Ferris school delaware: Ferris School – DSCYF – State of Delaware

Some Notable Natives and Residents of Illinois

• Black Hawk ( Black Hawk , 1767-1838) – the leader of the Sauk Indians, who led Indian resistance to the expansion of European settlers in Illinois. Born in the area of ​​the modern city Rock Island.
• John Deere ( John Deere , 1804–1886) was a blacksmith, inventor and entrepreneur. Created the first commercially successful steel plow. Founded a company for the production of agricultural equipment, which has become one of the largest in the world. Born in Vermont, but later lived in Illinois.
• Abraham Lincoln ( Abraham Lincoln , 1809-1865) – 16th President of the United States. Born in Kentucky, but later lived in Illinois.
• Lyman Trumbull ( Lyman Trumbull , 1813-1896) – Senator, one of the authors of the Thirteenth amendments to the US Constitution prohibiting slavery and forced labor.Was born in Connecticut, but later lived in Illinois.
• Ulysses Grant ( Ulysses Grant , 1822-1885) – 18th President of the United States. Born in Ohio, he later lived in Illinois.
• George Pullman ( George Pullman , 1831-1897) – engineer and businessman; creator of the famous the company that produced railroad cars. Born in New York State but later lived in Illinois.
• James Butler “Wild Bill” Hickok ( James Butler “Wild Bill” Hickok , 1837-1876) – soldier, scout, famous shooter.One of the most popular characters in the folklore of the US Wild West. Born in the town Homer (modern Troy Grove).
• Francis Willard ( Frances Willard , 1839-1898) – social activist, feminist. She was born in New York State but later lived in Illinois.
• George Ferris ( George Ferris , 1859-1896) – engineer and inventor, creator of the first the world of the ferris wheel. Born in Galesburg.
• Frank Lloyd Wright ( Frank Lloyd Wright , 1867-1959) – famous architect, creator philosophy of “organic architecture”.Considered “the greatest American architect of all time.” Was born in Wisconsin, but later lived in Illinois.
• Robert Millikan ( Robert Millikan , 1868-1953) – physicist, Nobel laureate awards. Born in the city of Morrison.
• Raymond Chandler ( Raymond Chandler , 1888-1959) is a popular writer. Born in the city Chicago.
• John Dos Passos ( John Dos Passos , 1896-1970) is a famous writer.Born in the city Chicago.

• Ernest Hemingway ( Ernest Hemingway , 1899-1961) is a famous writer. Was born in the town of Oak Park.
• Walt Disney ( Walt Disney , 1901-1966) – famous animator, filmmaker, entrepreneur. Was born in the city of Chicago.
• Benny Goodman ( Benny Goodman , 1909-1986) – famous jazz musician and leader orchestra known as “The King of Swing”.Was born in the city of Chicago.
• Ronald Reagan ( Ronald Reagan , 1911-2004) – 40th President of the United States. Born in the city of Tampico.
• Paul Tibbets Jr. ( Paul Tibbets, Jr. , 1915-2007) is a military pilot. Known as a pilot bomber Enola Gay , which dropped the first atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima during the Second world war.
• Gwendolyn Brooks ( Gwendolyn Brooks , 1917-2000) – poet, first black laureate Pulitzer Prize.She was born in Kansas but later lived in Illinois.
• Ray Bradbury ( Ray Bradbury , 1920–2012) is a famous science fiction writer. Born in the city Waukegan.
• Miles Davis ( Miles Dewey Davis III , 1926-1991) is a famous jazz musician. Was born in the city of Alton.
• Harrison Ford ( Harrison Ford , 1942–) is a popular film actor. Born in the city Chicago.
• Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton ( Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton , 1947–) – famous politician, wife of the 42nd President of the United States, Bill Clinton.She was born in the city of Chicago.
• Robin Williams ( Robin Williams , 1951–2014) is a popular film actor. Born in the city Chicago.
• Bill Murray ( Bill Murray , 1950–) is a popular film actor. Born in the city Evanston.
• Cindy Crawford ( Cindy Crawford , 1966–) is a model, actress and entrepreneur. Born in the city of De Kalb.

Illinois State Symbols

• Wood – white oak ( Quercus alba )
• Flower – violet sister ( Viola sororia )
• Grass – bearded Gerard ( Andropogon gerardii )
• Cereals (grain crop) – corn
• Beast – white-tailed (Virginia) deer ( Odocoileus virginianus )
• Bird – red cardinal ( Cardinalis cardinalis )
• Fish – bluegill (long-finned) sunflower ( Lepomis macrochirus )
• Reptile – painted turtle ( Chrysemys picta )

• Amphibian – tiger ambistoma ( Ambystoma tigrinum )
• Insect – Monarch butterfly Danaus (Danaus plexippus)
• Food product – sweet corn and popcorn
• Pumpkin pie
• Fruit – apples of the “Gold Rush” variety ( Malus domestica )
• Dance – square dance
• Mineral – fluorite
• Fossil – Tullimonstrum ( Tullimonstrum gregarium )

Fifty States

Illinois Fifty States Quarter Dollar Coin depicts young Abraham Lincoln (16th President of the United States who lived in Illinois), rural landscape, outlines state and twenty-one stars (symbolizing the sequence of Illinois joining the United States).

The inscription on the coin reads Land of Lincoln and 21st state / century (“21st state / century”).

America Lovely

One of America’s Beauty quarter dollar coins is dedicated to Shawnee National Forest, located in southern Illinois.

The coin depicts Camel Rock, located on the territory of this reserve ( Camel Rock , “Camel-rock”), trees growing around it and a red-tailed buzzard flying above it.

Other States Midwestern United States

Northeastern Central States

Northwest Central States

Princeton University: academic and extracurricular life

Princeton University in the United States from year to year ranks first in the ranking of the best national universities in the country.

Princeton University is a private university founded in 1746. Tuition fees at Princeton University for the 2017-2018 academic year are $ 47,140.5,400 students study here, and the campus area is 600 hectares.

Princeton University is one of the oldest educational institutions in the United States. It is located in the quiet town of Princeton, New Jersey. Its ivy-lined campus offers students an active university life. The Ivy League members of the Princeton Tigers are renowned for their consistently strong male and female lacrosse teams. University students live in one of six dormitory colleges and can join one of ten “lunch clubs”.These clubs serve as community and community organizations for students who join. The legendary motto of the university is: “Princeton in the service of the state and in the service of humanity.” This statement speaks of the university’s dedication to community service.

In addition to basic education programs, Princeton offers prestigious master’s programs at the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs and the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences. One of the unique aspects of the Princeton curriculum is the mandatory defense of a dissertation or self-completion of a project, depending on the direction of study.Alumni of Princeton University include such famous people as the 26th President of the United States Woodrow Wilson, model and actress Brooke Shields and former First Lady Michelle Obama. According to one old Princeton legend, if a student leaves the campus through the main gate of Fitz-Randolph without graduating from university, he will be cursed and may never receive a degree.

Admission

The application time for admission starts on November 1 and ends on January 1. The entry fee is $ 65.The acceptance rate at Princeton University is quite low. Of those who have applied, usually about 7% of applicants are admitted to the university.

Academic life

34 faculties at Princeton University organize the entire educational process. Here students can benefit from all the exceptional resources of a world-class university.

The curriculum emphasizes learning, creativity, innovation, and engagement with programs in the humanities, arts, social sciences, natural sciences, and engineering.The most popular courses are:

• analysis of public policy;
• computer engineering;
• econometrics and economics;
• history;
• operational research.

Student life

The university has more than 300 student organizations, 38 sports clubs, 15 chapels (chapels). Outside the classroom, students have endless opportunities to discover new interests, communicate and build an environment that will simultaneously support them and constantly challenge them.This makes Princeton a diverse community with diverse interests.

Accommodation

Princeton offers the best of both worlds: Students can enjoy the tranquility of a tree-lined corner, and quickly travel to the heart of New Jersey, New York, or out of town using university transportation. Princeton’s transportation system allows campus residents to travel with ease throughout the area and the surrounding area. A free shuttle also connects student residences to major grocery stores and Princeton malls.

In addition, all kinds of parks are available to campus residents year round, and students can always enjoy cycling, walking, and canoeing on the Delaware River. There are also beaches and ski resorts not far from the campus.

For art lovers, the McCarter Theater is within walking distance. There is also a museum nearby with an excellent collection of fine and decorative arts. Live music is always played in the restaurants and bars of the city.

Tuition Fees and Financial Aid

Princeton University students pay a large sum to study here, so 60% of students at the university offer financial aid.

Princeton is a dynamic community seeking to attract students of all walks of life and interests.

The university offers one of the strongest financial support programs in the country. It strives to make education accessible to all, which is why it offers a generous financial aid program that allows undergraduates to graduate from university debt free.Undergraduate students also receive significant university support.

William Penn – William Penn

17th century British colonizer in North America who founded the province of Pennsylvania.

William Penn (October 14, 1644 – July 30, 1718) was an English writer and religious thinker who belonged to the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) and founder of Pennsylvania, the North American colony of England.He was one of the earliest defenders of democracy and religious freedom, and had good relations and successful treaties with the Native Americans of the Lenape. Under his leadership, the city of Philadelphia was planned and developed. It was planned that Philadelphia would be like a grid with its streets and it would be very easy to navigate on it, unlike London, where Penn was from. The streets are named with the numbers and names of the trees. He chose to use the tree names for street crossings because Pennsylvania means Penn’s Woods.

In 1681, King Charles II transferred to Penn most of his land holdings in North America on the North Atlantic coast to pay off debts owed by the king to Penn’s father, admiral and politician Sir William Penn. This land included the present-day states of Pennsylvania and Delaware. Penn sailed immediately and took his first step on American soil, sailing up the Delaware Bay and the Delaware River, (formerly formerly Swedish and Dutch Riverfront Colonies) to New Castle (now Delaware) in 1682.On this occasion, the colonists pledged allegiance to Penn as the new owner, and the first Pennsylvania General Assembly was held. Thereafter, Penn traveled further north along the Delaware River and founded Philadelphia on the west bank. However, previous Dutch, Swedish colonists, as well as earlier English settlers in the territory of present-day Delaware did not approve of Penn’s Quaker government, but for half a century demanded its power by the families of the owners of the neighboring province of Maryland, the Calvert and Lord Baltimore…. These earlier colonists had no historical fidelity to Pennsylvania, so they almost immediately began to petition for the creation of their own representative assembly. Twenty-three years later, in 1704, they achieved their goal when the three southernmost counties of provincial Pennsylvania along the west coast of Delaware were allowed to secede and become the new semi-autonomous colony of Lower Delaware. As the most famous, prosperous and influential settlement in the new colony, New Castle, the original Swedish colonial city, became the capital.

As an early proponent of colonial unification, Penn wrote and called for the unification of all English colonies in what would become the United States of America. The democratic principles that he laid out in the structure of the Pennsylvania government served as an inspiration to the members of the convention that adopted the new United States Constitution in Philadelphia in 1787.

As a Quaker pacifist, Penn deeply considered the problems of war and peace. He developed a forward-looking project and thought for the “United States of Europe” by creating a European Assembly composed of MPs who could discuss and resolve disputes peacefully.Therefore, he is considered the first thinker to propose the creation of a European Parliament and what would become the modern European Union at the end of the 20th century.

A man with deep religious convictions, Penn wrote many works in which he encouraged believers to adhere to the spirit of primitive Christianity. For his faith, he was imprisoned several times in the Tower of London, and his book Without a Cross, Without a Crown (1669), which he wrote in prison, became a Christian classic of theological literature.

biography

Early years

William Penn was born in 1644 in Tower Hill, London, the son of the English admiral Sir William Penn and Margaret Jasper of the Netherlands, the widow of a Dutch captain and the daughter of a wealthy merchant from Rotterdam. Admiral Penn served in the Commonwealth Navy during the English Civil War and was awarded estates in Ireland by Oliver Cromwell. The lands were seized from Irish Catholics in retaliation for the failed Irish uprising of 1641.Admiral Penn took part in the restoration of Charles II and was eventually knighted and served in the Royal Navy. When his son was born, then Captain Penn was twenty-three years old and an ambitious naval officer in charge of quelling Irish Catholic unrest and blocking Irish ports.

Penn grew up during the reign of Oliver Cromwell, who managed to lead a Puritan rebellion against King Charles I; the king was beheaded when Penn was three years old.Penn’s father was often at sea. Little William contracted smallpox at a young age, having lost all his hair (he wore a wig until he graduated from college), prompting his parents to move from the suburbs to the Essex estate. Country life made a lasting impression on young Penn and awakened in him a love of gardening. Their neighbor was the famous diary Samuel Pepys, who was at first friendly but later secretly hostile to the admiral, perhaps partly embittered by his failed seductions of both Penn’s mother and his sister Peggy.

Penn was educated first at Chigwell School, tutoring while in Ireland, and then at Christ Church, Oxford. There were no public schools at the time and almost all educational institutions were affiliated with the Church of England. Children from poor families needed a wealthy sponsor to get an education. Penn’s education relied heavily on classical writers, and “no novelty or arrogant modern writers were allowed,” including William Shakespeare.Running was Penn’s favorite sport, and he often ran more than three miles (5 km) from home to school. The school itself was built in an Anglican style – austere, humorless and gloomy – and teachers were supposed to be pillars of virtue and set convincing examples for their students. Although Penn later opposed Anglicanism for religious reasons, he absorbed many of the puritanical practices and was later known for his serious demeanor, strict demeanor and lack of humor.

Following an unsuccessful Caribbean mission, Admiral Penn and his family were exiled to his lands in Ireland. It was during this period, when Penn was about fifteen years old, that he met Thomas Law, a Quaker missionary who had been slandered by both Catholics and Protestants. Law was adopted into the Penn family, and during his talks about Inner Light, young Penn later recalled that “The Lord visited me and gave me a divine impression of Himself.”

A year later, Cromwell died, the Royalists were reborn, and the Penn family returned to England.The middle class joined the Royalists, and Admiral Penn was sent on a secret mission to retrieve the exiled Prince Charles. For his role in restoring the monarchy, Admiral Penn was knighted and given the influential position of Lord Commissioner of the Admiralty.

In 1660, Penn arrived at Oxford and entered as a scholarly gentleman with an appointed servant. The student body was a fickle mixture of brave gentlemen (aristocratic Anglicans), hard-nosed Puritans, and non-conforming Quakers.The new government’s opposition to religious dissent gave the cavaliers the right to persecute minority groups. Because of his father’s high position and social status, young Penn was firmly a gentleman, but his sympathies were on the side of the persecuted Quakers. To avoid conflict, he gave up fighting and became a reclusive scientist. It was also during this time that Penn developed his personality and philosophy of life. He found that he did not sympathize with his father’s warlike view of the world, nor his mother’s socially oriented sensibility: “I have not had relatives inclined to such solitude and spirituality; I was a lonely child.meditating, sometimes feeling the divine presence. ”

Penn returned home for the extraordinary splendor of the restoration of the king and was a guest of honor with his father, who received a highly unusual royal salute for his services to the crown. Although it was not determined at the time, the admiral had high hopes for his son’s career under the auspices of the king. Back at Oxford, Penn conceived a career as a physician and took several dissection classes. Rational thought began to spread into science, politics and economics, which he liked.When theologian John Owen was fired from his dean’s office, Penn and other open-minded students rallied on his side and attended dean’s seminars, where intellectual discussions spanned the full spectrum of new ideas. Penn learned to turn ideas into theory, discuss theory through reasoned debate, and test theories in the real world.

During this time, he also faced his first moral dilemma. After Owen was convicted again after being fired, students were threatened with punishment for communicating with him.However, Penn supported the dean, thus receiving a fine and a reprimand from the university. The admiral, desperate of the accusations, led young Penn away from Oxford, hoping to distract him from the heretical influences of the university. The attempt was unsuccessful and father and son struggled to understand each other. Back at school, the administration imposed stricter religious requirements, including daily visits to the chapel and clothing. Penn rebelled against forced worship and was banished. His father, enraged, attacked young Penn with a cane and kicked him out of their house.Penn’s mother reconciled in the family, which allowed her son to return home, but she quickly came to the conclusion that her son’s behavior threatened her social status and her husband’s career. Therefore, at the age of 18, young Penn was sent to Paris to hide him from view, improve his manners and introduce him to another culture.

In Paris, at the court of the young Louis XIV, Penn found French manners much more refined than the rude manners of his compatriots, but he did not like the extravagant display of wealth and privilege.Although Notre Dame Cathedral and Catholic ritual impressed him, he felt uneasy. Instead, he sought spiritual guidance from the French Protestant theologian Mois Amiro, who invited Penn to stay with him in Saumur for a year. The undogmatic Christian humanist spoke of the tolerant, adaptive view of religion that Penn liked, who later stated, “I’ve never had a religion in my life other than the one I felt.” By exercising his mentor’s faith in free agency, Penn felt free from puritanical guilt and rigid convictions and was inspired to find his own religious path.

Returning to England after two years abroad, he introduced his parents to a mature, sophisticated, well-mannered, “fashionable” gentleman, although Samuel Pepys noted the “vanity of young Penn before the French.” Penn became addicted to beautiful clothes and spent the rest of his life giving a little more attention to his dress than most Quakers. The admiral had high hopes that his son then had the practical flair and ambition necessary to succeed as an aristocrat.He told young Penn to go to law school, but his studies were soon interrupted. In view of the imminent war with the Dutch, young Penn decided to keep an eye on his father at work and join him at sea. Penn was an envoy to his father and the king, and then returned to studying law. Concerned about his father in battle, he wrote, “I never knew what a father was until I had the wisdom to appreciate him … I pray to God … that you come home safe.” The admiral returned in triumph, but London was in the plague of 1665.Young Penn reflected on suffering and death and how people reacted to the epidemic. He wrote that this calamity “gave me a deep sense of the vanity of this World, the irreligiousness of religions in it.” In addition, he watched as Quakers pleading for clemency were arrested by the police and demonized by members of other religions, even accused of causing the plague.

When his father died of gout, young Penn was sent to Ireland in 1666 to manage the family’s landholdings.There he became a soldier and participated in the suppression of a local Irish uprising. Puffed up with pride, he painted his portrait in armor – his most authentic likeness. His first combat experience gave him the sudden idea of ​​pursuing a military career, but the fever of the battle soon subsided after his father dissuaded him: “I can’t say anything except to advise sobriety … I wish that your youthful desires were not outstripped. discretion. ”While Penn was abroad, the Great Fire of 1666 consumed central London.As with the plague, the Penn family was spared. But after returning to the city, Penn was overwhelmed by the mood of the city and his ailing father, so he returned to his family estate in Ireland to reflect on his future. King Charles’ reign further tightened restrictions on all religious sects except the Church of England, making unauthorized worship punishable by imprisonment or deportation. “Five Mile Law” is prohibited by dissenting teachers and preachers from coming within this distance of any area.The Quakers were especially targeted, and their meetings were considered unwelcome.

Religious conversion

Despite the dangers, Penn began attending Quaker meetings near Cork. A chance re-meeting with Thomas Law confirmed Penn’s growing attraction to Quakerism. Penn was soon arrested for attending Quaker meetings. Rather than declaring that he was not a Quaker and thus evading any accusations, he publicly declared himself a member and finally joined the Quakers at the age of 22.In defending his cause, Penn argued that because the Quakers did not have a political agenda (unlike the Puritans), they should not obey laws restricting the political activities of religious minorities and other groups. Released from prison because of his family situation rather than his arguments, Penn was immediately recalled to London by his father. The admiral was seriously upset by his son’s actions and took the treatment as a personal insult. His father’s hopes that Penn’s charisma and intelligence would win him favor at court were dashed.Despite his rage, the admiral tried his best to reason with his son, but to no avail. His father feared not only for his position, but also that his son seemed prone to a dangerous confrontation with the crown. In the end, young Penn was more determined than ever, and the admiral felt that he had no choice but to order his son to leave home and disinherit him.

When Penn became homeless, he went to live with Quaker families. Quakers were relatively strict Christians in the 17th century.They refused to bow down or take off their hats to social leaders, believing that all people are equal before God, a faith opposite to absolute monarchy, which believed in a monarch appointed by God. Therefore, Quakers were treated as heretics because of their principles and non-payment of tithing. They also refused to take an oath of allegiance to the king, believing that this followed Jesus’ command not to swear. The main Quaker ceremony was silent meetinghouse worship conducted in a group.There were no rituals, no professional clergy, and many Quakers rejected the concept of original sin. God’s communication came to each person directly, and if it was touched, the person shared his revelations, thoughts, or opinions with the group. Penn found that all of these principles suited his conscience and heart.

Penn became a close friend of George Fox, the founder of the Quakers, whose movement began in the 1650s during the unrest of the Cromwell Revolution. The times sprouted many new sects besides the Quakers, including the Asylum Seekers, Screamers, Antinomians, Seventh Day Baptists, Soul Sleepers, Adamites, Diggers, Levellers, Behmenists, Muggletonians, and many others, like the Puritans were more tolerant than the monarchy was.However, after the death of Oliver Cromwell, the crown was restored, and the king responded with persecution and persecution of all religions and sects except Anglicanism. Fox risked his life from city to city and attracted followers who also believed that “the God who made the world did not dwell in temples made by hand.” By abolishing the authority of the church over the congregation, Fox not only broadened the Protestant Reformation more radically, but also helped expand the most important principle of modern political history – individual rights, on which modern democracies were later based.Penn traveled frequently with Fox throughout Europe and England. He also wrote a comprehensive, detailed explanation of Quakerism, along with evidence of George Fox’s character, in the introduction to George Fox’s autobiographical magazine . In fact, Penn became the first theologian, theorist and legal advocate of Quakerism, contributing to its written doctrine and helping to cement its public authority.

Penn in Ireland (1669-1670)

In 1669 Penn went to Ireland to deal with many of his father’s estates.While there, he attended many meetings and stayed with leading Quaker families. He became a great friend of William Morris, a prominent Quaker in Cork, and often stayed with Morris at Salem Castle near Rosskerbury.

Penn in Germany (1671-1677)

Between 1671 and 1677, William Penn traveled to Germany on behalf of the Quaker faith, resulting in a German settlement in Pennsylvania that was symbolic in two ways: it was a German-speaking community and included religious dissidents.Pennsylvania remained the center of various branches of the Anabaptists: the Mennonites of the old order, the monastery of Euphrates, the brothers, and the Amish. Pennsylvania also became home to many Lutheran refugees from Catholic provinces (such as Salzburg), as well as German Catholics who were also discriminated against in their home country.

In Philadelphia, Francis Daniel Pastorius negotiated the purchase of 15,000 acres (61 km ² ) from his friend William Penn, then master of the colony, and laid out the settlement of Germantown.The German Society of Pennsylvania was founded in 1764 and is still operating today from its headquarters in Philadelphia.

Harassment and imprisonment

The first of Penn’s many pamphlets, Sublime Truth: Princes, Priests, and People (1668), criticized all religious groups except the Quakers, whom he considered the only truly Christian group living in England at the time.He branded the Catholic Church as the “Babylonian harlot,” challenged the Church of England, and called the Puritans “hypocrites and revelers in God.” He also criticized all “false prophets, tithing collectors and opponents of perfection.” Pepis thought it was a “ridiculous, meaningless book” that he was “ashamed to read.”

In 1668, Penn was imprisoned in the Tower of London after writing a subsequent treatise titled The Sandy Foundation Shaken . The Bishop of London has ordered the detention of Penn indefinitely until he publicly withdraws his written statements.The official charge was publication without a license, but the real crime was the blasphemy signed by King Charles II. Placed in solitary confinement in an unheated cell and threatened with life imprisonment, Penn was accused of denying the Trinity, although this was a misinterpretation, which Penn himself denied in essay Innocence with an Open Face, presented as an apology for a book called The Sandy Foundation Shocked , where he himself set about proving the divinity of Christ.Penn said the rumor was “maliciously imposed” by detractors who wanted to create a bad reputation for Quakers. He later stated that he actually denied Catholic interpretations of this theological topic and the use of non-biblical concepts to explain it. Penn directly confessed that he believed in the Holy Trinity, as well as in the deity of Christ. In 1668, in a letter to anti-Quaker minister Jonathan Clapham, Penn wrote: “Reader, from my questions, you must not conclude that we really deny (as he falsely accused us) those glorious Troikas who carry the record in heaven., Father, Word and Spirit, not the infinity, eternity and deity of Jesus Christ, because we know that He is a mighty God. ”

Received the writing materials in the hopes that he would write down his rebuttal, Penn wrote another inflammatory treatise, No Cross, No Crown: A Discourse Demonstrating the Nature and Discipline of Christ’s Holy Cross, Self-Denial and Listening Daily. The Cross of Christ is the only way to peace and the Kingdom of God. In it, Penn encouraged believers to adhere to the spirit of primitive Christianity.This work was notable for its historical analysis and citation of 68 authors, whose quotes and comments he remembered and was able to recall without having any reference material at hand. Penn petitioned for an audience with the king, which was refused, but which led to negotiations on his behalf with one of the royal chaplains. Penn bravely declared, “My prison will be my grave before I move: for I do not owe my conscience to any mortal.” He was released after eight months in prison.

Penn showed no remorse for his aggressive stance and vowed to continue to fight against the atrocities of the Church and the King. For its part, the Crown continued to confiscate Quaker property and imprison thousands of Quakers. Since then, Penn’s religious views have effectively driven him out of English society; he was expelled (expelled) from Christ Church, Oxford University College, for being a Quaker, and arrested several times. Among the most famous of these events was the trial of William Mead following his arrest in 1670.Penn was charged with preaching in front of a street meeting that Penn deliberately provoked in order to verify the validity of the Conventions Act of 1664, just renewed in 1670, which denied the right of meeting to “more than five persons in addition to members of the Church.” family, for any religious purpose, not in accordance with the rules of the Church of England. “Penn pleaded for his right to see a copy of the charges against him and the laws he allegedly violated, but London registrar Sir John Howell refused in the dock, although this right was guaranteed by law…. In addition, the Registrar ordered the jury to issue a verdict without hearing the defense.

Despite intense pressure from Howell to convict Penn, the jury acquitted him. When the Registrar offered to reconsider their verdict and choose a new master, they refused and were sent to a cell for several nights to consider their decision. The Lord Mayor of London, Sir Samuel Starling, and on the bench, then said to the jury: “You must go together and bring in another sentence, or you will starve,” not only was Penn sent to prison at Newgate Prison (on contempt to court for refusing to take off their hat), but the jury followed him and they were fined additionally in an amount equivalent to their annual wages.The members of the jury, defending their case from prison in the so-called “Bushel case”, managed to ensure that all English juries were free from the control of judges. This case was one of the most important trials that shaped the concept of jury annulment and was a victory in the use of the habeas corpus order as a means of releasing illegally detained persons.

When his father dies, Penn wanted to see him again and settle their differences. But he convinced his father not to pay the fine and release him: “I beg you not to buy my freedom.”But the admiral refused to miss the opportunity and paid the fine, freeing his son.

The old man earned respect for the honesty and courage of his son and said to him: “Let nothing in this world tempt you to do wrong with your conscience.” The admiral also knew that after his death, young Penn would become more vulnerable in his pursuit of justice. In an act that not only secured the protection of his son but also set the conditions for the founding of Pennsylvania, the admiral wrote to the Duke of York, heir to the throne.

The Duke and King, in exchange for the admiral’s lifelong service to the crown, promised to protect young Penn and make him royal advisor.

Penn was not disinherited and made a large fortune, but ended up in prison again for six months, continuing to campaign. Once freed, he finally married Gulielma Springett in April 1672 after a four-year engagement filled with frequent separations. Penn remained close to home, but continued to write his treatises, maintaining religious tolerance and opposing discriminatory laws.In the Quaker community, there was little rift between those who supported Penn’s analytical formulations and those who preferred Fox’s simple commandments. But the persecution of the Quakers intensified and divisions were overcome; Penn resumed missionary work in Holland and Germany again.

Founding of Pennsylvania

Seeing conditions deteriorating, Penn decided to appeal directly to the king and duke. Penn proposed a solution to the dilemma of the massive emigration of English Quakers. Some Quakers had already fled to North America, but the New England Puritans were particularly hostile to Quakers, as were Anglicans in England, and some of the Quakers were exiled to the Caribbean. In 1677, a group of prominent Quakers, which included Penn, acquired the colonial province of West Jersey (half of what is now New Jersey).In the same year, two hundred settlers arrived from Chorlywood and Rickmansworth in Hertfordshire and elsewhere in neighboring Buckinghamshire and founded the city of Burlington. George Fox himself traveled to America to test the potential for further expansion of the early Quaker settlements. East Jersey was also acquired by the Quakers in 1682.

With a foothold in New Jersey, Penn pushed for expansion of the Quaker region. Whether out of personal sympathy or political expediency, to Penn’s surprise, the king granted an extremely generous charter that made Penn the world’s largest private (non-royal) landowner, with an area of ​​over 45,000 square miles (120,000 km 90,070 2,9,071).Penn became the sole owner of a huge tract of land west of New Jersey and north of Maryland (which belonged to Lord Baltimore) and received sovereign rule of the territory with all rights and privileges (except the right to declare war). Pennsylvania land belonged to the Duke of York, who agreed, but he retained New York and the area around New Castle and the eastern part of the Delmarva Peninsula. In return, a fifth of all the gold and silver mined in the province (which was practically nonexistent) was to be returned to the king, and the crown was freed from a debt to the admiral in the amount of £ 16,000, which is approximately £ 2,526,337 a year.2008 r.

Penn first named the area “New Wales”, then “Sylvania” (Latin “Forests” or “forests”), which King Charles II changed to “Pennsylvania” in honor of the elder Penn. On March 4, 1681, the king signed the charter, and the next day Penn happily wrote: “This is a clear and just thing, and my God, who gave it to me through many difficulties, I believe will bless and make it better. the seed of a nation. ”Penn then traveled to America and, while there, negotiated the first survey of land purchases in Pennsylvania with the Lenape Indian tribe.Penn acquired the first white oak land at Greystones on July 15, 1682. Penn drafted the Freedom Charter for Settlement, creating a political utopia that guaranteed a free and fair trial by jury, freedom of religion, freedom from unfair imprisonment, and freedom. elections.

Proven as an influential scientist and theorist, Penn now had to demonstrate the practical skills of a real estate promoter, city planner, and governor for his Sacred Experiment in Pennsylvania.

In addition to pursuing his religious goals, Penn hoped that Pennsylvania would become a lucrative enterprise for himself and his family. But he declared that he would not exploit the natives or immigrants: “I will not abuse His love, act unworthy of His providence, and thus defile what came to me cleanly.” To this end, the purchase of Pennom’s land from the Lenape included the right reserved for the latter to cross the sold land for hunting, fishing and gathering purposes.Although he was completely overwhelmed, convincing the Quakers to leave England for the perilous journey to the New World was his first commercial task. Some Quaker families had already arrived in Maryland and New Jersey, but they were few. To attract settlers in large numbers, he wrote a flamboyant prospectus that was considered honest and well-researched for the time, promising religious freedom as well as material benefits, which he promoted across Europe in different languages. Within six months, he divided 300,000 acres (1200 km ^{2 90 071) to over 250 prospective settlers, mostly wealthy London Quakers.He eventually attracted other persecuted minorities, including Huguenots, Mennonites, Amish, Catholics, Lutherans, and Jews from England, France, Holland, Germany, Sweden, Finland, Ireland, and Wales.}

He then set out to lay the legal foundation for an ethical society in which power came from the people, from “open discourse,” much in the same way that a Quaker meeting was held. It is noteworthy that, as a sovereign, Penn considered it important to limit his own power. The new government will have two chambers, protect the rights of private property and free enterprise, and levy taxes fairly.He would have demanded the death penalty for only two crimes, treason and murder, not two hundred crimes under English law, and all cases were to be tried by a jury. The prisons will be progressive, trying to fix it through “workshops” and not through hellish confinement. The laws of conduct he laid out were rather puritanical: swearing, lying, and drunkenness were prohibited, as were “idle entertainment” such as theatrical performances, gambling, feasting, masks, cockfighting, and bear baiting.

All of this was a radical departure from the laws and legislation of European monarchs and elites. Penn has worked on over twenty projects to create his “Structure of Government”. He borrowed generously from John Locke, who later had a similar influence on Thomas Jefferson, but added his revolutionary idea – the use of amendments – to create a written framework that could evolve over the changing times. He said: “Governments, like clockwork, come from the movement that people give them.”Penn hoped that the amended constitution would take into account dissent and new ideas, as well as allow significant changes in society without resorting to violent uprisings or revolutions. Significantly, while the Crown reserved the right to repeal any law it wished, Penn’s skillful leadership did not generate any government reaction while Penn remained in his province. Despite criticism from some of his Quaker friends for placing himself above them in this powerful position, and of his enemies who saw him as a crook and “the most deceitful villain on earth,” Penn was ready to begin a “sacred experiment.”Saying goodbye to his wife and children, he reminded them to “avoid pride, greed and luxury.”

Back to england

In 1684, Penn returned to England to see his family and try to resolve a territorial dispute with Lord Baltimore. Penn did not always pay attention to the details and did not take simple enough steps to determine where the 40th degree of latitude (the southern border of his land according to the charter) actually was. After he sent letters to several landowners in Maryland, informing recipients that they were likely in Pennsylvania and no longer paying their taxes to Lord Baltimore, problems arose between the two owners.This led to an eighty-year legal dispute between the two families.

Since Penn left, the political situation in the house has deteriorated sharply. To his horror, he found that Bridewell and Newgate prisons were filled with Quakers. Internal political conflicts even threatened to annul the Pennsylvania charter. Penn refused to publish his political works, as “times are too harsh for the press.”

In 1685, King Charles died and the Duke of York was crowned by James II.The new king settled the border dispute in Penn’s favor. But King James, a Catholic with a predominantly Protestant parliament, turned out to be a bad ruler, stubborn and unyielding. Penn endorsed the James Declaration of Forbearance, which granted the Quakers tolerance, and went on a “preaching tour of England to promote the King’s leniency.” His proposal at the London Annual Meeting of the Society of Friends in June 1688 to create “an advisory committee that could advise individual Quakers deciding whether to enter public office” under James II was rejected by George Fox, who argued that it was so.”It’s not safe to conclude such a thing in Annual Meeting.” Penn offered some assistance to James II’s campaign to regulate parliamentary constituencies by sending a letter to a friend in Huntingdon asking for people to be trusted to support the royal campaign for freedom of conscience.

Penn faced serious problems in the colonies due to his careless business practices. Apparently, he was not bothered by the administrative details, and his commercial director, Quaker Philip Ford, embezzled significant sums from Penn’s estates.Ford took advantage of Penn’s habit of signing documents without reading them. One such document turned out to be a title deed for Pennsylvania Ford, who then demanded rent in excess of Penn’s ability to pay.

Return to America

By agreeing to let Ford retain all of his Irish rents in exchange for keeping silent about Ford’s legal rights to Pennsylvania, Penn felt his position had improved enough to return to Pennsylvania with the intention of staying.Accompanied by his wife Hannah, daughter Letizia, and secretary James Logan, Penn sailed from the Isle of Wight at Canterbury , reaching Philadelphia in December 1699.

Upon arrival, Penn was welcomed and found that his province had changed dramatically over the past 18 years. Pennsylvania grew rapidly and now had about 18,100 inhabitants and Philadelphia over 3,000. His trees created the green urban spaces he imagined. The stores were filled with imported goods to satisfy the wealthy and prove America is a viable market for English goods.Most importantly, religious diversity flourished. Despite protests from fundamentalists and farmers, Penn’s insistence that Quaker grammar schools be open to all citizens produced a relatively educated workforce. High literacy and open intellectual discourse led Philadelphia to become a leader in science and medicine. Quakers were particularly modern in treating mental illness, decriminalizing insanity, and avoiding punishment and imprisonment.

Ironically, the tolerant Penn has turned almost puritanical in an attempt to curb the irritability that developed in his absence by tightening some of the laws.Another change was found in Penn’s writings, which for the most part lost courage and foresight. In those years, he put forward a plan to create a federation of all English colonies in America. There have been claims that he also fought slavery, but this seems unlikely, since he himself owned and even traded slaves, and his writings do not support this idea. However, he promoted good treatment of slaves, including marriage between slaves (albeit rejected by the council). Other Quakers in Pennsylvania were more outspoken and active, some of the earliest anti-slavery fighters in America led by Daniel Pastorius, founder of Germantown, Pennsylvania.Many Quakers promised to free their slaves after their death, including Penn, and some sold their slaves to non-Quakers.

The Penn family lived comfortably on the Pennsbury estate and intended to live there all their lives. They also had a residence in Philadelphia. Their only American child, John, was born and prospered. Penn rode to Philadelphia on a six-man barge, which he admitted he valued above “all that is dead.”

James Logan, his secretary, kept him updated on all the news.Penn had plenty of time to spend with his family and still deal with government affairs, although delegations and official visitors were frequent. His wife, however, did not enjoy the life of the governor’s wife and mistress and preferred the simple life that she led in England. When new threats from France threatened Penn’s charter again, Penn decided to return to England with his family in 1701.

Years Later

Penn returned to England and immediately became embroiled in financial and family problems.His eldest son William Jr. led a dissolute lifestyle, neglecting his wife and two children, and accumulating gambling debts. Penn hoped that William would replace him in America. Now he could not even pay off his son’s debts. His own finances were in decline. He sank more than £ 30,000 in America and received little compensation, save for some goods in exchange. He made many generous loans that he could not insist on.

The situation worsened from Penn’s point of view, Philip Ford, his financial advisor, defrauded Penn thousands of pounds by hiding and redirecting rents from Penn’s Irish lands, claiming losses, and then obtaining loans from Penn to cover the deficit.When Ford died in 1702, his widow, Bridget, threatened to sell the Pennsylvania that she had claimed. Penn sent William to America to manage affairs, but he proved to be just as unreliable as he was in England. There were serious discussions about the abolition of his constitution. In desperation, Penn attempted to sell Pennsylvania to the Crown before Bridget Ford knew of his plan, but, insisting that the Crown support the civil liberties achieved, he was unable to strike a deal. Mrs. Ford has filed a lawsuit.At 62, Penn went to a debt prison; however, a surge of sympathy reduced Penn’s sentence to house arrest, and Bridget Ford was finally denied her eligibility for pension entitlements. A group of Quakers arranged for Ford to get the rent and Penn was released.

In 1712 Berkeley Codd, Esq. Sussex County, Delaware, has contested some of the rights to a Penn grant from the Duke of York.Some of William Penn’s agents hired attorney Andrew Hamilton to represent the Penn family in this case. Hamilton’s success led to an established relationship of goodwill between the Penn family and Andrew Hamilton. Penn grew tired of Pennsylvania politicians and concerns about his governance, but Logan pleaded with him not to leave his colony for fear that Pennsylvania could fall into the hands of an opportunist who would destroy all the good that was achieved. During a second attempt to sell Pennsylvania back to the crown in 1712, Penn suffered a stroke.Several months after the second stroke, he was unable to speak and take care of himself. He slowly lost his memory.

William Penn died penniless in 1718 at his home in Ruscombe, near Twyford, Berkshire, and is buried in a grave next to his first wife in the Jordans Quaker Meeting House Cemetery near Chalfont St. Giles in Buckinghamshire. His wife, as the sole executor, became the de facto owner until she died in 1726.

Family

Penn first married Gulielma Maria Posthoom Springett (1644–1694), daughter of William S.Springetta ( Posthuma in her name indicates that her father died before her birth) and Lady Mary Proud Penington. They had three sons and five daughters:

• Gulielma Maria (1671/72 – until 1685)
• Maria Margaret (born and died 1673/74)
• Springett (1674 / 75-1696)
• Letitia (1678-1746), married to William Aubrey (Aubrey).
• William Jr. (1679 / 80-1720)
• Unnamed child (born and died 1682)
• Gulielma Maria (1685-1689)

Two years after Gulielma’s death, he married Hannah Margaret Callowhill (1671–1726), daughter of Thomas Callowhill and Anna (Hannah) Hollister.William Penn married Hannah when she was 25 and he was 52. They had eight children in twelve years. The first two children died in infancy. The rest of the children were:

• Unnamed daughter (born and died in 1697)
• John Penn (1699 / 00-1746), never married.
• Thomas Penn (1700 / 01-1775) married Lady Juliana Fermor, fourth daughter of Thomas, first Earl of Pomfret.
• Hannah Penn (1703-1706)
• Margaret Penn (1704 / 05-1750), married Thomas Freem (1701 / 02-1746), nephew of John Freem, founder of Barclays Bank.
• Richard Penn Sr. (1705-1771)
• Dennis Penn (1705/06 – 1721/22)
• Hannah Penn (1708-1709)
• Louis Penn (1707-1724)

Legacy

According to Mary Maples Dunn:

Penn loved money, and although he was sincere in his ambitions for a “sacred experiment” in Pennsylvania, he also expected to get rich. However, he was an extravagant, poor manager and businessman, not very shrewd in assessing people and making appointments… Penn was sociable, had many friends and was able to develop useful connections that protected him in many crises. both of his marriages were happy, and he called himself a family man, all government affairs took him away from home, and he was disappointed in those children whom he knew as adults.

After Penn’s death, Pennsylvania slowly transitioned from a religiously based colony to a secular state dominated by commerce. However, many of Penn’s legal and political innovations took root, as did the Quaker school in Philadelphia, for which Penn issued two charters (1689 and 1701).Some time later, the institution was renamed the William Penn Charter School. Penn Charter, a renowned high school day, is now the oldest Quaker school in the world. Voltaire praised Pennsylvania as the only government in the world that is responsive to people and respects minority rights. Penn’s “government shot” and his other ideas were later explored by Benjamin Franklin, as well as publicist in the American Revolution, Thomas Paine, whose father was Quaker. Among Penn’s legacy was a reluctance to impose a Quaker majority on Pennsylvania, which allowed his state to develop into a successful melting pot.In addition, Thomas Jefferson and the Founding Fathers adapted Penn’s theory of the amended constitution and his vision that “all people are equal before God,” informing the federal government after the American Revolution. In addition to extensive political and religious treatises, Penn wrote about 1,000 maxims full of wise observations about human nature and morality.

The Penn family retained ownership of the Pennsylvania colony until the American Revolution. However, William’s son and successor Thomas Penn and his brother John abandoned their father’s faith and fought to restrict religious freedom (especially for Catholics and then for Quakers).Thomas weakened or abolished the power of the elected assembly and instead ruled the colony through his appointed governors. He was a staunch opponent of Benjamin Franklin and his quest for more democracy in the years leading up to the revolution. Through an infamous 1737 pedestrian purchase, the Penns lured the Lenape out of their lands in the Lehigh Valley.

Posthumous Honors

On November 28, 1984, Ronald Reagan, Presidential Proclamation 5284 (authorized by Act of Congress), declared William Penn and his second wife, Hannah Calloughill Penn, each to be an honorary citizen of the United States.

A bronze statue of William Penn by Alexander Milne Calder stands on the Philadelphia City Hall. Installed in 1894, the statue represented the highest point in the city, as the City Hall was the tallest building in Philadelphia at the time. Urban designer Edmund Bacon famously said that no gentleman would build above the “brim of Billy Penn’s hat.” This agreement existed for almost 100 years until the city decided to allow higher skyscrapers to be built. In March 1987, the completion of One Liberty Place was the first building built in this direction.This led to a “curse” that lasted from that year until 2008, when a small statue of William Penn was erected atop the newly built Comcast Center. That same year, the Philadelphia Phillies won the 2008 World Series.

A lesser-known statue of Penn is located in Penn’s Pact Park, where Penn made his pact with the Lenape, which is known to be marked in the painting Penn’s Pact with the Indians. In 1893, the Hajoca Corporation, the country’s largest private wholesale distributor of plumbing, heating and industrial products, adopted the statue as its trademark.

The Quaker Oats cereal brand with the Quaker Man logo dating from 1877 was designated in their advertisements after 1909 as William Penn and was called his “Quaker and Quaker oats standard bearer.”

In 1946, the logo was changed to a head and shoulders portrait of a smiling Quaker. The Quaker Oats website currently claims that their logo does not feature William Penn.

Bill Keane created Stupid Philly for The Philadelphia Bulletin, a youthful version of Penn that ran from 1947 to 1961.

Penn was portrayed in the 1941 film Penn of Pennsylvania by Clifford Evans.

William Penn Girls’ High School was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.

William Penn Home – a Quaker dorm and seminar – was named after William Penn when it opened in 1966 to accommodate Quakers visiting Washington, D.C. to participate in many of the protests, events, and social movements of the era.

The Chigwell School he attended named one of four houses after him and now owns several letters and documents in his handwriting.

Former William Penn Elementary School and subsequent Penn Wood Elementary School and Nursery School in Manor Park, Slough, near Stoke Park, are named after William Penn.

The School of Friends in Hobart named one of seven six-year classes after him.

The William Penn Society at Whittier College has existed since 1934 as a community on the Whittier College campus and continues to this day.

William Penn University in Oscaloosa, Iowa, founded by Quaker settlers in 1873, was named after him. Penn Mutual, a life insurance company founded in 1847, also bears his name.

See also

Notes

Further reading

• Dunn, Mary Maples. William Penn: Politics and Conscience (1967)
• Dunn, Richard S. & Mary Maples Dunn, eds. The World of William Penn (1986), Essays by Scholars
• Andy Jr., Melvin B. William Penn and the Early Quaker (1973)
• Gaiter, Mary K. William Penn (2000)
• Moretta, John. William Penn and the Quaker Legacy (2006)
• Morgan, Edmund S. Peace and William Penn, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society (1983) 127 No. 5 pp. 291-315 986499.
• Murphy, Andrew R. William Penn: A Life (2018)
• Nash, Gary B. Quakers and Politics: Pennsylvania, 1681-1726 (1968)
• Feast, Catherine O. William Penn (1957), standard biography
• Söderlund, Jean R. “Penn, William” in American National Biography Online (2000) Accessed 4 November 2013.
• Woolliami, CE William Penn (1933)

Main sources

• Dunn, Mary Maples and Richard S. Dunn et al., Ed. William Penn Papers (5 volumes, 1981-1987)
• Söderlund, Jean R. et al., Ed. William Penn and the Founding of Pennsylvania, 1680-1684: A Documentary History (1983)
• Seitz, Don Carlos, ed.(1919). Trial of William Penn and William Mead for disturbing hearings held at the Old Bailey in London on September 1, 3, 4 and 5, 1670 . Boston: Marshall Jones Company.

external references

• Lesson Plan: Peaceful Kingdom of William Penn
• William Penn Appleton & Clos Biography
• The Life of William Penn by M.L. Weems, 1829. Full-text version of Tim Unterreiner’s biography, published in Philadelphia, and free to read.
• William Penn, visionary owner of Tuomi J. Forrest of the University of Virginia
• William Penn, America’s first great defender of freedom and peace, Jim Powell
• William Penn, Bill Samuel
• Penn’s Sacred Experiment: Seed of a Nation
• Penn in the Tower of London
• Hidden London Penn in the Tower of
• original version of this article (copied with permission)
• The Pennsylvania Anarchic Experiment: 1681-1690, Professor Murray N.Rothbard, excerpt from Conception of Freedom , vol. 1 (Auburn, Alabama: Ludwig von Mises Institute, 1999)
• William Penn in “Find a Grave”
• Penn Treaty Museum

Penn’s works

• Works by William Penn at Project Gutenberg
• Works by or about William Penn at the Internet Archive
• Works by William Penn at LibriVox (Public Domain Audiobooks)
• Neither cross nor crown (1669).2nd edition published in 1682. Written during his imprisonment in the Tower of London.
• The Christian Quaker and his divine testimony, confirmed by Scripture, reason, and authorities, against harmful attempts … made in recent times … to make him odiously incompatible with Christianity and civil society. In II. Parts., (1674). (Part one by Penn; part two by George Whitehead, 1673).
• True Spiritual Freedom (1681)
• Some fruits of loneliness in reflections and aphorisms (1682)
• Pennsylvania government structure (AD 1682)) from Project Avalon, Yale Law School.
• Letter to his wife Gulielma (1682)
• Early Quaker writings contain several documents from Penn and his wife.
• Key (1692)
• Revival of primitive Christianity (1696)
• Foreword to George Fox’s Magazine (1694)
• The Rise and Progress of Men Called Quakers, William Penn (ed. 1905)
• An outline of the present and future world in Europe, created by the institution of the European Parliament, Parliament or Estates (1693 BC))
• William Penn and Richard Claridge Posthumous publication; anonymous editor (1817). Excerpts from the writings of William Penn and Richard Claridge on the death and suffering of our Lord Jesus Christ . London: William and Samuel Graves. Retrieved January 3, 2010. Full text on the Internet Archive (archive.org)
• Dunn, Mary Maples, Dunn, Richard S., Bronner, Edwin & Fraser, David. Works by William Penn , 5 volumes. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1981–87.

Entertainment

Poor Gen X, The post-boomer generation of people born between the mid-1960s and 1980s is facing a lot of erasure due to the obsession with millennia and the way we kill every industry. But Gen Xers faced a world with a unique set of traits and values ​​that, if you pay close attention, are extremely evident in the films that define the era, along with perfect fashion choices from the 80s and 90s.

The films that define Generation X have several themes in common: graduate angst, aversion to authority and yuppies, “weaker” tendencies, a sense of alienation, a desire to break the norm, punk music and a lot of flannel music. You will also see some recordings from Richard Linklater and John Hughes, as well as several performances by Gene X favorites like Ethan Hawke, John Cusack and Judd Nelson.

1. Reality Bites (1994)

Ben Stiller directed this Gen X masterpiece, whose Gen X thesis is, well, reality bite.In this film, Stiller, Winona Ryder, Ethan Hawke, Jane Garofalo, and Steve Zahn (Gen X’s all-star team) face the challenges of “growing up” in the 90s, even though that was before “adult” was used as a verb. The film focused on the typical Gen X struggle for a sellout, a dead-end job, and parental divorce.

2. Before Sunrise (1995)

Before Dawn is one of the movies before Gen X love. Ethan Hawke meets Julie Delpy while traveling Europe and has a magical day discussing with each other hearing about everything and everything in the world.This is a gigantic dialogue about existential crises and love and what it means to be human.

3. High Precision (2000)

This may be John Cusack’s first vehicle on the list, but it certainly isn’t the last. This Nick Hornby adaptation follows Rob Gordon (Cusack) as a recently dumped record store owner who becomes obsessed with connecting with his exes to find out why he’s so bad in relationships.The film is filled to the brim with musical references and Jack Black’s hilarious performances.

4. Empire Records (1995)

Speaking of music, Empire Records is an iconic Gen X music film, if only for some of its stars (um, Ethan Embry, Liv Tyler, Renee Zellweger). The movie shows a day in the life of a record store employee in a store in Delaware – the coolest thing you could be in the early 90s was a record store employee.I watched Empire Records First time on the bus on a school trip to Six Flags. It was the perfect viewing experience.

5. The Breakfast Club (1985)

Breakfast Club The relevance goes beyond generations, but it cannot be denied that this masterpiece by John Hughes is the backbone of Gen X filmmaking. While Hughes himself was a boomer , he had a special ability to capture what it was like to be a schoolboy in the 80s.

6.Heathers (1988)

Heathers is a beautiful satire of the yuppie culture that Gen Xers hated so much. Winona Ryder and Christian Slater are the Generation X dream team, rebellious, cynical and … extremely attractive. Heathers is a classic for centuries.

7. Say Something … (1989)

Years before he was High Accuracy Rob Gordon, John Cusack played Lloyd Dobler, the self-styled “Jr. schoolboy “, who falls in love with school Veiliktorian Diane Court (Ion Skye).The boombox scene is iconic. With a combination of screenwriter-director Cameron Crowe, John Cusack, and In Your Eyes by Peter Gabriel, no doubt Say Anything Gen X Street Credit.

8. Singles (1992)

Cameron Crowe reappears with singles romcom Gen X for all ages starring Bridget Fonda, Campbell Scott, Keira Sedgwick, Matt Dillon and all the grunge music you can imagine.No, really. The film is set in Seattle, a grunge center. Real musicians Eddie Vedder and Chris Cornell appear in the film. This is a time capsule.

9. Dazed and Confused (1993)

Dazed and Confused about high school in the 70s, so it reflects the Gen X experience. Richard Linklater’s film is about being dazed and knocked down confused, coming of age like you need to sort things out, dude!

10.Clerks (1994)

General Xers, like Kevin Smith, was responsible for the indie film boom in the 90s, and Clerks are perhaps the most iconic of them all. Black and white comedy kicked off Smith’s career and kicked off the trend of wandering comedy films with idle heroes as protagonists.

11. Fight Club (1999)

This adaptation by Chuck Palanwick is the story of an ordinary guy, a jagged car, hungry for something more.Ed Norton and Brad Pitt star in Fight Club , which became a phenomenon and a kind of manifesto for guys who didn’t get it. However, it was definitely one of the most influential films of the time.