Epoch Dragonfly Gen 6 Lacrosse Shaft: A Comprehensive Review and Analysis

What makes the Epoch Dragonfly Gen 6 lacrosse shaft stand out. How does its innovative design impact performance on the field. Is the Dragonfly Gen 6 worth its premium price tag. What are the key features and benefits of this advanced lacrosse equipment.

The Evolution of Lacrosse Shaft Technology: Introducing the Epoch Dragonfly Gen 6

The lacrosse equipment industry has seen significant advancements in recent years, with manufacturers constantly pushing the boundaries of innovation. Among these cutting-edge products, the Epoch Dragonfly Gen 6 lacrosse shaft has emerged as a game-changer, offering players a unique combination of performance, durability, and feel. This comprehensive review delves into the key features and benefits of the Dragonfly Gen 6, exploring how it stands up to the rigorous demands of competitive play.

Unparalleled Flexibility: The iQ9 Technology Explained

One of the most notable features of the Epoch Dragonfly Gen 6 is its innovative iQ9 flexibility technology. This advanced design allows for a level of flex previously unseen in lacrosse shafts, raising questions about its impact on performance and durability.

How does the iQ9 flexibility affect ball control? The increased flex provides players with enhanced feel and responsiveness, allowing them to better sense the ball’s position in the pocket. This improved tactile feedback can lead to more precise passing, shooting, and overall stick handling.

Does the flexibility compromise durability? Contrary to initial concerns, the Dragonfly Gen 6 has proven to be remarkably durable. Despite its soft flex, the shaft has withstood the rigors of competitive play, including hard checks and intense rides, without showing signs of weakness or breakage.

The E30 Grip: Redefining Stick Control

The Epoch Dragonfly Gen 6 features a unique E30 grip pattern, which has garnered praise for its ergonomic design and performance benefits.

• Finely-sanded surface for improved tactile sensation
• Reduced need for additional tape
• Enhanced control and feel during play

How does the E30 grip compare to traditional grip patterns? The E30 grip offers a more natural and comfortable feel, allowing players to maintain a secure hold on the shaft without relying heavily on tape or other grip enhancements. This can lead to improved overall performance and reduced fatigue during extended play.

Lightweight Design: Balancing Performance and Durability

In the world of lacrosse equipment, there’s often a trade-off between weight and durability. The Epoch Dragonfly Gen 6 aims to strike a balance between these two crucial factors.

How light is the Dragonfly Gen 6 compared to other shafts? While not the absolute lightest option on the market, the Dragonfly Gen 6 is significantly lighter than many traditional metal shafts. This reduced weight can contribute to faster stick movements and reduced player fatigue.

Does the lightweight design compromise strength? Despite its featherlight feel, the Dragonfly Gen 6 has demonstrated impressive durability in real-world testing. The advanced composite materials used in its construction allow for a shaft that is both light and strong, defying conventional expectations.

Durability Under Fire: Real-World Performance Testing

To truly assess the Dragonfly Gen 6’s capabilities, it’s essential to examine its performance under the intense conditions of competitive play. Based on extensive testing in MCLA (Men’s Collegiate Lacrosse Association) games, the shaft has proven its mettle.

How does the Dragonfly Gen 6 hold up against hard checks? Despite concerns about its flexible nature, the shaft has withstood aggressive defensive play without breaking or showing significant signs of wear. This durability is particularly impressive given the shaft’s lightweight design and soft flex characteristics.

Are there any signs of wear after extended use? While the outer layer of the shaft may show some minor chipping after multiple games, this cosmetic wear does not appear to affect the overall structural integrity or performance of the product.

Comparison to Traditional Metal Shafts

When compared to traditional metal shafts, the Dragonfly Gen 6 offers several distinct advantages:

1. Improved feel and ball control due to the flexible design
2. Lightweight construction for faster stick movements
3. Comparable or superior durability to many metal options
4. Reduced vibration transfer to the player’s hands

Aesthetic Appeal: Balancing Function and Style

While performance is paramount, the visual appeal of lacrosse equipment can also play a role in player preference and confidence on the field.

What color options are available for the Dragonfly Gen 6? The standard model comes in a sleek black finish with green Epoch graphics. For players seeking more vibrant options, Techno-color variants are available in blue, yellow, and red, as well as a limited edition gold version.

How does the shaft’s appearance impact player perception? The clean, professional look of the Dragonfly Gen 6 can contribute to a player’s confidence and sense of having high-quality equipment. However, some players may prefer a more understated design with less prominent branding.

Value Proposition: Justifying the Premium Price Point

With a list price of $139.99, the Epoch Dragonfly Gen 6 sits at the higher end of the lacrosse shaft market. This premium pricing raises questions about its value proposition for players and parents investing in equipment.

Is the Dragonfly Gen 6 worth the investment? For serious players looking for top-tier performance and durability, the Dragonfly Gen 6 can justify its price tag through its advanced features and long-lasting construction. The shaft’s ability to withstand the rigors of competitive play without breaking can potentially save money in the long run by reducing the need for frequent replacements.

How does the Dragonfly Gen 6 compare to budget-friendly options? While more affordable shafts are available, they may lack the advanced features, performance benefits, and durability offered by the Dragonfly Gen 6. Players must weigh the initial cost against the potential long-term benefits and performance advantages.

The Future of Lacrosse Shaft Technology: Where Does the Dragonfly Gen 6 Fit In?

As lacrosse equipment continues to evolve, the Epoch Dragonfly Gen 6 represents a significant step forward in shaft technology. Its innovative approach to flexibility, grip, and durability sets a new standard for what players can expect from their equipment.

Will flexible shafts become the new norm in lacrosse? The success and positive reception of the Dragonfly Gen 6 suggest that flexible shaft designs may gain more traction in the coming years. As players experience the benefits of improved feel and control, demand for similar technologies may increase.

What advancements can we expect in future iterations? Building on the success of the Gen 6, future versions of the Dragonfly shaft may incorporate even more advanced materials, further refine the flex characteristics, or introduce new grip patterns to enhance player performance.

Potential Impact on Playing Styles

The unique characteristics of the Dragonfly Gen 6 have the potential to influence playing styles and techniques:

• Enhanced feel may lead to more precise stick skills and ball control
• Improved energy transfer could result in faster, more powerful shots
• Reduced vibration may allow for better control during intense defensive plays
• Lightweight design could contribute to increased stamina and quicker movements

As players adapt to these advanced shaft technologies, we may see a shift in training methods and playing strategies to fully leverage the benefits offered by equipment like the Dragonfly Gen 6.

Final Thoughts: Is the Epoch Dragonfly Gen 6 Right for You?

The Epoch Dragonfly Gen 6 lacrosse shaft represents a significant leap forward in equipment design, offering players a unique combination of flexibility, durability, and performance. Its innovative features, including the iQ9 flex technology and E30 grip pattern, provide tangible benefits on the field that many players will appreciate.

Who will benefit most from the Dragonfly Gen 6? This shaft is ideal for serious players who prioritize feel, control, and durability in their equipment. It’s particularly well-suited for attackmen and midfielders who value precise stick handling and quick movements.

Are there any drawbacks to consider? The premium price point may be a barrier for some players, and those who prefer a more traditional, rigid feel may need time to adjust to the flexible nature of the shaft. Additionally, players who prioritize a minimalist aesthetic might find the prominent branding less appealing.

Ultimately, the Epoch Dragonfly Gen 6 has proven itself to be a high-performance piece of equipment that can stand up to the demands of competitive play. For players willing to invest in top-tier technology, it offers a compelling package of features that can potentially elevate their game to new heights.

As lacrosse equipment continues to evolve, the Dragonfly Gen 6 serves as a benchmark for innovation in shaft design. Whether it becomes the new standard or remains a specialized tool for discerning players, its impact on the sport and equipment industry is undeniable. Players looking to stay at the forefront of lacrosse technology would do well to consider the Epoch Dragonfly Gen 6 as a valuable addition to their arsenal.

Dragonfly E30 Lacrosse Shaft Review

Editor’s note: When we received the new Dragonfly lacrosse shafts from our partners at Epoch, we wanted to put them to the real test. In order to do so, we enrolled the help real lacrosse players throughout the United States. Boise State senior attackman Adam Smith had the opportunity to review Epoch’s iQ9 Dragonfly E30 shaft. We hope you find Adam’s review helpful!

When I received the new Epoch Lacrosse Gen.6 iQ9 Dragonfly E30 shaft, I was a little bit nervous about its durability at first. Knowing iQ9 was the most flexible option available from Epoch, I immediately thought to myself:

I’ve broken way too many shafts in my life to be playing with anything but a SC-TI, and I’m going to use a ‘soft’ flex shaft? Let’s see how long this thing lasts.

Although I was skeptical at first, I’ve used the Dragonfly shaft throughout eight competitive games in the MCLA so far and it’s really proved me wrong. We’ll see if it hangs tough the rest of my final season with the Boise State Broncos. Below are my honest findings so far – I hope you find them insightful!

Company: Epoch Lacrosse
Product: Dragonfly E30 iQ9 shaft
Price: $139.99

Appearance: 9/10

The standard Gen. 6 shaft comes in a single color option: black with the Epoch green graphics and logo. Personally, I like the nice clean look of a solid black or silver shaft. The Epoch E30 was just solid enough of a black for me to throw my yellow Under Armor Charge on it and hit the practice field loudly.

The only reason I knock off one point from this score: I think a little less of the Epoch green or maybe a smaller graphic would make the Dragonfly look even more clean. That being said, I admit I’m a little bit boring when it comes to the lacrosse shafts I choose!

If you’re a player looking for a little more color in your game, Epoch also offers a handful of other Gen. 6 Dragonfly shaft color-ways, mostly with the C30 grip. Epoch’s Techno-color options are Blue, Yellow, and Red, and they also offer a limited edition Gold option that’s out now.

Grip: 10/10

When I first pulled the shaft out of its packaging, the unique E30 grip immediately caught my eye. It was everything I could ever want in a shaft.

The E30 shape is similar to a grip that I have always enjoyed, but struggled to find on a lacrosse shaft strong enough to actually last more than a game.

The general feel of a Dragonfly is nice and finely-sanded. Combined with the E30 grip, I’m experiencing good, complete feel and control over the stick. Plus there’s not much need for additional tape (I don’t like to use a lot of tape).

Something else that I think should be mentioned here is the flex on the shaft. To me, the flex feels like it helps improve ball control – you can really tell where the ball is sitting at all times!

Weight: 9.5/10

The Dragonfly is light. It may not be the lightest shaft I’ve ever held in my hands, but it’s incredibly light compared to any I’ve ever actually used in a game.

I tend to disregard weight and lean more towards durability as a deciding factor when picking a shaft. I’ve always felt like the lighter the shaft, the bigger the risk of it breaking on me mid game.

But the Dragonfly feels different… there’s something about its strength.

Durability: 9/10

For the past four years playing in the MCLA, and about six years before that, I have broken every lacrosse shaft I’ve ever owned except one. This Gen. 6 Dragonfly is now number two.

As I mentioned earlier, initially I didn’t expect this shaft to last long… especially considering the way I play.

Photo Credit: Peighton Russell

I enjoy riding hard and throwing multiple, accurate checks to defenders’ sticks. Also, when I have the ball nothing is better than taking someone to the rack. Going hard to the cage, you usually have to blow through a couple checks, and I just can’t have my stick letting me down when I’m giving everything I’ve got.

To my surprise, the Epoch Dragonfly with iQ9 flex hasn’t given me any trouble or worries. And believe me, I have put this thing to the test!

The only reason I’ve scored Durability at a 9 out of 10 is because the outer layer of the shaft is beginning to chip a little bit already.

Compared to the soft flex version that I am currently playing with, I can only assume the latest Gen. 6 offering from Epoch would be even stronger at a harder flex. I think a Dragonfly with a lower iQ flex could make for a great indoor stick due to the added strength. I may have to pick one up if anything happens to my current indoor setup!

All-in-all, this is hand’s down the strongest composite shaft I have ever used.

Value: 8/10

The reason I give this shaft an 8 out of 10 is because its list price of $140 is at the very top of the market. Don’t get me wrong, it is one of the best shafts I have ever played with – I think it can be justified as worth the money to those who can afford it.

In my opinion, the E30 grip is one of the best grips a midfielder or play-any-position type of player can get. If you haven’t tried one out, try it. If you’re in the market for a high end lacrosse shaft, consider it.

Epoch lacrosse shafts are showing up in more and more players’ hands every year, and I think that trend is sure to continue.

Overall: 9/10

This shaft has to be the first composite I have ever truly enjoyed using. It’s held up to the college lacrosse test by taking a beating at the MCLA Division I level. It has what I consider to be an amazing feel that supports great ball control. Plus, the iQ9 soft flex even gives you a little something extra on your wrist snap when ripping G’s.

The guys at Epoch really did a great job with this shaft. I would highly recommend it to anyone taking their game to the next level.

Epoch clearly produces high-quality, elite level products, and I encourage you to check out their website to learn more about the company.

Whenever you are considering a new shaft, definitely keep all of Epoch Dragonfly handles in mind. They offer a ton of shapes and flex styles fit for all preferences.

Even if you aren’t looking to get a new shaft, see if you can try a buddy’s out for a little bit. It’s always worth knowing what’s out there!

Did I sell you on it yet? Good. Pick one up at Lacrosse.com today. You’ll thank me later!

New Epoch Dragonfly WS32 Gen. 6 Composite Women’s Lacrosse Shaft White – PremierSports

Oops – we’re out of stock for this bat!

Torque Box

The key to the Gen.6 Dragonfly is Epoch’s Advanced Carbon Layering (ACL), the Dragonfly consists of very thin composite layers arranged in many different orientations; The torque box is located deep in the layup and involves a few specific changes to critical layers; Layers can be as thin as a few sheets of paper so it’s nearly impossible to see with the naked eye
The torque box is specifically centered on the key areas along the length of the shaft, just above the bottom hand and just below the top of the shaft; this places the technology in critical areas between and around the hands to create an optimal effect
Epoch found that by increasing the strength through the center of the shaft, it could reduce the weight near the ends resulting in one of the lightest shafts on the market
Reload Technology

When passing or shooting, a load is introduced to the shaft causing it to flex back, which causes the carbon fibers to be stretched along the front of the shaft and compressed along the back; Reload Technology takes advantage of this situation by using low F. A.W. (Fiber Areal Weight) and high-modulus carbon fiber, which creates urgency for the fibers to return to their natural position for maximum recoil
Axis Technology

ACL (Advanced Carbon Layering) Has allowed Epoch to control how they layer the carbon on their shafts at varying angles to control energy transfer, flexural integrity, and torsional stability. Making this one of the most advanced shafts on the market
Flex IQ

Epoch achieves flex by manipulating the orientation of the carbon fiber; Epoch’s shaft’s bend when you need it to, but retains its firmness for maximum control; Conventional shafts that tout flex often use fiberglass, a cheaper, less durable material, to increase the bendability. Don’t sacrifice your game, choose Epoch; Flex Scale is 1-10, 1 being more stiff,less flex and 10 being less stiff, more flex

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Epoch Unveils Gen.

6 Dragonfly Engineered to Kick Up Your Game

Minneapolis, Minn. — Epoch Lacrosse today unveiled its Gen.6 Dragonfly shafts, featuring revolutionary new designs and cutting edge technology. The Gen.6 Dragonfly introduces Epoch’s technology engineered to maintain the shape of the shaft and maximize the transference of energy to the head referred to as torque box. The Gen.6 Dragonfly shafts are available in multiple shapes and flex profiles, ranging from a mid flex (iQ5) to a soft flex (iQ9). All Gen.6 Dragonfly shafts also include Epoch’s exclusive Uniform Release Technology (Kick-Point). The Gen.6 Dragonfly is now available at authorized Epoch Lacrosse dealers nationwide. Visit www.EpochLacrosse.com to learn more the Gen.6 Dragonfly and see more detailed images. 

“We pushed our engineers harder than ever before,” said James Miceli, Principal of Epoch Lacrosse. “The jump in technology from our Gen.5 to Gen.6 Dragonfly is the greatest increase in shaft technology we have ever released  With the introduction of our new technology to layer carbon fiber called torque box, we continue to distance ourselves from conventional shaft technology and remain generations ahead of our competitors. ”

By understanding the dynamics and forces present in lacrosse, Epoch engineered torque box technology to maintain the continuity of the shaft’s geometry and maximize energy transfer to the head during a pass or shot.

Epoch developed Gen.6 featuring a non-uniform composite layup with variations along the length of the shaft. This technology creates a torque box and is designed to control and minimize ovalization or deformation of the shaft walls.

Why does Epoch care about ovalization and deformation?

Ovalization of the shaft walls can occur during a shot and is lost energy that does not get transferred to the shooting motion. By optimizing the layup, the shaft can more efficiently transfer energy, reducing this lost energy.

Most failures are a result of the shaft walls crushing or deforming under impact (same for alloy and composites). By optimizing the layup, Epoch can reduce this wall crushing/ovalization.

Where is the technology?

The key to the Epoch Dragonfly is their Advanced Carbon Layering (ACL). The Dragonfly consists of very thin composite layers arranged in many different orientations. The torque box is located deep in the layup and involves a few specific changes to critical layers. Layers can be as thin as a few sheets of paper so it’s nearly impossible to see with the naked eye.

The torque box is specifically centered on the key areas along the length of the shaft, just above the bottom hand and just below the top of the shaft. This places the technology in critical areas between and around the hands to create an optimal effect.

Epoch found that by increasing the strength through the center of the shaft, it could reduce the weight near the ends resulting in one of the lightest shafts on the market. 

“The carbon fiber shaft category is one the fastest growing categories in the lacrosse equipment world and we are proud to have the top selling shaft at the premiere retailers across the country,” said Miceli. “It is really interesting to think that the next generation of lacrosse players will probably never play with an alloy shaft once they reach middle school or high school. Carbon fiber is quickly becoming the material of choice for players at all levels. We are very excited about the launch of our Gen.6 Dragonfly shafts and once again through the introduction of new technology we feel that we have reinvented the lacrosse shaft.”

“Kick” Your Game Up

Epoch Uniform Release technology is designed to maximize shaft performance by creating a natural kick-point or flex point just above your top hand, when shooting and passing. 

Epoch Dragonfly Gen 7 Defense Lacrosse ShaftC60XLIQ5

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Epoch Dragonfly Gen 7 Defense Lacrosse ShaftC60XLIQ5

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90,000 55 Gene Key. Dragonfly Dream

Revealing the higher purpose hidden in your DNA

Shadow: Victimization (Persecution)

Gift: Freedom

Siddhi: Freedom

Program Partner: 59th Gene Key

Codon Ring: Vortex Ring (49, 55)

Amino Acid: Histidine

Physiology: Solar Plexus (Dorsal Ganglia)

Part 1 – Great Change
Part 2 – Process of Change
Part 3 – Manifestations

Foreword
Welcome to a completely new system of cognition.64 Gene Keys – an original interpretation of the eternal and ancient, fundamental codes of the Universe. This brochure gives you a first glimpse into the lead-up to their official publication. In fact, the Gene Keys are the living alphabet of light that supports the entire universe. All natural languages ​​and interpretations of the great Mystery arose from these primary codes of consciousness. Because of this, the Gene Keys do not belong to intellectual knowledge, but carry the resonating high-frequency transmission of your awakening to the highest reality.

The Gene Keys contain modern wisdom designed to effectively interact directly with 64 genetic codons in the nucleus of every cell in your body. In the broadest sense of the word, it is a living, speaking book whose sole purpose is to evoke a response on all levels of your being, from the subtle to the gross. In this regard, each Gene Key is divided into three “frequency ranges” called Shadow, Gift and Siddhi. As you go through and comprehend each layer of transmission, you begin to feel your own connection with this inner spectrum of light.Since the supreme language of the siddhi is beyond words, you are invited to perceive this knowledge with all your essence, and not in the usual way, as you read these words – exclusively through the mind. The more you devote yourself to reading, the deeper the transmission will penetrate inside you.

The Gene Keys form a completely new transformational language for deep contemplation, and the essence of this language is available thanks to the 55th Gene Key. This Key is the primary launcher of a new universal awakening. He is currently accelerating the preparation of a huge, global genetic mutation that will sweep through humanity in the coming years and give birth to a new species of human beings.I hope you enjoy reading this Gene Key and comprehending its insight and depth. For many, I expect it to be what it has become to me – a stunning glimmer of hope and wonder in the sheer beauty of our time.
Richard Rudd

PART 1 – THE GREAT CHANGE

Introduction to the 55th Gene Key

Did you know that you have a unique genetic sequence that determines your true nature? The purpose of this book, as the title suggests, is to discover this ultimate purpose hidden in your DNA.The Higher Self, the cosmic component of each of us and surpassing our mortal body, has been hidden from humanity for an eternity. Since it is in your body, right under your nose, most people never thought of looking for a lasting sense of peace and contentment in such an obvious place. Until now, the inner journey has been the lot of a select few – the brave adventurers and the brave pioneers of the inner plans. Therefore, our true divine seemed so far from the ordinary person, more concerned about the ability to survive and cope with life in the outside world.

All of this can change. As you walk through the frequency ranges of this book, you will begin to realize how beautiful and richly varied the journey of awakening can be. Many cultures in their myths have left us with clues that speak of the coming time of the Great Change. Humanity feels this change, because it is already taking place. During a relatively short evolutionary period, our world will be transformed into a world that most of us consider pure fantasy. You live in a very romantic time – when the prince kisses the Sleeping Beauty and she suddenly, completely wakes up.And with its awakening, the world becomes different. This Great Change is central to all of the statements in this book. As you read these words, your inner voice deemed it appropriate to remind you of this extraordinarily predicted phenomenon in order to trigger or support your own awakening process.

Therefore, allow yourself to be established on your path, which has led you to this very place and time when you are reading these lines. People follow in different directions in space and time, but at a certain time all our paths converge at one point, deep inside our body.There is a stretch of DNA whose sole purpose is to awaken you. The 55th Gene Key describes this area, moreover, it will allow you to comprehend and speed up the awakening process. The 55th Gene Key and its related transmission, the 22nd Gene Key, embody the most compelling and profound message in this book. The 55th describes the evolutionary force moving from matter to spirit, and the 22nd describes the involutionary force moving from spirit to matter. Together they contain the essence of the Great Change.

If you perceive the words and ideas of this Gene Key, allow them to penetrate into the deepest and most secluded corners of your being. There are dormant memory codes specifically designed to be activated and awakened by this transmission. As you allow it to penetrate you, you can notice the feelings, thoughts and impulses that arise during this. Even if you feel an inner opposition to this Gene Key, it should be recognized and respected. Awakening mysteriously chooses its timing and happens in its own sequence.Therefore, breathe deeply and please enjoy your flight into this wonderful world where romance becomes reality …
Welcome to the heart of the Gene Keys transmission!

Shadow – Victimization

Indra’s Network

The 55th Gene Key and the mythical journey from his Shadow to the siddhi are in fact the essence of all the Gene Keys work. In the human genetic matrix, not a single note sounds more harsh and modern than this odyssey through the boiling hell of the victim mentality into the clear and transparent air of freedom.This is the most long-awaited Gene Key, and we will soon receive its Gift on a collective level. The 55th Shadow has set the date for this work on the Gene Keys. This Shadow has become the leitmotif of humanity since the development of the neocortex endowed us with a self-reflective consciousness. This is the leitmotif of the victim.

The 55th Shadow of Victimization and its program partner, the 59th Shadow of Disgrace, at the cellular level lay a program in a person, under the influence of which he becomes the most terrible enemy to himself.There is a universal law, reflected in the proverb “As it comes around, so it will respond”, and it is this law that prevents the 55th Shadow from seeing. The essence of this universal law is expressed in the well-known biblical saying “As you sow, you will reap”. These familiar clichés are usually used to interpret the external manifestations of life, and not its deep energy. It often seems that people can only succeed at the expense of others. On the other hand, most of the simple and sincere people are subjected to terrible trials for inexplicable reasons.At first glance, the expression “What you sow, so you will reap” may seem devoid of material foundation, and therefore it is usually referred to as sayings of “folk wisdom”.

Due to the tendency to consider only the outer side of phenomena, the mass consciousness misses one of the deepest mysteries of life – on the energetic level, you really always reap what you sow. The “crops” simply take longer to germinate in the material world. The highest manifestation of the 59th Gene Key – the siddhi of Transparency states that in the end you cannot hide from yourself.Thus, the only key to the excellence of the 55th Shadow is your attitude. It doesn’t matter what happens to you. How you deal with it is important.

Lost relationship
There are two types of relationship – you behave like a victim of circumstances, or take full responsibility for your position. Despite the apparent simplicity, there are several levels of difficulty in this. Since we’re examining the 55th Shadow, we’ll first look at what happens when you play the role of a victim of circumstance.The 55th Shadow is located deep in the dorsal ganglia of the solar plexus and directly affects emotions. At low frequency levels, people look for external causes of emotional ups and downs. We need to justify our emotional states. At the high end of the emotional spectrum, we believe that genuine joy is an effect rather than a cause. This deep conviction leads us to spend most of our lives looking for what we think brings joy – it can be great relationships, wealth, fame, a prominent place in life, even God.At the low end of the emotional spectrum, we play blame. We blame everything in the world, from the food we just eaten, to our partners and the government, for not feeling well.

The tendency to seek external causes of one’s condition is the greatest addiction on our planet. The belief that we are victims of material reality is based on it. This deepest belief establishes a constantly reinforced low frequency pattern. In other words, the priority of such an internal relationship lures the person into the network he has created.We are caught by our own desire. If we are depressed, then we strive to raise our mood, when we are happy, then we strive to keep the feeling of joy. Thus, the very sensations that we seek create an endless hunger that cannot be satisfied. Addiction is a search for satisfaction, not satisfaction as such. Hence the old story about seeking heaven: Even if you find heaven, you will hate it because you loved the hope of a wish being fulfilled, not the object of desire.

Here we find the secret of the frequency itself – it lies in the unconscious attitude to life.Since the real attitude remains unconscious, there is no technique for increasing the frequency. All that is required to achieve the “genetic speed of salvation” – the frequency that transfers you from the Shadow to the Gift – is understanding. Understanding dawns at the level of pure being – the understanding that you have become an unwitting victim of your own, unconscious patterned beliefs. When this understanding is manifested, you immediately begin to overcome the state of the Shadow. The great spiritual teacher Gurdjieff put it simply and beautifully: “In order for a person to escape from prison, he must first understand that he is in prison.”

Counterfeit Freedom

As mentioned earlier, the 55th Shadow of Victimization has many dimensions. The network that keeps us at a low frequency uses various tricks. As they say, one of the main wiles of the devil is to make people seek God. The most tricky properties of the 55th Shadow relate to spirituality, and this has become especially significant nowadays. Spirituality itself can become the focus of sacrificial consciousness, as it easily imposes on you the idea that you can do something to free yourself from your Shadow and your emotional suffering.This concept leads to the biggest illusion – the illusion of another spiritual reality outside of our own sphere of sensations. If we look closely at this idea, we see the same pattern of pursuit of contentment. By creating an unattainable reality, you may spend your entire life trying to achieve it, but you may not experience it directly.

For many religious or spiritual people, this may be too bitter for the truth. True enlightenment is not at all what we really want.It is not in the least exciting, it is completely normal. Despite this, almost all spirituality is based on the pursuit of the extraordinary. High frequency levels do not necessarily lead you to a “spiritual” experience. In fact, they dispel the very illusion that there is such a thing as “spiritual” experience. In the modern culture of the new century, spiritual materialism has spread – that is, people now have a completely new drug called “the search for truth.”

It is important to understand that there is nothing wrong with all these phenomena.If you are drawn to seek something higher, it means that something pushes you from within and leads you somewhere. Following this impulse until its natural completion, you open your true path. For some people, search is a direct path to transcendence, but for others it is simply a distraction, further diverting from their true nature.

Through his own inferences, the 55th Shadow prevents the person seeking spirituality from following his promptings. It does this through identification with the form of teaching, or with the teacher, or with the path itself.Therefore, people walking the spiritual path can be divided into three main categories – those who are trapped in the structure of a particular teaching, those who are trapped in the magnetic power of the teacher, and those who are trapped in their own compulsive urge to become a spiritual traveler. All of these spiritual traps lie in wait for us on any path that ultimately leads to true freedom, but they all also disguise themselves as freedom itself. These are some of the subtlest levels of the Shadow of Victimization. As we explore the Gift and the siddhis of Freedom, we will see that true freedom has nothing to do with how we spend our time on the material plane.True freedom is not action. This kind of constantly expanding spaciousness spontaneously arises in a person when he realizes that he has become a victim of his own fundamental beliefs.

The end of the drama

One of the greatest temptations of humanity is the ideal of romantic love. In this context, this refers not only to the striving of human hearts for each other, but also to the ideal of romanticism in the broadest sense. This is the idea of ​​life as a romance.The basis of romantic love is that it can never be truly satisfied, but must continually flow from catastrophic failures to ecstatic outbursts, creating an amazingly diverse symphony of human emotion and drama. All performing arts, from the highest creativity to the most run-of-the-mill television soap opera, is a metaphor within a metaphor for life itself. The 55th Shadow makes us all victims of the drama of life. We are entangled in an incredible web woven from the threads of our pain and our pleasure.We actually love and hate the network at the same time, but the main thing is that we are carried away by it, as we are carried away by any high drama.

In a world of dreams covered with a web, you are able to express your main aspirations. Under the net, you can fulfill your dream; you can fly, dance, cry, suffer, and above all, you can love. But love under the net is extremely limited and will never go beyond its own illusions. You can fall in love or stop loving, but you always remain a victim of your projections, expectations and inevitable disappointments.The web cast by the 55th Shadow orchestrates the rapid change in your breathing patterns as you rise and fall, obeying the melodies of life. Sometimes you sink into melancholy, all your life force seems to freeze, and your breathing becomes shallow. Other times, your mood suddenly skyrockets, your heart beats faster, and your breathing makes your chest heave. We believe that this is freedom. In between the extremes, the melody becomes a cadence; changes in tempo give way to phrases, notes, trills, pauses and every conceivable shade of feelings.We live inundated with endless waves of our own emotionality.

With regard to the 55th Shadow, the coming mutation will tear us out of dependence on the drama of life, and will be the beginning of the discovery of the true meaning of true freedom. In its depths, the 55th Shadow hides the desire of consciousness to return to unity, although this is most often expressed as a romantic longing for a beautiful soul mate. In the wonderful Indian myth “Indra’s Net”, the cosmos is seen as an endless net, in each knot of which there is a jewel.And in any of these stones absolutely everyone else is reflected. The 55th Shadow casts a veil over these jewels, thereby preventing humanity from feeling the consent of all entities. The upcoming shift in consciousness will finally allow us to break through the emotional web that has kept us victimized for so long. And then, for the first time, the truth of universal unity will sparkle before us, shimmering in the endless jewels of Indra.

Solar plexus – second brain

In the human body, the emotional matrix of the 55th Shadow is located in the solar plexus region.This large collection of nerve nodes is often referred to as the “second brain.” It acts independently of the brain, continuously controlling the work of blood vessels and internal organs. The tremendous tension of emotional states, especially at their extremes, greatly outweighs the subtle conscious cognitive processes taking place in the brain, to which we attach such great importance. Relatively little is known about the structure, mechanisms of action, and the true capabilities of the solar plexus neural circuit.But we know for sure that, despite any efforts, emotions have much more power over us than reason, and the world around us constantly confirms this.

Awakening of the solar plexus – a mystery of the eras

Most of the transmission of the 55th Gene Key concerns the future of our species during the Great Change, and therefore is a deeply prophetic work. However, one of the biggest pieces of the puzzle lies in our distant past.Generations of scholars of mythology, folklorists, archaeologists, mystics and historians have spoken of other races of human beings that lived before modern human history. Undoubtedly, all great myths and fairy tales contain coded information about the lost Golden Age, which was extinguished as a result of some extensive cataclysm, most likely a flood. In psychology, myths were seen as a metaphor for the archetypal, psychic desire of the soul to return to the safety of the mother’s womb.But what if these memories passed down from generation to generation are indeed hereditary memories stored in DNA? The 55th Gene Key can clarify a lot in this matter.

In many ancient cultures, various methods of displaying long periods and periods of time have been created, but one of the patterns remains true at the simplest and most mythical level – the ternary pattern. Every great work of art or allegorical story at its core carries this archetypal trinity time stream, outwardly or in meaning, dividing any narrative into three parts.Deep resonance with this fundamental pattern is inherent in the human soul. It always begins with some kind of fall into sin, followed by a journey of gains and trials, culminating in the final redemptive victory. Through the prism of this pattern, we see history, delineated in the form of three great eras, marked by four major leaps in consciousness.

Three epochs and stages of evolution

Three epochs and four turning points constitute a round of development of the entire planetary consciousness.In essence, this triple pattern describes three different stages of evolution, culminating in the fourth transcendental stage (the tetrahedral geometry of consciousness).

Theory of involution and the seven root races

According to the Gene Keys teaching, life is the interaction of two main forces – the course of evolution and the course of involution. The Western way of thinking focuses mainly on the objective, external world, rather than the internal, subjective reality.For this reason, we focus on the evolutionary stream, which has become the foundation of the modern scientific approach. However, many mystical and secret traditions around the world also viewed life from the other side, as a process of “involution”, where consciousness is gradually embodied deeper and deeper into form, thereby defining evolution. This view (known as emanationism) holds that at every stage of our planetary and personal development, a hidden goal is consistently achieved. To the extent that divine life “involutions”, so much human life, and indeed all earthly life, develops, and, breaking through to the higher frequencies of our consciousness, we get the opportunity to bring them into our material life.

The Great Pattern of the Three Ages includes another pattern based on seven intermediate stages known as the seven root races. In the theory of involution, the root races represent the most important stages of planetary development. Esoteric traditions often describe indigenous races literally, as the races of human beings antecedent to modern man. In the synthesis of the Gene Keys, they are considered as the disclosure of the true essence of the thin layers of the living spirit of Gaia, our Earth. In other words, from an involutionary perspective, all forms on our planet, from the densest stone to the most volatile gas, and, of course, our world itself, are composed of levels of consciousness.Thus, the first root races represent the subtlest forms of divine consciousness, lowering their frequency in order to obtain the possibility of physical manifestation (first epoch). At a certain point in the evolutionary history of our planet, consciousness penetrates so deeply into the material sphere that it completely forgets itself (second epoch). Then comes “Remembrance” and the mythical return to paradise, as consciousness transforms back into itself the entire material sphere, including all dimensions, thus completing its epic round of evolution (third epoch).

The seven root races and the corresponding planes of reality

The seven root races also directly relate to the seven planes of reality and the seven subtle bodies of the aura, thus giving us a description and duration of the involutionary stages of consciousness. (For more information on the seven sacred bodies and their corresponding planes, you can read the description of the 22nd Gene Key.)

1. First Root Race – Polar – Monadic Plane;
2.The second root race is the Hyperborean, Atmic plane;
3. The third root race – the Lemurian, buddhic plane;
4. Fourth Root Race – Atlantic, causal plane;
5. Fifth Root Race – Aryan, mental plane;
6. Sixth Root Race – Trivian Astral Plane
7. Seventh Root Race – Pangean Physical Plane

First Age – Preparing Gaia’s Garden

The first two Root Races, known as the Polar and Hyperborean, represent the crystallization of the form of the Earth itself in other words, they cover the time of the formation of our planet.Corresponding to the monadic body (the highest source of the divine), the polar root-race represents the divine Thought or Intention, just before descending into form and separating. The second root race, Hyperborean, is associated with the atmic body, or the body of light. It corresponds to the fusion of the minerals and elements of the sun on the planet. At the same time, the emergence of the Earth’s atmosphere and the gradual purification of its constituent gases occurs until our planet becomes suitable for life. It was during these first phases of development that the elements of planetary life were endowed with subtle forms of consciousness.In some traditions they are known as the angels of the elements and the devas of the mineral sphere.

Second Age – Rise and Fall

The Third Root Race, the Lemurian, represents the birth of animate life as it emerged from the water and populated the Earth. This was the paradise phase during which the Divine Essence manifested its inexhaustibility in the form of the diversity of the kingdoms of nature. The Lemurian consciousness of our planet was and still remains one, united entity located on the buddhic or ecstatic plane.It is also the level of many spheres of Devas – the manifestation of consciousness inherent in all living forms. It was during the Lemurian phase that the first humans were conceived and born.

The fourth Atlantean Root Race represents humanity before the fall. This race of human beings, sometimes called “Adam’s people”, remained only in vague memories. Modern people have been separated from their original source by a series of cataclysms, mythically called the “Fall.” Among the ancient peoples, the truth about this “fall” was passed down from generation to generation in stories and myths about the creation of the world, from where, in turn, it penetrated into modern culture and beliefs.The Atlantean root race, its culture and environment were completely erased, and the development was literally “rebooted” and started in a different direction. However, the Atlantean consciousness existed and continues to exist on the causal plane, or the level of archetypes – a quantum language beyond the logical mind. Unlike modern man, the original consciousness of the Atlanteans was concentrated in the solar plexus and did not feel disconnected from the source of all life, but was the heart and mind of Gaia herself.

Third Age, Fifth Race and Kali Yuga

Every great story must describe the fall. Indian Vedic tradition calls the stages of evolution “Yugas”, and the darkest of them is known as Kali Yuga, named for Kali, the Dark Goddess, Destroyer of Time. Our present Root Race, the Aryan, is already coming to the end of the Kali Yuga, the post-fall era. Aryan consciousness exists on the mental plane, and our main means of perception is the constantly developing brain.Ironically, our greatest gift, our ability to think, gives us the illusion that we are separate from each other and from the world around us. However, the essence of the third era is the long journey home. We have been looking for this path ever since we went astray. We are looking in science, we are looking in religion, but above all, we are looking for it in love.

The Great Change and the Sixth Race

The time of the Great Change will come right after us. As the Fifth Root Race prepares to surrender to the Sixth, the Trivian, it seems as though time itself is accelerating.The sixth race was predicted long ago by mystics and sages. Corresponding to the involution of the divine essence into the astral plane – the area of ​​emotions and desires, the sixth race will transform our entire planet. Penetrating deeper and deeper into the form, divine consciousness reveals its true nature. The coming era will see the sublimation of human sexuality and desires into unconditional love. The origin of the sixth race will be the 55th Gene Key and its mutation in the center of the solar plexus, the seat of human emotions.The Trivian race will herald the awakening of this center and will allow people to once again feel the universal quantum field that unites all beings. This awakening will not be a rollback into the past Golden Age, but a new inclusion of the three lower planes – physical, astral and mental into their higher correspondences – causal, buddhic and atmic.

The seventh and last root race – Pangean, is really difficult to describe. She represents the fusion of all the kingdoms of Gaia into a single vibrating presence.Spirit and matter become one, and the divine monadic essence penetrates the physical plane with rays, allowing it to rise. This is the kingdom of heaven on earth.

End of the trilogy and return to paradise

Humanity and all planetary consciousness are now on the verge of the greatest turning point – on the eve of the last phase of the Trilogy and the final solution of the Mystery of the Ages. This rare event in the unfolding of consciousness will cause tremendous changes at all levels of life.The future seems so fantastic that we are not able to grasp it with our minds. As usually happens in fairy tales – the third time everything works out, the third time brings salvation. Indeed, all great myths, films, novels and dramas end in some kind of synthesis. Without this synthesis, our hearts feel some kind of incompleteness. Always at the very end, when we have almost given up hope of redemption, deliverance comes. Completing the triple pattern of trials and redemption, it unleashes an immense tidal wave of the happy ending that is so familiar and so longed for.We deeply yearn for liberation because it is imprinted in the genetic makeup of all life forms in our galaxy. And, since it is in our DNA, our inevitable destiny must be and will be to see the rebirth of Eden and live peacefully in the Garden of Eden “forever and ever.”

Repressive and reactive characters of the 55th Shadow

Repressive character – complaining

The 55th Shadow of Victimization has two main forms of expression. The repressive nature manifests itself in complaints.Complaining is an unconscious mental attitude in which a person makes himself the main victim of his own drama. Complaining externally or internally, we effectively deprive ourselves of strength every time. A repressive person tends to complain internally, choosing a pessimistic outlook on life, while a reactive character tends to find a specific external goal of the accusation. Falling on the frequency of a complaint, a person gets entangled in the net of life’s drama – “Maya”. The very energy of discontent enhances the illusion of the heaviness of life.Thus, constant complaints not only support themselves, but also lead to premature aging of the physical body. We get freedom only when we see the essence of this energy through unconscious patterns.

Reactive temperament – accusing

Another common form of the 55th Shadow is accusation. The reactive nature externalizes its discontent by blaming something or someone else. The arrows of our accusation seem to relieve us of responsibility for our position.In this sense, we “invest” our own ingredients in other people, thereby depriving ourselves of true strength and presence. Blame is an expression of externally projected anger, but that anger is not “pure.” Pure anger is the release of the primary energy of fear that can be caused by an external cause, even if it is not directed at that cause. By accusing someone, you immediately become a victim of your own drama. It is impossible to blame a person for his failures, and at the same time understand that he is just an actor in a play.Looking at life through the lens of importance releases the energy of blame. The reactive nature becomes true freedom when the arrows of accusation stop halfway to their target.

Butterfly effect: what happens if a person kills mosquitoes

• Claire Bates
• BBC

28 January 2016

Photo author, Getty

Photo caption,

Streets, houses, basements, Roofs and cemeteries in many countries in South America are being treated with insecticides in an attempt to stop the spread of the Zika virus

Tiny mosquitoes are the most dangerous animals on Earth.They spread diseases that kill a million people every year. Mosquito-borne Zika virus has been linked to the birth of abnormally high numbers of babies with microcephaly in South America. But is it worth killing all the mosquitoes?

Science knows about 3500 species of mosquitoes, but most of them do not bother humans at all – they feed on nectar.

And only females 6% of the whole variety of mosquito species drink human blood, which helps them to lay larvae.And only half of them carry parasites. But the impact of these 100 species on human life is truly devastating.

“Half of humanity is at risk of mosquito-borne disease,” says Francis Hawkes of the University of Greenwich’s Natural Resources Institute. “Mosquitoes bring untold suffering to humanity.”

Photo author, iStock

Photo caption,

Every year a million people die from diseases carried by mosquitoes

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Deadly mosquitoes

• Aedes aegypti – dengue fever and yellow fever.They appeared in Africa, but now they live in tropical and subtropical regions in other parts of the world.
• Aedes albopictus – Spreads various diseases including yellow fever, dengue fever and West Nile virus. Originated in Southeast Asia, now found in tropical and subtropical regions in other parts of the world.
• Anopheles gambiae – also known as the African malaria mosquito, is one of the most dangerous vectors of the disease.

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More than a million people, mostly from poor countries, die each year from mosquito-borne diseases, including malaria, dengue and yellow fever.

Some mosquito species carry the Zika virus – previously thought to be its only effects were skin rashes and fever. However, scientists today believe that fever affects babies in the womb.In Brazil, the Zika virus has been linked to the birth of babies with microcephaly, a disease when babies are born with abnormally small heads.

In these countries, great efforts are being expended to teach people how to use nets, repellents and other methods to avoid being bitten. But isn’t it easier to simply destroy the entire species that carries this disease?

Wipe off the face of the Earth

Biologist Olivia Judson supports the “selective elimination” of 30 species of mosquitoes.According to her, this will save a million human lives, and the diversity of the mosquito population will decrease by only 1%.

“We must decide to destroy them completely,” Judson told the New York Times.

Photo author, Getty

Photo caption,

Doctor conducts a brain scan of a newborn in order to detect microcephaly disease

Scientists at Oxford University and the biotechnology company Oxitec have created a genetically modified male Aedes aegypti mosquito – a species that carries both Zika virus and fever dengue.These individuals carry a gene that prevents their offspring from developing. The second generation of these mosquitoes dies before they reach reproductive age and can carry the virus.

About 3 million of these modified mosquitoes were released off the Cayman Islands between 2009 and 2010. Oxitec reported a population decline of 96% compared to the surrounding areas. Using this method in one area in Brazil reduced the mosquito population by 92%.

Which one of us is a monster?

Well, are there any pitfalls in such destruction of mosquitoes? Phil Lunibos, an entomologist at the University of Florida, says killing mosquitoes “has unwanted side effects.”

He says that mosquitoes feeding on flower nectar play an important role in pollination. They are also food for birds and bats, and fish and frogs feed on their larvae. So killing mosquitoes can lead to changes in the food chain.

However, there are those who argue that the role of mosquitoes as pollinators and food can easily be taken over by other insects.

“We don’t stay on scorched earth every time a species disappears from the planet,” says biologist Olivia Judson.

But according to Lunibos, the fact that other insects will occupy the niche that mosquitoes have occupied is part of the problem. He warns that the extinct species can be replaced by another, “the same or even more dangerous from the point of view of human health.” And the new species can spread disease faster and over greater distances than mosquitoes today.

American scientist and writer David Kuammen believes that mosquitoes limit the destructive influence of humans on the surrounding nature.

“Mosquitoes make tropical rain forests unsuitable for human life,” he points out.

Meanwhile, rain forests, which are home to many plants and living creatures, are in serious danger precisely because of human activities.

“No one has done more in the last 10 thousand years to stop deforestation than mosquitoes,” says Kuammen.

Mosquito control is also a philosophical problem. There will also be those who say that the destruction of one type of living creature, dangerous to man, by man himself, is unacceptable.Since man himself bears the danger to the existence of many species.

“One of the arguments against it might be that it is morally wrong to destroy an entire species of living thing,” says Jonathan Pugh of the Center for Practical Ethics at Oxford University.

Yet there is no single argument for or against destruction that we can apply to all beings, Pugh emphasizes.

“When we eliminated the smallpox virus, we were justly celebrating victory. We must ask ourselves if these creatures have any valuable abilities? For example, is this creature endowed with feelings and can it feel pain? Scientists say that mosquitoes do not react to pain like humans do.Another question: do we have a good reason to get rid of these creatures? In the case of mosquitoes, these insects are the main vectors of many diseases, “says Jonathan Pugh.

This question is likely to remain hypothetical, no matter how serious human fear of Zika virus, malaria or dengue may be.

Silver Bullet

Despite the success in eradicating the mosquito population in small areas, many scientists believe that eliminating the entire species is an almost impossible task.

“No silver bullet,” says Francis Hawkes, “field trials of genetically modified mosquitoes are only partially successful, as they are only taking place in small areas.”

“Getting every female mosquito to reproduce from a modified male in large areas is a daunting task,” explains Hawkes.

New ways to control mosquitoes are sought all over the world.

Scientists at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London are developing a sensor that can distinguish mosquito species by the rhythm of their wings during flight.They plan to equip villagers in Indonesia with these sensors so that they can distinguish between virus carriers. The sensors will also help prevent mosquito-borne disease outbreaks.

Scientists from the London School of Tropical Medicine are working on another project. They study how female mosquitoes react to various human body odors. Based on this data, they plan to create more effective repellents.

Another promising direction is the creation of genetically modified mosquitoes that will be resistant to parasites that carry viruses.In Australia, as part of a dengue eradication program, scientists are using natural bacteria that reduce the ability of mosquitoes to transmit the disease.

“This is the most realistic way to reduce the risk of mosquito-borne diseases,” says Lunibos.

Scientists in the United States have already created a genetically modified mosquito that is resistant to parasites that carry the malaria virus.

“We are playing an evolutionary game with mosquitoes,” says Hawkes. “I hope we win this game in the next 10 or 15 years.”

Buzz, therefore I exist | Colta.ru

Insect scientists sometimes publish their research in collaboration with physicists (because the biomechanics of a praying mantis or beetle flight is more of a physical problem) or climatologists. Philosophers – co-authors are rare, the more surprising each such case. In April in the scientific journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences article about the origin of Insects Australian entomologist Andrew Barron; and Australian philosopher Colin Klein.

To begin with: where to look for consciousness in the human brain – not “consciousness in general”, but specifically the feeling that you are present in this world? Neuroscientists argue that this function is detached from all other thinking mechanics and is concentrated in a zone the size of a large cherry, which is called the “midbrain.” Its typical diameter is 18 millimeters, and it lies at the junction of the brain stem, an ancient and primitive structure, with large hemispheres.

This non-obvious knowledge is the result of neurosurgeons thinking about their mistakes.In the era of the popularity of lobotomy, right up to the 1950s, epileptic patients in a particularly severe form of the disease were excised with a scalpel up and down the most varied zones of the cerebral hemispheres, from the visual cortex to the motor, and from violent seizures they usually turned into quiet mentally retarded, but even during the operation remained conscious. But if the surgeon (during other operations) touched the midbrain with a scalpel, then the patient often fell into a coma right on the operating table.

In 2007, reviewing such clinical errors and targeted animal experiments, Swedish neurophysiologist Bjorn Merker published a review, Consciousness Without Cortex, concluding that the midbrain appears to be the home of consciousness, a universal control center.He is responsible for sleep and awakening, fainting and coma. And it is also capable of replacing incomparably more complex zones of the “big brain” in an autonomous mode. For example, the visual cortex: if it is destroyed in a cat, it stops responding to visual stimuli, but if you cut off the nerve fibers that connect the midbrain to the visual cortex, the cat will be able to chase a mouse that she cannot see. This phenomenon is called “blind eyesight” and is well described in humans – having been blinded as a result of brain injury, they retain the ability to dodge obstacles.

It turns out that the experience “I think, therefore I am” is the privilege of not only Descartes and people in general, but also toads and crocodiles — because they also have a midbrain. Cats think-therefore-exist, and toads too – and then who does not think? It is clear to biologists that there is still no consciousness on the lower floors of the evolutionary ladder. The nerve cells that allow the jellyfish to move in the direction of food do not make it a carrier of consciousness – just as the ability to travel from wall to wall does not make a robot vacuum cleaner a thinking creature.How, then, to draw the line between those who think and those who do not think?

The authors of the work in Proceedings put forward a hypothesis: consciousness did not emerge until half a billion years ago (for comparison: life on Earth has existed for about 4 billion years) along with the ability to fly. Insects were the first to fly into the air, which as a class are 480 million years old. They became winged another 100 million years later: prints of ancient dragonflies are found in coal older than 300 million years.

Cats think-therefore-exist, and toads too – and then who does not think?

Why is consciousness in flight? If for a jellyfish and a robot vacuum cleaner the world is a slow flow of stimuli (“obstacle, no obstacle, obstacle”), each of which causes a mechanical reaction, then in flight there are overwhelmingly many such stimuli. Therefore, it becomes convenient to create and store an internal model of the world, where you are somehow inscribed (“exist”), which sets the context for individual stimuli.

Insects are a dead-end branch of evolution in the sense that we (and other higher animals) did not come from them. Our brains do not in any way duplicate the anatomy of theirs. And still, in the brain of a bee, with its 960 thousand neurons, the authors found the same functional connections between the departments that support the human midbrain – which, in fact, makes the hypothesis plausible.

The good news is that with this in mind, mimicking the work of consciousness on a computer is not such a fantastic idea, because the basic model turns out to be much simpler than the human brain, where there are as many as 86 billion neurons.

Biologist Andrew Barron, the first author of the article, is one of the coordinators of the joint project of the British University of Sheffield and the Australian Macquarie University on modeling the brain of a bee. 960 thousand bee neurons (a hundred thousand times less than in humans) is about the same as the IBM neuroprocessor, specially designed in August 2014 to simulate the work of a million nerve cells. True, so far it is still not enough to create a virtual bee: the brain makes the brain not just the presence of nerve cells, but a set of connections between them – what biologists call a connectome.

Therefore, the difference between a neuroprocessor and a bee is like between an untreated block of marble, inside which all possible sculptures are hidden, and a specific sculpture that is to be cut out of it. But it is already clear that when the work on identifying the bee connectome is over, it will be where to test it in action. In 1986, the future Nobel laureate Sidney Brenner deciphered the connection of the round worm Caenorhabditis elegans – but the worm, which has 302 neurons and 7 thousand connections between them, is still far beyond the barrier that separates consciousness from unconsciousness …But if the bee has consciousness, then the processor with the programmed connection will also have consciousness in the literal sense of the word.

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90,000 55 Gene Key: Dream of a Dragonfly

TV program on Sakhalin

First Saturday, 07/10/2021

05:10 Russia from edge to edge [12+]

06:00 Good Morning Saturday TV channel

09:45 Word pastor [0+]

10:00 News (with subtitles)

10:15 “To the dacha!” with Natasha Barbier [6+]

11:15 Have you seen the video? [6+]

12:00 News (with subtitles)

12:15 Have you seen the video? [6+]

13:55 “The Voice of the Russian Soul”.To the 75th anniversary of Valentina Tolkunova [12+]

15:00 “Natalya Varley.” There will be no wedding! “[12+]

16:05 ” Who wants to be a millionaire? “With Dmitry Dibrov [12 +]

17:35 “Al Bano and Romina Power:” Felicita for an encore! ” Anniversary concert in the Kremlin [12+]

19:10 Tonight [16+]

21:00 Time

21:20 Tonight [16+]

22:30 Premiere …”Graduate-2021″ [12+]

00:25 The Riddle of Henri Pick [16+]

02:05 Fashion Sentence [6+]

02:55 Let’s get married! [16+]

03:35 Male / Female [16+]

Russia-1 10.07.2021, Saturday

05:00 Morning of Russia. Saturday

08:00 News. Sakhalin-Kuriles

08:20 Local time. Saturday

08:35 Secret to the whole world

09:00 Food formula [12+]

09:25 Five for one

10:10 One hundred to one

11: 00 Vesti

11:30 Premiere.Humor! Humor!! Humor!!! [16+]

12:35 Premiere. Doctor Myasnikov [12+]

13:40 The right of way [12+]

18:00 Hello Andrey !. Let’s sing with Tatyana Bulanova! [12+]

20:00 Vesti

21:00 Toxic love [12+]

01:05 Mesalliance [12+]

04:16 Broadcast break

Match! 07/10/2021, Saturday

01:35 Everyone for the Match!

02:00 Cycling.Track. Nations Cup. Live broadcast from St. Petersburg

04:30 All for Euro!

05:15 Athletics. Diamond League. Live broadcast from Monaco

07:00 All for the Match!

07:50 Motorsport. Russian Drift Series Grand Prix-2021. Broadcast from St. Petersburg [0+]

08:50 Gold Euro. The best finals in the history of the tournament [0+]

10:45 Modern pentathlon.Europe championship. Women. Broadcast from Nizhny. Novgorod [0+]

11:15 Hockey. NHL. Stanley Cup. Live Stream. Montreal Canadiens – Tampa Bay Lightning

14:00 Mixed Martial Arts. Bellator. Broadcast from the USA. H. Archuleta – P. Mix [16+]

15:00 News

15:05 Everyone for the Match!

17:00 News

17:05 Motorsport. Silk Way Rally-Raid [0+]

17:25 In the constellation Sagittarius [12+]

19:35 News

19:40 In the constellation Sagittarius [12+]

21:50 News

21:55 Everyone for the Parimatch Premier Cup!

22:30 Last race [12+]

NTV 10.07.2021, Saturday

05:45 Forester. “Protector”, 3rd and 4th series. “Time trouble”, 1st series [16+]

08:20 Who is the boss in the house? [12+]

09:00 Today

09:20 Cooking with Alexey Zimin [0+]

09:45 Let’s go, let’s go! [0+]

10:25 We eat at home [0+]

11:00 Today

11:20 Main road [16+]

12:00 “Live food” with Sergey Malozyomov “[12+]

13:00 Housing issue [0+]

14:05 OurPotrebNadzor [16+]

15:10 Fizruks.The future belongs to the present. Release from 07/10/2021 [6+]

16:00 Own game [0+]

17:00 Today

17:20 The investigation was … [16+]

19 : 00 Premiere. “Survivors”. 1st – 4th episodes [16+]

20:00 Today

20:25 Premiere. “Survivors”. 1st – 4th series [16+]

23:30 Mask [12+]

02:45 Country answer [0+]

03:40 Lawyer.1st and 2nd series – “Fight without rules”, “Recognition” [16+]

5th channel 07/10/2021, Saturday

06:00 Prosecutor’s check. In the beginning there was the word [16+]

06:15 Prosecutor’s check. My neighbor is a maniac [16+]

07:15 Prosecutor’s check. Neither nail nor wand [16+]

08:10 It can’t be! [12+]

10:00 Own. Death Podium [16+]

10:50 Own.Bite in a Million [16+]

11:40 Own. The Man in the Iron Mask [16+]

12:30 Own. Don’t make yourself an idol [16+]

13:20 Conditional cop. Combat classics [16+]

14:10 Conditional cop. Deadly quest [16+]

15:00 Conditional cop. Imaginary patient [16+]

15:55 Conditional cop. Last role [16+]

16:40 Conditional cop. False Dmitry [16+]

17:40 Conditional cop.Wedding with a dowry [16+]

18:30 Next The other side of the Moon [16+]

19:20 Next Lost [16+]

20:10 Next Error occurred [16+]

21:00 Next Rat Slayer [16+]

21:45 Next Winning [16+]

22:35 Next Two-faced Janus [16+]

23:30 Next Wolves and Sheep [16+]

00:25 Next Gallows Rope [16+]

01:15 A consequence of love.24th series [16+]

02:05 A consequence of love. 25th series [16+]

02:55 A consequence of love. 26th series [16+]

03:30 A consequence of love. 27th series [16+]

04:10 A consequence of love. 28th series [16+]

04:50 A consequence of love. 29th series [16+]

05:30 A consequence of love. 30th series [16+]

Russia-K 10.07.2021, Saturday

06:30 Shrines of Christendom.Altar of Abraham

07:05 Cartoons. “Island of Captains”. “The Canterville Ghost”. “Wait for it!”

08:35 I hate you

09:55 An ordinary concert with Eduard Efirov. Release from 07/10/2021

10:20 Vesnukhin’s fantasies

12:30 Big and small. Series 2 – “Folk Dance”

14:30 Hippos – life in water

15:30 My dearly beloved detective

16:55 Ancestors of our ancestors.The State Itself. First Slavic

17:35 Concert on Cathedral Square in Milan. Maxim Vengerov, Riccardo Chailly and the La Scala Philharmonic Orchestra

19:05 The dates that determined the course of history. June 13, 323 BC. Death of Alexander the Great

19:35 Matters of the heart

21:05 Club “Shabolovka, 37”. Release from 07/10/2021

22:15 Ward No. 6

23:40 Dance, fight, love, die.On the road with Mikis Theodorakis

01:05 Hippos – life in the water

02:00 Seekers. Suvorov’s last disgrace

02:45 Hare, who loved to give advice

03:00 Break in broadcasting

Russia-24 07/10/2021, Saturday

13:00 Vesti

13: 10 Film industry

13:30 Vesti

14:00 Investigation of Eduard Petrov.Internet monsters

15:00 Vesti

15:01 100 years ago … Historical calendar

15:10 Vesti

16:00 Vesti

16:10 Vesti .Net. Totals

16:35 Weather 24

17:00 Vesti

17:15 Twelve

17:30 Typical Ukraine

18:00 International Review

19:00 Vesti

19:25 Vesti

20:00 Vesti

20:20 Vesti

21:00 Investigation by Eduard Petrov.Internet monsters

22:00 Vesti

22:10 Weather 24

22:35 Church and the world

23:00 Vesti

23:25 Vesti

00 : 00 Vesti

00:20 Vesti

01:00 Vesti

01:15 America with Valentin Bogdanov

01:30 Vesti

02:00 Vesti

02:20 Vesti

03:00 Investigation of Eduard Petrov.Internet monsters

04:00 Vesti

04:20 Vesti

04:35 Mobile reporter

05:00 Vesti

05:10 Science

05:30 Vesti

06:00 Vesti

06:25 Vesti

07:00 Vesti on Saturday

08:10 Vesti

08:30 Power formula

09: 00 Vesti

09:20 Vesti

09:35 Weather 24

10:00 Vesti

10:10 Vesti.Net. Results

10:35 Mobile Reporter

11:00 Vesti

11:20 Vesti

12:00 Vesti

12:10 America with Valentin Bogdanov

12: 25 Vesti

Roundabout 07/10/2021, Saturday

00:55 Buzzbox [0+]

01:00 Good morning, kids! [0+]

01:30 Buzzbox [0+]

01:35 Legends of Spark [0+]

02:05 Premiere.”Secrets of the Honey Valley” [0+]

03:00 Premiere. “Edible or inedible” [0+]

03:20 Flora’s Team [0+]

04:50 Flash and Miracle Cars [0+]

05:40 Orange Cow [0+ ]

06:30 TriO! [0+]

06:45 Prostokvashino [0+]

09:00 Yeralash [6+]

10:05 Barbie Adventures in the Dream House [0+]

10:30 Premiere.”Fantasy Patrol. Chronicles of Wonders” [0+]

13:10 Snow Queen-2: Re-freeze [0+]

14:30 Good night, kids! [0+]

14:40 Premiere. “Shark” [0+]

14:45 Be-be-bears [0+]

16:05 Rainbow-butterfly-unicorn cat [6+]

16:30 Ben 10

16:50 SpongeBob Squarepants [6+]

17:15 Alvin and the Chipmunks [6+]

18:40 Jumble [6+]

20:40 Blinky’s Wild Adventures Bill [6+]

21:50 Tishka steam engine [0+]

23:00 Smeshariki [0+]

OTR 10.07.2021, Saturday

02:30 “House” E “(12+)

03:00 News

03:15 Information program” Reflection “

05:00 Documentary The Age of the Horse “. Series 3 (12+)

06:00 Big Country (12+)

07:00 Sakhalin Spotlight (16+)

07:30 On a healthy wave (12+)

07:40 Local historians (12+)

08:00 “Spotlight.Sakhalin “(16+)

08:30 On a healthy wave (12+)

08:40 Local historians (12+)

09:00 ” Calendar “(12+)

09 : 10 “For the cause!” (12+)

09:50 “News of the Federation Council” (12+)

10:10 “House” E “” (12+)

10: 40 Feature film “Pious March” (12+)

13:05 “Together we are a family!” Concert of the children’s theater “Domisolka” (12+)

14:45 “Calendar” (12+)

15:40 Habitat (12+)

16:05 Big Country (12+)

17:00 Hamburg Account (12+)

17: 30 Documentary film “The Age of the Horse”.Series 3 (12+)

18:00 “Spotlight. Week summary” with sign language translation (16+)

18:30 “Euromaxx: a window to Europe” (16+)

19 : 00 Feature film “Manuscript found in Saragossa” (12+)

21:00 News

21:05 Feature film “Manuscript found in Saragossa” (12+) (continued)

22:05 Feature film “Troubled month Veresen” (12+)

23:00 News

23:05 Feature film “Troubled month Veresen” (12+) (continued)

23:45 “Cultural exchange”.Lyudmila Ulitskaya (12+)

TVC 10.07.2021, Saturday

00:10 Shelter of comedians [12+]

02:05 Bluff [12+]

03:45 Shadow of a dragonfly [ 12+]

06:45 Oleg Dal. Between the past and the future [12+]

07:20 Broken circle [12+]

09:05 Orthodox Encyclopedia [6+]

09:35 Adult daughter, or Test for … [16+]

11:35 Balamut [12+]

12:30 Events

13:45 Wings [12+]

15:30 Events

15:45 Wings [12+]

17:55 Extra [12+]

22:20 90th.Elimination of shaitans [16+]

23:15 90th. Pope Carlo show business [16+]

Spas TV 10.07.2021, Saturday

01:30 Evening on Spas [0+]

04:20 Two and one [12+]

06:00 Patriarch’s Day [0+]

06:15 Our Favorite Songs [6+]

07:05 Angel’s Day. Optina Elders [0+]

07:35 Pilgrim [6+]

08:00 Evening on Spas [0+]

10:30 Cartoons on Spas [0+]

10 : 45 “Secrets of Fairy Tales” with Anna Kovalchuk [0+]

11:00 Patriarch’s Day [0+]

11:10 Cartoons on the Spas [0+]

12:00 Monastic cuisine [0+]

12:30 Monastic cuisine [0+]

13:00 Cartoons on the Spas [0+]

14:30 “Secrets of Fairy Tales” with Anna Kovalchuk [0+]

14:45 Cartoons on the Spas [0+]

15:50 Simple miracles [12+]

16:40 One’s own with Andrey Danilenko [6+]

17:10 In search God [6+]

17:45 Russian lunch [6+]

18:45 Monastic cuisine [0+]

19:15 Tuning fork.1st series [12+]

20:35 Tuning fork. Episode 2 [12+]

22:05 Our Favorite Songs [6+]

23:05 Appointed as a granddaughter. 1st series [12+]

REN TV 10.07.2021, Saturday

01:10 Destination [16+]

03:00 Destination-2 [18+]

04 : 20 Destination-3 [16+]

06:00 Incredibly interesting stories [16+]

07:40 Pixels [12+]

09:30 About tasty and healthy food [ 16+]

10:05 Premiere.”Ministry of Transport” [16+]

11:05 Premiere. Most useful program [16+]

12:15 Premiere. “Military Secret” with Igor Prokopenko [16+]

14:15 Premiere. “SOVBEZ” [16+]

15:20 Premiere. “Documentary special project”. How do they profit from us? [16+]

16:20 Premiere. “Classified Lists”. Invented by the people: 15 ingenious ideas [16+]

18:25 Crocodile Dundee [16+]

20:20 Crocodile Dundee-2 [16+]

22:35 Rush hour [12+ ]

CTC 10.07.2021, Saturday

07:00 Yeralash. 174th series [0+]

07:05 Fixies. Dishwasher [0+]

07:15 Fixies. Time Machine [0+]

07:20 Fixies [0+]

07:25 The Adventures of Woody and His Friends [0+]

07:45 Three Cats [0+]

07:50 Three cats [0+]

07:55 Three cats. Cave [0+]

08:00 Three cats [0+]

08:10 Three cats.Good Deeds Bureau [0+]

08:15 Three cats. Little things in life [0+]

08:20 Three cats [0+]

08:25 Three cats. May Beetle [0+]

08:30 The Adventures of Woody and His Friends [0+]

09:00 Lex and Plu. Space taxi drivers. Gone [6+]

09:15 Lex and Plu. Space taxi drivers. Agility gene [6+]

09:30 Ural dumplings. Cosmonautics laziness [16+]

09:40 Premiere.Dad on maternity leave [16+]

10:00 SIMPLY kitchen. 22nd episode [12+]

10:30 Premiere. SIMPLE kitchen [12+]

11:00 Ural dumplings. The alphabet of “Ural dumplings”. “B” [16+]

11:25 Diamond cop [16+]

13:25 Catch the fat woman if you can [16+]

15:40 Dumb scammers [16+]

17:35 Evan Almighty [12+]

19:25 Snow White and the Huntsman [16+]

22:00 Premiere.”Snow White and the Hunter-2″ [16+]

00:15 Another world. Blood Wars [18+]

01:55 Get knives [16+]

04:10 6 frames [16+]

06:05 Magic bird [0+]

06: 25 Cartoons [0+]

06:40 Straw goby [0+]

06:50 Yeralash. 175th series [0+]

06:55 Yeralash. Series 176 [0+]

Home 10.07.2021, Saturday

06:30 6 frames [16+]

06:40 “Hotel” Cupid “. 1st – 4th series [16+]

10:40 Nina. 1st – 8th episodes [16+]

19:00 Premiere. “Black and white love” 51st – 53rd episodes [16+]

22:10 Premiere. Say , girlfriend. 2nd series [16+]

22:25 On the edge of love. 1st – 4th series [16+]

02:20 Nina. 1st – 4th series [16+]

05:40 Guest workers [16+]

TV-3 10.07.2021 Saturday

00:30 30 Days of Night: Dark Times [16+]

02:15 Hannibal. Ascent [16+]

04:15 Around the World. Places of Power. 3rd series – “Philippines” [16+]

04:45 Around the World. Places of Power. 4th series – “Israel” [16+]

05:30 Around the World. Places of Power. 5th series – “Georgia” [16+]

06:00 Ghostbusters. Episode 21 – “Mystical Excursion” [16+]

06:30 Ghostbusters.Episode 22 – “The Ghost of the Moscow Metro” [16+]

07:00 Cartoons [0+]

10:00 We draw fairy tales. 5th series [0+]

10:30 Elder. 30th series – “Medical error” [16+]

11:00 Elder. Episode 23 – “Alien Child” [16+]

11:30 Elder. Episode 24 – “Disservice” [16+]

12:15 My Zoo Boyfriend [12+]

14:15 Blood: The Last Vampire [16+]

16:00 Time Matrix [16+]

18:00 Claustrophobes [16+]

20:00 Van Helsing [12+]

22:45 Premiere.”New Era Z” [16+]

Friday 10.07.2021, Saturday

00:40 Premiere. “Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls” [12+]

02:30 Premiere. Friday News. 120th series [16+]

03:00 Legends of tomorrow. 15th series [18+]

03:30 Legends of tomorrow. 16th series [16+]

04:20 Legends of tomorrow. Series 17 [16+]

05:00 Legends of Tomorrow.Series 18 [16+]

05:40 Heads and Tails. Around the World. 1st series – “Antwerp. Belgium” [16+]

06:00 Heads and tails. Across the seas. Series 18 – “Apulia. Italy” [16+]

06:50 Heads and Tails. Along the seas-3. Abu Dhabi. United Arab Emirates [16+]

07:30 Heads and Tails. Along the seas-3. Boracay. Philippines [16+]

08:30 Heads and Tails. Russia 2. 29th series – “Khakassia” [16+]

09:20 Smart home.4th series [16+]

10:00 Heads and Tails. Wonders of the world-4. Episode 18 – “Switzerland” [16+]

11:10 Ace Ventura: Pet Tracking [12+]

13:00 Premiere. Heads and Tails. Wonders of the world-4. 19th series [16+]

14:00 Heads and Tails. Earthlings. 4th series – “Dubai” [16+]

15:00 The world inside out. China. Episode 21 – “Bride and Groom Fair” [16+]

16:00 The world inside out.China. 22nd episode – “A wife for a millionaire” [16+]

17:00 The world inside out. China. 4th series – “Panda – the symbol of China” [16+]

18:00 The world inside out. China. 23rd episode – “Little Kingdom” [16+]

19:00 The world inside out. China. Episode 24 – “The King of Serpents and Heavenly Farms” [16+]

20:00 The world inside out. China. 25th series – “Clones” [16+]

21:00 The world inside out. China. Series 28 – “Tea” [16+]

22:20 The world inside out.China. 5th series – “Shaolin” [16+]

23:40 Dragon sword [16+]

Star 10.07.2021, Saturday

01:20 Soldier’s tales of Sasha Cherny. 1st – 4th series

04:50 Taiga cosmodrome [12+]

05:40 Weapons of Victory [6+]

06:00 Made in USSR [6+]

06:15 Aladdin’s magic lamp [0+]

08:00 News of the day

08:15 The ballad of the valiant knight Ivanhoe [12+]

10:00 Cruise control.Mineralnye Vody – Pyatigorsk [6+]

10:30 Legends of the circus with Edgard Zapashny. Pelican trainers Lekarevs [6+]

11:00 Evidence from the past. Reagan’s Star Wars. How did the US deceive the world? [16+]

11:45 Mysteries of the century with Sergei Medvedev. Exchange of diplomats [12+]

12:30 Not a fact! [6+]

13:00 News of the day

13:15 USSR. Quality mark “with Garik Sukachev.Life in the land of the Soviets – all inclusive! [12+]

14:05 Cinema legends. Georgy Vitsin [6+]

15:00 Death to spies. Foxy burrow. 1st-4th series

18:00 News of the day

18:15 Death to spies. Foxy burrow. 1st-4th series

19:15 Mechanic [16+]

21:05 About him [12+]

22:45 Country trip of Sergeant Tsybuli [12+]

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00:30 Man-orchestra [12+]

02:15 Night Express. Sergey Penkin [12+]

03:00 Circus [6+]

04:30 Cartoons [0+]

06:00 Cartoons [0+]

07:00 All like people [6+]

07:15 Cartoons [0+]

07:30 American daughter [12+]

09:25 Our cinema. Unfading. Sylvester Stallone [6+]

10:00 Weak Link [12+]

11:00 News

11:10 You are me, I am you [12+]

13: 00 Balabol.1st – 4th series [16+]

17:00 News

17:15 Balabol. 5th and 6th series – “American Collection” [16+]

20:00 News

20:15 Balabol. 7th – 16th series [16+]

TNT 07/10/2021, Saturday

07:00 TNT. Gold. 59th series [16+]

07:30 TNT. Gold. 60th series [16+]

08:00 Sasha Tanya. 176th series [16+]

08:30 Sasha Tanya.177th series [16+]

09:00 Sasha Tanya. 178th series [16+]

09:30 Sasha Tanya. 179th series [16+]

10:00 Sasha Tanya. Series 180 [16+]

10:30 Sasha Tanya. 181st series [16+]

11:00 Sasha Tanya. Series 182 [16+]

11:30 Sasha Tanya. 183rd series [16+]

12:00 Sasha Tanya. 184th series [16+]

12:30 Sasha Tanya. Series 185 [16+]

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14:00 Real guys. Series 91 – “Moscow …” [16+]

14:30 Real guys. Episode 92 – “Lenin is Alive” [16+]

15:00 Real guys. Episode 93 – “Struggle for Work” [16+]

15:30 Real guys. Episode 94 – “Trust but Verify” [16+]

16:00 Real guys. Series 95 – “Corporate Spirits” [16+]

16:30 Real guys.96th series – “Destination – Vladimir” [16+]

17:00 Real guys. 97th series – “First” [16+]

17:30 Real guys. 98th series – “Informal communication” [16+]

18:00 Real guys. 99th series – “Polygraph Polygraphic” [16+]

18:30 Real boys. Episode 100 – “Level 100 Mage” [16+]

19:00 Real guys. Series 101 – “Mother-in-law without a head” [16+]

19:30 Real boys.102nd series – “The Naked Truth” [16+]

20:00 Real guys. 103rd series – “Three years later” [16+]

20:30 Real guys. 104th series – “Shish kebabs with women” [16+]

21:00 Real guys. 105th series – “Reverse thrust” [16+]

21:30 Real guys. 106th series – “The beginning of the end” [16+]

22:00 Women’s Stand-up. 28th series [16+]

23:00 Stand up. 132nd series [16+]

00:00 Nastya, pull yourself together !.1st series [18+]

00:40 Nastya, pull yourself together !. 2nd series [18+]

01:15 Nastya, pull yourself together !. 3rd series [18+]

01:55 Nastya, pull yourself together !. 4th series [18+]

02:30 Nastya, pull yourself together !. 5th series [18+]

03:05 Improvisation. Episode 60 [16+]

04:00 Comedy Battle. Super season. 37th series [16+]

04:50 Open microphone. 25th series [16+]

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06:35 TNT. Best. 47th series [16+]

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02:25 Planet hits – Top 5 [16+]

02:45 Premiere. Pro-news [16+]

03:00 Premiere. Russian chart [16+]

04:00 “Heat” in Baku. Hits of the 00s [16+]

07:00 Pro-news [16+]

07:15 Premiere. DFM – Dance chart [16+]

08:20 Nespinner [18+]

11:00 Gold Rush [18+]

12:00 Gold Rush [16+]

13 : 00 Gold Rush [16+]

13:50 Pro-news [16+]

14:05 Thor 30 – Russian Cool of the week [16+]

16:15 Pro-news [16+]

16:30 Premiere.TOP Chart of Europe plus [16+]

17:35 Forecast for the year [16+]

18:35 Premiere. U-Country Chart [16+]

19:40 Premiere. Pro news. The best [16+]

20:10 Thor 30 – Russian Cool of the week [16+]

22:30 Vacation without a voucher. Marmaris vs. Bodrum [16+]

23:35 Premiere. Yandex.Music chart [16+]

Avto24 10.07.2021, Saturday

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01:10 A look from the inside. 16th series [12+]

01:25 Not moving. 38th series [12+]

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04:00 Hobby car. 8th series [12+]

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05:30 On one tank. 40th series [16+]

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11:50 Hobby car. 13th series [12+]

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20:40 Russian drift series-2017. 4th Series [12+]

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22:00 Hobby car. 13th series [12+]

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Gender conflict in fiction by O. Slavnikova

hotvorny text presents an objectified description, where the personal pronoun “I” in the nominative case appears only once, and only indirect cases (“with me”) and third-person constructions (“remembered”, etc.) unobtrusively indicate the presence of a lyrical character. In the poem, the author’s focus is on the experience of the lyrical character associated with the return. Moreover, the motive of the return is presented in a wave-like manner. This is achieved with the help of stanza parallelism with reduction and permutations: I will shudder, I will remember … / I will shudder, I will give up, I will remember … / I will give up, I will remember … [8, p. 231].

In the poem “For years someday in the concert hall …” the experiences of the lyric hero are transformed from an indefinite personal construction to the pronominal component “I” and a nominative construction visualizing a series-image: They will play Brahms for me, / I will shudder, I will remember the union six-hearted… [8, p. 123]. Consequently, the experiences-memories “of the” I “are characterized by passive sounding. Passive echoes are also presented by a prosaic passage.

The through equivalent image of a candle is distinguished by increased frequency in the novel “Doctor Zhivago” and in many poems by B. Pasternak. Of undoubted interest is a fragment of the novel “Doctor Zhivago”, when Lara and Antipov are sitting in a house located in Kamergersky Lane, by the light of a candle, which Zhivago passing by can clearly see in a thawed eye.The sight of a candle evokes in Zhivago the well-known lines: “The candle was burning on the table, the candle was burning” [9, p. 206]. The ambivalent frequency image of a candle is also present in the scene of Zhivago’s death. Looking at the deceased doctor, Lara conducts an internal dialogue: “Could she think that the deceased lying on the table saw this peephole passing from the street and drew attention to the candle? What of this, seen outside the flame – “The candle was burning on the table, the candle was burning” [9, p. 206].

So, the analysis of the unique syncretic texts of B.Pasternak’s poetry / prose axis allows us to talk about linguistic equivalents in a number of positions: cross-cutting motifs, situational components, conceptual integrity, compositional and rhythmic-syntactic organization.

In the process of analyzing the poetry and prose of B. Pasternak, we reveal the following pattern: his poetic canvases, as a rule, are more complicated than prose, since they “include not only the immediate content of the poem, but some

References

amenable to prosaic retelling, but also a model of the structure of the poem ”[10, p.43].

In B. Pasternak’s poetry, the artistic image, following the laws of suggestiveness, represents a semantic multilevel “structure”. The prosaic fabric makes it possible to reveal the semantic core of the image, “to more clearly outline the circle of individual associations” [2, p. 179].

Shalamov poetic texts are distinguished by a branched complex of artistic means: metaphors, epithets, color harmony.Minimal naturalism characterizes poetry: it is less dependent on the corrupting influence of the Kolyma.

Opposing poetry, Shalamov’s prose is characterized by a tough and sometimes excessive naturalism. It is not without reason that Shalamov emphasizes in his notes that in “poetic form it is easier to protect oneself from the temptations of naturalism” [6, p. 135; 11, 12]. In the prosaic structure, a more objectified artistic complex appears before us, the associative-emotional atmosphere is, rather, of a background nature.

Despite significant differences in the field of poetics, two forms of verbal expression are equally important for B. Pasternak and V. Shalamov – poetry and prose. It is thanks to the change in the forms of expression that “it becomes possible to trace how the inner creative attitude is gradually modified, revealing the“ allegory code ”of the linguistic personality” [2, p. 202].

In the course of the research, the phenomenon of formal-semantic invariance in the creative space of V.Shalamov and B. Pasternak. The phenomenon of parallel coexistence of two forms of linguistic embodiment – verse and prose – within the framework of a single creative system is analyzed. In the course of the analysis, cross-cutting images and motives were identified, which are differently refracted in the prosaic and poetic contexts of the analyzed authors. The article identifies some “twin” poetic and prose texts designed to identify the most frequent equivalents in the poetry and prose of V. Shalamov and B. Pasternak. In the course of the research, a detailed comparative and comparative analysis of synthetic creative systems was carried out, the unique phenomenon of linguistic bilingualism in the work of V.Shalamov and B. Pasternak.

1. Vinogradov V.V. About the language of fiction. Moscow: Goslitizdat, 1959.

2. Fateeva N.A. Poet and Prose: A Book about Pasternak. Moscow: New Literary Review, 2003.

3. Pushkin A.S. Collected works: in 6 volumes. Moscow: Pravda Publishing House, 1969; T. 3.

4.Jacobson RO. Works on poetics. Moscow: Progress Publishing House, 1987.

5. Yungren A. On the poetic genesis of Doctor Zhivago. Studies in 20th Century, 1986.

6. Shalamov V.T. Several of my lives: Prose. Poetry. Essay. Moscow: Republic, 1996.

7. Shalamov V.T. Collected works: in 4 volumes.Moscow: Fiction, 1998.

8. Pasternak B.L. Poems and poems. Moscow: Fiction, 1987.

9. Pasternak B.L. Doctor Zhivago. Moscow: Fiction, 1987.

10. Ivanov V.V. Linguistic questions of poetic translation. Proceedings of the Institute of TM VT of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Moscow, 1961; Issue 11.

11.Shalamov V.T. New book: Memories. Notebooks. Correspondence. Investigative cases. Moscow: Eksmo Publishing House, 2004.

12. Shalamov V.T. Memories. Moscow: LLC “AST Publishing House”: LLC “Astrel Publishing House”: LLC “ASTOL”, 2003.

References

1. Vinogradov V.V. O yazyke hudozhestvennoj literatury. Moskva: Goslitizdat, 1959.

2. Fateeva N.A. Po’et iproza: Kniga o Pasternake. Moskva: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2003.

3. Pushkin A.S. Sobranie sochinenij: v 6 t. Moskva: Izdatel’stvo “Pravda”, 1969; T. 3.

4. Yakobson R.O. Raboty po po’etike. Moskva: Izdatel’stvo Progress, 1987.

5.Yungren A. O po’eticheskom genezise “Doktora Zhivago”. Studies in 20h Century, 1986.

6. Shalamov V.T. Neskol’ko moih zhiznej: Proza. Po’eziya. ‘Esse. Moskva: Respublika, 1996.

7. Shalamov V.T. Sobranie sochinenij: v 4 t. Moskva: Hudozhestvennaya literatura, 1998.

8. Pasternak B.L. Stihotvoreniya ipo’emy. Moskva: Hudozhestvennaya literatura, 1987.

9. Pasternak B.L. Doktor Zhivago. Moskva: Hudozhestvennaya literatura, 1987.

10. Ivanov V.V. Lingvisticheskie voprosy stihotvornogo perevoda. Trudy institute TM VT AN SSSR. Moskva, 1961; Vypusk 11.

11. Shalamov V.T. Novaya kniga: Vospominaniya. Zapisnye knizhki. Perepiska. Sledstvennye dela. Moskva: Izdatel’stvo ‘Eksmo, 2004.

12. Shalamov V.T. Vospominaniya. Moskva: OOO Izdatel’stvo AST: OOO Izdatel’stvo Astrel ‘: OOO ASTOL, 2003.

Received 06.3.20

UDC 821.161.1

Mongush Ye.D, senior lecturer, Department of Russian Language and Literature, Tuvan State University (Kyzyl, Russia), E-mail: mongun2005 @ yandex.ru

Mongush R.M., Russian Language and Literature teacher, Ak-Dovurak Secondary School No.3 (Ak-Dovurak, Russia), E-mail: [email protected]

GENDER CONFLICT IN THE PROSE BY OLGA SLAVNIKOVA. The article gives an analysis of the prose by O. Slavnikova from the point of view of a gender approach and to identify the features of gender conflict. Gender conflict in the prose of O. Slavnikova can be traced in the images of women characters, as in the novel ‘Dragonfly Enlarged to the Size of a Dog’, in the destruction of gender stereotypes in the novel ‘Alone in the Mirror’, when the characters do not meet the standards of behavior traditionally considered to be “male” or “female” in society.And in the novel ‘Immortal’ gender relationships are escalated with the leaving of Klimov – Marina’s husband. The love-and-family troubles can be traced in the relationships of the characters and in the destruction of the institution of the family: a break in relationships between husband and wife, changes in the worldviews of the main characters, etc. One important plot-forming element in the escalation of gender conflict in novels by Olga Slavnikova is male infidelity and more rarely female infidelity.Male infidelity is characterized by aggressiveness, authoritarianism, dominance in relationships with the opposite sex. Slavnikova’s characters sometimes refute traditional ideas about masculinity (Antonov (“Alone in the mirror”), Klimov (“Immortal”), Krylov (“2017”). The gender world in Olga Slavnikova’s novels is depicted by various plot-compositional lines that expose the social problems of modern Russian society to the reader.

Key words: gender, conflict, prose, female prose, male, female, Olga Slavnikova.

UNITS Mongush, Assoc., Tuva State University, Kyzyl, E-mail: [email protected]

R.M. Mongush, teacher of Russian language and literature, MBOU Secondary School No. 3, Ak-Dovurak, E-mail: [email protected]

GENDER CONFLICT IN THE PROSE OF O. SLAVNIKOVA

The article attempts to analyze the literary prose of O.Slavnikova from the point of view of the gender approach and identify the features of the gender conflict. The gender conflict in O. Slavnikova’s prose can be traced in the images, first of all, of female heroines, for example, in the novel Dragonfly Enlarged to the Size of a Dog, in the destruction of gender stereotypes in the novel Alone in the Mirror, when the heroes do not correspond to the standards of behavior, traditionally considered “male” or “female” in society. And in the novel “Immortal”, gender relations are exacerbated with the departure from the house of Klimov, Marina’s husband.Love and family problems can be traced in the relationship between the heroes and in the destruction of the institution of the family: the rupture of relations between husband and wife, a change in the worldview of the main characters, etc. One important plot-forming element in the exacerbation of gender conflict in Olga Slavnikova’s novels is male infidelity, and sometimes, i.e. to a lesser extent – female. Male infidelity is characterized by aggressiveness, authoritarianism, dominance in relationships with the opposite sex. Heroes of Slavnikova sometimes refute traditional ideas about masculinity (Antonov (“Alone in the Mirror”), Klimov (“Immortal”), Krylov (“2017”).The gender world in Olga Slavnikova’s novels is depicted in a variety of plot and compositional lines that expose the reader to the social problems of modern Russian society.

Keywords: gender, conflict, prose, women’s prose, masculine, feminine, Olga Slavnikova.

The concept of “tender” is a subject of study in many sciences: sociology, history, psychology, linguistics, etc.etc., however, the use and implementation of this concept (as well as other concepts included in its system) is elucidated to a lesser extent in literary criticism. Nevertheless, gender analysis can serve as a research tool for literary texts.

In domestic science, gender is considered as “a really existing system of interpersonal interaction, through which the idea of ​​male and female as categories of social order is created, confirmed and reproduced” [1].

Masculine (masculinity) and Feminine (femininity) are different in nature. Here is what V.A. Lukov and V.N. Kirillina: “For the Feminine principle, nature has fixed the function of preservation, stability, passivity, and for the Masculine – destruction, experimentation, activity. This natural distinction, necessary for procreation, is the deepest, ontological basis of gender conflict … ”[2]. As you can see, the essence of these two principles already presupposes delimitation, difference, collision, that is, a gender conflict.

In the dictionary of gender terms, the following definition can be found: “Gender conflict is an interaction or psychological state, which is based on a contradictory perception of gender values, relationships, roles, leading to a clash of interests and goals” [3].

Gender conflict (sometimes gender-role conflict) is also understood as “a contradiction (clash) between normative ideas about personality traits, behavior patterns of men and women, and the inability or unwillingness of a person to meet these ideas and requirements” [3].

It can be concluded that gender conflict is a confrontation between two principles, male and female, caused by their natural differences. The problem of “masculine – feminine” (or “feminine – masculine”) as an eternal struggle between two opposing and at the same time existing in unity principles is comprehended not only in philosophy, psychology, sociology, but also in fiction.

Olga Aleksandrovna Slavnikova creates her works at the junction of mass and elite literature, when reading her stories and novels, one can notice the writer’s focus not only on the general readership, but also on an erudite audience capable of revealing her artistic intent.It should be noted that the work of O. Slavnikova is difficult to consider in the context of one artistic direction, since in her works there are stylistic attitudes of different trends, which makes her prose original and unique. According to A.N. Shestak, “. Within the framework of each work of the writer, it is possible to identify the features of postmodernism and realism. some constants of postmodernism are revealed with the help of stylistic attitudes of magical realism. In addition, Slavnikova is a representative of women’s prose, which also leaves its unique imprint on the subject matter and stylistics of her prose ”[4].

The gender conflict can be traced primarily in the images of O. Slavnikova’s fiction.

It is generally accepted that the following qualities are characteristic of the Masculine: aggressiveness, independence, authoritarianism, rationalism, dominance in relations with the opposite sex, etc. [five]. In the fiction of O. Slavnikova, there are heroes who refute the traditional notions of masculinity: these are Antonov (the novel “One in the Mirror”), Klimov (the novel “Immortal”), Ivan (the novel “Dragonfly Enlarged to the Size of a Dog”), Krylov ( novel “2017”).These heroes are depicted not as dominant, but rather, on the contrary, passive, unable to be the support of the family.

Traditionally, a woman acts as a homemaker. Passivity in social relations, tactfulness, need for protection, emotionality, impulsivity in acceptance

90,004 decisions, sensitivity, humility, caring, complaisance, etc.etc. [5]. Some of the heroines of O. Slavnikova do not possess such qualities as submissiveness, caring, passivity: Vika (the novel “Alone in the Mirror”), Marina (the novel “Immortal”), Tamara Krylova (the novel “2017”).

The gender conflict is also manifested in the love and family problems of the writer’s works. And in this aspect, it is important to highlight the problem of family and marriage. The family is no longer a refuge, a reliable stronghold for heroes, and marriage becomes more a test than a union.

In the novel “Dragonfly, Enlarged to the Size of a Dog,” the sad story of the relationship between mother and daughter unfolds before the reader. From the very beginning, the author gives an explanation: “It was a family of hereditary teachers, or rather teachers, because husbands and fathers very soon disappeared somewhere, and women gave birth exclusively to girls, and only one at a time” [6]. The author’s clarification here is no coincidence: the novel shows in detail the life of two women, a mother and a daughter, and their attempts to find personal happiness.

Mother Sofya Andreevna is a head teacher and a “harsh literary woman”, a domineering woman, daughter Katerina Ivanovna is a sluggish and careless girl who later becomes an old and overweight maiden working as a typist. The novel begins with the funeral of Sophia Andreevna, then the action is presented in retrospect: the author tells about the mother’s youth and the growing up of her daughter. Mother and daughter are the only relatives who share a small one-room apartment, nevertheless, they are absolutely strangers to each other.

The gender conflict in this novel is most clearly seen in the relationships between the heroines and men. Neither mother nor daughter can build a relationship with the opposite sex, for them the concept of “marriage” remains unsolved (Sofia Andreevna’s short-term marriage can hardly be called happy). Men appear in their lives, however, as it has been customary in this family for a long time, “to disappear beyond the horizon was a universal property of men.” [6]. The loneliness of women, the destruction of marriage, the disorder of personal life is primarily due to the “family tradition” – Sofya Andreevna, like her daughter, grew up without a father.It becomes clear why for her Ivan’s drinking and his disappearances are “natural manifestations of his essence.” All attempts by the heroine to build a relationship with Ivan bring pain and disappointment.

The fate of the daughter is developing in a similar way. Ryabkov, who begins to look after her, is perceived by Katerina Ivanovna as “a sudden obstacle.” If we draw a parallel between the images of Sofya Andreevna and Katerina Ivanovna, then it becomes obvious that the fates of the heroines are similar, duplicate each other: “Sometimes their similarity was blurred for several years, but inevitably arose again” [6].

In the role of mother, Sofya Andreevna also collapses: alienation, misunderstanding, sometimes even hatred in her relationship with her daughter is caused by her attitude towards her daughter. She calls Katerina Ivanovna nothing more than a “girl”; the heroine perceives the picture of her daughter painted as a gift as an insult. In a mother-daughter relationship, mother is the side that teaches her daughter, transfers her experience and knowledge, but Sofya Andreevna, a strict and authoritarian woman, does not even tell her daughter about her father: “If Sofya Andreevna told her daughter about her father, – but in their entire life together, mother and daughter never talked about anything serious.”[6]. Men for heroines are something alien, not having the right to be present in their space. It is not for nothing that the relationship with Ryabkov scares Katerina Ivanovna: “Then she was afraid that she would be given to a strange, unfamiliar mother, and now she was given to a strange man, as if she had just appeared from nowhere.” [6]. Here the author emphasizes the role of the family as the main place for the formation of the personality.

The Immortal novel also tells the story of a mother and daughter.In fact, these heroines also remain alone: ​​caring for a sick veteran, Alexei Afanasyevich, Nina Aleksandrovna experiences life dramas alone; her daughter Marina, who is fighting for a place in the sun, is leaving her husband Seryozha Klimov. The husband’s infidelity gradually according to the plot, like a ball of thread, races –

is confused. At the end of the novel, Klimov’s departure becomes inevitable, which Marina does not want to accept. She still loves him and wants to keep the family at all costs.The relationship between Klimov and Marina as an example of a real Russian family, which, like the whole country, is changing, in a broad sense is transforming. The family as a traditional institution is losing its values; it is no longer the criterion of morality and spirituality in the rapidly changing global world.

Love and family issues are also important in the novel “Alone in the Mirror”, which unfolds the story of an unhappy, unequal marriage. Unlike previous novels, in this work, the gender conflict is caused, rather, by the worldview of the main characters.

Antonov is a teacher and scientist who writes a monograph in the field of fractal geometry. He is much older than his wife Vicki (by fifteen years), and this age gap becomes one of the reasons for the destruction of the marriage. In the relationship between the heroes of the novel, the parent-child model is clearly traced, when Antonov builds relationships from the perspective of an adult, while Vika – from the perspective of a child. Indeed, the heroine is shown more as a rebellious teenager than a wife: she does not care about family life at all, disappears in clubs and comes home late at night, forcing her husband to worry and call all her acquaintances.Antonov, like a father, tries to control her and even educate her. Moreover, he often thinks that he could become a stepfather for Vicki: “. He thought that instead of Vicki he could marry mother-in-law Sveta, who seemed to be one of those whom he once looked at. Then he could not suffer, but simply raise Vika as his adopted daughter. ” [7].

But the main reason for the breakdown of relations between the heroes is found in their worldview. Antonov is a person for whom numbers are a way of describing the world.He perceives the world around him through the prism of mathematics: for example, the road from home to the psychiatric hospital, where Vika lies, is exactly “eleven foggy, kiosk-furnished stops” for him; people in a protest demonstration appear to him as “expensive microcircuits”: “a transition from the most complex (human) to geometrically primitive”, that is, to the crowd [7]; he feels the break in relations with his wife in space only as “implicit symmetry.” Hera, an acquaintance of Vika’s mother, calls Antonov “in-tellichent”.All this suggests that the reader has a hero with a rich spiritual world, a person endowed with a special worldview. For the “stupid” Vicki, as the narrator often calls her, money is the universal measure of things (for example, she perceives car numbers as the sum of money). A significant detail also speaks about the heroine’s spiritual poverty – “the most vulgar quotation book of wise thoughts,” phrases from which she uses in her speech. The extreme opposite of Vicki is Yana V., the heroine of the story “The End of Monplaisir”.Yana V. was not stupid, she was for the union of ignorance and art, although she sold works of art. The narrator shows her a woman who loves life, does not particularly hurt anyone, builds her relationships with men exactly and knows what she wants from life. At the end of the story, she manages to make a very big deal – to sell a painting by an unknown artist-drunkard Ilya Kaporeikin, who, as it seems to him, fell in love with Yana V.

In the narrative, as in other novels (Immortal 2) by Olga Slavnikova, a completely different plot line abruptly breaks into an incomprehensible situation: Kaporeikin learns that the buyer of his still life, the head of the financial and industrial group, Mr. Selivanov, was shot by unknown persons.And only one of his paintings remained inaccessible to him. In the story “The End of Monplaisir” gender relations are built neatly, neither the feminine nor masculine principles conflict with each other, the characters have an even, non-binding relationship. We can safely say: there is no gender superiority of women over men.

Another facet of family conflict in O. Slavnikova’s novels is male infidelity (Ivan in the novel “Dragonfly enlarged to the size of a dog”, Klimov in the work “Immortal”, Antonov – “Alone in the Mirror”, Krylov – “2017”), and sometimes women (Vika in the work “Alone in the Mirror”).Many heroes never realize themselves in the role of husband or wife. In family life, the relationships of the heroes are not developing in the best way. In fiction O.

References

Slavnikova man and woman constantly overcome the invisible struggle for existence and domination in society.

In the novel “The Immortal” the main character, Aleksey Afanasyevich Kharitonov, has been bedridden for fourteen years and does not know that the Soviet Union is long gone, a completely different formation has come.His women (Nina Aleksandrovna is his wife, Marina is the daughter of Nina Aleksandrovna) supported and looked after him. Gender relations in the novel are built according to a peculiar scenario, which was invented by the daughter of Nina Alexandrovna – Marina. It was Marina who decided that Aleksey Afanasyevich did not know anything about the changes in the country, and the family – her husband Seryozha and her mother – silently agreed and lived like this until Aleksey Afanasyevich suspected something here. In the finale of the novel, Aleksey Afanasyevich himself learns everything that he has long lived in a country different from socialism, found Vedomosti hidden behind a breadbasket, listened to the radio and watched TV programs.Nina Alexandrovna suddenly discovered that her husband had changed so dramatically, and all her deception was revealed. Women – the heroines of the novel try to control men, build family life according to the scenario they have conceived, do not give men the slightest chance to create life in their own way. In the novel “The Immortal”, men are peculiar victims of female feminism.

Women in Olga Slavnikova’s novels are most often deprived of rights, like the prose heroines of Lyudmila Petrushevskaya, they are socially enslaved by men [8].So, in the story “Strict Grandmother” the main character claims that it is men and her own children that are the cause of all her troubles. The main character of the story “How Penelope” is named Oksana. Her hopeless life was presented as follows: a computer, a fax machine, a printer, a room littered with papers and the uncertainty of her future family life. A striking example of feminism in the work of L. Petrushevskaya was the images of the Terrible from the story “Little Terrible” and Anna Andrianovna from the story “Time for Night”. The life of the aforementioned characters of Petrushevskaya was ruined by the notorious housing issue.Both heroines survived from their own apartments of all children and grandchildren and remained in the void (O. Slavnikova).

The narration in the novels of Olga Slavnikova, like that of Lyudmila Petrushevskaya, is conducted from the sidelines. The narrator starts now in one direction, then in another, again comes back, again and again in the listed circle, telling secondary details. The voice of the narrator contains different voices, points of view and opinions. In the finale of the novels, the narrator, as it were, sums up the results, unravels the ball of thread, as in a detective story.So, in the novel “Immortal” the main character Alexei Afanasyevich learns with great effort that he lives in another state, socialism has long been gone. This kind of view from the side of the narrator leads to some specific image or resolution of someone’s fate.

Olga Slavnikova in her prose “not only depicts a distorted“ everyday world ”of her primitive, insect-like heroes, but seeks to reflect the deformation of their consciousness” [9, p.35].

Gender inequality, the destruction of traditional family foundations aggravates, shows inside out the already intense social and gender struggle in the plot of Olga Slavnikova’s novels [10, 11]. In her novels, gender relations are built predominantly with female logic and origin. Men as gender are depicted as destroyers of family traditional foundations and are more susceptible to changes in the socio-political formation. Women strive to occupy niches in society that are not traditional for them; at best, they become breadwinners and “strongholds” of house-building.

Thus, the gender conflict in O. Slavnikova’s prose can be traced in the images, in the destruction of gender stereotypes, when the heroes do not meet the standards of behavior that are traditionally considered “male” or “female” in society. In love and family problems, this can be traced in the relationships of the heroes, in the problems of the destruction of the institution of the family and the rupture of relations. Olga Slavnikova builds the narrative in her novels as a view from the outside.The narrator reveals in the novels the substantial meaning, the total relationship between man and the world (V. Belinsky) and at the same time does not forget private life, where the narrative is based on the fate of an individual.

1. Vorobieva N. Gender. Philologist: Internet magazine. Available at: http://philolog.pspu.ru/module/magazine/do/mpub_5_102

2. Lukov V.A., Kirillina V.N. Gender conflict: a system of concepts.Knowledge. Understanding. Skill. 2005; No. 1: 86 – 101.

3. Dictionary of gender terms. Available at: http://www.owl.ru/gender/047.htm

4. Shestak A.N. Fictional prose by Olga Slavnikova in the context of the modern literary process. Scientific journal KubSAU. 2016; No. 120 (06): 1 – 13.

5. Semikina Yu.G. The problem of the implementation of gender stereotypes in the artistic works of women authors of the late XX and XXI centuries.Bulletin of the Volgograd State Pedagogical University. 2012; No. 6: 122 – 125.

6. Slavnikova O.A. A dragonfly enlarged to the size of a dog. Available at: http://book-online.com.ua/read.php?book=7289

7. Slavnikova O.A. Waltz with the Monster: Collection Available at: http://book-online.com.ua/read.php?book=7357

8.Mongush E. D. Gender Issues and Its Artistic Implementation in Small Prose by L. Petrushevskaya. The world of science, culture, education. 2011; No. 6 (31): 281 – 283.

9. Imikhelova S.S., Mongush E.D. The creativity of L.S. Petrushevskaya in the context of the neomythologism of Russian literature of the 20th century: textbook. Kyzyl: Publishing House of Tuva State University, 2018.

10. Slavnikova O.A. Immortal. Available at: https: // www.e-reading.club/bookreader.php/52726/Slavnikova_-_Bessmertnyii.html

11. Slavnikova O.A. 2017. Available at: http://book-online.com.ua/read.php?book=7353

References

1. Vorob’eva N. Gender. Filolog: Internet-zhurnal. Available at: http://philolog.pspu.ru/module/magazine/do/mpub_5_102

2.Lukov V.A., Kirillina V.N. Gendernyj konflikt: sistema ponyatij. Znanie. Ponimanie. Umenie. 2005; No. 1: 86 – 101.

3. Slovar’gendernyh terminov. Available at: http://www.owl.ru/gender/047.htm

4. Shestak A.N. Hudozhestvennaya proza ​​Ol’gi Slavnikovoj v kontekste sovremennogo literaturnogo processa. NauchnyjzhurnalKubGAU. 2016; No. 120 (06): 1 – 13.

5.Semikina Yu.G. Problemarealizaciigendernyh stereotipovvhudozhestvennyhproizvedeniyah avtorov-zhenschin konca HHi XXI veka. Izvestiya Volgogradskogogosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta. 2012; No. 6: 122 – 125.

6. Slavnikova O.A. Strekoza, uvelichennaya do razmerov sobaki. Available at: http://book-online.com.ua/read.php?book=7289

7. Slavnikova O.A. Val’s chudovischem: sbornik Available at: http: // book-online.com.ua/read.php?book=7357

8. Mongush E.D. Gendernaya problematika i ee hudozhestvennaya realizaciya v maloj proze L. Petrushevskoj. Mir nauki, kul’tury, obrazovaniya. 2011; No. 6 (31): 281 – 283.

9. Imihelova S.S., Mongush E.D. Tvorchestvo L.S. Petrushevskoj v kontekste neomifologizma russkoj literatury XX v .: uchebnoe posobie. Kyzyl: Izdatel’stvo Tuvinskogo gosuniversiteta, 2018.

10. Slavnikova O.A. Bessmertnyj. Available at: https://www.e-reading.club/bookreader.php/52726/Slavnikova_-_Bessmertnyii.html

11. Slavnikova O.A. 2017. Available at: http://book-online.com.ua/read.php?book=7353

Received on March 30, 20

UDC 81

Astashchenko Ye.V., Cand. of Sciences (Philology), teacher, NRU MGSU (Moscow, Russia), E-mail: [email protected]

Goryainova D.O., student, NRU MGSU (Moscow, Russia)

REFLECTION OF MOVEMENT IN ARCHITECTURE AND MECHANICS IN THE LANGUAGE OF PROSE OF ART NOUVEAU. The article covers novels of the 1920s-1930s. At the beginning of the XX century, the movement in fine arts and in literature particularly became not only subject-thematic and energetic phenomenon, but forms a free “non-classical paradigm” of creativity.Researchers of the literature of the beginning of the XX century pay much more attention to movement outside of architecture, in an open space (and, accordingly, “topos”), rather than inside a building. For example, in the works of A.Vaganova, Yu.Shantalina, the concept of “movement” corresponds primarily with the topos “road, path”. If we turn specifically to the “locus” of stairs, pipes and elevators in modern prose, it becomes obvious that they contribute to the understanding of not only movement in space, but also the ideological and artistic originality of works that are often mentioned (the novels “Moscow” by A.Bely, “Mashenka” by V. Nabokov, “We” by E.I. Zamyatin, “The Great Gatsby” by F.S. Fitzgerald). Thus, the masters of prose of the modern era, distinguished by “the fluidity” of forms in the arts, used not only the “unreal” dynamism of architectural loci (stairs, pipes, shafts, elevators), but also the factual one associated with mechanical movement. At the same time, the values ​​of predicates that define actants associated with architectural locus depend on referential references (specific objects are reproduced – in Bely’s novel, the staircase in the Mandro mansion on Petrovka; the Long island mansion in Fitzgerald’s novel), and from suggestive connotations – intentionally or spontaneously actualized by writers: the staircase “scares” / “frighten”, which is especially scary with the agentive meaning of the verb, and “lifts’.The elevator can not only “get stuck”, but also “knock down”, “buzz down” (although buzz isn’t a verb of movement, but moves to an unreal space where you can see the sound), “slam”, groan (“groaned”). “The optimistic idea of ​​movement, activity as the norm of human life” (A.K. Vaganova) tries, although unsuccessfully, to refute the idea of ​​entropy, as it has been shown by the literature of the first third of the Xx century.

Key words: art Nouveau, modernist prose, irrealism, movement, locus, stairs, lift.

E.V. Astashchenko, Cand. philol. Sci., lecturer, NRU “Moscow State University of Civil Engineering”, Moscow,

E-mail: [email protected]

D.O. Goryainova, student, NRU “Moscow State University of Civil Engineering”, Moscow

REFLEXION OF MOTION IN ARCHITECTURE AND MECHANICS IN THE LANGUAGE OF MODERN PROSE

At the beginning of the XX century.movement in art, in particular in literature, becomes not only thematic and energetic, but forms a free, “non-classical paradigm” of creativity. Researchers of the literature of the early XX century. much more attention is paid to movement outside of architecture, in open space (and, accordingly, toposes), and not inside the building. For example, in the works of A.K. Vaganova, Yu.A. Shantalina concept “movement” corresponds, first of all, toposes “road, path, path”. If we turn specifically to the loci of the staircase, pipe and elevator in modern prose, it becomes obvious that it is they who contribute to the comprehension of not only movement in space, but also the ideological and artistic originality of the works in which are often mentioned (the novels “Moscow” by A.Bely, “Mashenka” by V. Nabokov, “We” by E.I. Zamyatin, “The Great Gatsby” by F.S. Fitzgerald). Thus, the prose masters of the Art Nouveau era, distinguished by the “fluidity” of forms in all arts, used not only the “surreal” dynamism of architectural loci (stairs, pipes, shafts, elevators), but also the factual one associated with mechanical movement. At the same time, the meanings of the predicates defining actants associated with architectural loci depend both on referential references (specific objects are reproduced – in Bely’s novel, the staircase in the Mandro mansion on Petrovka; the Long Island mansion in Fitzgerald’s novel), and on suggestive connotations, intentionally or spontaneously actualized by writers: the staircase “scares”, which is especially scary with the agentive meaning of the verb, and “lifts”, the elevator can not only “get stuck”, “stand”, but also “knock”, “hum down” (although hum is not a verb movement, but moves to an unreal space where you can see the sound), “slap”, groan (“groaned”).“The optimistic idea of ​​movement, activity as a norm of human life” (AK Vaganova) tries, albeit unsuccessfully, as the literature of the first third of the 20th century shows, to refute the idea of ​​entropy.

Keywords: modern, modernist prose, surrealism, movement, locus, staircase, elevator.

Modernist prose pays close attention to movement. This is the main difference between the non-classical writing paradigm, formed in the era of the theory of relativity and the scientific and technological revolution.However, it is interesting that researchers of the literature of the early XX century. much more attention is paid to movement outside of architecture, in open space (and, accordingly, toposes), and not inside the building. For example, in the works of Yu.A. Shantalina presents the movement in Gumilev’s poetry, in the vocabulary that implements this concept: the road [1, p. 222], path, step, path [2, p. 10]. There is also movement in transport, for example, A.K. Vaganova (mainly on the example of Chekhov’s prose). If we turn specifically to the loci of stairs, pipes and elevators in modern prose, it becomes obvious that they contribute to the comprehension of not only movement in space, but also the ideological and artistic originality of the works in which they are often mentioned.At the beginning of the XX century. the category of movement is brought to the fore in architecture itself: “If in classical architecture the form is unchanged and valuable in itself, within the framework of the non-classical paradigm (the period of modernism) the emphasis falls on the process, the form becomes dynamic.

noah, there is a connection with time ”[3, p. 49]. Thus, the “fourth dimension” is already entering art everywhere, and “the fifth coordinate of life – the self-conscious soul” (A. Tarkovsky) is manifested.

“Many researchers of the style note that the staircase in the Art Nouveau mansion is always or almost always the vertical axis around which the composition of the building develops <...>, embodies the idea of ​​duration, the flow of space-time, because here a fourth is added to the three dimensions of the architectural structure. – the time spent on both mental and real movement in the architectural space ”[4, p. 204]. The novel by A.White “Moscow”, where many loci of the staircase are associated with the staircase as a global symbol. In the novel Petersburg, written more than a decade and a half ago, movement was not a property, albeit surreal, of the staircase itself, but a cinematic play of chiaroscuro on it: “A dead ray <...> lay on gray steps <...>. Suddenly the moon lit up the staircase: in perfect darkness <.> Phosphorically burning spots “[5, p. 304]; “The staircase frightened him” [5, p. 305].

90,000 The era of the late Paleolithic – the first life of modern people – history-thema.com History

Recently, we talked about what stages the history of mankind went through in the Paleolithic era – the ancient stone age, when people did not yet raise animals and did not grow edible plants, they lived exclusively on an appropriating economy: hunting, fishing, gathering, using tools made of stone. Now let’s talk in more detail about the general way of life of the Paleolithic people, that is, about how humanity lived absolutely most of its history in general.Yes, in comparison with the duration of the late Paleolithic era, when primitive people of the modern type already dominated the earth, the entire history of civilizations from Sumer to our electronic-technical age looks like only a small period of time. For tens of millennia, people were part of the surrounding virgin nature, were forced to follow its harsh laws, and about the events of the past they drew only information distorted by mysticism and speculation from tribal legends passed from mouth to mouth from generation to generation.

In this article, we will talk about the initial life of modern people who, according to genetic studies, appeared at least about 200 thousand years ago in East Africa, and about 40 thousand years ago began to actively settle around the world, including number in Europe, North Asia and North America, which then experienced a strong influence Wurm glaciation . The climate of the modern temperate latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere was then much colder than it is now. The north of Europe, including the area where the city of Moscow now stands, was hidden all year round under a thick shell of ice.In Siberia, oddly enough, the glacier covered only the polar regions. South of the glaciers to the mountain range stretching across the whole of Eurasia from the Pyrenees to the southern mountains of the Far East, vast areas of tundra-steppe stretched – endless grassy expanses similar to a tall grass steppe, where the sun was hot in summer (as in modern steppes), and in winter harsh and windy, similar to the Arctic , cold. A huge number of ungulates roamed these expanses, both similar to those that now live in the steppes and northern forests, and by the present era long extinct: mammoths, woolly rhinos, giant deer.They were hunted by predators hiding in rare copses: wolves, common and cave bears, cave lions and cave hyenas. And, of course, people. The meat of large ungulates obtained by collective hunting was the main food of the Paleolithic people. Behind the mountains to the south, the natural appearance was close to the modern one: steppes, savannas, broad-leaved and subtropical forests, which were further replaced by tropical and equatorial jungles, but the natural belts in relation to their present location were shifted to the equator.Settling from the warm regions of the planet to the north rich in large ungulates, people of the modern type began to share territory with those who lived in Europe and Asia since about half a million years BC. Neanderthals – a local species or subspecies of people, significantly different from them in appearance, biologically adapted for life in colder climates (for example, the Neanderthals had a large and wide nose, which contributed to good heating of the inhaled icy air of the winter tundra steppe). Previously, it was believed that the life of the Neanderthals was very primitive, in many ways it was similar to the flocking behavior of animals.However, recent studies have shown that, although the Neanderthal culture lagged somewhat behind the culture of people of the modern type, in their basic features, both cultures were similar. Both Neanderthals and modern Paleolithic people used the same tools, although modern people worked them more perfectly. Therefore, everything that concerns the everyday life of people of the modern type in the Paleolithic era can mainly refer to the Neanderthals.

The first studied settlement of primitive people of the modern type was located in the Cro-Magnon grotto near the French city of Le Eyzi-de-Taillac-Sireuil.It was discovered in 1868 by the paleontologist Louis Lartet. Its age is about 30 thousand years. In Cro-Magnon L. Larte discovered several skeletons of its inhabitants and a number of stone tools. By the name of the grotto, all modern Paleolithic people are often called Cro-Magnons. The inhabitants of the Cro-Magnon grotto had an anthropological type, which is not currently found, but certain features of which have been preserved in modern people of the Balkan-Caucasian subrace. These were people of Caucasian appearance, with rudely beautiful, not very sharp facial features.But the closest genetically to the very first people of the modern type, who lived more than one and a half hundred thousand years before the contemporaries of the inhabitants of Crom-Magnon, are the modern Khoisan peoples of South Africa: the Bushmen and Hottentots. By the way, some of their tribes, due to isolation among unsuitable for management savannas and deserts, still lead a lifestyle similar to the Paleolithic, and this isolation was the reason for the best preservation of the genotype of the distant ancestors of modern mankind. The Koisan peoples as a whole belong to the Negroid race, however, in their anthropological type, some Mongoloid features are also clearly visible, on the basis of which it can be assumed that the Negroid race is the most ancient, and other races stood out from it over the millennia as a result of the isolated existence of primitive human populations , which is why certain anthropological features were fixed in them.Indeed, in Europe, archaeologists sometimes find skulls dating back to the primitive era with pronounced Negroid features. Some researchers believe that the Caucasoid race originated from the mixing of the ancient people of the modern type who migrated to Europe and Western Asia with the Neanderthals who already lived there.

Since primitive people could not leave behind any written evidence of their history, historians obtain information about their way of life based on the study of archaeological finds and the study of the life of peoples whose culture is still at the primitive level.There are few peoples whose life is similar to the life of people of the Paleolithic era in our time: these are, first of all, individual tribes living in the remote arid regions of South Africa and Australia. Most of the other peoples living in a primitive way, in terms of the cultural level, already correspond to the people of the Neolithic – the New Stone Age, who knew how to breed domestic animals and grow the plants necessary for the economy. Despite many similarities, the way of life in the Paleolithic and Neolithic was still markedly different.

The lifestyle of many Bushmen tribes in South Africa still corresponds to the late Paleolithic era

Paleolithic people lived tribal communities , consisting of 20 – 30 people descended from one ancestor, usually along the female line (matrilineal community). Some researchers believe that the eldest woman in the family was also the head of the community, she was revered and obeyed as a mother, directly or through her children who gave life to all members of the community (matriarchy). However, in our time, the prevailing opinion is that in the Paleolithic era there was no pronounced domination of women or men in society, and the society of that time was characterized by the equality of its members.The youth equally respected and obeyed all the older members of the community as more experienced, both men and women. Nevertheless, archaeological finds in the form of statuettes carved from stone or sculpted from clay in the form of a woman, often naked, with sharply defined breasts and abdomen (clearly symbolizing motherhood), show that all the same, the Late Paleolithic people had a special attitude towards a woman, she was surrounded by exceptional reverence. It must be said that many peoples, especially those who have long retained the features of a primitive-clan way of life, even in the Middle Ages still retained vestiges of the primitive veneration of women.Even in the heyday of , the ancient Roman civilization , known for the actual lack of rights of women, her contemporaries were the ancient Germans, for whom the word of a mother or wife was sometimes law. The veneration of pagan female deities remained a “memory” of the past veneration of women among many peoples of the patriarchal era.

The tribal community resembled one very large family: all its members knew each other perfectly, lived under the same roof, ate the same food together, slept next to each other in the corresponding part of the dwelling, together they did all the household and other household chores.The concept of property was practically absent: all tools, clothing, food obtained, and other things belonged to the entire community, and they could be taken by any of its members who at the moment needed it more than others. Cohesion and collectivism were the most important guarantee of survival in the constant harsh and merciless struggle with nature. Everyone worked for the benefit of the entire community, and everyone worked together to protect every person of their kind. The hunter who had caught the game brought it to the dwelling, where it was cooked and divided at a meal as needed: more pieces for children, sick people, who needed constant support for the miners.For their work, no one received more remuneration than the usual verbal praise, however, everyone already understood that his own survival in the harsh conditions of that time depended on diligence and perseverance. This system of social organization is called primitive communism . As a rule, there were no harsh punishments for violations of the unwritten customs by which the family lived: everyone knew that without the support of the community, friendship and order in the harsh world around them, it was impossible to survive, therefore, rarely anyone broke the rules that had developed in the family.So, among the Bushmen tribes living now in South Africa, the only punishment for the offender (as a rule, it is the one who is lazy when performing work) is demonstratively mocking imitation of the entire community of his behavior. Serious conflict situations within the genus were rare in the Paleolithic era. A malicious disobedient to the decisions of the community or its senior members could be expelled if they believed that his behavior upsetting community discipline was worse than the loss of extra labor. Common interests were put above personal ones.In some tribes, to this day, a person who killed a relative is subjected only to symbolic shame and condemnation: the murder of one of the community members at the hands of another is the loss of one pair of working hands, the execution or expulsion of the killer is the loss of another.

Tribal communities settled most often in natural shelters: caves, grottoes, rock shelters, and where there were no natural stone shelters, in river gullies on the shore. Primitive people themselves built dwellings: wide tents and dugouts from animal skins stretched out on poles, as well as tusks and mammoth bones.In the caves, a person settled in the widest – the entrance part, avoiding settling in the depths of the cave corridors: it is cold, damp, the smoke from the fire will not be able to freely leave, and in the event of a collapse, people who find themselves in the depths of the cave may be walled up. It is possible that in the depths of the caves, people stored food supplies like in a refrigerator. To protect from bad weather, people erected a barrier made of branches in front of the entrance to the rock shelter. The dwelling could be conditionally or even somehow delimited into several parts: a sleeping place near the fire, a refectory, a workshop where tools were made, a prayer corner where religious cults of that time were held.Of course, a dwelling inhabited by people, whether it was even a cave or a stone canopy, was different from its modern look, unearthed by archaeologists – sullen and damp, just as a dwelling house differs from a long abandoned one. As already mentioned, the cave was protected from the weather by a barrier erected from branches, the earthen floor in the cave was covered with dry grass and soft skins, a hot fire was cheerfully burning and crackling in a hearth made of flat stones, and under its flames, bizarre looking cave vaults sounded live voices and songs.Someone knocked stones in the “workshop”, making flint knives, choppers, spearheads, etc., someone roasted fragrant meat over a fire. Children played or helped adults with housework, the elderly sat on the seats, embroidered from skins and stuffed with soft grass, and told entertaining memories from their lives, legends from the depths of the long past, but no different from the present. The dwellings were usually not permanent and were temporary sites, since people migrated after the herds of ungulates, which served them as their main food.

There was a division of labor: the hardest work went to men, the most painstaking to women. Men hunted and built dwellings, women collected edible plants and other small food, kept the fire in the hearth, cooked food, kept the dwelling clean and tidy, and sewed clothes using bone needles. Children helped adults, performed household chores within their power. However, the ratio of the number of men to women in the community could vary greatly: more boys are born than girls, while men are more likely to die from accidents, such as hunting.Therefore, if necessary, women and men could substitute for each other: a woman herself could get not very large game, a man could cook dinner or clean up the house. The tools were probably actively manufactured by both men and women. In different communities, there could be different orders as to whose business it is more: male or female. The main material for making tools was flint and related stones, for example, quartz. When struck by a harder object, such stones are easily crushed into fairly strong plate-like lobes.From such flat and thin fragments of flint and other such minerals, primitive people, through diligent sharpening, made the tools they needed. Flint tools have an important advantage: they practically do not dull, which was important in the absence of fine sharpening tools. True, due to its crystalline structure, flint quickly breaks, but this was compensated by its abundance in nature. Products from other stone rocks are also found in archaeological excavations of the Paleolithic, but much less often: the processing of harder rocks at that time required special skill and perseverance.With the help of flint, which gives sparks when some other stones hit it (and in our time – and iron), primitive man, apparently, also produced fire. Fire was an absolutely integral part of human survival in the wild: dwellings were heated with open fire, food was cooked on fire, fiery torches illuminated the path at night, scared off dangerous animals, and also drove prey to the right places when hunting. Knife blades and spearheads, cutters, drills, saws, skin scrapers, and punctures were made of stone.People used stone tools to work wood and bone, from which they made thinner utensils: dishes, handles for knives and spears, needles, as well as objects of worship. Bony spearheads are sometimes found.

Tools of the Late Paleolithic

The farm was exclusively appropriating. The basis of the diet of the Paleolithic people was the meat of large ungulates. So, in the Caucasus, the main object of hunting in the Ancient Stone Age was a primitive bison – a wild bull, the ancestor of modern bison and American bison.Men of the genus went out to hunt for large prey collectively. Some hid in ambush, some drove a herd towards them. When the animals ran past the hunters hiding on the leeward side, they suddenly jumped out and killed the nearest buffalo, deer or tarpan (wild horse) with quick blows of their spears. After that, the booty was cut with stone knives and choppers on the spot, chopped into pieces and carried in pieces to the dwelling. Hunting for mammoths was especially difficult and dangerous, but if successful, it was rewarded a hundredfold: such prey could be eaten for weeks if the meat was properly preserved.It was also practiced collective selection of prey from predatory animals using long spears. There was also a hunt by the method of concealment: the hunter approached the animal from the leeward side, taking advantage of the fact that many ungulates are very short-sighted. However, such a hunt was more dangerous: the animal could trample a single hunter, running away, or even attack him. Smaller prey were killed with throwing spears – javelins, and archaeologists find special wooden devices for a longer throw of a spear – spear throwers.Some communities used bows, which made it possible to hunt small animals, for example, birds, in the event of a shortage of large animals. However, in general, the bow in the Paleolithic is still a rather rare tool.

A person, of course, could not eat only meat: in addition to proteins, the human body needs vitamins and carbohydrates, and the hunt was not always successful, and herds of wild ungulates could go to places inaccessible to people or die out from epizootics. An important role in the primitive economy was played by gathering, which was carried out mainly by women and children.In meadows and forests, primitive people collected mushrooms , berries, edible herbs and roots, tree fruits: wild fruits and nuts, acorns, cones of large conifers. Large invertebrates (locusts, snails), frogs and reptiles also went for food: the harsh conditions of life closely related to wildlife made people a little choosy about food. In the dwelling, high-calorie meals were prepared on stone hearths or wooden skewers from the meat of game hunted by hunters, plants and mushrooms collected by women and children, which were necessary to maintain strength in a difficult natural life.

People of the Paleolithic made clothes from the skins of animals obtained from hunting. The skins were dried, cut out with stone incisors, then with the help of bone needles and animal veins or strong fibers of wild plants they were sewn, giving the desired shape. It can be assumed that the clothing of the Paleolithic population of the temperate latitudes was similar to the traditional clothing of most of the indigenous peoples of Siberia and North America.

Aesthetic ideas were not at all alien to primitive people. From wood, strong grasses, veins, teeth and bones of animals, feathers of birds, they made various decorations that they wore, dyed clothes with natural dyes.Having obtained a permanent paint, they painted the walls of the caves in which they lived. Rock paintings have survived only in very few places, for example, in the Altamira cave in Spain (there are the first of the studied drawings of primitive people, discovered by an amateur archaeologist Marcelino de Sautuola and his 9-year-old daughter). Moisture constantly condenses on the rocks, they themselves gradually crumble and crumble under the influence of temperature changes, so any rock paintings are poorly preserved. And most of the inscriptions so often left by tourists in our time like “Gena and Lena were here”, with the hope “for centuries”, actually disappear under the influence of natural factors, if not in the first years, then within a couple of decades.And the preservation of primitive images was facilitated by the fact that they were still in a more closed place – in caves, therefore they were not so prone to erosion and washing out. In the wall paintings of his rocky dwellings, primitive man often depicted the surrounding nature associated with his life: animals, as well as people hunting them. There are finds of rocky outcrops inside the caves, which were obviously sculpted by a human hand to resemble animals. Based on the data from the study of the traditions of modern peoples with a primitive culture, it is believed that many images have a sacred meaning.So, in some tribes, before the hunt, it is customary to depict the expected prey, after which each hunter symbolically strikes the image with a spear. There it is believed that it brings good luck on the hunt. Many jewelry are also in fact cult objects, for example, amulets, which, according to their owners, protect from illness or misfortune. However, one should not discount the fact that primitive people also experienced a sense of beauty, and they could draw something simply because they liked it.

Tribal communities that lived in relative proximity to one another, spoke the same language and, as a rule, had a distant common origin, constituted a tribe. Communities of one tribe, realizing their kinship, could conduct some common affairs on the tribal territory, support each other in a difficult matter. Boys who had reached puberty from their home community went to another community of their tribe, settled there and took on a constant life companion. This made it possible to avoid closely related relationships fraught with degeneration of the offspring.Some tribes, and currently leading a primitive lifestyle, lack the institution of marriage: on certain days, men and women of the tribe indiscriminately indulge in amorous pleasures, after which the tribal communities collectively raise the children born, often without bothering to find out exactly who and from whom the child was born. However, such an extreme, even for a Paleolithic society, is rather an exception. In most tribes, there was a concept of marriage, although it is somewhat simpler than in our time: each member of the community, be it a man or a woman, had sexual intercourse with the same partner.This made it possible to avoid sexual competition within the community. The chastity of the younger members of the clan was watched over by its elders. Children were brought up basically also collectively by the whole community, although due to a certain personal affection, the parents could devote a little more time to them than other relatives.

As such, the institutions of power were absent from the Paleolithic people. Each community decided its affairs at a general discussion, in which both men and women participated, and it is likely that older children who already understand the issue under discussion will also.The tribal elders were involved in organizational activities. Probably, they also solved common tribal affairs at meetings with the elders of other tribal communities of the tribe. Of course, there were also just smart, talented people who enjoyed general authority, to whom they listened, with whom not only relatives, but also members of other clans consulted. The ministers of primitive cults (who were often concurrently also healers-healers) also enjoyed unconditional authority. However, it is too early to talk about the real institution of tribal leaders in the Paleolithic: almost the entire life of the people of that time consisted of economic affairs, even not related to primitive politics, and the leaders were simply not needed.The people of the Paleolithic are often thought of as harsh, brave and ruthless warriors, constantly fighting either with wild animals or with foreign tribes. In many respects, this idea was promoted by the literary work of J. Roni the Elder “The Struggle for Fire”, based on the notions of a primitive society widespread in the 19th century, when scientific research on the primitive way of life was practically not carried out at all. The idea of ​​the Paleolithic people as warlike and cruel tribes arose as a result of the fact that the first theoreticians, without deep criticism, tried to draw an analogy between them and modern primitive tribes, most of which have a way of life that is not characteristic of the Paleolithic, but of the Neolithic.In the Neolithic, when the manufacturing economy began to develop, and with it such vices of humanity as greed and indifference, intertribal aggression also spread: people began to take away from each other, for what to fight with each other. However, this is not typical of the Paleolithic: in the Paleolithic, a person was entirely dependent on changes in environmental conditions, did not produce anything except stone tools, which any community could make itself in excess, and the difficult life, everyday struggle with nature did not leave time for inter-tribal wars.The people of the Paleolithic are rather peaceful hunters and gatherers like the current Bushmen tribes. Of course, sometimes there were clashes between tribes that did not share, for example, a convenient hunting ground, but this was more the exception than the rule. Not that the tribe, even each separate tribal community lived in a sufficiently wide area where it was possible to get the required amount of food, with other communities, and even more so, tribes, did not often contact. When food resources became limited (for example, there was a massive death of animals – the main objects of hunting), part of the tribe or community said goodbye to their relatives and left to look for a new place of residence in the wild, immense distance, since the high mortality rate nowhere has the population constant, and always one could find unoccupied grounds full of herds of buffalo, deer, and wild horses.

So, people of the modern type in the Paleolithic, as a rule, did not fight with each other. But with the Neanderthals in Europe and Western Asia, until they died out or assimilated among them, they clashed quite often. Probably, modern people and Neanderthals, having very different psychologies, did not understand each other well, perhaps they did not always see each other as similar and were considered competitors for prey and hunting grounds. Moreover, it happened that both of them did not just kill each other: both at the sites of modern people and at Neanderthal archaeologists more than once found human bones of the opposite type with traces of the teeth of the owners of the dwelling.That is, modern humans and Neanderthals happened to eat each other. Remnants of Paleolithic sites are also known, where in the older – the lower layer of the soil, traces of the life of Neanderthals were found, above – that is, in a not so old layer, traces of the life of people of the modern type were found, even higher – again of the Neanderthals, and in the latest layer – again modern people. Presumably, people of the modern type, having come to these lands, drove out the Neanderthals who lived here before, but they could not fix it, and after a while the Neanderthals expelled them from there and restored their dominance in their former place.However, then modern people launched another offensive and again expelled the Neanderthals for good. Although it is possible that, on the contrary, in this area, Neanderthals coexisted peacefully with modern people, therefore they alternately occupied the same convenient parking place: after all, for a long time in the same place primitive man did not live, constantly moving behind herds of wild animals. It is possible that after the next season of migration of animals, returning to their former habitat, the Neanderthals simply took some other place, and modern people settled in their former dwelling.Then – on the contrary, and so on. Genetic studies show that modern Paleolithic people actively entered into marriages with Neanderthals: Neanderthal genes are present in every 4-6 representatives of the Caucasian and Mongoloid races. They are completely absent only in Negroids, and this is understandable: Neanderthals did not live in Africa.

Reason, dexterous hands, collectivism in every matter allowed the human race not to be suppressed, despite the cruel laws of nature in which people had to survive.However, the mortality rate among the people of the Stone Age was very high. There were no cures for diseases, healers could only heal with medicinal herbs and psychological techniques that supported the morale of a sick person. Most adult males have died as a result of hunting injuries, although there are also remains of people over fifty. The scarcity of human settlement prevented the spread of deadly epidemics, however, frequent fluctuations in air temperature, sharp weather changes characteristic of especially temperate latitudes of the Ice Age were the cause of dangerous colds.Periodically, primitive people were visited by famine, when wild animals died out from diseases or went to inaccessible places, and drought or late spring frosts ruined edible plants. Settling among the rocks, people died from landslides, slipped on narrow paths into gorges, froze, taken by surprise by a snow blizzard, especially when due to snow drifts it became impossible to get to the dwelling. Of course, primitive man was much better able to find a way out of critical situations in nature than people of our day, but his adaptive capabilities were not unlimited.The infant mortality rate was especially high. Infants and children of the first years of life died from hypothermia, hunger, disease so often that sometimes they were not even considered as full-fledged members of human society: it is still not known whether they will survive or not. Some peoples with a semi-primitive culture almost until our time had infanticide – the killing of babies in hungry years so that there were no extra eaters. Even in the societies of a number of ancient civilizations , this custom existed: the ancient Spartans left crippled babies to die in the gorge, and the Romans simply took out children who were born inappropriately somewhere to a public place, hoping that suddenly someone else needed them, without thinking about that if the child does not find a new owner, he will die.

In a primitive society, where every extra workforce was very important, the surviving children grew up socially very quickly. From an early age, they first helped adults with what they had the strength to do, then they did easier work on their own. Children could successfully hunt for not too agile small game or fish, like women, collect edible plants, and help adult men carry equipment when hunting. At that time, the personal example of the senior members of the community, participation, whenever possible, in their work was the basis of the upbringing of children.Therefore, children who were able to seriously help with household chores, that is, from 8 to 10 years old, were generally perceived as equal members of the community, and household matters were discussed with them. Children behaved at ease with adults, could play with the elders of the clan. Of course, due to their age, they were looked after, and protected from dangerous affairs, and caressed, and shamed for disobedience, but the idea that “there is no place for little ones”, “children still don’t understand”, “it’s too early for children”, did not exist in the Paleolithic.

The Palaeolithic people considered the surrounding nature as a natural habitat.Often they animated all objects and phenomena around: they believed that plants, stones, water bodies, rain and wind are also living things (animism). Although primitive people were aware that they still differ from animals in reason, nevertheless, they often endowed animals with human traits. They believed that animals live their own conscious life, according to their laws poorly guided by people, they can be friends and enmity. From these ideas, tales about animals, which are widespread among all peoples, have survived to this day.It happened that entire tribes, who did not retain the personalities of their ancestors in their memory, believed that they descended from some kind of animals, and revered animals of this species. Such beliefs related to totemism are still common among many peoples who are still living in a primitive state, or have recently emerged from it. Their relic is also the symbolism in the culture of many peoples in relation to any animal, as, for example, the bear is considered the national symbol of the Slavs, the tiger – the peoples of Hindustan.

Approximately nine and a half thousand years ago, the last ice age on earth ended.The climate has become much warmer and more humid. Large areas of steppes and tundra-steppes were occupied by overgrown forests, which greatly reduced the number of large ungulates – the main food of the Paleolithic people. Many of them (mammoths, giant deer) were eventually “finished off” by primitive hunters. To survive, people had to rebuild and complicate their economy. Among people of the modern type, onions have spread, with the help of which it became possible to catch small game. The Neanderthals, whose culture lagged significantly behind the culture of modern people, could not adapt to the changes that had come and died out or were forced to join the communities of people of the modern type and assimilated among them.People of the modern type, in order to always keep a constant source of food with them, began to domesticate animals. And then, having learned to use those droppings as fertilizer, they began to grow edible plants. manufacturing economy appeared , mankind entered the Neolithic era.

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