Elmhurst california. Elmhurst: A Historic Neighborhood in Oakland, California

How did Elmhurst evolve from a separate town to an Oakland neighborhood. What factors shaped its demographic changes over the decades. How has the community responded to economic challenges in Elmhurst.

Table of Contents

The Origins and Annexation of Elmhurst

Elmhurst, once an independent town, became part of Oakland through annexation in 1909. This historic neighborhood is situated adjacent to San Leandro, forming a distinct planning district within Oakland’s urban landscape. The integration of Elmhurst into Oakland marked the beginning of its transformation from a separate entity to an integral part of the city’s fabric.

Early Growth and Suburban Appeal

What made Elmhurst attractive to early residents? The area’s affordability played a crucial role in its development. Real estate in Elmhurst was notably cheaper compared to other parts of Oakland, making it an ideal location for workers employed in the city’s canneries and factories. This affordability allowed many to achieve middle-class status and enjoy a more suburban or country-like environment while remaining close to their workplaces.

World War II Expansion

How did World War II impact Elmhurst’s growth? The neighborhood experienced significant expansion during this period due to the influx of workers relocating to Oakland for employment in defense plants and shipyards. This population surge led to the development of new areas within Elmhurst, most notably Brookfield Village.

Located west of the railroad tracks at 98th Avenue
Designed as a planned community for defense workers
Included a shopping center, schools, and a park
Provided comprehensive housing solutions for the growing workforce

Industrial Boom and Subsequent Decline

From the 1940s to the 1960s, Elmhurst thrived as an industrial hub. The neighborhood was home to various manufacturing facilities, including:

Canneries
Glass manufacturing plants
Die-casting businesses

However, the post-war era brought significant changes. Many of these plants either shut down or relocated to more cost-effective areas, resulting in widespread unemployment within the community. This shift marked the beginning of economic challenges that would persist in Elmhurst for decades to come.

Demographic Shifts and Urban Renewal Impact

How did urban renewal projects in other parts of Oakland affect Elmhurst? The 1960s to 1980s saw a notable demographic change in Elmhurst, primarily driven by the displacement of residents from West Oakland. Urban renewal projects, such as the construction of the Main Post Office and the Grove Shafter Freeway, forced many African American residents to relocate. A significant number of these displaced individuals chose Elmhurst as their new home, leading to a substantial increase in the neighborhood’s African American population.

Community Resilience Amidst Challenges

Despite the influx of new residents, Elmhurst continued to grapple with persistent unemployment and its associated challenges. However, the neighborhood’s spirit of community remained strong, with many areas developing close-knit social structures that helped residents support one another through difficult times.

Grassroots Activism and Community Organizations

How did the community respond to ongoing economic challenges? The persistent unemployment in Elmhurst sparked the creation of numerous grassroots organizations dedicated to improving life in the neighborhood. These groups played a crucial role in advocating for change and providing essential services to community members. Some of the notable organizations include:

Beautiful Elmhurst Development
Urban Housing Institute of Oakland
East Oakland Community Corporation
East Oakland Youth Development Center
Allen Temple
Center of Hope

These organizations have been instrumental in mobilizing residents to lobby for change at both the city and county levels while simultaneously offering vital services to support the community’s needs.

The Growing Latino Presence in Elmhurst

How has Elmhurst’s ethnic composition changed in recent decades? Beginning in the late 1980s and continuing into the 2000s, Elmhurst experienced another significant demographic shift with the growth of its Latino population. This change was driven by several factors:

Latino residents leaving the Fruitvale District and central East Oakland areas
Recent immigrants from Mexico and Central America seeking affordable housing
The outward migration of many African American residents from Elmhurst and Oakland

As African American residents moved out, many Latino families moved into the vacated homes, gradually changing the neighborhood’s cultural landscape. Today, Latinos comprise approximately half of Elmhurst’s population, reflecting the dynamic nature of Oakland’s demographic evolution.

Elmhurst Today: Challenges and Opportunities

What is the current state of Elmhurst? While the neighborhood continues to face economic challenges, its strong sense of community and diverse population provide a foundation for potential revitalization. The ongoing efforts of community organizations and engaged residents offer hope for addressing persistent issues such as unemployment and its related effects.

Cultural Diversity as a Strength

The blend of African American and Latino cultures in Elmhurst has created a unique and vibrant community. This diversity presents opportunities for cultural exchange, entrepreneurship, and community-driven development initiatives that could help shape a more prosperous future for the neighborhood.

Ongoing Community Initiatives

Grassroots organizations continue to play a vital role in Elmhurst’s development. Their efforts focus on various areas, including:

Youth development and education
Job training and employment assistance
Housing advocacy
Community beautification projects
Cultural preservation and celebration

These initiatives aim to build on Elmhurst’s strengths while addressing its challenges, fostering a more resilient and thriving community.

The Future of Elmhurst: Potential for Growth and Renewal

What does the future hold for Elmhurst? While challenges persist, the neighborhood’s rich history, diverse population, and strong community spirit provide a solid foundation for future growth and renewal. Potential areas for development include:

Revitalization of former industrial areas
Investment in small businesses and local entrepreneurship
Expansion of community services and resources
Improvement of public spaces and infrastructure
Preservation and celebration of Elmhurst’s cultural heritage

As Elmhurst continues to evolve, the engagement of its residents and the support of local government and community organizations will be crucial in shaping a vibrant and sustainable future for this historic Oakland neighborhood.

Lessons from Elmhurst’s History

What can we learn from Elmhurst’s journey? The neighborhood’s history offers valuable insights into urban development, community resilience, and the impact of economic and demographic changes on local communities. These lessons include:

The importance of affordable housing in fostering diverse, working-class neighborhoods
The long-term effects of industrial decline on urban communities
The power of grassroots organizations in addressing community challenges
The role of cultural diversity in shaping neighborhood identity and resilience
The need for sustainable economic development strategies in urban planning

By reflecting on these lessons, city planners, community leaders, and residents can work together to create more inclusive, resilient, and vibrant urban neighborhoods.

Elmhurst’s Place in Oakland’s Tapestry

How does Elmhurst contribute to Oakland’s overall character? As one of Oakland’s many diverse neighborhoods, Elmhurst plays a significant role in the city’s cultural mosaic. Its history of industrial growth, demographic shifts, and community activism reflects broader trends in Oakland’s development while also highlighting the unique characteristics that make each neighborhood distinct.

Elmhurst’s journey from a separate town to an integral part of Oakland illustrates the complex processes of urban growth and change. As the neighborhood continues to evolve, it remains an important piece of Oakland’s history and a testament to the resilience and adaptability of urban communities in the face of economic and social challenges.

Preserving Elmhurst’s Heritage

How can Elmhurst’s rich history be preserved for future generations? Efforts to document and celebrate the neighborhood’s past are crucial for maintaining its identity and informing future development. Potential initiatives could include:

Oral history projects to capture residents’ memories and experiences
Creation of a local history museum or exhibition space
Incorporation of historical markers and informational plaques throughout the neighborhood
Development of educational programs for local schools focusing on Elmhurst’s history
Preservation and restoration of significant historic buildings and landmarks

By actively preserving its heritage, Elmhurst can ensure that its unique story continues to inform and inspire both current residents and future generations.

Elmhurst’s Role in Oakland’s Future

As Oakland continues to grow and change, how might Elmhurst contribute to the city’s future development? The neighborhood’s experience with industrial decline, demographic shifts, and community organizing positions it as a potential model for sustainable urban renewal. Elmhurst could play a key role in demonstrating how historically working-class neighborhoods can adapt to changing economic conditions while preserving their cultural diversity and community spirit.

Moreover, Elmhurst’s location and potential for redevelopment make it an attractive area for future investment. By leveraging its strengths and addressing its challenges, the neighborhood could become a showcase for equitable urban development that benefits long-time residents while welcoming newcomers.

Connecting Elmhurst to the Broader Oakland Community

How can Elmhurst strengthen its connections to other parts of Oakland? Improving transportation links, promoting cross-neighborhood cultural events, and fostering economic partnerships could help integrate Elmhurst more closely with the broader Oakland community. This increased connectivity could bring new opportunities for residents while also sharing Elmhurst’s unique character and resources with the rest of the city.

As Elmhurst moves forward, its story of resilience, diversity, and community spirit will continue to be an integral part of Oakland’s larger narrative. By building on its rich history and embracing new opportunities, Elmhurst is poised to play a vital role in shaping Oakland’s future while preserving the unique character that has defined it for over a century.

Elmhurst – Oakland – LocalWiki

Elmhurst refers to a planning district comprising the neighborhoods next to San Leandro. Elmhurst was originally a separate town, annexed by Oakland in 1909.

Growth of Elmhurst and Recent History

One of the many community events organized by community groups in the 1970s-1980s. Courtesy Oakland History Room, Oakland Public LibraryReal estate in Elmhurst was cheaper than in other parts of Oakland and this allowed workers in Oakland’s canneries and factories the ability to enter the middle class and live in a more suburban/country environment. During WWII, Elmhurst expanded as the population of workers who moved to Oakland to work in defense plants and shipyards grew. Brookfield Village (west of the railroad tracks at 98th Ave) was developed in WWII as a planned community for defense workers. It included a shopping center, schools, and a park in addition to housing.

From the 1940s to the 1960s, Elmhurst was home to canneries, glass manufacturing plants, and die-casting businesses. After the war, many of these plants shut down or relocated to cheaper areas, resulting in significant unemployment.

From the 1960s to the 1980s, many residents from West Oakland who were displaced by Urban Renewal Projects (such as the Main Post Office and Grove Shafter Freeway) moved to Elmhurst. This resulted in an increase in the area’s African American population. The area is home to a number of neighborhoods with close-knit communities, but continues to suffer from the challenge of persistent unemployment and its side effects.

Since the area first began to suffer from high unemployment, grassroots groups such as Beautiful Elmhurst Development, Urban Housing Institute of Oakland, East Oakland Community Corporation, East Oakland Youth Development Center, Allen Temple, Center of Hope, and others have organized residents to lobby for change from the City and County while offering services for community members.

The Latino population has been growing in Elmhurst. Starting in the late 1980s and continuing into the 2000s, latinos leaving the Fruitvale District or central part of East Oakland began moving to Elmhurst. Recent Immigrants from Mexico and Central America began moving, renting and buying houses in Elmhurst as many African American residents began moving out of Elmhurst and Oakland altogether. Many Latinos have moved into homes left by those who have moved out. Today half of Elmhurst’s population is Latino.

Pages tagged “Elmhurst”

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The Demographic Statistical Atlas of the United States

The Demographic Statistical Atlas of the United States – Statistical Atlas

States:

Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming

Major Counties:

Alameda, Allegheny, Bexar, Bronx, Broward, Clark, Contra Costa, Cook, Cuyahoga, Dallas, Fairfax, Fairfield, Franklin, Fresno, Fulton, Harris, Hennepin, Hillsborough, Honolulu, King, Kings, Los Angeles, Maricopa, Mecklenburg, Miami-Dade, Middlesex, Milwaukee, Montgomery, Nassau, New York, Oakland, Orange, Orange, Palm Beach, Philadelphia, Pima, Queens, Riverside, Sacramento, Salt Lake, San Bernardino, San Diego, Santa Clara, St. Louis, Suffolk, Tarrant, Travis, Wake, Wayne, Westchester

Major Cities:

Albuquerque, Arlington, Atlanta, Austin, Baltimore, Boston, Charlotte, Chicago, Cleveland, Colorado Springs, Columbus, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, El Paso, Fort Worth, Fresno, Houston, Jacksonville, Kansas City, Las Vegas, Long Beach, Los Angeles, Memphis, Mesa, Miami, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, New York, Oakland, Oklahoma City, Omaha, Philadelphia, Phoenix, Portland, Raleigh, Sacramento, San Antonio, San Diego, San Francisco, San Jose, Seattle, Tucson, Tulsa, Virginia Beach, Washington, Wichita

Major Metro Areas:

Atlanta Area, Austin Area, Baltimore Area, Birmingham Area, Boston Area, Buffalo Area, Charlotte Area, Chicago Area, Cincinnati Area, Cleveland Area, Columbus Area, Dallas Area, Denver Area, Detroit Area, Hartford Area, Houston Area, Indianapolis Area, Jacksonville Area, Kansas City Area, Las Vegas Area, Los Angeles Area, Louisville Area, Memphis Area, Miami Area, Milwaukee Area, Minneapolis Area, Nashville Area, New Orleans Area, New York Area, Oklahoma City Area, Orlando Area, Philadelphia Area, Phoenix Area, Pittsburgh Area, Portland Area, Providence Area, Raleigh Area, Richmond Area, Riverside Area, Sacramento Area, Salt Lake City Area, San Antonio Area, San Diego Area, San Francisco Area, San Jose Area, Seattle Area, St. Louis Area, Tampa Area, Virginia Beach Area, Washington Area

The Demographic Statistical Atlas of the United States

The Demographic Statistical Atlas of the United States – Statistical Atlas

States:

Major Counties:

Major Cities:

Major Metro Areas:

The Demographic Statistical Atlas of the United States

The Demographic Statistical Atlas of the United States – Statistical Atlas

States:

Major Counties:

Major Cities:

Major Metro Areas:

The Demographic Statistical Atlas of the United States

The Demographic Statistical Atlas of the United States – Statistical Atlas

States:

Major Counties:

Major Cities:

Major Metro Areas:

The Demographic Statistical Atlas of the United States

The Demographic Statistical Atlas of the United States – Statistical Atlas

States:

Major Counties:

Major Cities:

Major Metro Areas:

Tahoe Park, Sacramento, California – Russian

When using text, please include a link to this page.

Tahoe Park is an area located within the city of Sacramento, California.
The name “Park Tahoe” is commonly used to refer to several formal and informal neighborhoods that surround, including

The English name Tahoe is derived from Washo’s name for Lake Tahoe, “dá’aw” which means “Lake”.

Geography

Location

The Tahoe Park neighborhoods are located in downtown Sacramento, directly south of US Highway 50 at 59th Street.

The area is located in less than southwestern California, Sacramento, less than east of the University of California Davis Medical Center and approximately southeast of downtown Sacramento.

Areas

Tahoe Park

Map of Tahoe Park neighborhoods in relation to Sacramento City and Points of Interest
Tahoe Park is an officially recognized area in District 3 of Sacramento City.It is bordered by Highway 50 and Broadway to the north, 14th Avenue to the south, 53rd and 57th streets to the west, and 65th Street to the east.
The Tahoe Park site, located north of Broadway, is informally called “Tahoe Terrace,” and its name originates from a division created in 1945.

Tahoe Park East

Tahoe Park East is an officially recognized neighborhood in District 3 of Sacramento. It is bordered by 65th Street to the west, Highway 50 and Tahoe Tallac Little League Park to the north, Business Drive to the east and 14th Avenue to the south.

Tahoe Park South

Tahoe Park South is an officially recognized neighborhood in District 3 of Sacramento. It is bordered by 14th Avenue to the north, 21st Avenue to the south, 58th Street to the west, and 65th Expressway Street to the east.
Many longtime residents call South Tahoe Park “Tallac Village”, most likely due to the Tallac Village shopping center on its northern border. However, Tallac Village is an officially recognized area located south of Tahoe Park South, between 21 Avenues and Fruitridge Road.

West Park Tahoe

West Tahoe Park is an officially recognized area in District 3 of Sacramento City. It borders Broadway in the north, 14th Avenue in the south, Stockton Boulevard in the west, and 53rd Street in the east.
Until 2005, the area west of 53rd Street was officially recognized as part of the Tahoe Park area itself. However, the term “West Tahoe Park” was commonly used to describe the area, which was in the 5th arrondissement of Sacramento at the time. Around 2005, the West Tahoe Park area was officially recognized by the City of Sacramento as a separate area.During the 2011 border change, West Tahoe Park joined the rest of Tahoe in the 6th arrondissement. By and large, this area of Tahoe Park is located closest to the University of California Davis Medical Center.

Tahoe Terrace

Tahoe Terrace is the name used to refer to the section of Tahoe Park north of Broadway. The name comes from the name of the site created in 1945 north of Broadway, between 61st and 63rd Streets.
Tahoe Terrace was part of the old “Zone 1” Sacramento, which included the nearby East Sacramento and Elmhurst neighborhoods. Tahoe Terrace can also be distinguished from the rest of Tahoe Park by its zip code, 95817 all other areas of Tahoe Park proper are within the zip code 95820.

Parks

Tahoe Park

Tahoe Park
The area is named after a park in the heart of the area. Tahoe Park is a recreation and entertainment destination located in the Tahoe Park area of Sacramento, California.The park is mainly located between 8th Avenue in the north, 11th Avenue in the south, 59th Street in the west, and 61st Street in the east.
The park has many popular amenities, including a swimming pool, basketball pool, playgrounds for kids and toddlers, several barbecues, softball, soccer, basketball, volleyball and horseshoes playgrounds.
During the 1990s and 2000s, the park received many upgrades, including street lights, a treadmill, redesigned picnic areas and fitness stations.

Mae Fong Park

Mae Fong Park is a park in the eastern area of Tahoe Park.It was officially opened in October 2010 under the temporary / working name Redding Avenue Park, but attempts to rename it began almost immediately as May Lillian Fong, a longtime business woman and social activist who co-founded and managed printing house on a nearby parcel. The city of Sacramento officially named the park after her in August 2011.

History

early years

In the early 1900s, the area southeast of the old California State Fair (now the California Davis Medical Center campus) was sparsely populated farmland.Most of the residential areas were located west of Upper Stockton Road (now Stockton Boulevard).
In 1911, Sacramento made its first annexation. Having tripled in size from the original square, the city expanded south to Satterville Road and 14th Avenue and east to Elvas Avenue and 65th Street. As a result, the area now known as Tahoe Park (in fact, Tahoe) ended up in the far southeastern corner of the city.
In 1931, a four-room elementary school at 5932 5th Avenue was built to serve the residents, which was named “Tahoe School”.Seven years later, in 1938, the school’s address was changed to reflect the street name change to Broadway. 1939 records show the construction of new tractor homes at the intersection of 55th Street and 8th Avenue.

Growth after World War II

With three military bases in the area (Mather Field, McClellan Field, and the Sacramento Signal Depot), Sacramento has been a popular destination for service men and women. The area experienced a housing boom during and after World War II, a large number of houses were funded by G.I. Bill.
During this time, the territory grew rapidly. In 1946, the City of Sacramento acquired a plot of land located south of Tahoe Elementary School for use as a recreational facility, the park was named after the Tahoe Park School. In the same year, the All Hallows parish moved from the Stockton Boulevard store to its current location at 55th Street and 14th Avenue.
In 1948, Sacramento annexed a large area southeast of 14th Avenue and Stockton Boulevard, including the area now known as Tahoe Park South.That same year, educational opportunities grew at Tahoe Park to meet the needs of families in the area. The Tahoe Elementary School campus was expanded with new buildings, and the All Saints Catholic School (now the John Paul II Catholic School) was opened.
In 1958, Sacramento’s youngest neighborhood, Tahoe Park East, was added when the city annexed the neighborhood northeast of 14th Avenue and 65th Street.

1970s / 1980s decline

From the 1960s to the 1980s, economic changes took place in this area.Due to several factors, including the rerouting of Highway 99 from Stockton Boulevard in 1962, the relocation of the State Exhibition Center in 1968, and the creation of new suburbs away from the city center, the area went into decline in the 1970s and 1980s.

1990s to the present

In 1991, residents created the Tahoe Park Area Association (TPNA), a non-profit organization dedicated to improving the lives of the population. The organization worked on behalf of many community concerns, including issues related to traffic, homelessness and crime.
By 1995, community activism and civic engagement had a significant impact on the area, leading to a revitalization of the area. Since the 2000s, additional organizations have emerged to represent the interests of the district’s residents. Early home buyers and real estate professionals see Tahoe Park as a welcome alternative to more attractive neighborhoods like East Sacramento and Midtown.

Demographics

Demographic data, including population density, average household income, average rent, number and gender of residents, average age of residents, average estimated value of detached houses, most popular occupation and ethnicity, are available for Tahoe Park and its surrounding areas.

Notable Events Celebrating Diversity

In 1994, Folklore De Sacramento performed a traditional Mexican dance to celebrate the 5th anniversary of the Colonial Heights Library, the closest library to the Tajo Park area.

Politics

Government

Tahoe Park District is represented by the following government districts:
Sacramento City Council: Sacramento City District 6
Sacramento County Supervisory Board: Sacramento District 1
California State Legislature: 7th Assembly District 6th Senate District
United States House of Representatives:

Representatives of the past and present

In the late 1980s, Tahoe Park began producing many Sacramento government officials Federal District Judge Kim Mueller, former California Senate Pro Tem and current Mayor Darrell Steinberg, California Insurance Commissioner Dave Jones, Assemblyman Kevin McCarthy and Councilor Eric Guerra established their political career with the Sacramento City Council, while residents of Tahoe Park.

Tahoe Park Association

The mission of the Tahoe Park Area Association is to improve the quality of life in the Tahoe Park area, serve as a liaison between the area and local governments, and provide a non-partisan forum for discussing issues of mutual concern in the area. TPNA holds community council meetings every first Monday of the month at 7:00 pm at the Tahoe Community Center, located at 5959 8th Avenue, Sacramento.

Additional References

1991

Text on this page is based on translations of a page from Wikipedia Tahoe Park, Sacramento, California

Material used under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License

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The car owner agrees to pay related taxes. It depends on the vehicle and the degree of restoration, but the approximate retail value is $ 100,000–200,000 if you come from the street.

Is Phantom Works still running?

FantomWorks will not return during Season 10. MotorTrend (formerly Velocity) canceled the show. The previously announced Season 9, which will premiere on December 5, 2018, will now be the final season of FantomWorks.

Who replaced Heather Storm in Garage Squad?

MotorTrend has greenlighted the sixth season of Garage Squad , a car repainting series filmed in the Chicago area, and announced that Christy Lee is replacing Heather Storm as co-host.

Will there be a Garage Squad season 8?

The Garage Squad team welcomes you to the Bogi crew of Season 8 as we dive into yet another round of killer car rescue.

Who is the woman in the Garage Squad?

Heather Storm was born on May 24, 1992 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, which means that she is 26 years old and her zodiac sign is Gemini. Storm, an American by birth, is best known as the co-host of the reality show Garage Squad.She is also a social media influencer and blogger.

Where is Garage Squad going?

31. The show is filmed in the Chicago borough and is produced by Super Genius, a Chicago-based digital media and creative incubator. The Garage Squad team includes co-host Heather Storm; world champion, pilot of the National Hot Rod Association Bruno Massel from Elmhurst; and Minooka mechanic Joe Zolper.

What is the net worth of Bruno of the garage team?

He is also a regular contributor to the reality show Garage Squad.He has been hosting the series since the first episode. Bruno earns quite a lot through his efforts. Its total net worth is estimated at around $ 6 million .

How tall is Bruno in the garage team?

Bruno Massel highly values 6 feet, 1 inch (1.85 m) high . It weighs about 84 kg. He has a fantastic model appearance with blond hair and blue eyes. Mussel has skills in martial arts, skiing, weightlifting and professional modeling in addition to drag racing.

Overhaul delivered?

Almost all of them are written according to the script, and the popular Overhaul car dealership is no exception. The show ran from 2004 to 2008 and then again from 2012 to 2015.… The result was a race against the clock that really made Overhaulin more exciting than most car reality shows.

Is Chip Foose a good guy?

from Northern California. Met Chip at SEMA a few years ago, although I didn’t get the chance to speak with him, I got a lot of respect for him. He’s a really nice guy and his talent speaks for itself.

How much does Chip Fuzz cost?

Chip Foose Estate: Chip Foose is an American television personality, businessman, entrepreneur, automotive designer and manufacturer with a net worth of $ $ 18.5 million . Chip Foose made his living as a hot rod shop owner, automotive designer and manufacturer.

Dan short pilot?

After all, he spent almost a quarter of a century in the military – eight years each as a senior sergeant in special operations. Apache Helicopter Pilot / Test Pilot, and Chief / Program Manager for Special Operations.

What is the hourly wage at FantomWorks?

Typically, a reality show like FantomWorks makes actors between $ 10,000 and $ 50,000 per episode, depending on the popularity of the show. The total cost depends on the cost of parts and materials, as well as the cost of $ $ 78.00- $ 98.00 per hour in the process of performing the work, the customer agrees that we do it.

Has Graveyard Carz been canceled?

The latest issue of Graveyard Carz on the MotorTrend Network aired 22 Aug 2020 . More news on Graveyard Carz cancellation and renewals can be found here. You can see all the upcoming shows on our Upcoming TV Shows (2020-21) page.

How old is Joe Zolper?

Joe Zolper Age and Birthday

He is 43 years from 2021.

Last updated: 9 days ago – Authors: 4 – Authors: 22 – Links: 49 interviews and posts; 14 Video.

Prairie Grove (Arkansas)

Prairie Grove is a city located in Washington County with a population of 2,540 according to 2000 census statistics.
GOP political activist Ada Mills is born in Prairie Grove.

1.Geography
According to the US Census Bureau, the city of Prairie Grove has a total area of 5.44 square kilometers, there is no water resources within the boundaries of the settlement.
Prairie Grove is located 355 meters above sea level.

2. Demographics
According to the 2000 census, Prairie Grove was home to 2,540 people, 707 families, 981 households and 1,054 homes.The average population density was about 469 people per square kilometer. According to the census, the racial makeup of Prairie Grove was as follows: 95.04% White, 0.51% Black or African American, 1.50% Native American, 0.47% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 1.77% Mixed Race, 0.67 % – other nationalities. Hispanics made up 2.05% of all residents in the city.
Of 981 households, 35.8% raised children under the age of 18, 58.0% are married couples living together, in 10.7% of families there are women without a husband, 27.9% are non-families. 26.3% of the total number of families at the time of the census were living independently, while 13.8% were single elderly people aged 65 and over. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.05.
The population of the city by age range according to the 2000 census was distributed as follows: 27.5% – residents under 18 years old, 7.7% are between 18 and 24 years old, 28.6% are between 25 and 44 years old, 20% are between 45 and 64 years old, and 16.1% are aged 65 and over. The average age of residents was 36 years. For every 100 females in Prairie Grove there were 85.7 males, with for every 100 females 18 and over there were 82.6 males age 18 and over.
The median income per household in the city was $ 34,628, and the median income per family was $ 41,972. At the same time, men had an average income of $ 30,227 per year versus $ 20,479 of an average annual income for women.The per capita income for the city was $ 16,154 per year. 6% of the total number of families in the district and 9.6% of the total population were below the poverty line at the time of the census, while 11.5% of them were under the age of 18 and 12.9% were aged 65 and over.

Publication date:

05-16-2020

Last update date:

05-16-2020

90,000 BROKEN MIRRORS: THE THEORY OF AUTISM – galavas21 – LiveJournal

Vilayanur Ramachandran and Lindsay Oberman
______________________________________

Studying the system of mirror neurons in the brain will help scientists understand the nature of autism and develop new approaches to its diagnosis and treatment At first glance, a child is

________________ , is no different from their peers.However, trying to get him to talk, you will soon realize that something is wrong with him: he avoids your gaze, is nervous, and may even start banging his head against the wall. Seized with extreme embarrassment, he is unable to maintain even the simplest conversation. Feelings of fear, anger and pleasure are not alien to him, but he is deaf to the experiences of other people and does not notice the subtle shades of their behavior, understandable to most of his peers.

Autism, which affects about 0.5% of American children, is a form of developmental disability.In the 1940s. it was first described by two specialists – the American psychiatrist Leo Kanner and the Austrian pediatrician Hans Asperger. Knowing nothing about the work of the other, the researchers, as if by agreement, assigned the discovered syndrome the same name – autism (from the Greek word autos – “self”). It reflects the essence of the disorder in the best possible way – after all, its main feature is a person’s exclusion from social interactions.

Having described the ailment, the doctors thought about its causes.They found that autism can be inherited, but other factors play a significant role in its occurrence. In the late 1990s. In our lab at the University of California, San Diego, we decided to investigate whether there is a link between autism and a recently discovered class of nerve cells called mirror neurons. It is to them that a person owes his ability to recognize the intentions and emotions of others, so we hypothesized that some symptoms of autism may arise due to dysfunctions of the mirror neuron system.

OVERVIEW: MIRROR NEURONS AND AUTISM

• Some of the main manifestations of autism, such as social isolation and lack of empathy, can be attributed to dysfunction of mirror neurons.

• In people with autism, there is a deficit in the activity of mirror neurons in several areas of the cerebral cortex. According to the researchers, its restoration with the help of therapeutic methods will alleviate many of the symptoms of the disease.

• Minor symptoms of autism, such as hypersensitivity, can be caused by impaired connections between the limbic system and other parts of the brain.

EXPLANATION OF SYMPTOMS

The main signs of autism are social isolation, unwillingness to look the other person in the eye, speech defects and an inability to empathize. However, the disorder is often accompanied by less obvious symptoms. Thus, many autistic patients do not understand metaphors, sometimes taking them too literally, cannot reproduce the actions of other people.They may be preoccupied with trifles, but not pay attention to significant events (especially of a social nature). Finally, they often have an aversion to certain sounds that cause them strong anxiety.
Theories of the origin of autism can be divided into two groups: anatomical and psychological. Eric Courchesne of the University of California, San Diego and several other anatomists have found characteristic abnormalities in the development of the cerebellum, the brain structure responsible for coordinating complex voluntary movements, in children with autism.But damage to the cerebellum due to cerebral hemorrhage usually causes tremors, gait disturbances, and abnormal eye movements, but these symptoms are extremely rare in autism. Conversely, rates typical of autism are never seen in patients with an affected cerebellum. Thus, pathological changes in this structure in children with autism are most likely side effects of the work of abnormal genes, and the true causes of the disorder have a different origin.

Difficulties experienced by a child with autism when communicating with other people may be associated with dysfunction of the system of mirror neurons in the brain

The most original explanation for autism was proposed by Uta Frith of University College London and Simon Baron-Cohen (Simon Baron-Cohen) from the University of Cambridge. They see the main cause of the disease in a person’s inability to “create theories about someone else’s psyche.” According to researchers, special neural circuits in the brain allow us to build complex hypotheses about the mental characteristics of other people, thanks to which we predict the behavior of others.However, the theory of Frith and Baron-Cohen does not explain the diversity of autism symptoms, seemingly unrelated to each other. Researchers need to first identify the brain mechanisms that are impaired in autism.

One of the approaches to the study of this issue is outlined in the work of Giacomo Rizzolatti from the University of Parma in Italy (see in this issue: V. Gallese, D. Rizzolatti and L. Fogassi, Mirror part of the brain). In the 1990s. Italian researchers studied the activity of nerve cells in the brain of macaques, performing targeted actions.As you know, some neurons in the premotor cortex (parts of the frontal lobe of the brain) are involved in the control of voluntary movements. For example, one neuron generates impulses when an animal reaches out to a nearby peanut, another when it presses a lever, and so on. These brain cells are called motor command neurons.

Rizzolatti and his colleagues were surprised by the fact that some populations of motor command neurons generated discharges even when the monkey did not act on its own, but observed how another individual or person performed the same movements.As further studies using neuroimaging methods have shown, such “mirror neurons” are also present in the corresponding areas of the human cerebral cortex. The researchers suggested that mirror neurons (more precisely, the neural networks of which they are a part) not only send motor commands to muscles, but also allow monkeys and humans to determine the intentions of other individuals by mentally replaying their actions. While in animals the role of these systems is limited to predicting simple purposeful actions, in humans, mirror cells can mediate the ability to interpret more complex intentions.

More recently, it has been shown that mirror neurons are found in other parts of the human brain (for example, in the cingulate and insular cortex), and they can participate in such complex forms of emotional behavior as empathy. Studying the anterior cingulate cortex of awake people, the researchers found that some neurons, which are activated in response to pain, generate impulses even when the subject sees that another person is in pain. It is possible that mirror neurons are also responsible for imitative abilities, which are poorly developed in great apes and play a huge role in human life.

ANATOMY OF AUTISM

AUTISM AND MU-WAVES

But what does this have to do with autism? In the late 1990s. we noticed that mirror neurons perform exactly the functions that are impaired in autism. If the system of mirror cells is involved in a person’s interpretation of the complex intentions of others, then the most serious pathology in autistic people (deficit in social skills) can be explained by damage to this neural network. Dysfunctions of mirror neurons can provoke the onset of other important symptoms of this disorder: inability to empathize, speech defects, poorly developed imitative abilities, etc.

In order to demonstrate the dysfunctions of mirror neurons in children with autism, we needed to find a way to record their activity without implanting electrodes in the brain. The easiest way was to use electroencephalography – one of the methods for studying the rhythmic activity of the brain. More than half a century ago, scientists discovered that whenever a person makes a voluntary movement (for example, squeezes and unclenches the hand), one of the components of the electroencephalogram (EEG), called the mu rhythm, is suppressed.It is curious that the mu-waves also disappear when the subject observes another person performing the same action. One of the authors of this article (Ramachandran) and Eric L. Altschuler suggested that the mu-wave suppression response can be used as a simple, reliable and safe tool for studying the activity of mirror neurons.

First, we decided to study the EEG of a child with autism who does not show any serious cognitive impairment. EEG analysis showed that when the patient made a simple voluntary movement, he (like ordinary children) had a suppression of the mu rhythm.But in the case when he watched the execution of the same movement by another person, the suppression of mu-waves did not occur. We concluded that the child’s motor command neuron system remained intact, but the functions of his mirror neuron system were impaired. This discovery, which we reported at the annual meeting of the Society of Neurosciences in 2000, was strong evidence of the correctness of our hypothesis.

In children with autism, the functions of the brain system of mirror neurons are impaired

But since it is risky to draw conclusions based on a single observation, the staff of our laboratory decided to conduct a more in-depth examination of 10 patients with autism and a control group of 10 people of the corresponding sex and age.When healthy participants in the experiment made a hand movement or observed a similar action on the TV screen, their EEG, as expected, showed suppression of mu waves. Meanwhile, in subjects with autism, suppression of this rhythm was observed only in those cases when they themselves performed the movement.

These findings and other studies indicate dysfunction of the mirror neuron system in people with autism. Scientists do not yet know what genetic or environmental factors cause a violation of the development of this system, but at present the proposed hypothesis is being studied in detail in many laboratories of the world, since it predicts and explains all the symptoms of the disease.For example, researchers have long known that children with this disorder often have difficulty interpreting proverbs and metaphors. When we once asked one of our subjects to “pull themselves together,” he took the sentence literally and tried to do it. How can such a violation be explained?

Understanding metaphors is inextricably linked with the ability to find commonality in seemingly completely dissimilar things. Consider, for example, the famous “booba-kiki” effect, described over 60 years ago by the German-American psychologist Wolfgang Köhler.The experimenter demonstrates to the subjects two casually drawn figures (one with sharp and the other with smooth outlines) and asks which of the figures is a booba and which is a kick. Whatever language the subjects speak, 98% of them call the “softer”-looking pattern “booba”, and the more angular – “kiki”. The test results suggest that the human brain is able to somehow correlate the image of an object with its name (for example, to compare the sharp outlines of the “kiki” figure with the sound of its “name”).We hypothesized that this type of cross-domain mapping of sensory information is akin to understanding metaphors and should be mediated by neural networks similar to those found in the mirror neuron system. The correctness of our assumption is also confirmed by the fact that in the “booba-kiki” test children with autism incorrectly associated the shape of the figures with the sound of their names.

But which areas of the brain mediate these abilities? The most likely candidate is the angular gyrus, located at the junction of the visual, auditory, and tactile regions of the brain and containing cells with the properties of mirror neurons.In a study of patients who did not have autism, but who had damage to this region of the brain, we found that many of them also did not cope with the “booba-kiki” test and had difficulty understanding metaphors. The results obtained suggest that the ability of the brain for cross-zone display of information, which first arose in primates, helped animals to perform complex motor tasks (for example, grab onto tree branches, which requires instant assimilation and processing of visual, auditory, and tactile information) and finally ends became the inherent ability of man to invent and understand metaphors.Thus, thanks to mirror neurons, people became available not only to the nuts lying at hand, but also to distant stars.

REGISTRATION OF MU-WAVES

The impulse activity of mirror neurons in the premotor cortex suppresses mu-waves in the electroencephalogram (EEG). (The frequency of the mu rhythm is 8-13 Hz.) Researchers recorded mu waves in children with autism and control subjects when they made voluntary movements or watched the same actions on television.

PERFORM AN ACTION

When a person makes a movement, motor command neurons generate impulses. Children clenched and unclenched their right hand, which, as expected, caused the suppression of mu-waves in the EEG of both children with autism and control subjects.

SIMULATION OF ACTION

Mirror neurons of the premotor cortex generate impulse discharges even when a person observes the execution of an action by another individual. Researchers recorded EEGs in children while watching video clips of contracting and unclenching hands.The amplitude of the mu waves in the control subjects decreased sharply (red curve), while in children with autism there was no suppression of the mu rhythm (blue curve). The results obtained indicate a disruption in the functioning of the mirror system of the brain in children with autism.

NEW OPPORTUNITIES

If autism is caused by abnormalities in the function of the mirror system in the brain, new approaches can be sought to diagnose and treat the disorder. So, for the early detection of this disease in children, doctors can use as an indicator the absence of suppression of the mu rhythm in certain situations.The sooner autism is diagnosed, the sooner behavioral therapy can be started. Timing is critical here: treatment of autism with these treatments becomes ineffective after the onset of the underlying symptoms of the disorder (usually between the ages of two and four).

The use of biofeedback is also promising. Doctors can record mu waves in a child with autism and show them to parents on a screen. If the functions of the mirror neurons are not completely lost, then children can learn (by trial and error, using visual feedback) to suppress the mu rhythm by looking at the monitor.

Another possible therapeutic approach is based on the correction of chemical equilibrium, the violation of which can impair the function of mirror neurons in people with autism. Researchers in our laboratory suggested that some neuromodulators are capable of increasing the activity of mirror neurons involved in emotional responses. According to the hypothesis, the inability to empathize characteristic of autistic patients is the result of a partial depletion of these substances in the brain, which means that drugs can be selected that stimulate the release of neuromodulators or mimic their effect on mirror neurons.One potential candidate, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), better known as ecstasy, can help increase emotional intimacy and sociability in people. It is possible that researchers will be able to modify this compound and create on its basis a safe and effective remedy for alleviating at least some of the symptoms of autism.

If the child’s mirror neurons have not completely lost their functions, the work of this brain system can be restored.

All of these approaches will only achieve partial relief of the patient’s condition: the hypothesis of dysfunctions of mirror neurons is not able to explain the origin of all symptoms of autism, such as repetitive movements (rocking from side to side), avoidance of eye contact with the interlocutor, hypersensitivity, and aversion to certain sounds.To clarify their nature, our laboratory staff (together with William Hirstein of Elmhurst College and Portia Iversen of the non-profit organization Cure Autism Now (CAN) in Los Angeles) developed the so-called salience landscape theory.

Every second an avalanche of sensory information falls on a person: visual images, sounds, smells, etc. The information received is processed in the corresponding sensory areas of the cortex, and then sent to the amygdala – the main entrance of the limbic system of the brain, which is responsible for the regulation of emotional behavior.Using the knowledge accumulated by a person throughout life, the amygdala determines the nature of his emotional reactions in each specific case – for example, fear at the sight of a robber, excitement at the sight of a beloved, or indifference at the sight of a familiar object. From the amygdala, the flow of signals is directed to other parts of the limbic system and, eventually, reaches the autonomic nervous system, which prepares the body for a certain action. If a person sees a burglar, their heart begins to beat faster and their skin becomes sweaty to increase the dissipation of heat generated by tense muscles.In turn, the excitation of the autonomous system according to the feedback principle causes an increase in the emotional reaction of a person. After a while, the amygdala forms an “emotional landscape” of the external environment, a kind of map of the significance of all objects and events surrounding a person.

Our lab has suggested that in children with autism, the emotional landscape of the environment is distorted due to impaired connections between the cortical regions, which process sensory information, and the amygdala, or between the limbic structures of the brain and the frontal lobes of the cortex, which regulate resulting behavior.The breakdown of connections leads to the fact that any trifle can cause an extreme emotional reaction in the child – a real “autonomous storm”. This hypothesis explains well the tendency of children with autism to avoid eye contact and, in general, all unusual sensations that can confuse them. A distorted perception of the emotional significance of surrounding objects and events can also explain the fact why many autistic children are often absorbed in trifles and are completely indifferent to what arouses keen interest in their healthy peers.

We received partial confirmation of our assumptions as a result of studying autonomic reactions (increased skin conductance under the influence of sweating) in 37 children with autism. We found that their overall level of autonomic arousal was higher than that of the control subjects. The demonstration of familiar objects and events aroused excitement in them, and they often ignored the stimuli provoking strong autonomous reactions in the control group.

But what factors can be responsible for such a strong distortion of “emotional landscapes”? The researchers found that about a third of children with autism had temporal lobe epilepsy during infancy (since many cases of epileptic seizures at this age are not recognized, this ratio could be much higher).The seizure activity of the brain, caused by repeated “bursts” of nerve impulses passing through the limbic system, can eventually disrupt the connections between the visual cortex and the amygdala, strengthening some connections and weakening others. In adults, temporal lobe epilepsy is accompanied by severe emotional disorders, but does not affect mental abilities. However, in children, epileptic seizures can lead to severe mental impairment.

The two theories of autism that we have formulated (the concepts of mirror neuron dysfunction and a distorted “emotional landscape”) in no way contradict each other.It is quite possible that any event that causes deformation of the emotional landscape, i.e. disrupting the connection between the limbic system and the rest of the brain, at the same time leads to a deterioration in the function of mirror neurons. It is also possible that the destruction of the connections of the limbic system with other parts of the brain is a “side effect” of the genes responsible for the dysfunction of the mirror cell system. Further research is needed to verify these assumptions. The root causes of autism remain a mystery to scientists.

Translation: V.V. Svechnikov

THEORY OF EMOTIONAL LANDSCAPE

The theory of emotional landscape was developed to explain the secondary symptoms of autism – hypersensitivity, avoidance of eye contact with the interlocutor, aversion to certain sounds, etc. In an ordinary child, sensory information, after processing in the cortex, is sent to the amygdala – the main entrance of the limbic system of the brain, which is responsible for the regulation of human emotional behavior.Using the knowledge accumulated by the child in the previous years of life, the amygdala determines the nature of his emotional reactions to each stimulus, gradually forming the “emotional landscape” of his environment. However, in children with autism, the connections between the sensory regions of the brain and the amygdala can be disrupted, leading to the development of extreme emotional responses to the most mundane events.

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Vilayanur S. Ramachandran and Lindsay M.Oberman is a staff member of the Center for Brain and Cognition at the University of California, San Diego. Ramachandran is the director of the center, the author of numerous works devoted to the phenomenon of phantom limbs and synesthesia. Oberman is a graduate student at the University of California, San Diego.

Source http://www.sqlapp.ru/razbitye-zerkala-teoriya-autizma/

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Gymnastic wheel (fitness wheel, abdominal roller or gymnastic wheel) – Proper nutrition. Healthy food

Gymnastic wheel is a miniature exercise machine, with the help of which you can perform several complex exercises that will make your figure much slimmer, regain your athletic form and acne a large muscle group.

The gymnastic wheel is made of durable plastic, approximately twenty centimeters in diameter. The axle passing through the center of the wheel serves as the handle of this gymnastic apparatus. The handles of the simulator follow the contour of the hand, which makes the exercise more comfortable. Such a simulator – a wheel does not take up much space, is very light and therefore you can use it not only at home, but also take it with you on trips.

Gymnastic equipment for a beautiful body.

The gymnastic wheel at first glance looks like the simplest device for training muscles, but in fact this is far from a mistaken opinion.After all, when you perform an action with this sports equipment, you give a great load not only on all muscles, but also on the entire body. The gymnastic wheel remarkably strengthens the abdomen, back, as well as arms, legs and buttocks, perfectly burns fat in all parts of the body. The impact on the body, after exercising on such a simulator – a wheel, can continue for several more hours or even days.

The gymnastic wheel can be used by athletes, after a long break in sports, to quickly restore their previous strength and endurance and quickly return to their previous shape.Such a simulator can be used not only by people involved in professional sports, but also by ordinary people, like you and me. After all, a daily exercise with such a gymnastic wheel allows not only to correct the figure, but also to improve the general well-being and the state of the whole organism. It is no less effective and no worse than expensive exercise equipment. Having such a wheel – a simulator, you can play sports even in the smallest room.

Tips for using the gymnastic wheel.

Anyone who is just starting out on the gymnastic wheel will find it very difficult at first, especially those who are overweight.But you can find a way out of this situation: perform exercises with a gymnastic wheel, taking a position on your knees (be sure to lay a soft mat under your knees) not far from the wall and at the end point do not fully straighten, then slowly return to the starting position. Following this rule, you can reduce the load on all muscles by several times. If you feel that you are doing this exercise with ease, then you can move a little more away from the wall to increase the load on the body.It is necessary to increase the length of the “rollout” little by little every day, and over time you will completely no longer need to rest your wheel on an obstacle.

If you feel that such exercises, standing on your knees, are already given to you with ease, then you can move on to more complex exercises, for example, in a stand on straight legs. There is a whole range of exercises with a gymnastic wheel, ranging from the simplest to the more complex exercise. During training on such a simulator, all the muscles of the body will be involved.

If you work with this shell every day, if you are not lazy and do not feel sorry for yourself, then you can get an ideal figure with a beautiful abs in a very short time. The results will not be long in coming!

Another small recommendation: before class, you must definitely do a little warm-up to warm up the muscles. Convenient and reliable design of the gymnastic wheel will bring you great pleasure in your daily exercise.

Gymnastic Wheel – Republic Day

Honored Master of Sports of the Russian Federation Nauruz TEMREZOV shares useful tips on how to play sports and maintain physical health for many years:
– Let’s talk today about an effective sports equipment with a rather simple design – a gymnastic wheel (roller) for the press. It is a handle, divided into left and right sides by a wheel, which is located in the middle, making it comfortable to hold with both hands.The simplicity of the device does not mean that it has low efficiency. Exercises performed with a roller pump well the muscles of the abdomen, back and triceps.
Roller training is highly effective, and some exercises require a fairly experienced athlete. Roller exercises are a great part of strength training. And the roller can be the main tool of the entire workout or even a program aimed at developing strength, endurance, or muscle gain.
In order for training to give a good result, it is necessary to choose the right gymnastic wheel. Sports equipment must support the body well and allow you to move forward and backward without jerking, regardless of the floor surface (even on a tile, even on a rug). The gymnastic wheel must maintain its stability under the weight of the athlete during the rental. It is easier for beginners to work with rollers with two parallel wheels, or one, but rather wide.The projectile, which has a double wheel, has a wide base and distributes the mass as evenly as possible. To achieve good stability, a rubberized wheel must be chosen. It is absolutely stable on any surface. There are designs that are not only equipped with handles, but also have pedals. Such options for rollers help to diversify the set of exercises performed using this sports equipment. The handles are required to fit snugly against the palms, and the pedals help to hold the feet without any slippage.
The abdominal wheel may seem simple enough to use, but it takes a lot of effort on the part of the athlete. Improper exercise can increase the likelihood of injury due to excessive stress on the back muscles and hip flexors. When doing exercises with a gymnastic wheel for the press, you need to stick to a slow speed. Perform roller exercises only after a good warm-up, as they immediately put an intense load on the muscles of the whole body. At the end of the workout, be sure to stretch.Beginners should use the wheel twice a week, and only then bring the number of training days to five. You also need to start with two to three repetitions of each exercise and gradually increase the number. Training with a gymnastic wheel is not recommended for people who have problems with herniated discs or the lower back.
Here are some rules that you need to know in order to observe the correct technique of execution and not get injured: do not bend in the lower back and do not let the body (or knees) touch the floor surface; always keep your back, legs and arms straight; perform rental, regardless of the degree of difficulty, slowly, increasing progress gradually; Decrease the range of motion if there is pain in the shoulder girdle; concentrate all your attention on the abdominal muscles.
The set of exercises with a gymnastic wheel for men differs from that for women, since some exercises can be performed by girls, but still undesirable due to their special anatomy and body constitution.
Here are some simple gymnastic wheel exercises for beginners.

Plank
Plank, performed with the gymnastic wheel, strengthens the stabilizing muscles, and also helps to feel how to maintain proper balance. Get on all fours in front of the roller.Grasp the wheel handles with both hands. Then raise the body to the plank position, straighten it in one line from the head to the very heels (body position – as when performing a plank on straight arms). Keep the body in constant tension and hold the accepted position for 30-60 seconds. Do three to four reps.

Alternate pulling up of the legs to the chest
Place both hands on the wheel handles and keep your balance. Feet are on toes. First, pull your right leg up to your chest, straining your abs.Then the left one, doing the same.

Roll back and forth from your knees
Roll back and forth from your knees without lying on the floor or touching it with your chest. Get on your knees, grab the wheel handles and extend your arms forward. To avoid arching the lower back, tighten the abdominal muscles. Drive as slowly forward as possible. Return to starting position. It is best to stretch your arms as far forward as possible, so that the chest is located slightly above the surface of the floor.If this is difficult to do, then they drop by half. You need to move as long as to be able to return back through the use of the abdominal muscles.

Roll forward-left and forward-right from your knees
Roll forward and left, go back, forward and right, back. The movement of the roller should not be in a straight line, but in an arc.

Prepared by Svetlana OSETSKAYA.

Gym Wheel AB + Knee Pad, Sports Research

Reviews: ab gymnastic wheel + knee pad

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iHerb Client

11 May 2021(Tuesday)

Great!
good wheel, made with high quality, wide, stable. I liked my husband and sons, they are engaged with pleasure. recommended for purchase.

iHerb Client

29 April 2021 (Thursday)

Super !!!
Excellent quality, I am 98kg, I do it without any problems !!!

iHerb Client

15 April 2021 (Thursday)

Great!
Very high quality, excellent item.Corresponds to the pictures. There is a chance to get slimmer)

iHerb Client

4 April 2021 (Sunday)

Great!
Great for a flat tummy

iHerb Client

22 March 2021 (Monday)

Great!
very high quality for a great price, thanks to the store.

Elen80g

21 March 2021 (Sunday)

Super
It is very difficult to make a press, but gradually everything is possible.The simulator itself is of high quality, I liked very much that there is a rug, I ordered another rope and I am waiting for parcel

iHerb Client

18 March 2021 (Thursday)

Great!
Very cool roll soft handles and good stability Knee mat super Price combination t quality

iHerb Client

8 March 2021 (Monday)

Great!
Nice complex. But it’s so hard to practice. I do not quit

iHerb Client

March 3, 2021(Wednesday)

Great!
Not the cheapest, but very high quality press wheel. Quite wide, therefore suitable for beginners.

iHerb Client

1 March 2021 (Monday)

Normal
Suitable for girls or beginners. If you do not practice from your knees, but from a standing position, you can train. Ideally, it is better to have two shells with a thick and thin wheel. And so very comfortable handles and high-quality materials, like all the products of this company.

Mademoiselle

28 February 2021 (Sunday)

Great!
The quality is just super. I am very pleased with the purchase.

iHerb Client

24 February 2021 (Wednesday)

Sturdy.
Good helper in home exercise.

iHerb Client

22 February 2021 (Monday)

Great!
I have long wanted to buy a wheel for the press. I chose on different sites, compared prices.I chose iHerb and did not regret it, this is a large, light, beautiful, stable wheel with a mat under the knees, very high quality made + detailed instructions with illustrations. Already managed to work out with him, not only the abdominal muscles work, but also the muscles of the arms, back, legs, pectoral muscles. The wheel itself is covered with rubber and has a slight slope on the sides, which allows you to effectively work out the oblique muscles of the abdomen. This wheel is my assistant in the formation of a beautiful press. You need a little patience and desire for training and everything will work out.

iHerb Client

20 February 2021 (Saturday)

Great!
Cool set! Made of quality materials, sturdy, the mat included under the knees is a very necessary thing. We use it together with my husband. It is not a pity for the money spent, because the thing is really high-quality and functional.

iHerb Client

16 February 2021 (Tuesday)

Quality product!
Super! The ring is not small.

VicAdviser

February 14, 2021(Sunday)

Great!
I liked the video, it is easy to assemble and disassemble, it is convenient that the mat is included.

iHerb Client

14 February 2021 (Sunday)

Excellent!
Another lockdown and another pribluda to the sport. Develops abdominal muscles well

iHerb Client

12 February 2021 (Friday)

Super Tovar
High-quality trainer, easy to use.The effect is felt the next day even after a short workout, everything hurts)))

iHerb Client

11 February 2021 (Thursday)

Great!
Done perfectly, no questions asked!) There is a small rug under the knees. But it didn’t suit me. It’s too hard. This simulator is not for the entry-level training and not for the squishy)))

iHerb Client

11 February 2021 (Thursday)

Excellent!
In quarantine, I decided to study at home, I found an excellent simulator! Perfect, very stable, strong plastic, a good quality mat is also included, we made friends with the simulator quickly, the press was delighted)))

iHerb Client

8 February 2021(Monday)

Good
Presented to my son for the New Year. He liked it, the main thing is not to be lazy!

iHerb Client

8 February 2021 (Monday)

Great!
A simple and effective piece, but it should only be used by already trained people, and with care so as not to injure the back and lower back. Better with a coach.

iHerb Client

5 February 2021 (Friday)

Highly recommend
Effective trainer, very good quality.I have already had more than a year, I bought another 2 for a gift, a great thing.

iHerb Client

3 February 2021 (Wednesday)

sport
I recommend to those who like to play sports, very convenient and compact, does not take up much space in the house

iHerb Client

29 January 2021 (Friday)

Great!
Optimal Home Trainer

iHerb Client

29 January 2021 (Friday)

Excellent
I have long wanted to buy this wheel exercise is not so easy to do.It’s not just the press that works.
I have been doing this for a week, my stomach has tightened significantly. And the whole body too. Be careful, you might fall.

iHerb Client

27 January 2021 (Wednesday)

Convenient home exercise machine for the press
Suitable for me, stable, trains the muscles of the press and back, includes a small knee mat.

iHerb Client

26 January 2021 (Tuesday)

Great!
Excellent quality wheel

iHerb Client

26 January 2021(Tuesday)

Great!
The simulator is very convenient to use at home, good quality.

iHerb Client

25 January 2021 (Monday)

Great!
Great abdominal trainer at home!

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Questions: gymnastic wheel ab + knee pad

Check the arrival of new questions

iHerb Client

March 20, 2019(Wednesday)

Question: Can you please tell me if the ROLLER is light or heavy? By weight. (Answers: 2)

Answers:

One and a half kilograms. Doesn’t seem too easy. It is very stable, does not creak, does not deform. by iHerb Client 03/20/2019
The roller is lightweight, convenient for practicing at home, you can take it with you, but takes up space (disassemble). by iHerb Client 03/20/2019

iHerb Client

19 March 2018 (Monday)

Question: Can you please tell who has already seen it, the wheel has a design as in the first two pictures or as in the last one, where the yellow part of the box is shown and there is a girl rolling another wheel by design? Help please, this is important to me. (Answers: 6)

Answers:

Wheel as in the first two photos. Well done. I really liked it. Plus a thick rug. from iHerb Client 26.07.2018
The design is the same as in the first two pictures! Very handy video! from iHerb Client 27.06.2018
hello! I have it like in the picture shown. Wide + rug. by MShashaev 06/26/2018
Wheel as in the first two photos. My husband really likes it. from iHerb Client 06/26/2018
Design is exactly the same as photos 1 and 2 from iHerb Customer 26.06.2018
as on the first two (with a yellow flower in the center) from iHerb Client 06/26/2018

Show 2 more answers

Description gymnastic wheel ab + knee pad

It’s time to check the intestines
Non-slip clutch
Wheel width 80 mm

Ingredients:

Ab Wheel
Knee pad
Training Manual

Brand that has won trust since 1980

Since 1980, Sports Research has been supplying high quality products to over 50 countries worldwide.Our mission is to help you achieve optimal health and fitness. All of our products are developed by people who have played professional sports in the past.

What is a gymnastic wheel ab + knee pad

How to use the ab gymnastic wheel + knee pad

Before using the gymnastic wheel ab + knee pad, you must know:

Use the utmost care when using the Ab Wheel for the first time as you may ride further than you expect or intend.To avoid rolling too far, place the Ab Wheel 12 inches from the wall. Use the wall to block your movement and gradually move back to build up the strength of your torso. Read the additional safety warnings in the instructions.

Always check equipment for wear and damage before and after each use. Do not use if damaged. It is necessary to consult with a general practitioner / general practitioner before performing any physical activity.

California Proposition 65 Warning: This product may contain chemicals known to the State of California to cause cancer, birth defects and / or other reproductive harm.

Press rollers at great prices

Purchase a press roll on the Internet

Do you have a mission to make your belly very hard? Did you realize that your back muscles are very weak, so it would be helpful to take some action? Gymnastics is the answer for you.While this sport has an extremely wide range of different exercises and equipment, there is still one specific workout product that will help both your abs and strengthen your back muscles. This is a gymnastic roller. Get ready to start your journey to the perfect version of yourself – calories will burn, and exercise and proper nutrition will strengthen not only the body, but also the soul – you will look more attractive, energetic, start getting up earlier and perceive the world around you without stress, you will be able to concentrate more effectively at work. If you are tired of repeating to yourself “From tomorrow I will begin to lead a healthy lifestyle” – take action today – order a gymnastic video right now and forget about endless promises to yourself. The abdominal roller will change your life.

Gym Roller – A Means to Get Stronger

Strength exercises, including those performed with a gymnastic roller, significantly improve overall health and body firmness.Regular exercise increases endurance, protects against many diseases, helps control weight and strengthens muscles, and also limits the possibility of injury. It also improves balance and even reduces anxiety. Strengthening your muscles can positively affect your self-esteem. Strength training two or three times a week can significantly improve your well-being, reduce stress levels, and increase your ability to concentrate.

Even if you are not aiming for the so-called “ Six Pack “, this video will help strengthen your heart.A strong heart will help you meet your planned work schedule for the day more easily and reduce the risk of exercise injuries. According to Harvard Health Publishing, no matter what action you plan or intend to do (whether it is in the lower body or in the upper body), any movement originates from your heart. If you often feel pain in the lower back, a strong heart will help you do whatever you do. If you feel that in this area you lack strength and endurance, a set of strengthening exercises is recommended.

Strengthening the heart also contributes to good posture, which you may have lost during sedentary work, and possibly after childbirth. Good posture also allows a person to appear more self-confident, creating a completely different first impression.

How to use the press roller correctly?

Get on all fours on the floor or rug. Use your hands to squeeze the roller handles on both sides. Place the roller in front of your knees and bend over the roller with outstretched arms downward while supporting your upper body.When your arms are straightened, push the roller as far away from you as possible. Gently press your lower body to the floor, pull your arms forward. Return to the starting position by flexing your hips and returning your arms to their original position. Bend over so that the hips are lengthened. Repeat the exercise.

Press roller: price, special offers and delivery

For those who are looking for where to buy cheaper gymnastics goods, we suggest looking around in the online store kaup24.ee. Here you will find a wide selection of such products and you will be able to choose exactly what you have been dreaming about for a long time.We also have suggestions for those who are interested in inexpensive, but high-quality products – many special offers will help to correctly prioritize. We also recommend subscribing to the kaup24.ee newsletter. In this case, you will be the first to know about all special offers. Enjoy low prices and quality products with kaup24.ee.

A gymnastic roller is very easy to order online – just a few keystrokes and the ordered goods will be delivered to your home, which will save you a lot of time.Those who wish will be able to pick up the gymnastic roller in our store in Tallinn: they will be delivered here free of charge.

TOP-5 of the best gymnastic rollers for the press in 2021

The gymnastic roller was invented at the beginning of the 20th century, it looks very simple and may seem unfashionable. But this particular device remains one of the most effective simulators for strengthening the torso, working on the abs and improving posture. It’s all about the complex load on the muscle corset, which is not given by classic abdominal exercises and EMS simulators.

In this text, you will find out why the abdominal wheel is still one of the best selling sports goods, and why it will pump the abs better than most competing machines. Together with experts from the world of sports, we will talk about the importance of the transverse abdominis muscle and the optimal range of motion during training.

Contents:

Why is it important to have a strong torso? Scientists’ opinion

Usually people want to strengthen their abs for aesthetic reasons.Cubes on the belly are very beautiful. But it turns out that the fight against a flabby torso has purely medical reasons. By the size of the waist, like along the line in the palm of your hand, you can predict the future of a person.

Men`s Health magazine writes about an interesting pattern discovered by scientists from the famous Mayo Clinic Science Center (Rochester, Minnesota). The study found that men with a waist over 43 inches have a high risk of premature death. This figure is as much as 52% higher than those whose waistline does not exceed 35 inches.Every extra 2 inches on your belly increases your risk by 7%.

A strong torso, or lack thereof, affects many aspects of your life that you might not even know about.

The development of the muscular corset improves posture. With a trained abs, keeping your back straight is much easier, and there is no pressure on the lower back that causes pain. The lower back will not ache, even after a whole day of sitting at the computer.
Strong press protects against domestic injuries. You will be able to carry weights and move furniture without the risk of ripping off your back.In the event of a fall, a developed muscle corset will help the body to group properly.
If you are already active in sports, developing stabilizing muscles (abdominal and trunk muscles) will improve your performance. The body will receive more oxygen during exercise, and the body will be better at balancing. University of Waterloo professor Stuart McGill recalls that a strong torso is the key to success in all sports. A strong trunk transfers far more energy to the arms and legs than a weak center of the body.

How does the gymnastic wheel work?

To strengthen the abdominal muscles, people usually do crunches (lifting the body to the knees). However, many people do this exercise incorrectly: they lift their backs off the floor, make jerks to sit down, and then fall to the floor. As a result, the lower back is strained, and not the rectus abdominis muscle. The transverse abdominal muscle, on which the waist volume largely depends, does not work at all.

The advantage of the simulator is that it gives you the correct trajectory of movement.When working with an abdominal wheel, the torso is moved so that the abdominal muscles are compressed and the spine is stretched. The wheel comprehensively trains large muscle groups of the torso, shoulders, arms and even legs. In addition to the main muscles, the ab roller also includes stabilizing muscles that are not involved in classical exercises. These are small muscles responsible for coordination and are difficult to train with normal exercises.

People have been thinking for a long time that it is necessary to train the “core of the body” in a special way.The portable roller press model has been proven for decades. With each new era, engineers have modernized the structure, either simplifying or enriching it (for example, with a roll-out resistance system).

Back in 1928 in the United States, inventor Leon Novak applied for a patent for his “training apparatus” – a board with rollers and a handle designed to roll on the floor in order to strengthen muscles. According to the description, this device, unlike other simulators of those years, was compact and suitable for home use.

In 1968, the American Ralph Burzenski patented his gymnastic wheel. He ditched the rollers, replacing them with a large wheel in the center of the handle.

The real boom in ab roller machines began with the emergence of teleshopping. Half-naked handsome men with a grid of cubes and girls in bikinis showed TV viewers the amazing effect of training with a gymnastic roller. In the 1980s, the simulator was inexpensive, so people did not hesitate to order this miracle wheel. True, many were only enough for a couple of sessions, and then the ab roller trainer went to the closet or went to a garage sale.

In fact, the reason for the disappointment was not in the gymnastic roller itself, but in the lack of a quick result. To feel the change, you need to train 2-3 times a week for several months. Physical activity (at least 150 minutes per week, as recommended by WHO) should be combined with proper nutrition.

No better gymnastic roller will give you the coveted grid of cubes if you eat everything. Coach Don Brown, who has been developing various abdominal machines for many years, urges not to succumb to advertising gimmicks.“80% of the type of your abs is determined by what you eat.” – warns the expert.

How to do the exercises correctly. Tips for Beginners and Experienced Athletes

People demonstrating the gymnastic wheel in commercials make the rollouts easily and rhythmically. Their movements are so precise that it seems as if the wheel itself moves forward and returns exactly to the same place without any titanic efforts. In fact, even a press wheel is a harsh projectile that devours a lot of energy.

Exercises with the ab roller can be done by both beginners and professionals, but it all depends on how far you roll the wheel.

To prevent your training from turning into hard labor, start small. At first, it is necessary to limit the range of motion – to establish a border for rolling out the wheel. A wall, door, cabinet or heavy box can serve as a barrier. Gradually, the amplitude is increased, and the barrier is removed. All fitness equipment manufacturers include training volume instructions.For beginners, there are rubber band kits to help you do the exercises.

Pros can directly ride the ab roller at maximum amplitude. To complicate the task, you can emphasize with your feet, and not with your knees, in which case the amplitude will be even greater. Some aces with good stretches roll the gym wheel from a standing position.

In addition, advanced users can choose more sophisticated simulators. For example, now there are wheels with a resistance system for additional load, as well as models that allow you to roll the wheel with your feet (we will consider these models in the Top).

The effect of variability is another plus of the gymnastic roller. Instead of linear movements, which you perform on stationary simulators in the gym, there is room for maneuver and, accordingly, the opportunity to engage new muscle groups in the work.

Remember contraindications

The gymnastic wheel can be safely called a universal exercise machine. But here, too, there are difficulties that you need to be aware of. It is unlikely to be suitable for people with sore knees. Still, all exercises on a gymnastic roller are performed from the “on all fours” position, and pain in the knees is unlikely to make the training effective.In addition, while this machine is useful for strengthening the muscles of the back and may even help combat low back pain, people with chronic spinal problems are advised to consult with their doctor about using the abdominal wheel.

It is important to remember the common truth of any training: each exercise is contraindicated for someone, and at the same time is ideal for someone. Therefore, approach training wisely, monitor the loads and biomechanics of the body – then the gymnastic roller will give you the maximum effect.

Top 5 best gymnastic rollers

In this selection we have collected 5 models of the ab rollers simulator with different functionality. Here you will find simple and inexpensive beginner trainers, a built-in resistance wheel for advanced users, a rubber trainer and a model with leg bindings. Closes our Top ab roller from the famous American brand SKLZ, which supplies sports equipment to the players of the national teams.

Simple and reliable press roller

This simulator is one of those “eternal” things that do not break and serve for years due to its simple, even rude design.Yes, classes with this Ab Wheel Roller do not promise a lot of variety, but they make it easy to organize training: just unpack the device and get back to the starting one. You can move back and forth or diagonally to train the obliques. A good option for those who love no-nonsense brutal things.

A ribbed PVC wheel with a stainless steel frame will support an athlete weighing up to 485 lb (220 kg). It does not slip due to the notches, although it may create static electricity due to friction against the synthetic carpet.The simulator does not leave marks on the wooden floor.

Users praise the steel handles and rubberized grips. The only design drawback is that the rubber foam slides off the steel rod a little. However, 85% of buyers still gave this product the highest rating.

The wheel is 7 inches high and weighs 1.52 pounds. Includes a knee pad and two guides on how to get the coveted stomach cubes – diet and exercise tips.These recommendation e-books will be sent to your email after checkout. The price of such an exercise machine for the press will be.

Price: 441

Gymnastics roller with integrated resistance

Intense fitness model with built-in resistance system. There is a carbon steel spring inside the treadmill, which creates additional load as the wheel spins forward and makes it easier to move backward. The wheel is also special here – its spherical shape and large width ensure the stability of the structure.You can confidently move not only in a straight line, but also to the sides.

Stability fee – unit weight and size. This is the heaviest simulator in our Top (5.2 pounds). And although the handles of this “barrel” are unscrewed, it cannot be called portable against the background of competitors. Perfect Fitness is the ultimate gymnastic wheel for those who plan to exercise regularly at home and work out large muscle groups (this machine uses the entire torso and even the heart muscle). It may also appeal to fitness fans who have simply outgrown traditional ab rollers.

Price: 1185

Gymnastics roller with resistance band

It is more difficult for advanced users to choose an ab roller trainer than for beginners, because they have higher training requirements. Therefore, fans of sports and reasonable economy should pay attention to this set: here the gymnastic roller is equipped with two elastic ropes and removable loops. By securing the expander with a retainer (included in the kit), you can train the muscles of the shoulders, arms and legs.In addition, the set with elastic bands makes it easier to do the exercises with the gymnastic wheel, so it can also be useful for beginners.

If the first simulator, similar in price, has one massive wheel “for centuries”, then this product has three removable plastic wheels. The Odoland is almost twice as heavy as the competitor (2.9 pounds), but according to the manufacturer, it is more stable than the classic models.

The set opens up ample training opportunities – of course, provided that you know how to properly work with sports equipment.Judging by the reviews, the instructions for the simulator are not an assistant here: many did not understand how to hook the expander to the door.

Price: from 780

High-tech press wheel

The high-tech design of this exercise machine was created for those who are not at all touched by sports equipment from the drawings of the last century. Everything here speaks of modernity: a compact foldable design, a discreet color scheme, a system with two small casters instead of one large wheel.

The honorary title of a 21st century gadget is also confirmed by the quality of the material from which the simulator is made. It is a combination of thermoplastic rubber (TPR) and ABS plastic. The first component makes the product flexible, soft and environmentally friendly, the second one provides super strength. As a result, this gym roller is capable of withstanding a load of 600 lb.

Otherwise, it is still a classic ab roller trainer without resistance bands, leg straps, resistance system and other nice additions.However, when you consider the quality of the materials, its price seems quite reasonable.

Price: check on the market

The most powerful trainer for intensive training of all muscle groups

The most expensive and most powerful simulator in our Top. It has the largest wheel – 13 inches in diameter – and an impressive leg-mount design. The Power Wheel is a challenge to yourself and your circumstances. Such a gymnastic wheel can easily be imagined in a movie, in an episode where exciting music sounds, and the main character gives all the best in the gym before the decisive battle.

The

Lifeline Power Wheel works simultaneously on different muscle groups. Thanks to the adjustable leg straps on either side of the wheel, you can apply stress to both the upper and lower body. Simply place your feet on the pedals, slip your feet into elastic bands, and secure your heels. When the legs are locked, the wheel serves as a support for lifting the pelvis and push-ups from the floor. When the legs are free, the machine is used for the press like any other gymnastic roller.

Users praise the comfortable 22-inch handle width that does not stress the wrist, but note that not all sneaker models fit into the bindings.Better to choose tight shoes.

The main competitor of this model in terms of functionality is the Perfect fitness carver pro, a simulator with a built-in resistance system, which we talked about above. Both the one and the other sports equipment is designed for intense training. Which one to choose is up to you. Obviously, a wide wheel is more stable, so it is more convenient to roll it along a variety of trajectories. On the other hand, the Power Wheel allows you to train more comprehensively. It is not so much an abdominal trainer as a whole body machine.

Price: check on the market

Compression table for press rollers

Name	Main characteristics	Price
Torres	Classic roller	₽ 490
Bradex SF063	Press roller with built-in resistance	₽ 1185
Starfit RL-102 PR	Press roller with resistance band	₽ 780

You may also be interested in: Review of the best gadgets for weight loss: how to lose extra pounds using smart devices?

Press rollers at great prices

Purchase a press roll on the Internet

Gym Roller – A Means to Get Stronger

How to use the press roller correctly?

Press roller: price, special offers and delivery

For those who are looking for where to buy cheaper gymnastics goods, we suggest looking around in the online store 220. lv. Here you will find a wide selection of such products and you will be able to choose exactly what you have been dreaming about for a long time.We also have suggestions for those who are interested in inexpensive, but high-quality products – a lot of special offers will help to correctly prioritize. We also recommend subscribing to the 220.lv newsletter. In this case, you will be the first to know about all special offers. Enjoy low prices and quality products with 220.lv.

A gymnastic roller is very easy to order online – just a few keystrokes and the ordered goods will be delivered to your home, which will save you a lot of time.Those who wish will be able to pick up a gymnastic roller in one of our stores in Riga: they will be delivered here free of charge.

Press rollers at great prices

Purchase a press roll on the Internet

Do you have a mission to make your belly very hard? Did you realize that your back muscles are very weak, so it would be helpful to take some action? Gymnastics is the answer for you. While this sport has an extremely wide range of different exercises and equipment, there is still one specific workout product that will help both your abs and strengthen your back muscles.This is a gymnastic roller. Get ready to start your journey to the perfect version of yourself – calories will burn, and exercise and proper nutrition will strengthen not only the body, but also the soul – you will look more attractive, energetic, start getting up earlier and perceive the world around you without stress, you will be able to concentrate more effectively at work. If you are tired of repeating to yourself “From tomorrow I will begin to lead a healthy lifestyle” – take action today – order a gymnastic video right now and forget about endless promises to yourself.The abdominal roller will change your life.

Gym Roller – A Means to Get Stronger

Strength exercises, including those performed with a gymnastic roller, significantly improve overall health and body firmness. Regular exercise increases endurance, protects against many diseases, helps control weight and strengthens muscles, and also limits the possibility of injury. It also improves balance and even reduces anxiety.Strengthening your muscles can positively affect your self-esteem. Strength training two or three times a week can significantly improve your well-being, reduce stress levels, and increase your ability to concentrate.

Even if you are not aiming for the so-called “ Six Pack “, this video will help strengthen your heart. A strong heart will help you meet your planned work schedule for the day more easily and reduce the risk of exercise injuries. According to Harvard Health Publishing, no matter what action you plan or intend to do (whether it is in the lower body or in the upper body), any movement originates from your heart.If you often feel pain in the lower back, a strong heart will help you do whatever you do. If you feel that in this area you lack strength and endurance, a set of strengthening exercises is recommended.

How to use the press roller correctly?

Get on all fours on the floor or rug.Use your hands to squeeze the roller handles on both sides. Place the roller in front of your knees and bend over the roller with outstretched arms downward while supporting your upper body. When your arms are straightened, push the roller as far away from you as possible. Gently press your lower body to the floor, pull your arms forward. Return to the starting position by flexing your hips and returning your arms to their original position. Bend over so that the hips are lengthened. Repeat the exercise.

Press roller: price, special offers and delivery

For those who are looking for where to buy cheaper gymnastics goods, we suggest looking around in the Pigu online store.lt. Here you will find a wide selection of such products and you will be able to choose exactly what you have been dreaming about for a long time. We also have suggestions for those who are interested in inexpensive, but high-quality products – many promotions and frequent sales will help to correctly prioritize. Still, if you definitely want to buy a product with a discount, we recommend subscribing to the Pigu.lt newsletter. In this case, you will be the first to know about all special offers. Enjoy low price and quality products with Pigu.lt.

A gymnastic roller is very easy to order online – just a few keystrokes and the ordered goods will be delivered to your home, which will save you a lot of time. Those who wish can pick up a gymnastic roller in one of our stores in Vilnius, Kaunas, Klaipeda, Siauliai and Panevezys: they will be delivered here free of charge, and there is no need to wait, since we use the convenient principle of an automatic queue.

Custom Gymnastics Wheel – Alibaba.

com

Explore the Massive Gym Wheel on Alibaba.com for strong, personalized and durable products with special offers and discounts. These sturdy Gym Wheels are made of high quality and durable materials to ensure long-lasting durability and a smooth ride for your vehicle. This entire collection of gymnastics wheels consists of various products ranging from rims to wheels and alloys for all car models.Visit the site now to take advantage of great deals on these products.

The gymnastics wheel plays an important role in the ride quality and performance of the vehicle, so it should be chosen very carefully with all considerations in mind. These Gym Wheels are designed with the latest technology to improve vehicle stability and performance. These products are environmentally friendly and do not harm the environment.Choose from a variety of unique gymnastic wheels , made from durable materials such as aluminum, stainless steel, galvanized iron and more.

Alibaba.com offers these gymnastics wheels in various variations depending on their models, sizes, shapes, material quality and durability. This popular online gymnastics wheel is a gravity anchor piece that attaches to the road while you embark on a comfortable cruise.All types of vehicle models can support custom variations of the gymnastic wheel . All kinds of goods for different types of cars are available on the site, from modern stylish goods to antiques and classics.

Browse Extensive Gym Wheel Options on Alibaba. com and buy items that fit your budget. These items are available as OEM orders and are also open to custom packaging. Buy them now and enjoy big deals.

German Wheel / Rhoenrad

German Wheel / Rhoenrad

Originally from Germany, where over 120,000
German wheels can be found in gyms all over the country. Nevertheless, it is used by all
around the world for both competitions and circus performances. It is
the newest apparatus that has proven itself, which makes us the only other quality
German wheel manufacturer, except for the only manufacturer in Germany, which makes
reliable wheels. …Our wheels are always round and go straight. this
consists of 2 rings connected together. There are also “line markers” and
“spiral handles” on the handlebars, as well as footboards and footpegs.

Specifications

Our German
wheels are made to measure according to the user’s height.

Handsome

Forget about the gray or white German.
steering wheel, matte finish. Our German rims are available in high-gloss aluminum (standard
finish), or ANY color you want! See the color scheme! Only CircusConcepts
wheels are like that!

Superior quality

Our German wheels are manufactured with the same precision and quality as our
world reputation for being the best wheels by state.We have a very difficult job
to provide; All our wheels are straight, the same, and most importantly …
they ALL roll straight!

Easy to transport

For quick and partial disassembly: disassemble
into 2-6 parts for quick
displacement
For complete disassembly: Dismantle
into 16 pieces to easily fit in two (2) aircraft transport cases.

See Our Golf Travel

https: // circusconcepts.com / shop / simple-wheel-travel-bag.html? search = travel% 20bag

Easy and quick assembly

Total weight varies
depending on model, please contact us for details.

·
ULTRA LIGHT WHEELS also
offered. We can make aluminum model ultralight up to
carry.

Surface handle

·
Our wheels are made with a
clear coat.It’s hard enough that you don’t feel the difference as the
rolls, but it holds the ground better when doing spiral tricks, or
spiral to back transitions.

Robust and robust

Carbon steel with protective clear coat makes
for a rigid wheel that does not bend

The standard finishing wheel
is fully galvanized for good looks and corrosion prevention. The colored wheels
have a primer that protects against rust.

·
Our joints are stronger
than other competitors; for strength.

Also includes

Metric hex key for
assembly

Operating instructions

Additional bolts

Options – add leg straps

Pair
Leg straps are essential for many tricks with German classics. If you don’t have
of any, we recommend that you purchase them too.For details see
product

Technical
technical data

Handle size

1.5 inches (3.8 cm)
including all wheel covers.

Wheel diameter

German rims
/ Rhoenrad size is always measured from O.D. steel to
steel (excluding coating)

Standard wheel size
every 5 cm from 160 cm to 240 cm outside diameter.We can produce any size for
requests. To determine the correct wheel size, take your measurements and add 35 cm.

Finish

Standard wheel: zinc coated
(high-gloss). Transparent coating

·
On request: You can order the
wheel in any desired color.

about
Plain Colors

Color plus Metallic Flakes
Finish (Gloss)

For which soils / surfaces it is recommended

HARD Marley / dance floor,

about
The best gauze is no more than
2-3 mm thick.The best way to test if your Marley is soft is to push a
nail into it. If it leaves a mark more than 1 mm deep, Marley is considered soft.
You will need more energy to spin, and you will spin slower, but you can still do
.

Wood floors or panel

about
Risers have good
grip

about
Varnished floors have good adhesion

about
Wet varnished floors
very dangerous

about
Risers wet, not varnished,
have a low but comfortable handle

·
Try
AVOID using on these surfaces.

about
If you plan to use it on
on such surfaces, the coating wears out faster and quickly loses its transparency.
You may need to quickly change the coating, which is very time consuming.

coarse / sandpaper
as surfaces

§ asphalt

not
polished / stone cement like sidewalks)

Handles / Footrests / Number of crossbars
bars

You can have the normal 6
crossbars or 5 crossbars (this option does not include footrests).You can order a wheel
with or without:

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Straight handles

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Handles with crossbar or spiral

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Running boards

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Leg belts

Any other ideas

·
We specialize in customized
machines … Contact us and share your creative ideas and let your imagination run free
!

Freebies

Free Circus Wheel of concepts
Artists t-shirt with each wheel order

Transport dimensions (approximate):

2 boxes 53 “X 4” X 15 “55 lbs

Any other business

Please read our
Simple Wheels FAQ first

or contact us, we
will gladly help you

Kip Wheel

(800)932-3339
(860)779-0825 – international

info @ gymsupply.com

Avenue Lucien, 17,

Danielson, CT 06239

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Help your athletes practice push-ups and front hip circles unattended.This product allows beginner athletes to perform these and other tricks without the assistance of a coach.

Belts adjustable from 16 to 25 inches.

Item #:
DGS-KIPWHEEL

Manufacturer:
Other

Manufacturer Item Number:
DGS-KIPWHEEL

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Elmhurst Woman Takes Wheel Gymnastics Challenge

Kandy Pajer is just trying to keep his balance.But it’s hard.

Payer is a gymnast. From the age of three, she grew up on logs, uneven bars and gym floors measuring 39 feet by 39 feet.

But now the mother of two is leaving much of that comfort level behind as she prepares to compete in the 10th World Gymnastics Championships this week in Chicago.

If you’ve never heard of this sport, you are not alone. It has many names: gymnastics wheel, gym wheel, German wheel, Rhoenrad.

Pajer simply calls it the wheel.

At 36, Pajer is doing gymnastics on wheels. She didn’t grow up on a wheel like many of her competitors. Indeed, when she first started training three years ago, the sport was virtually unknown this side of the Atlantic.

As she prepares for this week’s event, she knows she’s not an expert. It is impossible to master the sport at this level of competition in just three years.

But that doesn’t mean she’s not ready to try.

World Cycling Champion Wolfgang Bentzle brought this sport to Payer’s gym for a demonstration three years ago.Pajer immediately fell in love with her.

When asked what wheel gymnastics is, she gives the simplest explanation she knows:

“I tell them, ‘If you think of a hamster in a wheel, that’s what it is.”

But this is not entirely fair.

Sport requires a strong core. Pajer compares this to the difficulty of the parallel bars.

But the bars are not a moving target.

The required endurance is different from the requirements of traditional gymnastics.Pajer says the hardest part is getting to know the time and the movement of the wheel.

“A lot of people have seen Cirque du Soleil,” she said. “And all I have to say is it’s like in the Circus when they spin the wheels of the cart inside the wheel and flip it over.” People are very happy that I can do it. ”

Fall limitation

Two years ago at the gymnastics clinic, Payer demonstrated the round, one of the simplest movements in gymnastics. Usually she makes such movements barefoot or in gymnastic slippers.This time she performed it in sneakers.

It was a mistake. She tore her Achilles tendon, and for the next eight months she was treated.

The injury has forced her to return to training with the wheel and is bothering her from time to time. But she was able to take part in the US Open qualifiers in March and made it to the US national team.

The World Cup begins Monday at North Park University Gymnasium, 3225 W. Forester Ave., Chicago. This is the first time that the Wheel Gymnastics World Championship has been held outside Europe.

This sport appeared in 1924 when it was invented in Germany by the son of a blacksmith Otto Feik. The Germans demonstrated this at the 1936 Berlin Olympics, but never became an Olympic sport. The wheels only last a few minutes. Competitions are held on three shells: rectilinear (the wheel rolls back and forth), spiral (spinning like a coin) and support (jump from the wheel). Athletes perform exercises on each apparatus and receive marks from the judges.

The first world championships in this sport were held in 1995, and now athletes from 25 countries compete in them.Championships are held every two years.

Payer has trained with German-born Bentzle for the past 18 months in preparation for the championship. Bentzle is the Director of the US Wheel Gymnastics Federation and Master of Sports. In addition to eight world titles, he has worked with Cirque du Soleil, Disney and the Monte Carlo Circus Festival.

“He’s so good at wheels and can also instruct athletes,” Pajer said. “If you’re having a hard time, he can cheer you up and usually knows exactly what to tell you to get past that hump or succeed.”

Pajer knows she’s not on par with many of her competitors. She is delighted with the skills of foreign gymnasts on wheels. They perform with such beauty and grace, while at times Pajer feels like she is still trying to figure out where to put her feet.

“I just want to have a good daily routine, be confident in my performances and not fall,” she said. “Right now, with the US team, we are trying to show the world that the United States is doing gymnastics on wheels and we are getting better.I don’t think I have a chance to take a seat. ”

Mother first

Pajer is just trying to keep his balance, at least for a while. Lots of distractions. She lives in Elmhurst and teaches gymnastics lessons at Sokol Spirit in Brookfield. She is a wife and mother. Her children, 9-year-old Max and 6-year-old Scarlet, take up a lot of her time.

They are gymnasts themselves, and Pajer often brings them to training.

“It’s hard to get them to train with me and try to focus on my training and make sure they are focused during their training,” she said.“Luckily, I have good kids who are athletic and love to do this kind of thing.”

Max even started picking up the wheel. Scarlet, much to her dismay, is still not tall enough to reach for her pens.

But with kids, Pajer admits it can be difficult to find time to focus on his own workouts. She is grateful to Bienzle for this flexibility and allows her to practice when she has time.

With so many events going on, the upcoming World Cup could spell the end of Payer’s short career as a competitive gymnast on wheels.Time limitation is one of the reasons, aching pain in the Achilles joint is another. But this does not mean that she will not continue to take the helm after the end of the championship.

“I will continue to stay strong and practice the skills I have worked on and hopefully I will acquire new skills,” she said. “And maybe there will be another competition in the future.

“I think gymnastics, circus arts or any other activity is so good for people of all ages.It’s good for your mental ability as well as your physical ability. ”

Pajer if anyone knows this is good for your balance too.

Cyr Wheel / German Wheel / Crossed wheel • Red Circle Store • Cyr Wheel / German Wheel / Crossed wheel for sale at the best circus store

Cyr Wheels and German Wheels are produced in different sizes and colors, we offer different coating colors and two coating thicknesses for better grip.The PVC coating colors are listed below:

Transparent PVC 6mm,
Transparent PVC,
Red,
Yellow,
White UV PVC,
Orange UV PVC,

You will find a wide variety of Cyr Wheel sizes.

If you would like to build a size not listed, please contact us.

The

Cyr wheel is a well-known device for acrobatic performances. A Cyr wheel is basically a large steel or aluminum wheel in which the performer rotates inside the wheel.Cyr wheel, also known as roue cyr, is a simple wheel or monowheel.

Daniel Seer of Canada is credited with being the original creator, however the Syra wheel was known long before Daniel Sere was born.

A bit of history: In 1917, at the Denishon dance school, Doris Humphrey, well known in the modern dance community, choreographed and created “Scherzo Waltz” with a large steel wheel as the center piece.

Her dance with this Cyr Wheel was based on the same techniques used by contemporary Cyr Wheel artists.

Later in the circus of the Soviet Union, some artists used a simple wheel to rotate around the stage, before this German athlete created the original wheel for his dance on the wheel.

This unicycle was designed by the athletes of Rhönrad, Einrefen was made in the form of a steel single wheel with leg supports and arms on it.
There were very similar movements compared to Rhoenrad, such as rolls, rolls, coin rolls and spirals. The patent for Einrefen was never registered, but Die Woche im Bild attributes the invention of the wheel to Rekowski and posted a photo of him on the front page of the newspaper.

On the Internet, you can easily find various photographs about the history of the Syrah wheel. This sports equipment did not become popular and did not become widespread in comparison with the German steering wheel. Einrefen first demonstrated his wheel during the Ronrad Championship in Hanover (1960).

Dr. Jörg Winkler, Ronrad’s history specialist, mentioned that Einrefen was practically abandoned and forgotten after 1989. However, in our time, Ronrad’s enthusiasts remember the creation of Einrefen by Adalbert von Rekowski.

The new invention of the Cyr wheel becomes as popular as juggling. The new Cyr Wheel competition was organized in July 2013 in Chicago by the US Wheel Gymnastics Federation.

The new sport was named Mono Wheel by IRV. For a championship called “Battle”, new competition rules have been written (Arnsberg 2011).

Many Canadian Cyr Wheel performers were invited and a Quebec coach helped develop the new Cyr Wheel competition rules.

In the online store Red Circle Shop, customers can order a custom cyr wheel and also buy cheap and quality products related to a cyr wheel, such as a bag on wheels. The price of a Cyr wheel varies greatly depending on the material of the Cyr wheel.

Very often new LED Cyr discs are more expensive than conventional discs.
You can also buy Cyr Wheel at a wholesale price, at a low price if you bought more than 3 wheels in the same order. Red Circle shop accepts custom order for Cyr wheel size.

The German wheel is also known as the Rhöenrad. This apparatus was created by the German worker Otto Feik. He was inspired by his childhood when his grandfather let him roll down a hill in a cask with a side, so he later invented the German wheel. Otto patented his invention, and as owner of a metal factory, Otto was more than prepared to create his new German wheels.

Right now you can find the German wheel for sale all over the world in various online stores, you can always buy your new German gymnastics wheel in the Red Circle store.The German Gymnastics Wheel is used in the circus in various shows with one or more performers, the performers even use the German Wheel as aerial equipment or use it as part of their performance during juggling and acrobatic performances. German wheels are not cheap, they are serious equipment, and to make really good german wheel, good skill required.

Otto invented three more types of the German wheel, but the German wheel known today is the only one that has survived.The greatest influence on the popularity of the German wheel in the circus world was the staging of the Cirque du Soleil Quidam show, where the German wheel was part of the Cirque du Soleil circus show.

Nowadays, mainly in all circus schools and circus amateur groups around the world, students are learning the German wheel technique.

At the same time, the German gymnastic wheel is well known and popular as a sports discipline.
The popularity of German wheels increased significantly after the invention of Otto.The European Cup was held in 1990 in Taunusstein, Germany, organized by the International Federation of Ronrad (FIRR). Now the competitions are held in Germany, Denmark, Switzerland and many others.

The German wheel is an amazing art and very good sports discipline, the German wheel is unique in this dualism.In the online store Red Circle Shop you can buy high quality German wheels at retail prices, however, if you wish to place multiple orders for German wheels, you get a wholesale price.

Dr. Jord Winkler, 13-time German Gymnastics Wheel Champion in Germany, has made a major contribution to documenting the history of the German wheel. and now working as a psychotherapist, trainer and collector, made a significant contribution to documenting the history of Renrad.

Gym on Wheels | Children love us!

This is not just a game.

“The Gym On Wheels classes are structured. We teach children the skills used for equipment such as horse kicks, high bars, logs, parallel bars, springboard and more.By magic, the jumping monkeys turn into cartwheels, and the blows of the donkey turn into a handstand. Everything we do and everything we use, including our games and props, helps to develop and improve eye, arm, leg and general motor coordination, as well as all the necessary skills needed to practice all sports. ”

Gymnastics and physical development

“Between the ages of two and five, gymnastics helps children develop their basic motor skills. The wheeled gym teaches children physical movement skills that improve coordination, balance, speed, agility, rhythm, and strength.Our classes also provide physical endurance, strength and flexibility. It helps increase bone density and promotes muscle growth. ”

Social Benefits of Gymnastics

“Attending regular gymnastics and physical skills programs helps teach children to follow directions, listen in turns, respect others, and work with others as a team. Our activities require concentration and dedication, they help children become more confident and show children that traveling is the same important as the destination. “

Physical benefits from gymnastics

“Today’s children’s activities involve less and less physical movement. This only increases the alarming rate of obesity in young children. Gymnastics activities encourage an active lifestyle and help build a positive attitude towards fitness. ”

Gymnastics and intellectual development

“Research shows that children who participate in early childhood movement programs such as gymnastics develop better cognitive skills and have longer attention span, improved communication skills, better common problem solving skills, and increased self-esteem.”

What is included in the classes “Gym on wheels”

“Movement activities, rhythm, creative movement, music, basic gymnastic skills, stretching exercises, aerobics and group games.”

Gymnastics for babies

“Some of the benefits for toddlers participating in Gym on Wheels include learning how to listen and follow directions, interacting with other children in a team atmosphere, developing patience while waiting in line and learning to refer to them.colors; their strength is improved by grasping, swinging and hanging from a crossbar; their visual tracking will improve with the use of scarves and balls, which also aid in eye, hand and foot coordination; and they will build muscle memory by learning the basics of gymnastics. ”

Gym on wheels classes and safety

Instructors

“Gym On Wheels are trained in the necessary detection techniques for all of the skills included in our curriculum. Our instructors are US Gymnastics Safety Certified and CPR / First Aid certified.Only age and skill appropriate equipment is used, which creates an environment that is more user-friendly in terms of development. Our equipment is smaller and located below ground level, which creates a much less intimidating and safer environment. “

See what people are saying …

“Training in the gym on wheels is structured. We teach children the skills used for equipment such as horse kicks, high bars, logs, parallel bars, trampoline and more.The magical jumps of the monkeys become the wheels of the cart, and the kicks of the donkey become handstands. Everything we do and everything we use, including our games and props, helps to develop and improve coordination of eyes, arms, legs and general motor skills, as well as all the necessary skills required to practice all kinds of sports. “

Pilates Ring Fitness Circle Resistance Toning Gym Wheel Yoga Handle #T Fitness, Running & Yoga shoham Sports Products

Pilates Ring Fitness Circle Resistance Toning Gym Wheel Yoga Handle #T Fitness, Running & Yoga Shoham Sports Products

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Pilates Ring Fitness Resistance Circle Toning Gymnastic Yoga Pen #T

Pilates Ring Fitness Circle for Resistance Toning Gymnastic Wheel Handle for Yoga # T, Resistance Toning Gymnastic Wheel Handle Yoga #T Pilates Ring Fitness Circle, durable, odorless and high strength, corrosion and shock resistant, comfortable grip.The crescent shape handle is ergonomic design, non-slip and more comfortable. and convenient to use, practical and useful This yoga ring is suitable for floor exercises and Pilates, can be used to burn belly fat and tone the forearms, inner and outer thighs, abdominal and pelvic muscles, and improve mobility, agility and endurance. Ring design with the best toning ring with padding for extra comfort when doing exercise, it is very light to carry, making it convenient to carry Fields of application This Pilates ring is perfect, Features ： High quality and durability This Pilates circle is made of high quality PC.Discover your favorite brand Heart move Low Price Special Discount Store Easy Returns Enjoy GREAT PRICES and FREE SHIPPING! Fitness Circle Resistance Toning Gym Handle Pilates Wheel Yoga #T.

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Pilates Ring Fitness Circle Resistance Toning Gym Wheel Handle Yoga # T

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Sqlapp.ru. Broken Mirrors: Theory of Autism

Vilayanur Ramachandran and Lindsay Oberman
______________________________________

Studying the system of mirror neurons in the brain will help scientists understand the nature of autism and develop new approaches to its diagnosis and treatment

______________________________________

At first glance, a child with autism is no different from his peers. However, trying to get him to talk, you will soon realize that something is wrong with him: he avoids your gaze, is nervous, and may even start banging his head against the wall.Seized with extreme embarrassment, he is unable to maintain even the simplest conversation. Feelings of fear, anger and pleasure are not alien to him, but he is deaf to the experiences of other people and does not notice the subtle shades of their behavior, understandable to most of his peers.

Autism, which affects about 0.5% of American children, is a form of developmental disability. In the 1940s. it was first described by two specialists – the American psychiatrist Leo Kanner and the Austrian pediatrician Hans Asperger.Knowing nothing about the work of the other, the researchers, as if by agreement, assigned the discovered syndrome the same name – autism (from the Greek word autos – “self”). It reflects the essence of the disorder in the best possible way – after all, its main feature is a person’s exclusion from social interactions.

Having described the ailment, the doctors thought about its causes. They found that autism can be inherited, but other factors play a significant role in its occurrence. In the late 1990s.In our lab at the University of California, San Diego, we decided to investigate whether there is a link between autism and a recently discovered class of nerve cells called mirror neurons. It is to them that a person owes his ability to recognize the intentions and emotions of others, so we hypothesized that some symptoms of autism may arise due to dysfunctions of the mirror neuron system.

OVERVIEW: Mirror Neurons and Autism

• Some of the main manifestations of autism, such as social isolation and lack of empathy, can be attributed to dysfunction of mirror neurons.
• In people with autism, there is a deficit in the activity of mirror neurons in several areas of the cerebral cortex. According to the researchers, its restoration with the help of therapeutic methods will alleviate many of the symptoms of the disease.
• Minor symptoms of autism, such as hypersensitivity, can be caused by impaired connections between the limbic system and other parts of the brain.

Explanation of symptoms

The main signs of autism are social isolation, unwillingness to look the other person in the eye, speech defects and inability to empathize.However, the disorder is often accompanied by less obvious symptoms. Thus, many autistic patients do not understand metaphors, sometimes taking them too literally, cannot reproduce the actions of other people. They may be preoccupied with trifles, but not pay attention to significant events (especially of a social nature). Finally, they often have an aversion to certain sounds that cause them strong anxiety.
Theories of the origin of autism can be divided into two groups: anatomical and psychological.Eric Courchesne of the University of California, San Diego and several other anatomists have found characteristic abnormalities in the development of the cerebellum, the brain structure responsible for coordinating complex voluntary movements, in children with autism. But damage to the cerebellum due to cerebral hemorrhage usually causes tremors, gait disturbances, and abnormal eye movements, but these symptoms are extremely rare in autism. Conversely, rates typical of autism are never seen in patients with an affected cerebellum.Thus, pathological changes in this structure in children with autism are most likely side effects of the work of abnormal genes, and the true causes of the disorder have a different origin.

Difficulties experienced by a child with autism when communicating with other people may be associated with dysfunction of the system of mirror neurons in the brain

The most original explanations for autism came from Uta Frith of University College London and Simon Baron-Cohen of the University of Cambridge.They see the main cause of the disease in a person’s inability to “create theories about someone else’s psyche.” According to researchers, special neural circuits in the brain allow us to build complex hypotheses about the mental characteristics of other people, thanks to which we predict the behavior of others. However, the theory of Frith and Baron-Cohen does not explain the diversity of autism symptoms, seemingly unrelated to each other. Researchers need to first identify the brain mechanisms that are impaired in autism.

One of the approaches to the study of this issue is outlined in the work of Giacomo Rizzolatti from the University of Parma in Italy (see in this issue: V. Gallese, D. Rizzolatti and L. Fogas-si. Mirror part of the brain). In the 1990s. Italian researchers studied the activity of nerve cells in the brain of macaques, performing targeted actions. As you know, some neurons in the premotor cortex (parts of the frontal lobe of the brain) are involved in the control of voluntary movements. So, for example, one neuron generates impulses when an animal reaches out to a peanut lying next to it, another when it presses a lever, etc.These brain cells are called motor command neurons.

Rizzolatti and his colleagues were surprised by the fact that some populations of motor command neurons generated discharges even when the monkey did not act on its own, but observed how another individual or person performed the same movements. As further studies using neuroimaging methods have shown, such “mirror neurons” are also present in the corresponding areas of the human cerebral cortex. The researchers suggested that mirror neurons (more precisely, the neural networks of which they are a part) not only send motor commands to muscles, but also allow monkeys and humans to determine the intentions of other individuals by mentally replaying their actions.While in animals the role of these systems is limited to predicting simple purposeful actions, in humans, mirror cells can mediate the ability to interpret more complex intentions.

It was later shown that mirror neurons are found in other parts of the human brain (for example, in the cingulate and insular cortex), and they can participate in such complex forms of emotional behavior as empathy. Studying the anterior cingulate cortex of awake people, the researchers found that some neurons, which are activated in response to pain, generate impulses even when the subject sees that another person is in pain.It is possible that mirror neurons are also responsible for imitative abilities, which are poorly developed in great apes and play a huge role in human life.

Anatomy of Autism

Autism and mu-waves

But what does this have to do with autism? In the late 1990s. we noticed that mirror neurons perform exactly the functions that are impaired in autism. If the system of mirror cells is involved in a person’s interpretation of the complex intentions of others, then the most serious pathology in autistic people (deficit in social skills) can be explained by damage to this neural network.Dysfunctions of mirror neurons can provoke the onset of other important symptoms of this disorder: inability to empathize, speech defects, poorly developed imitative abilities, etc.

In order to demonstrate the dysfunctions of mirror neurons in children with autism, we needed to find a way to record their activity without implanting electrodes in the brain. The easiest way was to use electroencephalography – one of the methods for studying the rhythmic activity of the brain.More than half a century ago, scientists discovered that whenever a person makes a voluntary movement (for example, squeezes and unclenches the hand), one of the components of the electroencephalogram (EEG), called the mu rhythm, is suppressed. It is curious that the mu-waves also disappear when the subject observes another person performing the same action. One of the authors of this article (Ramachandran) and Eric L. Altschuler suggested that the mu-wave suppression response can be used as a simple, reliable and safe tool for studying the activity of mirror neurons.

Initially, we decided to study the EEG of a child with autism who does not show serious cognitive impairments. EEG analysis showed that when the patient made a simple voluntary movement, he (like ordinary children) had a suppression of the mu rhythm. But in the case when he watched the execution of the same movement by another person, the suppression of mu-waves did not occur. We concluded that the child’s motor command neuron system remained intact, but the functions of his mirror neuron system were impaired.This discovery, which we reported at the annual meeting of the Society of Neurosciences in 2000, was strong evidence of the correctness of our hypothesis.

In children with autism, the functions of the cerebral system of mirror neurons are impaired

But what areas of the brain mediate these abilities? The most likely candidate is the angular gyrus, located at the junction of the visual, auditory, and tactile regions of the brain and containing cells with the properties of mirror neurons.In a study of patients who did not have autism, but who had damage to this region of the brain, we found that many of them also did not cope with the “booba-kiki” test and had difficulty understanding metaphors. The results obtained suggest that the ability of the brain for cross-zone display of information, which first arose in primates, helped animals to perform complex motor tasks (for example, grab onto tree branches, which requires instant assimilation and processing of visual, auditory, and tactile information) and finally ends became the inherent ability of man to invent and understand metaphors.Thus, thanks to mirror neurons, people became available not only to the nuts lying at hand, but also to distant stars.

Registration of mu-waves

The impulse activity of the mirror neurons of the premotor cortex suppresses the mu-waves in the electroencephalogram (EEG). (The frequency of the mu rhythm is 8-13 Hz.) Researchers recorded mu waves in children with autism and control subjects when they made voluntary movements or watched the same actions on television.

Execute action

When a person makes a movement, motor command neurons generate impulses.Children clenched and unclenched their right hand, which, as expected, caused the suppression of mu-waves in the EEG of both children with autism and control subjects.

Action simulation

Mirror neurons of the premotor cortex generate impulse discharges even when a person observes the execution of an action by another individual. Researchers recorded EEGs in children while watching video clips of contracting and unclenching hands. The amplitude of the mu waves in the control subjects decreased sharply (red curve), while in children with autism there was no suppression of the mu rhythm (blue curve).The results obtained indicate a disruption in the functioning of the mirror system of the brain in children with autism.

What’s New

If autism is caused by abnormalities in the function of the mirror system in the brain, new approaches may be sought to diagnose and treat the disorder. So, for the early detection of this disease in children, doctors can use as an indicator the absence of suppression of the mu rhythm in certain situations. The sooner autism is diagnosed, the sooner behavioral therapy can be started.Timing is critical here: treatment of autism with these treatments becomes ineffective after the onset of the underlying symptoms of the disorder (usually between the ages of two and four).

If the child’s mirror neurons have not completely lost their function, the work of this brain system can be restored.

All of these approaches will only achieve partial relief of the patient’s condition: the hypothesis of dysfunctions of mirror neurons is not able to explain the origin of all symptoms of autism, such as repetitive movements (swinging from side to side), avoidance of eye contact with the interlocutor, hypersensitivity and aversion to certain sounds.To clarify their nature, our laboratory staff (together with William Hirstein of Elmhurst College and Portia Iversen of the non-profit organization Cure Autism Now (CAN) in Los Angeles) developed the so-called salience landscape theory.

We received partial confirmation of our assumptions as a result of studying autonomic reactions (increase in skin conduction under the influence of sweating) in 37 children with autism. We found that their overall level of autonomic arousal was higher than that of the control subjects. The demonstration of familiar objects and events aroused excitement in them, and they often ignored the stimuli provoking strong autonomous reactions in the control group.

Translation: V.V. Svechnikov

Emotional Landscape Theory

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Vilayanur S. Ramachandran and Lindsay M. Oberman are staff members of the Center for Brain and Cognition at the University of California, San Diego. Ramachandran is the director of the center, the author of numerous works devoted to the phenomenon of phantom limbs and synesthesia.Oberman is a graduate student at the University of California, San Diego.

Mirror part

Vittorio Gallese,

Giacomo Rizzolatti

and Leonardo Fogassi

^{mirror part}

_{of the brain}

the key class of the brain

human development

the most complex

social and

cognitive

skills

John watches Mary pick a flower.He knows perfectly well what barks and why. The girl smiles at John, and he guesses that the flower is intended for him as a gift. An uncomplicated scene lasts only a few moments, and just as quickly, thoughts about the meaning of what is happening flash through the young man’s head. But how does he manage, without any effort, to understand both Mary’s actions and her intentions?

A decade ago, most neuroscientists and psychologists would explain a person’s ability to recognize the actions and goals of others by the ability to quickly build causal relationships, as we do when solving logical problems.A certain complex cognitive apparatus in John’s brain

, having quickly processed the information provided to him by the senses, and comparing the result with similar past experience stored in his memory, allowed the young man to draw the correct conclusion about the girl’s actions and intentions.

In some situations, the brain does indeed perform such complex operations (especially if human behavior is difficult to decipher), but the ease and speed with which we usually understand the actions of others suggest the existence of some simpler mechanism.The researchers were prompted by this one accidental observation. In the early 1990s. the authors of this article and Luciano Fadiga studied an unusual class of neurons in the brain of monkeys,

The pattern of neural activity reflects

a model that actually exists in the head

actions, regardless of whether

is its executor

that generated impulses when performing simple, targeted movements (for example, grabbing pieces of fruit from a plate).The most amazing thing about the cells was that they reacted in exactly the same way when the animal saw someone else doing the movement (for example, a laboratory assistant). It seemed to us that the activity of nerve cells reflected in the brain of

observers the actions that those around them performed, so we decided to call them mirror neurons.

Just as neural networks are able to store the memory of certain events, populations of mirror neurons seem to be able to encode “cliches” of certain actions.

Mirror neurons were first discovered by us in the area F5 of the motor (motor) cortex of the brain, associated with movements of the hands and mouth. Studying this area, we tried to find out how commands that cause the implementation of certain actions are encoded in the impulse activity of neurons. To do this, we recorded the activity of individual neurons in the cerebral cortex of macaques. Monkeys

were given various signals, and when the animals reacted to them in one way or another, their movements were accompanied by a change in the impulse activity of certain groups of nerve cells.

Then we noticed something strange: when one of us took a slice of fruit, the monkey’s cortical neurons began to work in the same way as if the animal itself took the delicacy. At first, we attributed such a strange phenomenon to the interference of an outside factor (for example, the fact that a monkey, observing the experimenter, imperceptibly makes a similar movement with his hand). But when we managed to exclude the influence of such accidents, we realized that the pattern of neural activity associated with the observed action reflects the “model” of movement itself actually existing in the animal’s brain – regardless of who performs it.

To test the assumption that the functioning of mirror neurons is associated with “awareness” of the action, and not just with its visual registration, we studied the activity of these cells in a situation where the monkey could determine the meaning of the action, but was not able to see it. If it is true that mirror neurons mediate understanding of what is happening, we reasoned, then the nature of their activity is more associated with its meaning than with visual characteristics.

We carried out two series of experiments: firstly, we decided to find out whether the mirror neurons of the cortical zone F5 “recognize” actions by the accompanying sounds.We recorded the activity of mirror cells while the monkey observed the movements of a hand tearing a sheet of paper or crushing a peanut shell, which was accompanied by characteristic sounds. Then the situation was simulated when the animal did not see, but heard what was happening. We found that many of the F5 mirror neurons, which changed their activity when the monkey saw and heard movement, also responded to the sounds themselves. We call these cells audiovisual mirror neurons.

Then we assumed that if mirror neurons are involved in understanding behavior, then they should react in a situation where the animal does not see the action, but receives enough prompts to mentally recreate it. To test the hypothesis, we gave the primate the opportunity to observe how the laboratory assistant reaches out and takes a piece of delicacy. Then a screen was placed in front of the monkey, blocking the movements of the human hand, so that she could only guess about the end of the action.It turned out that more than half of the mirror neurons in zone F5 were activated even when the monkey could only imagine what was happening on the other side of the opaque barrier.

Is there a similar system of mirror neurons in the human brain? To answer this question, we conducted a series of experiments using positron emission tomography (PET) at the San Rafaele hospital in Milan. The neural activity of different areas of the brain of the volunteers who followed the grasping movements of the laboratory assistant’s hand was assessed (in the control experiments, the subjects looked at motionless objects).

In the course of experiments on monkeys, the authors of the article discovered special populations of neurons located in the motor areas of the cerebral cortex (right), whose work is closely related to the performance of certain actions by animals and the recognition of the same movements performed by a laboratory assistant.

Understanding other people’s intentions plays a major role in the social behavior of people.Man probably owes this ability to his mirror neurons. The subjects were shown video clips (bottom left), showing a hand picking up a cup in two different ways, a table with utensils and a context that allows them to guess what the owner of the hand is going to do – take the cup off the table to drink tea or to wash it. Particularly strong activity of mirror neurons in the premotor cortex of both cerebral hemispheres (right) was noted when the subjects were shown actions with clear intentions.Mirror neurons, in addition, distinguished possible intentions, detecting stronger activation at the sight of a hand intending to bring the cup to the mouth, rather than washing it

It turned out that observing the actions of another person is accompanied by the activation of three cortical regions: one of them. the superior temporal sulcus (IVB), contained neurons that responded to the movement of parts of the human body. The other two – the inferior parietal lobe (NTD) and the inferior frontal gyrus (NPI) – corresponded to NTD and the ventral premotor cortex of monkeys, i.e.That is, those zones where mirror neurons were found in animals.

Intentions and Goals

Back to John and Mary for a while. The young man

knows not only that the girl is picking a flower, but also that she is going to present it to him as a gift. John guesses Mary’s intentions from her smile. He understands the behavior of his girlfriend, since he guesses her goal – after all, the delivery of a flower will end a series of actions that make up the movement she is performing.

When we make a gesture, we carry out a whole series of interconnected motor acts, the sequence of which is determined by our intentions: as a result of one series of movements we pick a flower and bring it to our face to smell, and in order to

take a flower and hand it to his friend, you need to make a slightly different body movement.We decided to find out if the system of mirror neurons provides an understanding of someone else’s intentions through the ability to distinguish between similar maneuvers performed for different purposes.

For this, we recorded the activity of neurons in the parietal region of the monkey’s cortex in various situations. In the first series of experiments, the animal had to grab a piece of delicacy and bring it to its mouth. In the next part of the experiment, the monkey was required to take the same piece from the plate

When people say:

“I feel your pain”, they even

do not suspect how accurately

express the real state of things

food and put it into the vessel.To our surprise, most of the neurons studied showed a different pattern of activity during the “grasping” part of the task, depending on its ultimate goal. The result obtained led us to the idea that the motor activity of the cerebral cortex of animals is organized in the form of neural circuits, in each of which a specific intention is encoded, with which the action is performed. But does the same mechanism underlie another phenomenon – an animal’s understanding of what another creature is going to do?

To clarify this issue, we recorded the electrical activity of the studied “grasping” neurons in monkeys, who observed a laboratory assistant performing the same tasks as the animals in the previous series of experiments.In each case, most mirror neurons fired differently, depending on whether the person was putting food in their mouth or putting it in a vessel. The impulse patterns exactly coincided with those that were recorded when the monkeys themselves performed the action: mirror neurons were more activated when the treat was brought to the mouth. than when placing it in a vessel, they behaved in the same way when performing similar maneuvers by a laboratory assistant.

Thus, a clear connection was revealed between the motor organization of purposeful actions of animals and their ability to understand what others are going to do.When monkeys observed a person’s actions in a certain situation, the first (“grasping”) component of the movement excited mirror neurons in one of the motor circuits that encoded certain intentions. Which of the chains was activated when the animal observed human actions depended on a number of factors, for example, on what object the participants in the experiment used, on the nature of the experiment, and on the recollection of previous circumstances.

Is there a similar mechanism for recognizing other people’s intentions in humans? Together with Marco Iacoboni and his colleagues at the University of California, Los Angeles, we have conducted a number of studies using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Test participants were shown three types of video clips. In the first episode, a human hand appeared on the screen, picking up a teacup in two different ways. In the second, plates, knives and

other cutlery were demonstrated: in the first case, they were neatly laid out on the table served for tea, and in the second, they were left after eating. The third series of shots showed a human hand appearing in the first group of clips and taking a cup from the table from the second part.

We decided to find out whether the subjects’ mirror neurons would be able to recognize the actions of the hand of a person who takes a cup with the intention of drinking tea (the context of the clips showing the table before tea drinking) and takes it to wash it (the context of the frames showing the table after tea drinking).It turned out that mirror neurons not only recognized actions, but also reacted intensively to their intentional component. Subjects observing hand movements in a “drinking” or “dishwashing” context found different

activity of the mirror neuron system, and the activity of mirror cells in both situations was higher than when the subjects watched the hand taking a cup from which – either semantic content or when they simply looked at the devices placed on the table.

Empathy, learning, speech

Emotions, like actions, are perceived by people ambiguously. Observing other people’s experiences triggers in us the cognitive processing of the corresponding sensory information, which ends with a logical conclusion about the feelings of another person.

Giacomo Rizzolatti (Giacomo Rizzolatti), Leonardo Fogassi (Leonardo Fogassi) and Vittorio Gallese (Italy) (Italy Vittorio Gallese) – at the University of Parma

When subjects inhaled a fetid odor or saw other people’s grimaces of disgust while watching video clips (left), negative emotions they experienced activated the same areas of the brain. In the cross-sectional view of the brain shown below, neuronal populations activated by the direct sense of smell of stench are marked in red, and those that were activated as a result of contemplation of grimaces of disgust are marked with yellow circles. (The areas of the brain studied are shown in blue, and the areas examined in previous tests are shown in green.

Performing certain movements activates special populations of neurons in the brain of humans and monkeys. These groups of cells are also involved in the case when a participant in the experiment observes the execution of the same maneuvers by a third person.
Mirror neurons provide an individual’s direct experience of the observed events, which means his understanding of the actions of another person, his intentions and emotions.
Mirror neurons also determine the ability of a person to imitate other people’s gestures, therefore, they can take a fundamental part in learning and developing speech.

There are profound differences in the ways of recognizing emotions: in the first case, a person draws a speculative conclusion about the nature of experiences, but does not experience them himself; in the second, there is a direct recognition of sensations – the mirror mechanism causes the observer to have exactly the same emotional state as the observed one. Expressing sympathy for the neighbor with the words “I feel your pain,” we. as a rule, we ourselves do not realize how accurately this phrase reflects the deep essence of things.

A good example is disgust – an emotion, the expression of which is sometimes vital for animals and humans. Expressing feelings in their most

primitive form, the animal warns its relatives that the object that it has sniffed and tasted is inedible, and possibly dangerous. In a study conducted jointly with French neuroscientists using MRI. We decided to test the assumption that the feeling of disgust caused by inhaling the stench, and the contemplation of a grimace of disgust on the face of another individual, causes the activation of the same parts of the central lobe (islet) of the human cerebral cortex.In our experiments, the mirror neurons of the islet were also activated when the subjects themselves smelled an unpleasant odor, and when they saw the corresponding expression on the face of another person.

Tania Singer of University College London found similar behavior of mirror neurons in people who felt pain and in compassionate observers. Participants in the experiments were inflicted with pain with an electric shock, and then they observed how the electrodes were connected to the arm of another volunteer, and the signal was given to start the impact.In both cases, the subjects showed activation of the same areas of the anterior insula and the anterior cingulate cortex.

The results obtained during the experiment show that people are able to understand feelings (or at least strong negative emotions) due to their direct display on those parts of the brain that are responsible for visceral motor reactions. Of course, such a mirror mechanism for understanding other people’s sensations cannot provide an exhaustive explanation for all forms of social cognition.However, it defines the functional neurobiological substrate of some forms of interpersonal relationships, on

of which more complex forms of social behavior are based, which, perhaps, allows us to imbue with the feelings of other people. It is possible that disruption of the brain’s mirror system deprives a person of the ability to empathize, which, for example, is typical for children with autism [see. in this issue of the journal: Oberman L. and Ramachandran V. The Broken Mirror: Theory of Autism).

Recent studies have shown that the system of mirror neurons in the brain is also fundamentally involved in the acquisition of new skills by animals. Although the imitator is often referred to as a “monkey,” the imitative abilities of these animals are rather limited: they are poorly developed in lower primates and play a minor role in the life of chimpanzees, gorillas and other anthropoids. On the contrary, for people, imitation is one of the most important means of learning and mastering new skills, speech and culture.Do we owe this advantage to the mirror neuron system? M. Jacoboni received one of the first evidence in favor of this provision. who conducted an MRI study of the brains of people who observed or imitated the movements of the fingers of the hand. In both situations, activation of a part of the mirror neuron system localized in the NFI was noted.

However, in such studies, the movements reproduced by the subjects were very simple and often used in life. And what role can mirror neurons play when a person tries, through imitation, to learn how to perform complex and completely new actions for him? To answer this question, Giovanni Buccino of the University of Parma recently conducted an MRI scan of the brains of people trying to play guitar chords after watching a professional guitarist do the same.The observation of the musician was accompanied by the activation of the frontal-parietal system of mirror neurons. Stronger excitement in this area was noted when the subjects tried to perceive the movements of the guitarist’s hand. It is curious that when the participants in the experiment, watching the hand of the musician playing the strings, were preparing to repeat the same thing with their own hands, activation of one more area of the brain was noted. We are talking about the prefrontal field 46 – the part of the motor cortex associated with working memory and motor planning, etc.thus playing a key role in ordering elementary motor acts into a complex action that a person intends to perform.

It has only been ten years since mirror neurons were discovered. Researchers have yet to unravel many of the mysteries associated with the functioning of this brain system, including answering the question about the possible role of mirror neurons in the development of speech – one of the most complex cognitive skills in human life. After all, the system of mirror neurons also includes the Bro-ka field – the main cortical center associated with speech.And if, as some linguists believe, human communication began with facial expressions and gestures, then mirror neurons, perhaps, took an important part in the evolution of speech and language, n

Translation: V.V. Svechnikov ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

Autonomic Responses of Autistic Children to People and Objects. William Hirstein, Portia Iversen and Vilayanur S. Ramachandran in Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, Vol. 268, pages 1883-1888; 2001.
EEG Evidence for Mirror Neuron Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Lindsay M. Oberman, Edward M. Hubbard, Joseph P. McCleery, Eric L. Altschuler, Jaime A. Pineda and Vilayanur S. Ramachandran in Cognitive Brain Research, Vol. 24, pages 190-198; 2005.
A Brief Tour of Human Consciousness. New edition. Vilayanur S. Ramachandran. Pi Press, 2005

Studying the system

of mirror neurons

brain neurons

will help scientists

to understand the nature of autism

and

to develop new

approaches

to its diagnosis

At first glance, a child with autism is no different from his peers.However, trying to get him to talk. you will soon realize that something is wrong with him: he avoids your gaze, is nervous, may even start banging his head against the wall. Seized with extreme embarrassment, he is unable to maintain even the simplest conversation. Feelings of fear, anger and pleasure are not alien to him, but he is deaf to the experiences of other people and does not notice the subtle nuances of their behavior, understandable to most of his peers.

Autism, which affects about 0.5% of American children, is a form of developmental disability.In the 1940s. it was first described by two specialists – the American psychiatrist Leo Kanner and the Austrian pediatrician Hans Asperger. Knowing nothing about the work of the other, the researchers, as if by agreement, assigned the discovered syndrome the same name – autism (from the Greek word autos – “self”). It reflects the essence of the disorder as well as possible – after all, its main feature is a person’s exclusion from social interactions.

Having described the ailment, the doctors thought about its causes.They found that autism can be inherited, but other factors play a significant role in its occurrence. In the late 1990s. In our lab at the University of California, San Diego, we decided to investigate whether there is a link between autism and a recently discovered class of nerve cells called mirror neurons. It is to them that a person owes his ability to recognize the intentions and emotions of other people, so we hypothesized that some symptoms of autism may arise as a result of dysfunctions of the mirror neuron system.

Explaining Symptoms

The main signs of autism are social isolation, unwillingness to look the other person in the eye, speech impairments, and an inability to empathize. However, the disorder is often accompanied by less obvious symptoms. So. Many people with autism do not understand metaphors, sometimes taking them too literally, cannot reproduce the actions of other people. They may be preoccupied with trifles, but not pay attention to significant events (especially social ones).Finally, they often have an aversion to certain sounds that cause them strong anxiety.

Theories of the origin of autism can be divided into two groups: anatomical and psychological. Eric Courchesne of the University of California, San Diego and several other anatomists have found characteristic abnormalities in the development of the cerebellum, the brain structure responsible for coordinating complex voluntary movements, in children with autism. But damage to the cerebellum due to cerebral hemorrhage usually causes tremors, gait disturbances, and abnormal eye movements, but these symptoms are extremely rare in autism.

Some of the main manifestations of autism, such as social isolation and lack of empathy, can be attributed to dysfunction of mirror neurons.
In people with autism, there is a deficit in the activity of mirror neurons in several areas of the cerebral cortex. According to the researchers, its restoration with the help of therapeutic methods will alleviate many of the symptoms of the disease.
Minor symptoms of autism, such as hypersensitivity, can be caused by impaired connections between the limbic system and other parts of the brain.

from Graduate College and Simon Baron-Cohen of Cambridge University.They see the main cause of the disease in a person’s inability to “create theories about someone else’s psyche.” According to researchers, special neural circuits in the brain allow us to build complex hypotheses about the mental characteristics of other people, thanks to which we predict the behavior of others. However, the theory of Frith and Baron-Cohen does not explain the variety of autism symptoms, which at first glance are not related to each other. Researchers need to first identify the brain mechanisms that are impaired in autism.

One of the approaches to the study of this issue is outlined in the work of Giacomo Rizzolatti from the University of Parma in Italy (see in this issue: Gallese V. .. Rizzolatti D. and Fogas-si L. Mirror part of the brain). In the 1990s. Italian researchers studied the activity of nerve cells in the brain of macaques, performing targeted actions

. As you know, some neurons in the premotor cortex (parts of the frontal lobe of the brain) are involved in the control of voluntary movements.So. for example, one neuron generates impulses when an animal reaches out to a nearby peanut, another when it presses a lever, and so on. These brain cells are called motor command neurons. Rizzolatti and his colleagues were surprised by the fact that some populations of motor command neurons generated discharges even when the monkey

did not act on its own, but watched how the same movements were performed by another individual or person. As shown by further research using neuroimaging methods.such “mirror neurons” are also present in the corresponding areas of the human cerebral cortex. The researchers suggested that mirror neurons (more precisely, the neural networks of which they are part) not only send motor commands to muscles, but also allow monkeys and humans to determine the intentions of other

individuals by mentally replaying their actions. While in animals the role of these systems is limited to predicting simple purposeful actions, in humans, mirror cells can mediate the ability to interpret more complex intentions.

Later, it was shown that mirror neurons are also present in other parts of the human brain (for example, in the cingulate and insular cortex), and they can participate in such complex forms of emotional behavior as empathy. Studying the anterior cingulate cortex of awake people, the researchers found that some neurons, which are activated in response to pain, generate impulses even when the subject sees that another person is in pain.

In patients with autism, there is a decrease in the activity of mirror neurons in the inferior frontal gyrus, one of the parts of the premotor cortex. This circumstance can explain their inability to recognize the intentions of other people. Dysfunctions of the mirror neurons of the insular and anterior cingulate cortex can cause their inability to empathize, and disorders of the mirror system of the angular gyrus – speech defects. In people with autism, structural changes in the cerebellum and brainstem have also been identified.

neurons in children with autism, we needed to find a way to register their activity, which does not require implanting electrodes into the brain. The easiest way was to use electroencephalography – one of the methods for studying the rhythmic activity of the brain. More than half a century ago, scientists discovered that every time. when a person makes a voluntary movement (for example, squeezes and unclenches the hand), one of the components of the electroencephalogram (EEG), called the mu rhythm, is suppressed.It is curious that the mu-waves also disappear when the subject observes another person performing the same action. One of the authors of this article (Ramachandran) and Eric L. Altschuler suggested that the mu-wave suppression response can be used as a simple, reliable and safe tool for studying the activity of mirror neurons.

First, we decided to study the EEG of a child with autism who does not show any serious cognitive impairment.EEG analysis showed that when the patient made a simple voluntary movement, he (like ordinary children) showed suppression of the mu rhythm. But in the case when he watched the execution of the same movement by another person, the suppression of mu-waves did not occur. We concluded that the child’s motor command neuron system remained intact, but the functions of his mirror neuron system were impaired. This discovery, which we reported at the annual meeting of the Society of Neuroscience in 2000…. became convincing evidence of the correctness of our hypothesis.

But since it is risky to draw conclusions based on a single observation, the staff of our laboratory decided to conduct more than

in-depth examination of 10 patients with autism and a control group of 10 people of the corresponding sex and age. When healthy participants in the experiment made a hand movement or observed a similar action on the TV screen, in their EEG. as expected, the suppression of mu waves was noted.Meanwhile, in subjects with autism, suppression of this rhythm was observed only in those cases when they themselves performed the movement.

These findings and other studies indicate dysfunction of the mirror neuron system in people with autism. Scientists do not yet know what genetic or environmental factors

cause a violation of the development of this system, but at present the proposed hypothesis is being studied in detail in many laboratories around the world, since it predicts and explains all the symptoms of the disease.

The impulse activity of the mirror neurons of the premotor cortex suppresses the mu-waves in the electroencephalogram (EEG). (The frequency of the mu rhythm is 8-13 Hz.) The researchers recorded

li of mu waves in children with autism and control subjects when they made voluntary movements or watched the same actions on TV.

In children with autism, the functions of the brain system of mirror neurons are impaired.

but dissimilar things.Consider, for example, the famous “booba-kiki” effect, described over 60 years ago by the German-American psychologist Wolfgang Köhler. The experimenter demonstrates to the subjects two casually drawn figures (one with sharp and the other with smooth outlines) and asks which of the figures is a booba and which is a kick. Whatever language the subjects speak. 98% of them call the “softer”-looking pattern “booba”. and more angular – “kiki”. The test results suggest that the human brain is able to somehow relate the image of an object to its name (for example, to compare the sharp outlines of the “kiki” figure with the sound of its “name”).We hypothesized that this type of cross-domain mapping of sensory information is akin to understanding metaphors and should be mediated by neural networks similar to those found in the mirror neuron system. The correctness of our assumption is also confirmed by the fact that in the “booba-kiki” test children with autism incorrectly associated the shape of the figures with the sound of their names.

revs, which requires instant assimilation and processing of visual, auditory, and tactile information. ) and eventually developed into a human ability to invent and understand metaphors.

If autism is caused by abnormalities in the function of the mirror system in the brain, new approaches can be sought to diagnose and treat the disorder. So. For early detection of this disease

in children, doctors can use

as an indicator of the lack of suppression of the mu rhythm in certain situations. The sooner autism is diagnosed, the sooner behavioral therapy can be started. Timing is critical here: treatment of autism with these treatments becomes ineffective after the onset of the underlying symptoms of the disorder (usually between the ages of two and four).

The use of biofeedback is also promising. Doctors can record mu waves in a child with autism and show them to parents on a screen. If the functions of mirror neurons are not completely lost, then children can learn (by trial and error, using visual feedback) to suppress the mu rhythm. looking at the monitor.

suggested that some neuromodulators are capable of increasing the activity of mirror neurons involved in emotional reactions.

Vilayanur Ramachandran (Vilayanur S.

The emotional landscape theory was developed to explain the secondary symptoms of autism – hypersensitivity, avoidance of eye contact with the interlocutor, aversion to certain sounds, etc. In an ordinary child, sensory information, after processing in the cortex, is sent to the amygdala – the main entrance of the limbic system of the brain, which is responsible for the regulation of human emotional behavior. Using the knowledge accumulated by the child in the previous years of life, the amygdala determines the nature of his emotional reactions to each stimulus, gradually forming the “emotional landscape” of his environment.However, in children with autism, the connections between the sensory regions of the brain and the amygdala can be disrupted, leading to the development of extreme emotional responses to the most mundane events.

rippling movements (rocking from side to side), avoidance of visual contact with the interlocutor, hypersensitivity and aversion to certain sounds. To find out their nature, our laboratory staff (together with William Hirstein of Elmhurst College and Pistons Iversen of the non-profit organization Cure Autism Now (CAN) in Los Angeles) developed the so-called emotional landscape theory (salience landscape theory) …

specific case – for example, fear at the sight of a robber, excitement at the sight of a beloved or indifference at the sight of a familiar object.From the amygdala, the flow of signals is sent to other parts of the limbic system and. in the end, it reaches the autonomic nervous system, which prepares the body for a certain action. If a person sees a burglar, their heart begins to beat faster and their skin becomes sweaty to increase the dissipation of heat generated by tense muscles. In turn, the excitation of the autonomous system according to the feedback principle causes an increase in the emotional reaction of a person. After a while, the amygdala forms an “emotional landscape” of the external environment, a kind of map of the significance of all objects and events surrounding a person.

Our lab has suggested that in children with autism, the emotional landscape of the environment is distorted due to impaired connections between the cortical regions, which process sensory information, and the amygdala, or between the limbic structures of the brain and the frontal lobes of the cortex, which regulate resulting behavior. The breakdown of connections leads to the fact that any trifle can cause an extreme emotional reaction in a child – a real “autonomous storm”.This hypothesis explains well the tendency of children with autism to avoid eye contact and, in general, all unusual sensations that can confuse them. A distorted perception of the emotional significance of surrounding objects and events can also explain the fact why many autistic children are often absorbed in trifles and are completely indifferent to what arouses keen interest in their healthy peers.

If the child’s mirror neurons have not completely lost their functions

, the work

of this brain system can be restored

We received partial confirmation of our assumptions as a result of the study of autonomic reactions (increased skin conduction under the influence of sweating) in 37 children with autism …We found that their overall level of autonomic arousal was higher than that of the control subjects. The demonstration of familiar objects and events aroused excitement in them, and they often ignored the stimuli provoking strong autonomous reactions in the control group.

But what factors can be responsible for such a strong distortion of “emotional landscapes”? The researchers found that about a third of children with autism in infancy had temporal lobe epilepsy (since many cases of epileptic seizures at this age are not recognized, this ratio could be much higher).The seizure activity of the brain, caused by repeated “bursts” of nerve impulses passing through the limbic system, can eventually disrupt the connections between the visual cortex and the amygdala, strengthening some connections and weakening others. In adults, temporal lobe epilepsy is accompanied by pronounced emotional disorders, but does not affect mental abilities. However, in children, epileptic seizures can cause severe mental impairment.

The two theories of autism that we have formulated (the concepts of mirror neuron dysfunction and the distorted “emotional

landscape”) in no way contradict each other.It is quite possible that any event that causes deformation of the emotional landscape, i.

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