0
Stulchak – [Aleksey “Customs” (“Customs”)] Poems not included in the headings / added on May 16, 2023 at 12:44 views: 3 / reviews: 0
Always Dust Must Understand What Dust! — [Aleksey “Customs”]19 05.
2023 21:35:56
Feedback on the work: We won’t notice him … [Alisa Mikhailovna Volkonskaya] positive
Volkonskaya, your parent, and you know that you are a Poet, put him in a swing?!)
Alice Mikhailovna Volkonskaya 19.05.2023 21:55:33
I don’t know, I’m on my way.
匚ㄒ仨卄☯厂尸升中 19.05.2023 22:00:02
Then listen, what do the elders tell you!))
positive 0006 Ƃꮑαꙅσðαρਠ ʓα ⲏαƈｍσภш̴ਠਠ П̾σ∍ʓนਠ!!!
ᑕ ꮍϐαӝéਮนèʍ. ℂαɯα ❤
Alisa Mikhailovna Volkonskaya 05/19/2023 21:40:01
❤
匚ㄒ仨卄☯厂尸升中0189 Feedback on the work: This is later … [Alisa Mikhailovna Volkonskaya] positive
Nuuu … it will do!))
Alisa Mikhailovna Volkonskaya 19.05.2023 21:32:56
Far?
匚ㄒ仨卄☯厂尸升中 05/19/2023 21:44:30
No)) Weak for your pen…
Alisa Mikhailovna Volkonskaya 05/19/2023 22:09:28
Hmm… but I love this text.
匚ㄒ仨卄☯厂尸升中 05/19/2023 22:17:56
Yes, awesome verse, I just had to play a bit, otherwise I kissed everything from head to toe ☺
匚ㄒ 仨卄 厂尸升 中 中 中 05/19/2023 21:14:08
Review for the work: accomplices [Alisa Mikhailovna Volkonskaya] Positive
ASTRICATION!
Alisa Mikhailovna Volkonskaya 05/19/2023 21:27:14
Hooray!
匚ㄒ仨卄☯厂尸升中 19.
05.2023 21:09:14
Feedback on the work: Wild field [Alisa Mikhailovna Volkonskaya] positive interested – read on!
Alisa Mikhailovna Volkonskaya 19.05.2023 21:20:42
Hello Sasha.
Thank you for stopping by.
Mackenzie (Natalya K.) 05/19/2023 21:01:24
Feedback on the work: Good morning [Yana Borisova] positive
Clever! Light, bright, soulful poem!
Yana Borisova 19.05.2023 21:22:52
Thank you, Natalia!
With warmth and smiles, Yana)
Natasha Metelitsa 19.05.2023 20:34:26
0190 Sample. On the swings of life. Poem by Natasha Metelitsa [Nina Shendrik] positive
With all my heart)) I embrace))) The very desire to touch another author is already touching to the core!)
thank you, kind Nina ….
I will take myself to favorites with your voice )
yes, and by the way… I see that they gave Poetich. community …. Hmm … I would like a little higher. But … what are our years)))
Editors, therefore, know better.
Nina Shendrik 19.05.2023 20:41:49
Thank you Natasha for good wishes! It’s a pleasure to sing this verse!
匚ㄒ仨卄☯厂 尸升中correct the typo.
ms Valeria :)) but today we are on the same wavelength! just posted about my morning :))))
thank you
Yana Borisova 19.05.2023 19:58:28
Lerusik, and today I went to work and listened to the nightingales) And you wrote about them)
Thank you!
With warmth and smiles, Yana)
Maria Nechaeva 05/19/2023 19:32:57
Review of the work: I spend the last days of May with brotherhood… [Countess] positive
Lyubochka!!!
Deep and sensual poems!!!
Girlfriend sadness and love are near!!!
Thank you from the bottom of my heart!
All books and magazines of the authors of “Izba-Reading”
loan with delinquency and bad credit history without collateral
How to write an original verse to congratulate a child
great poet.
With our advice, every mother can come up with an original congratulation for her son or daughter. And the child will be pleased to know that his mother knows how to compose poetry like a real poet, and hear a personal poem or ode on her birthday.
So, we tell you how to quickly and easily write a surprise congratulation.
Method 1. Online generator
A simple option is to use a special site that will compose a congratulation for you.
- On the author’s resource of Alexey Uraev you can compose a personalized poem for free. To do this, you need to fill in several fields: name and favorite hobbies, as well as the holiday you want to congratulate.
Additionally, you can choose the main character traits of the birthday person and the wishes that you want to emphasize.
Here is the poem we got for the 7th birthday for the boy Dima, who is fond of basketball and computer games, on behalf of his mother:
From today is a holiday: Birthday.
Accept, Dima, this verse!
I wish you all the best in it, luck,
In the piggy bank of life – golden days!
Write any tests,
Exams – always “five”!
And you will earn labor money
Get in a prestigious place!
I wish you to break records more often
Anyone in a computer game unfamiliar with the game!
And be resourceful, cheerful,
Burn jokes with friends!
Take care of a sudden goal more often
Fans of their own destiny!
If some phrases seem stilted or poorly suited to a particular person, replace them with consonant words or simply exclude individual quatrains.
Method 2. Substitution technique
Do you want to come up with a congratulation yourself, but you are not sure of your abilities? Substitution technique will help you.
To do this, we take a well-known poem by an eminent poet and, under each line, compose our own version, using words with a similar ending and the same stress:
Onegin, my good friend
Our dear friend Lesha,
Born on the banks of the Neva
We wish you love 9 0329
Where you might have been born,
Big and clean like whales
Or walked, my reader
After all, this is an indicator of happiness
If you can’t find the right rhyme on your own, use online selection .
Original congratulations are based on Mayakovsky’s poems. You can also write poems based on famous songs.
Method 3. The name as a basis
It will also be easier to come up with a short funny rhyme if you can take a ready-made personal greeting as a basis and substitute the necessary qualities of the child’s character:
Our MARINA is good.
