East coast dyes carbon pro. ECD Carbon Pro 2.0 – Speed: The Ultimate Lacrosse Shaft Review

How does the East Coast Dyes Carbon Pro 2.0 shaft compare to other lacrosse shafts. What makes it stand out in terms of performance and durability. Is it suitable for all playing positions and skill levels.

The Evolution of East Coast Dyes: From Mesh to Carbon Fiber

East Coast Dyes (ECD) has long been renowned for their exceptional lacrosse mesh. However, with the introduction of their Carbon Pro 2.0 shaft, they’ve made a significant leap into the world of high-performance lacrosse equipment. This move comes at a time when carbon fiber shafts are rapidly becoming the gold standard in the sport, with companies like Epoch leading the charge with their Dragonfly series.

The Carbon Pro 2.0 represents ECD’s first foray into shaft manufacturing, and it’s clear they’ve done their homework. This shaft is designed to compete with the best in the market, offering a combination of lightweight construction, durability, and performance-enhancing features that cater to players across all positions.

Carbon Pro 2.0: A Shaft for Every Position

One of the most impressive aspects of the Carbon Pro 2.0 is its versatility. ECD has crafted this shaft to be suitable for players in every position on the field. Available in three distinct lengths, each tailored to specific roles:

• 30″ shaft for attack and midfield players
• 60″ shaft for defense and long-stick midfielders (LSM)
• 40″ shaft for goalies

This range of options ensures that regardless of your position or playing style, there’s a Carbon Pro 2.0 that’s right for you. The shaft comes in three sleek color options: matte black, matte grey, and signature white, allowing players to choose a look that matches their personal style or team colors.

Unparalleled Durability: The Strength of Carbon Fiber

At the core of the Carbon Pro 2.0’s design is its carbon fiber construction. This material choice is not just about following trends; it’s about providing players with a shaft that can withstand the rigors of intense gameplay. Carbon fiber boasts one of the highest strength-to-weight ratios of any material used in lacrosse shaft manufacturing.

How does this translate to on-field performance. The Carbon Pro 2.0 offers exceptional durability without sacrificing weight. Weighing in at just 6.2 ounces (176 grams), it strikes an optimal balance between lightness and strength. While it may not be the absolute lightest shaft on the market, its weight is carefully calibrated to provide the best possible combination of maneuverability and robustness.

React Technology: Enhancing Shot Speed and Accuracy

One of the standout features of the Carbon Pro 2.0 is ECD’s proprietary React Technology. This innovation addresses a crucial aspect of shaft performance: flex. The ideal amount of flex in a lacrosse shaft can significantly impact a player’s shot speed and accuracy.

How does React Technology work. It allows the shaft to flex slightly upon shooting or passing, then quickly snap back into place. This controlled flexion and recoil action can add extra power to shots and passes, potentially increasing shot speed without sacrificing accuracy.

ECD has fine-tuned the Carbon Pro 2.0 to have a flex rating of 5/10 on their scale. This moderate level of flex is designed to be suitable for players of all skill levels and playing styles. It provides enough give to enhance performance without being so flexible that it feels unstable or unpredictable.

The Benefits of Optimal Flex

• Increased shot power
• Improved passing accuracy
• Better feel and control during cradling
• Reduced shock and vibration transfer to the player’s hands

Grip and Feel: Engineered for Peak Performance

In lacrosse, the connection between player and equipment is crucial, and the grip of the shaft plays a vital role in this relationship. ECD has put considerable thought into the grip design of the Carbon Pro 2.0, aiming to create a surface that provides optimal control in all playing conditions.

What type of grip does the Carbon Pro 2.0 feature. The shaft is finished with a “sandpaper” textured grip. This unique texture strikes a balance between providing enough traction to maintain a secure hold without being overly sticky or abrasive.

Key Grip Features:

• Consistent performance in all weather conditions
• Prevents slipping without impeding quick hand adjustments
• Durable finish that maintains its texture over time

Beyond the surface texture, the shape of the shaft also contributes to its superior grip and feel. The Carbon Pro 2.0 features a classic octagonal shape with a slight concave on the sides. This design choice is the result of extensive research and player feedback, aiming to provide the most comfortable and secure feel in a player’s hands.

Performance Across Weather Conditions

Lacrosse is played in a variety of weather conditions, from scorching heat to pouring rain. The Carbon Pro 2.0 is designed to maintain its performance regardless of the elements. How does it achieve this consistency.

The carbon fiber construction of the shaft is naturally resistant to temperature changes, maintaining its structural integrity and flex characteristics across a wide range of conditions. Additionally, the sandpaper grip is engineered to provide consistent traction whether the shaft is dry, wet, or somewhere in between.

Weather-Resistant Features:

• Carbon fiber maintains consistent flex in hot or cold temperatures
• Grip texture performs well in wet conditions
• Shaft resists warping or weakening due to moisture exposure

Comparing the Carbon Pro 2.0 to Competitors

In the competitive landscape of carbon fiber lacrosse shafts, how does the ECD Carbon Pro 2.0 stack up against its rivals. While each player’s preferences may vary, the Carbon Pro 2.0 holds its own in several key areas:

1. Price Point: At $99, the Carbon Pro 2.0 offers premium features at a more accessible price compared to some high-end competitors that can range from $150-$250.
2. Versatility: The availability of shafts for all positions sets it apart from brands that may specialize in specific player roles.
3. Flex Technology: The React Technology provides a unique flex profile that may appeal to players looking for a balance between rigidity and whip.
4. Grip Design: The sandpaper texture offers a distinct feel that some players may prefer over smooth or rubberized grips.

While established brands like Epoch with their Dragonfly series have a longer track record in the carbon shaft market, the Carbon Pro 2.0 demonstrates that ECD is a serious contender in this space, offering innovation and quality at a competitive price point.

The Impact of Carbon Fiber on Lacrosse Equipment

The rise of carbon fiber in lacrosse equipment manufacturing represents a significant shift in the sport’s technology. Why has this material become so prevalent in high-performance shafts.

Carbon fiber offers a unique combination of properties that make it ideal for lacrosse shafts:

• Strength: Exceptional durability without added weight
• Lightweight: Allows for quicker stick movements and reduced player fatigue
• Flex: Can be engineered to provide specific flex profiles for enhanced performance
• Consistency: Maintains its properties across various environmental conditions

The adoption of carbon fiber technology by companies like ECD signifies a commitment to pushing the boundaries of equipment performance. As players at all levels seek every possible advantage, carbon fiber shafts like the Carbon Pro 2.0 are likely to become increasingly common on lacrosse fields around the world.

Making the Switch: Is the Carbon Pro 2.0 Right for You?

Transitioning to a new lacrosse shaft is a personal decision that depends on various factors. How can you determine if the ECD Carbon Pro 2.0 is the right choice for your game.

Consider the following aspects:

• Playing Style: If you value a balance of power and control, the moderate flex of the Carbon Pro 2.0 may suit your needs.
• Position: With options for all positions, you can find a Carbon Pro 2.0 that fits your role on the field.
• Budget: At $99, it offers high-end features at a more accessible price point than some competitors.
• Grip Preference: If you prefer a textured grip that performs well in various conditions, the sandpaper finish could be ideal.
• Durability Needs: For players who have struggled with broken shafts in the past, the carbon fiber construction offers enhanced longevity.

Ultimately, the best way to determine if the Carbon Pro 2.0 is right for you is to test it out if possible. Many players find that the performance benefits of carbon fiber shafts like the Carbon Pro 2.0 provide a noticeable improvement in their game.

The Future of Lacrosse Shaft Technology

As companies like ECD continue to innovate in the field of lacrosse equipment, what might the future hold for shaft technology? While it’s impossible to predict with certainty, several trends seem likely to shape the development of lacrosse shafts in the coming years:

• Advanced Materials: Further refinement of carbon fiber composites and exploration of new materials
• Customization: Potential for shafts with adjustable flex or grip characteristics
• Smart Technology: Integration of sensors for performance tracking and analysis
• Sustainability: Increased focus on eco-friendly materials and manufacturing processes

As a relatively new entrant to the shaft market, ECD has demonstrated with the Carbon Pro 2.0 that they’re capable of producing innovative, high-quality equipment. It will be interesting to see how they continue to develop their shaft technology in response to player needs and advancements in materials science.

The ECD Carbon Pro 2.0 represents a significant step forward in lacrosse shaft design, offering a compelling combination of performance, durability, and value. As carbon fiber technology continues to evolve, players at all levels can look forward to equipment that enhances their ability to play at their best.

Review of East Coast Dyes (ECD) Carbon Shaft

***2019 Update***

We have been working tirelessly with our suppliers to find a stick that would be perfect for lacrosse players.  Rather than charge $150-250 for a premium stick, we made one for $99 available on Amazon.  The stick comes with everything, a killer all carbon fiber shaft perfect for middies and attackers, a prestrung head with enhanced sidewalls for better impact resistance and longer endurance. Check it out by clicking here.

East Coast Dyes is most notably known for their amazing lacrosse mesh, but their ECD carbon shaft is their first lacrosse shaft launch ever. And we’re not going to lie, the East Coast Dyes carbon shaft is pretty dope! In a world where carbon fiber lacrosse shafts are starting to become king, and companies like Epoch have launched the Dragonfly lacrosse shaft, you either join the club or get left behind. Do you play attack, middie, defense or goalie and not sure whether the East Coast Dyes shaft is right for you? No worries, we’ve got a full ECD carbon shaft review below and have listed the cheapest and best place to buy it.

Get the ECD Carbon Shaft for Any Position

You can scoop up the East Coast Dyes carbon shaft no matter what position you play. And we actually recommend it for every position. Available colors are ECD carbon matte black, matte grey, or signature white. You can get the best price over at Amazon whether you play attack, middie, defense, or goalie…

ECD Carbon Shaft for Attack and Middie (30″)

ECD Carbon Shaft for Defense and LSM (60″)

ECD Carbon Shaft for Goalies (40″)

Never Break another Shaft with the ECD Carbon Shaft

The ECD carbon shaft weighs in at only 6.2 ounces (176 grams). Now it’s not the lightest lacrosse shaft, but it’s definitely light enough! The reason it’s so lightweight is because of the carbon fiber composite materials. As mentioned above, carbon fiber lacrosse shafts are the most desired shaft in the game. This is because carbon fiber has one of the highest strength-to-weight ratio’s of any lacrosse shaft material available. So not only is the East Coast Dyes Carbon lacrosse shaft lightweight, it’s very durable!

Shoot Faster with the ECD Carbon Shaft

You want flex out of your lacrosse shaft. Not too much, but not too little. When shooting or passing, flex allows your lax shaft to flex a little bit, increasing your shot speed. The ECD carbon shaft “React Technology” allows your shaft to slightly flex, and then snap back into place. The East Coast Dyes shaft has the perfect amount of flex, at 5/10 on the flex scale. Using a shaft with 5/10 on the flex scale will make an easy transition for laxers from a standard lacrosse shaft, and makes it a great fit for all levels and styles of play!

Get the Perfect Grip and Feel with the ECD Carbon Shaft

The grip of your lacrosse shaft is very important in today’s lacrosse game. If your gloves are slipping all over your shaft, or your grip is too sticky then that will negatively affect your game. Thankfully, the East Coast Dyes carbon shaft was crafted with a “sandpaper” textured grip, giving you the perfect amount of hold; Not too slippery, yet not too sticky. This sandpaper grip is perfect for all weather conditions, so your hold will remain impeccable whether rain or shine!

Moving into the shape of the East Coast carbon shaft, you’ll notice it rocks the classic octagonal shape, but with a slight concave on the sides. After lots of research, most lacrosse players prefer this octagon shape with the slight concave, as it tends to give the perfect hold and feel in your hands. Checkout our lax shaft buying guide if you’re not sure which shape you prefer!

Watch the ECD Carbon Shaft Launch Video

The Final Scoop on the East Coast Dyes Carbon Shaft

Considering East Coast Dyes typically focuses on lacrosse mesh, and the ECD carbon shaft is their first shaft ever, we are very impressed! With this carbon shaft East Coast Dyes has put themselves on the map! At only 6.2 onces, crafted with lightweight and durable carbon fiber, perfect flex and grip, scooping this up is a no-brainer! 5/5 Stars in our book!

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Coastal Pond Supply and our sister company Coastal Fountain Supply have offered the largest and most complete selection of pond and fountain equipment in the industry since we opened our doors in 1988. From our huge warehouse in Tucker, GA, we ship to to dealers, distributors, contractors, and hobbyists all over the world. Unlike most of our competitors, there is no middleman, so we can offer the best selection and the most competitive pricing available in the industry.

Get the wholesale price advantage by registering on our site today. It’s quick, easy and has extra advantages like members-only specials and fast access to our highly-trained support team. Just click on “Login” at the top of the page, no credit card required.

If you don’t see what you’re looking for on our website, give us a call! We make it our business to stock it all, from the classic favorites to the cutting edge. Our web site selection is simply the tip of the iceberg! We specialize in securing unusual and hard-to-find items.

CARLISLE 45-mil/ 60-mil EPDM Fish-Safe Rubber Liner

Coastal Pond is proud to carry Carlisle’s 45-mil and 60-mil pond liner. This fish-safe liner is the only EPDM liner we sell certified for use with drinking water! Applications include aquaculture (including fish hatcheries), agricultural waste water containment, commercial and industrial reservoirs, catch basins, canals and storm water retention ponds. They feature low water vapor permenace and have a quick seaming process- no specialized or expensive tools required! Available in white by special order. Click here to learn more…

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Lacrosse Shafts Market 2021 | Current and Future Trends with STX, Warrior, Epoch, Maverik

Lacrosse Shafts Market 2021-2030:

The Global Lacrosse Shafts market exhibits comprehensive information that is a valuable source of insightful data for business strategists during the decade 2015-2030. On the basis of historical data, Lacrosse Shafts market report provides key segments and their sub-segments, revenue and demand & supply data. Considering technological breakthroughs of the market Lacrosse Shafts industry is likely to appear as a commendable platform for emerging Lacrosse Shafts market investors.

The complete value chain and downstream and upstream essentials are scrutinized in this report. Essential trends like globalization, growth progress boost fragmentation regulation & ecological concerns. This Market report covers technical data, manufacturing plants analysis, and raw material sources analysis of Lacrosse Shafts Industry as well as explains which product has the highest penetration, their profit margins, and R & D status. The report makes future projections based on the analysis of the subdivision of the market which includes the global market size by product category, end-user application, and various regions.

Get Sample Report: https://www.marketresearchupdate.com/sample/215003

This Lacrosse Shafts Market Report covers the manufacturer’s data, including shipment, price, revenue, gross profit, interview record, business distribution, etc., these data help the consumer know about the competitors better.

Topmost Leading Manufacturer Covered in this report:

STX, Warrior, Epoch, Maverik, Under Armour, Stringking, Nike, Brine, Power Shaft, Ture, East Coast Dyes, Alpha Lacrosse

Product Segment Analysis:

Beginner
Intermediate
Expert & Elite

Application Segment Analysis:

Profession Player
Amateur Player

Get Discount @ https://www. marketresearchupdate.com/discount/215003

Regional Analysis For Lacrosse Shafts Market

North America (the United States, Canada, and Mexico)

Europe (Germany, France, UK, Russia, and Italy)

Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, and Southeast Asia)

South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, etc.)

The Middle East and Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, Nigeria, and South Africa)

The objectives of the report are:

– To analyze and forecast the market size of Lacrosse Shafts Industry in the global market.

– To study the global key players, SWOT analysis, value and global market share for leading players.

– To determine, explain and forecast the market by type, end use, and region.

– To analyze the market potential and advantage, opportunity and challenge, restraints and risks of global key regions.

– To find out significant trends and factors driving or restraining the market growth.

– To analyze the opportunities in the market for stakeholders by identifying the high growth segments.

– To critically analyze each submarket in terms of individual growth trend and their contribution to the market.

– To understand competitive developments such as agreements, expansions, new product launches, and possessions in the market.

– To strategically outline the key players and comprehensively analyze their growth strategies.

View Full Report @ https://www.marketresearchupdate.com/industry-growth/europe-lacrosse-shafts-market-215003

At last, the study gives out details about the major challenges that are going to impact market growth. They also report provides comprehensive details about the business opportunities to key stakeholders to grow their business and raise revenues in the precise verticals. The report will aid the company’s existing or intend to join in this market to analyze the various aspects of this domain before investing or expanding their business in the Lacrosse Shafts markets.

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Best menstrual pads for heavy flow

What are the best menstrual pads for a heavy flow?

No two bodies are exactly alike, just as there are no two periods that follow the same pattern. Some women have heavier flows than others during their time of the month and have to purchase products accordingly. When buying pads for a heavy flow, it is vital to consider what pad best fits your period needs and provides the most comfort while also using safe ingredients for you and for the planet. Topping the list of best menstrual pads for heavy flow is the L. Organic Cotton Pads. It remains a crowd favorite because of its non-toxic, gynecologist-tested and discrete design. 

Key considerations for menstrual pads

Organic 

Commercials don’t always tell you the long list of ingredients in menstrual pads. Consider only purchasing cotton pads that are free of chlorine, pesticides and other synthetic dyes. Not only can these substances irritate when rubbed on the skin, but they can make periods more painful than they already are. If a product is organic, it tends to be more natural and safer on the skin. These are considerations that all women should make, not just those with sensitive skin.  

Eco-friendly

Pads that claim to be eco-friendly are made with biodegradable ingredients and sustainably packaged. When buying pads online and in-store, the description will say if it uses sustainable ingredients or not. Look up the ingredients that are listed if you are unsure. Just because a product is organic and uses natural ingredients does ensure it was sustainably sourced. 

Absorbency

There are varying levels of absorbency to consider when purchasing pads for a heavy flow. It is essential to know how heavy your period will be, based on your previous experiences. Since you have a heavy flow, do not consider a thin or ultra-thin absorbent pad for the first couple of days of your period, as this will not be enough protection. Start at the greater levels of absorbency and adjust as your flow decreases. 

Regular: These pads are less bulky and are typically more comfortable than heavier pads but will not last as long. Wearing these for longer than 1 or 2 hours is risky for those with a heavy flow. 

Super: These pads are a great starting point for women with a heavy flow. They can be worn for multiple hours, even during the heaviest hours and are almost the same size as regular pads with less absorbency. 

Plus: You can use this style of pad overnight. Plus-sized pads are usually incredibly thick and are hard to hide under clothing. The more movement, the more these pads do not stay in place. 

Menstrual pads features 

Wings 

When purchasing pads, look for products that feature wings. These are unfoldable, sticking sides of the pad that prevent blood from leaking into the underwear or further. If a brand advertises wings, this means that it is more supportive and dependable for heavy periods.  

Leak locking technology 

Some products claim to have leak locking technology to trap and hold blood and trap odor. You can wear these products for longer periods on average. When buying these products, check if the product contains petroleum-based chemicals rather than naturally sourced ingredients to make this feature possible. 

Extended length

If you have a heavier flow, it is crucial to look for pads that have an extended length. Though these will be more bulky, uncomfortable and harder to conceal, they will provide more support for the first few days of your period.  

Menstrual pads prices 

Menstrual pads vary in price, but you can likely find one that fits your needs and budget. The least expensive pads cost anywhere from $3-$6. These are often less sustainable and contain synthetic dyes. Mid-range pads will fall within the $7-$10 range and provide good absorbency, come in several sizes and have an option for wings. However, if you want a pad with the best features and is non-toxic, these typically cost $11-20.  

Menstrual pads FAQ

Should I wash reusable cloth pads with other laundry? 

A. If you do not like the idea of mixing your other laundry with menstrual blood, you can hand wash reusable pads, but it is sanitary to wash them with the rest of your laundry. For extra sanitation, you can soak the menstrual pads before putting them in the wash. 

Are plant-based biodegradable pads better than synthetic ones?

A. Plant-based pads are better for women’s health as well as the environment. With natural fibers like banana, organic cotton, bamboo and jute, SAP is replaced by the cellulose-based hydrogel. These pads are comfortable and have a reduced carbon footprint. 

Should I avoid pads with fragrance?

A. For the most part, you should avoid pads that have a fragrance. Using any scented feminine vaginal products can disrupt hormonal balances and cause unwanted bacteria growth. 

What’s the best menstrual pad for a heavy flow?

Best menstrual pad for a heavy flow 

L. Organic Cotton Pads

What you need to know: This product is made with organic cotton and includes over 40 pads per pack.

What you’ll love: L. super pads do not contain chlorine bleaching, pesticides, fragrances or dyes. For every L. product you purchase, one is made accessible to a person who needs it.

What you should consider: This pad is said to stick to skin instead of cloth in some cases. 

Where to buy: Sold by Amazon

Best bang for your buck 

Seventh Generation Free and Clear Pads

What you need to know: This pad is gynecologist tested, hypoallergenic and made for sensitive skin. The product uses no-slip technology to adhere to underwear effectively. 

What you’ll love: Free & Clear Maxi Pads are made without fragrances, deodorants or chlorine processing and safely trap fluid away from the skin for comfortable and reliable protection.  

What you should consider: This product has been reviewed as bunching up and less effective when highly active.

Where to buy: Sold by Amazon

Worth checking out

Rael Organic Cotton Sanitary Pad

What you need to know: This product is super absorbent and designed with a leak locker top and leak blocker side panel to prevent overflowing. They are hypoallergenic and dermatologist tested to be made suitable for all skin types.

What you’ll love: Rael pads are organic, natural and made with 100% organic, OCS certified, non-GMO texas cotton grown and nurtured without the use of toxins, pesticides or synthetic chemicals. This product comes in multiple sizes. 

What you should consider: Not many pads are included in the bundle for the price. 

Where to buy: Sold by Amazon

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90,000 Lava flows in the ocean can cause vigorous development of photosynthesizing plankton

The eruption of Mount Kilauea in Hawaii in the summer of 2018 not only caused extensive destruction and destroyed agricultural land, but also triggered the massive development of phytoplankton in nearby ocean waters. The study, the results of which are published in the journal Science , shows that the explosive growth of algae was associated with the influx of nutrients, primarily nitrates, into the illuminated near-surface layer of ocean water.Despite the fact that nitrogen is contained in insignificant amounts in basalt lava, it was volcanism that became the primary cause of the observed phenomenon. Hot basaltic lava flowing into the ocean caused the cold deep waters containing nitrates to heat up and rise to the surface.

Kilauea is an active volcano on the island of Hawaii, the largest of the islands in the Hawaiian archipelago. It is one of the most active volcanoes on Earth. Since the middle of the 18th century, when observations began, major eruptions of Kilauea have occurred 19 times.The last eruption began in January 1983 and continues with varying degrees of intensity to the present. The most powerful activation of the volcano (62nd in thirty-five years) took place in May-July 2018, when several thousand people had to be evacuated from the Pune region, and two villages were completely destroyed by lava.

The entire island of Hawaii is, in fact, five shield-type volcanoes interconnected: Kohala (extinct), Mauna Kea (dormant), Hualalai (active, but not erupting since 1801), Mauna Loa (active) and Kilauea (rice.2).

Shield volcanoes, unlike classical conical stratovolcanoes, are gently sloping structures such as a convex shield, formed as a result of repeated outpourings of liquid basaltic lava (lava flows of Hawaiian basaltic lava even have a special name – aa-lava, from Hawaiian ʻAʻā stones “). In this case, outpourings can occur both from the central crater of the shield volcano, and from side craters that open on their slopes during the activation of the volcano, as well as from faults (“rift zones”) that diverge from the central crater.In this case, one speaks of fissure-type eruptions (Fig. 3).

Among the fissure volcanoes, in turn, two types are distinguished: Hawaiian (whose eruptions take place practically without the release of pyroclastic material – ash and volcanic dust) and Icelandic (with pyroclastic material). During the activation of Hawaiian-type volcanoes, which include Kilauea, during the entire eruption time, lava comes out along the cracks and spreads in streams along the gentle slopes of the volcano (Fig.4).

In early May 2018, a series of eruptions began along the eastern “rift zone” of the volcano (see the animation of the eruption from May 4 to July 30). On June 3, lava flows reached the coast and began to drain into the ocean. And just three days later, on June 6, NASA satellite images recorded a spot of chlorophyll and , a green pigment rapidly spreading along the east coast of Hawaii, showing an area of ​​active development of photosynthetic algae in the near-surface layer of the ocean.The zone of maximum pigment concentration in the form of a plume spread from the point of entry into the oceanic waters of basaltic lava (Fig. 1). Two weeks later, the slick extended already at a distance of 150 km from the coast. The concentration of chlorophyll and within the plume was more than 0.2 mg / l, which is significantly higher than the values ​​usually recorded in the waters of the region. The measurements were carried out using a MODIS spectral radiometer on board the Aqua research satellite.

To understand how the configuration of the plume of chlorophyll and is related to the trajectory of the flow of matter entering along with the lava, scientists have built a model of the propagation of the conditional dye in the near-surface layer of the ocean, as if it came along with the lava. The model took into account the direction of currents, winds and the influence of the pressure gradient. As a result, a rather close correlation between the distribution zone of the conventional dye and the actually observed plume of chlorophyll and was revealed (Fig. 5).

In order to study the nature of the observed phenomenon, during the very peak of volcanic activity – from 13 to 17 July 2018 – an oceanographic expedition was organized on the research vessel Ka’imikai-O-Kanaloa. The study showed that in the zone of the chlorophyll plume, the relative volume of biomass is 2–3 times higher than that for the surrounding waters.An increase in biomass was observed due to the rapid development of algae, primarily diatoms of the genus Skeletonema (which in the plume zone accounted for 37% of the total biomass, which is quite unusual for the waters of the region), as well as due to an increase in the number of other representatives of phytoplankton (haptophyte algae Phaeocystis ), radiolarians and zooplankton (Fig. 7). Measurements of primary oxygen production in the plume zone showed values ​​of 4–6 mmol / liter O ₂ per day.For comparison, the value of primary production for the surrounding waters is 0.9–1.1 mmol / liter O ₂ per day.

Photosynthetic algae play a huge role in maintaining the oxygen balance of the atmosphere and are an important element of the ocean carbon cycle: using chlorophyll to absorb light, in the process of photosynthesis they absorb CO ₂ and produce oxygen. They are also included in all food chains of the ocean, as they serve as food for larger organisms. Therefore, it is extremely important to know the reasons leading to unbalanced phytoplankton growth.

Chemical analysis showed that the water from the chlorophyll plume zone had an almost ideal set of substances and elements necessary for the growth and reproduction of algae. The main nutrient for phytoplankton is nitrogen, and in the waters enriched with chlorophyll and , an increased level of nitrogen compounds, nitrates, was noted – up to 4 mmol / l (in the surrounding waters, nitrates are contained in an amount of no more than 0.01 mmol / l) … Also, in the waters of the plume, increased (compared to the surrounding waters) contents of phosphates, iron and silicic acids were noted.It remained to understand where these nutrients came from in the near-surface layer of the ocean and how this is connected with the eruption.

There is practically no nitrogen in basalt lava, and the iron and phosphorus contained in it, when it gets into the water, almost immediately binds to substances inaccessible to microorganisms and is deposited. Also, in the waters of the plume, there were practically no diazotrophic (nitrogen-fixing) microorganisms, the spread of which could explain the appearance of increased nitrogen concentrations.

The fact that it was the intake of a large amount of nitrates that caused the rapid development of diatoms was also confirmed by the results of the analysis of the transcriptome Skeletonema , which revealed the abundance of genes involved in the processes of nitrogen assimilation, photosynthesis and carbon fixation.

Based on the isotopic markers of nitrogen compounds, the authors of the study determined that the source of nitrogen is the deep ocean waters, and not basaltic lava or surface runoff water.This allowed scientists to hypothesize that the lava flowing onto the seabed caused deep waters enriched with nitrates and other nutrients to heat and rise to the surface (upwelling), which was the reason for the extraordinary flowering of phytoplankton (Fig. 6). Direct instrumental observations carried out in September 2018 showed that the hot lava flows reached a depth of 725 m.The deep layers of the ocean, enriched with nutrients, begin at a depth of more than 300 meters.

Confirms the hypothesis put forward by the fact that the waters under the chlorophyll plume are depleted in oxygen (182 mmol / kg compared to 205 mmol / kg in the surrounding waters), while measurements made by an autonomous underwater vehicle showed that the area of ​​maximum chlorophyll concentrations and is located under the plume zone at a depth of 5 to 50 m.The low oxygen concentration in the zone of its generation by photosynthetic organisms can be explained only by the inflow of oxygen-depleted deep waters into this zone.

The influx of deep waters into the euphotic zone led not only to a sharp increase in the volume of phytoplankton in the near-surface layer of the ocean, but also to a radical change in the species composition of plankton in general (Fig. 7).

It can be seen from the diagram that the microscopic cyanobacteria Prochlorococcus , which usually dominate in the waters of the region, belonging to picoplankton, under the influence of processes associated with the flow of hot lava into the ocean, are replaced by larger representatives of diatoms, which are much more powerful producers of oxygen and fixators of carbon dioxide …

If such serious rearrangements in the biosystem and in the geochemical cycles of carbon, oxygen and nitrogen caused one relatively small and short volcanic eruption, then it remains only to guess what the scale should have been the consequences of giant volcanic events leading in the past to the emergence of entire volcanic provinces in the ocean such as the Ontong Java Plateau, which occupies about 2 million km ² seabed in the Pacific Ocean. This plateau is one of the largest trap provinces in the world, with an area comparable to that of Alaska.Basalt lavas erupted here for about 5 million years in a row (120–125 million years ago), and the thickness of the basalt cover reaches 30 km.

Usually, periods of active volcanism in the geological past of the Earth are usually associated with an increase in the content of CO ₂ in the atmosphere – the most important greenhouse gas – since it is released during volcanic eruptions. Now a mechanism has been discovered that shows that in the case of eruptions occurring in the ocean, the release of CO ₂ could be largely compensated by the rapid development of photosynthesizing phytoplankton in the ocean waters.

Sources:
1) Samuel T. Wilson, Nicholas J. Hawco, E. Virginia Armbrust et al. Kīlauea lava fuels phytoplankton bloom in the North Pacific Ocean // Science . 2019. V. 365. P. 1040-1044. DOI: 10.1126 / science.aax4767.
2) Hugh Ducklow, Terry Plank. Volcano-stimulated marine photosynthesis // Science . 2019. V. 365. P. 978-979. DOI: 10.1126 / science.aay8088 (popular synopsis for the article under discussion).

Vladislav Strekopytov

English translation, synonyms, antonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, transcription, meaning, collocations

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Hookah is … What is Hookah?

Hookah

Designer hookah “Shapes”

Designer hookah “CWP”

Hookah (Pers. قلیان – ghalyân , ghalyun ) is a smoking device that allows you to filter and cool the inhaled smoke.The role of the filter is played by a hookah shaft, on the cold walls of which various impurities condense, and a vessel with a liquid, in which up to 38% of the substances contained in the smoke are deposited ^[1] . A smoking cup (chilim) is inserted into the vessel, connected to a pipe (shaft), the end of which goes under the water. Above the water level, another tube leaves the vessel, through which smoke is inhaled. When smoking, a vacuum is created in the hookah vessel, due to which the smoke rises through the liquid and through the pipe with the shank enters the smoker’s lungs.

Hookah was invented in India ^{[2] [3] [4] [5] [6]} and quickly spread throughout the Muslim world, from Indochina to Morocco. In Europe, he gained some popularity in the 19th century, due to the fashion for oriental exoticism. In Russia, hookah is easy to buy in any shop of oriental souvenirs. ^[7]

Modern development

In the production of modern hookahs, instead of copper, brass and low-alloyed alloys, manufacturers are increasingly using stainless steel.Flexible tubes are made of silicone rubber instead of leather and wire. New materials make hookahs more durable, eliminate odors during smoking and allow them to be washed without the risk of corrosion or decay. Under the influence of new technologies, the appearance of hookahs began to change dramatically, unusual design ideas appeared.

Despite the obvious advantages of modern hookahs, due to the relative high cost and lack of modern equipment in the countries of traditional hookah production, most hookahs are produced according to old technologies.

Names and etymology

Depending on the country, hookah can be called differently. The Arabic language has the words Shisha (شيشة), Nargila (نرجيلة), or Argila (أركيلة \ أرجيلة), and they are used in all Arab countries. Nargile (sometimes pronounced Argile or Argili ) is most commonly found in Turkey, Greece, Cyprus, Azerbaijan, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and Israel. Nargile comes from the Persian word nārghile , which means coconut.In turn, the Persian word is a slightly modified Sanskrit word nārikela (नारिकेला), which suggests that hookahs were first carved from coconut shells. ^{[8] [9]}

In Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the hookah is called “lula” or “lulava”, which means “pipe” in Romanian, the word “shishe” refers to a hookah vessel. ^{[ source not specified 1107 days ]}

In Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia and Bulgaria, at [p] gil (from Turkish nargail ) refers to a pipe.The word Shisha is called hookah tobacco. The pipe usually ends with one or two mouthpieces. Usually one mouthpiece is used by two smokers. Flavored tobacco is placed over water and covered with charcoal foil on top. The smoke passes through water, which cools and filters it. Thus, “narguile”, ^[10] is known in Spain, where the hookah is also called “kachimba”, ^[11] , although the emigrants from Morocco call the hookah “shisha”.

Shisha (شيشة), from the Persian word shīshe (شیشه) – glass, the common name of a hookah in Egypt, Sudan and the Arab Gulf countries (including Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman, UAE and Saudi Arabia), and in Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Somalia and Yemen.

In Iran, as well as in Azerbaijan, the hookah is called قلیان “qalyān”. The name of the smoking device, ḡalyān, was apparently borrowed from the Arabic غليان “ġalīān” (boiling, āġla root – to boil). This name is used in Ukraine, Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus, where hookah bars are very popular.

In Uzbekistan, the hookah is called “chillim”.

The prevalence of the Indian word “hookah” in English-speaking countries is the result of the British colonial regime in India (1858-1947), where a huge number of immigrants saw hookah for the first time.William Hickey, immediately after arriving in Calcutta in 1775, wrote in his Reminiscences :

Harm to health

According to the World Health Organization, hookah is not a harmless alternative to cigarettes ^[13] .

However, most of the popular ideas about the dangers of hookah are myths. For example, “for one hour of smoking a hookah, a person inhales 100-200 times more smoke than smoking one cigarette.”Debunking the myth is that the amount of smoke is not an indicator of toxicity; hookah smoke consists mainly of glycerin vapors and water ^[14] , in terms of the set of components it is much simpler than cigarette smoke – 142 components in the case of hookah smoke versus 4700 components in the case of cigarette ^{[15] [16]} , and the temperature of formation of the hookah smoke – hundreds of degrees lower than cigarette smoke. ^[17]

On the risk of cancer: people who have smoked exclusively hookah for decades, and thus used very large quantities of tobacco, had a lower cancer risk than traditional cigarette smokers ^[14] .

On the emergence of hookah addiction: 90% of people who smoke hookah up to 3 times a week, and 60% of people who smoke 3 to 6 hookahs a week do not have nicotine addiction ^[18] .

About the content of carbon monoxide: 1000 ml of hookah smoke contains 1.79 mg of CO for one hookah smoking session, a total of about 100 puffs are made (and usually several smokers are involved in smoking). Total, when smoking a hookah for the entire session, 179 mg of carbon monoxide is inhaled ^[19] .According to the same studies, the amount of CO per cigarette is 11.66 mg. However, it should be borne in mind that in only 30 minutes of staying in a kitchen equipped with a gas stove, a person inhales from 200 to 800 mg of carbon monoxide ^{[20] [21]} , which significantly reduces the significance of studies of the amount of inhaled carbon monoxide in relation to smoking.

On the harm to others: unlike cigarettes, hookah practically does not give a “side stream” of smoke – if the cigarette continues to smoke in the ashtray, the hookah gives off smoke only when you inhale.When a smoker inhales hookah smoke, it is cleaned by the hookah shaft (on the cold walls of which the impurities contained in the smoke settle), water, the walls of the flask and hose, and, finally, the respiratory system of the smoker himself.

Hookah is usually smoked in a company, so there is a risk of transmission of certain diseases through saliva on the mouthpiece. The likelihood of saliva transmission is greatly reduced when using personal mouthpieces. Disposable plastic mouthpieces are widespread in Russia.

It is highly discouraged to combine hookah smoking with alcohol consumption. Possible consequences: severe headache, dizziness, vomiting.

Possible item names

Smoke inside the hookah

• “shisha” (Arabic: شيشة)
• hookah
• nargile, narguile
• waterpipe (English waterpipe – water pipe)
• hubble-bubble – lit.”Tubercle-vesicle”)
• pipa turka (Spanish pipa turca – Turkish smoking pipe)
• bori
• jajir
• bour
• goza

The word hookah (huqqa), according to the Pakistani dictionary of Lourdes, is of Persian origin and once denoted a small pot where oriental women kept their jewelry and incense.

Nargile (nargile; Pers., From nargil – coconut, from which nargile was originally made) is a smoking device similar to a hookah, but unlike it has a long sleeve instead of a pipe.

The hookah uses special tobacco (usually flavored), and instead of water as a cooler, a variety of non-alcoholic and alcoholic beverages are often used.

Hookah tobacco

Hookah tobacco just opened for consumption

For a long time, ordinary tobacco was smoked through a hookah, which is still found today and is known as:

• tombac (tur. Tömbekı) – is a tobacco leaf that is soaked in water before smoking and either shredded and placed in a bowl, or rolled in the form of a cigar on the top of a hookah.Popular with the older generation in Iran, Syria and Turkey.

Over time, tobacco leaf blends have emerged. They can be divided into two types, and the second type – into two subspecies:

• jurak (arab. The molasses or molasses acts as a binder for the fine tobacco chips and imparts flavor.Coloring, preservatives and glycerin excluded, but various flavors and spices may be added. Produced and distributed in Saudi Arabia, northern India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal. Outside these countries, it is almost never found.
• mʿasel (arab. with various ingredients.There are two subspecies:
  • unflavored or “black” mʿasel – a mixture of tobacco leaf and molasses, characteristic black color. Does not contain any other ingredients. It is often preferred by the local population of some countries in North Africa, the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea and the Persian Gulf.
  • flavored mʿasel – the binding medium of which, as a rule, is inverted sugar syrup, less often honey or molasses.Contains various flavors and aromas, colorants, preservatives and glycerin as a moisturizer. The proportions of ingredients may vary from manufacturer to manufacturer.

Hookah mixes should be fragrant and very moist, even to the point of dripping syrup, reminiscent of thick jam in consistency. However, glycerin-free jurak and unflavored mʿasel may dry out during storage and transportation.

Anti-tobacco campaigns deployed in different countries are forcing manufacturers to look for a substitute for tobacco leaf as the base of the mixture.This is how nicotine-free hookah mixes began to appear. Beets, tea, porous gravel, etc. can be used as a base.

Hookah for marijuana and hashish

Hookah smoking in 1909

Hookah for marijuana and hashish has a smaller size than tobacco hookah, and a small, often very small smoking cup (usually metal). When smoking, ice is sometimes placed in the hookah vessel. After each use, the hookah should be thoroughly washed with soap or soda solution.

Some cannabis smokers basically do not wash their hookah for a long time. In this case, a resin containing a sufficient amount of THC accumulates on the walls and in the tubes; it can be washed off with alcohol, dried and smoked. The only drawback of this economical method is that long unwashed hookah gives the smoke an unpleasant aftertaste, and the resulting tar gives off a strong tarnish.

For the varieties of hookah, see bong, bulbululator, earthen hookah. ^[7]

Hookah earthen

Hookah earthen , field device for smoking hashish, used by the nomads of Afghanistan.It is a pit with a capacity of 40-50 liters, the walls of which are coated with clay; in one of the walls of the pit there is an air duct made of reed reed. A stone the size of a human head is placed at the bottom of the pit and 20-30 liters of water is poured into it. The pit is covered with a lid made of twigs coated with clay; a pipe with a smoking cup and a shank are stuck into the lid. When smoking, a stream of smoke breaks against a stone and spreads throughout the pit; the smoker draws in chilled smoke through the shank.

A similar, but simpler, adaptation is common among the indigenous people of South Africa (see.SOUTH AFRICA). A hole dug in the ground is not coated with clay; a layer of hemp mixed with dried manure is poured onto the bottom, set on fire and then inhaled directly from the pit.