What are the best Duke Blue Devils merchandise options for fans. How can supporters show their team spirit through apparel and accessories. Where to find authentic Duke gear and fan products.
The Legacy of Duke Basketball and Coach K’s Impact
Duke University’s basketball program has long been synonymous with excellence, largely due to the influence of legendary coach Mike Krzyzewski, affectionately known as “Coach K”. His tenure at Duke, spanning over four decades, has shaped not only the team’s success but also its culture and fan base.
Coach K’s leadership style often involved unconventional methods to motivate his players and maintain high standards. One such instance occurred in January 2017, when he took drastic measures to address the team’s performance issues.
Coach K’s Tough Love Approach
Following a string of disappointing performances, including a loss to NC State that broke a long-standing home game winning streak, Coach K implemented strict disciplinary measures. These included:
- Temporarily banning players from the team’s locker room
- Prohibiting players from wearing Duke-branded apparel
- Holding a team meeting at his personal residence to address concerns
These actions were not unprecedented for Coach K, who had employed similar tactics in the past to refocus his team and reinforce the program’s high standards.
Duke Blue Devils Apparel: Showcasing Team Pride
For Duke fans, wearing team colors and logos is a way to show support and connect with the storied basketball program. The range of available Duke merchandise is extensive, catering to various preferences and occasions.
T-Shirts: Casual Comfort with Blue Devil Spirit
T-shirts are a staple in any fan’s wardrobe. Duke offers a variety of styles, including:
- Short-sleeve options like the Royal Basketball Zone and Tamarac Basketball tees
- Performance fabrics such as the Tracer Polyester T-shirt for active wear
- Slim-fit designs for a more tailored look
What sets Duke t-shirts apart from generic college apparel? Many feature unique designs that highlight the team’s legacy, current players, or iconic moments in Duke basketball history.
Long-Sleeve Shirts: Year-Round Team Spirit
For cooler weather or layering, long-sleeve shirts provide versatility and comfort. Popular options include:
- The Royal Zone and Arena long-sleeve shirts by Champion
- The Landrum Basketball long-sleeve, perfect for game day
- Distressed logo designs for a vintage feel
How do long-sleeve shirts contribute to a fan’s game day experience? They offer warmth during outdoor tailgating or in chilly arenas while prominently displaying team colors and logos.
Duke Blue Devils Basketball Jerseys: Authentic Fan Gear
For the ultimate display of team loyalty, nothing beats an authentic Duke basketball jersey. The Fadaway Embroidered Basketball Jersey by Colosseum is a popular choice among fans.
Why are authentic jerseys so coveted by collectors and enthusiasts? They provide the closest experience to wearing what the players wear on the court, often featuring high-quality materials and detailed embroidery.
Comfortable Bottoms: Duke-Branded Pants and Shorts
Completing a Duke-themed outfit often involves branded bottoms. Options include:
- Youth Vector Synthetic Shorts for younger fans
- Status Polyester Fleece Athletic Pants for adults
- Playbook Fleece Embroidered Sweatpants for lounging or casual wear
How do Duke-branded bottoms enhance the overall fan experience? They allow supporters to create head-to-toe Duke outfits, perfect for game days or showing team spirit in everyday life.
The Business of Duke Merchandise: Economic Impact and Licensing
The sale of Duke Blue Devils merchandise extends far beyond simple fan support; it’s a significant economic driver for the university and surrounding community.
Licensing and Revenue Generation
Duke University, like many prominent colleges, carefully manages its brand through licensing agreements. This process ensures that only approved manufacturers can produce official Duke merchandise.
How does merchandise licensing benefit the university? Licensing fees and royalties from merchandise sales contribute to the athletic department’s budget, helping fund scholarships, facility improvements, and other program needs.
Local Economic Impact
The demand for Duke merchandise also has a ripple effect on the local economy in Durham, North Carolina. Game days bring an influx of visitors, boosting sales at local retailers, restaurants, and hotels.
What role do local businesses play in the Duke merchandise ecosystem? Many small businesses in the Durham area specialize in Duke-themed products, creating a niche market that thrives on the university’s brand recognition and loyal fan base.
Collectible Duke Memorabilia: Beyond Everyday Apparel
For dedicated fans and collectors, Duke merchandise extends beyond wearable items. Collectible memorabilia offers a way to own a piece of Duke basketball history.
Autographed Items
Signed merchandise from Duke players and coaches, especially Coach K, are highly sought after. These can include:
- Basketballs
- Photographs
- Jersey
- Game-worn items
Why do autographed items hold such value for collectors? They provide a tangible connection to the players and moments that have defined Duke’s basketball legacy.
Limited Edition Releases
Duke occasionally releases special merchandise to commemorate significant achievements or milestones. These might include:
- Championship commemoration gear
- Retirement tributes for legendary players or coaches
- Anniversary collections celebrating key moments in program history
How do limited edition releases differ from standard Duke merchandise? Their scarcity and connection to specific events often make them more valuable and desirable to collectors.
Duke Blue Devils Merchandise for All Ages
Duke’s fan base spans generations, and the available merchandise reflects this diversity. From infants to adults, there are options for every age group.
Youth and Children’s Gear
Cultivating team loyalty often starts at a young age. Duke offers a range of youth-sized apparel and accessories, including:
- Jerseys and t-shirts sized for children
- School supplies featuring Duke logos
- Toys and games with a Blue Devils theme
How does youth-oriented merchandise help build a lasting connection to the team? By providing age-appropriate ways for young fans to engage with the Duke brand, it fosters a sense of belonging and team spirit from an early age.
Adult Sizes and Styles
For adult fans, the options are even more extensive. Beyond basic apparel, adult merchandise includes:
- Business casual attire with subtle Duke branding
- Accessories like ties, cufflinks, and watches
- Home décor items for creating a Duke-themed space
How do adult-oriented Duke products cater to different aspects of a fan’s life? By offering a range of items suitable for various settings, from casual to professional, adult fans can incorporate their team loyalty into multiple facets of their daily lives.
The Future of Duke Merchandise: Innovations and Trends
As technology and fashion evolve, so too does the world of college sports merchandise. Duke, known for its forward-thinking approach, is likely to be at the forefront of these changes.
Sustainable and Eco-Friendly Options
With increasing awareness of environmental issues, there’s a growing demand for sustainable merchandise. Future Duke products might include:
- Apparel made from recycled materials
- Biodegradable packaging for shipped items
- Carbon-neutral manufacturing processes
How might sustainable practices in merchandise production align with Duke’s values and appeal to environmentally conscious fans? By incorporating eco-friendly options, Duke can demonstrate its commitment to sustainability while offering products that resonate with values-driven consumers.
Digital and Virtual Merchandise
As digital spaces become more prominent, Duke may explore virtual merchandise options such as:
- Digital collectibles or NFTs (Non-Fungible Tokens) featuring memorable Duke moments
- Virtual apparel for avatars in online games or metaverse environments
- Augmented reality experiences tied to physical merchandise
How might digital merchandise change the way fans interact with and collect Duke-related items? Digital options could provide new ways for fans to express their support, collect memorabilia, and engage with the team, especially for those who may not have physical access to games or traditional merchandise.
The world of Duke Blue Devils merchandise is vast and ever-evolving, reflecting the passion and dedication of its fan base. From t-shirts to collectibles, from youth sizes to adult professional wear, there’s a piece of Duke gear for every type of supporter. As the program continues to thrive under new leadership following Coach K’s retirement, the demand for Blue Devils merchandise is likely to remain strong, driven by the team’s ongoing success and the enduring legacy of one of college basketball’s most storied programs.
Duke Blue Devils coach Mike Krzyzewski bans players from locker room, forbids them from wearing school apparel
Jan 26, 2017
Jeff Goodman
CloseESPN Insider
- Joined ESPN as a college basketball Insider in June 2013
- Previously wrote for CBSSports.com and FOXSports.com
Dana O’Neil
CloseESPN Senior Writer
- College basketball reporter.
- Joined ESPN in 2007.
- Graduate of Penn State University.
Duke coach Mike Krzyzewski, on the mend after back surgery, held a meeting at his house Tuesday night in which he informed players that they were temporarily kicked out of the locker room and also forbidden from wearing Blue Devils apparel, sources told ESPN.
Sources told ESPN that Krzyzewski has employed this tactic multiple times in the past.
“He wasn’t happy,” said one source close to the situation. “Especially after the loss to NC State.”
Asked how long the penalties would last, a source close to the program said: “Until they start living up to the standards of the Duke program. “
Duke coach Mike Krzyzewski met with players at his home, sources told ESPN, to impose punishments as the Blue Devils have gone 2-3 during his absence following back surgery. Grant Halverson/Getty Images
After the meeting, the players held a separate players-only meeting, a source told ESPN.
“He needs to do more than just take away their jerseys,” added another source close to the program. “There are bigger issues that need to be addressed.”
When asked about the situation on 99.9 The Fan radio on Thursday, acting coach Jeff Capel said: “Really can’t speak on it. Disappointing when stuff that’s supposed to stay in the locker room gets out.”
The loss to the Wolfpack was the third defeat in the past four games for the Blue Devils, who blew a late lead in the game that resulted in Duke’s first home loss to NC State since 1995. The Blue Devils were the preseason favorite to win the national title, but they have struggled — even after getting everyone back healthy.
Freshmen Harry Giles, Jayson Tatum and Marques Bolden all missed the beginning of the season. Grayson Allen was suspended one game by Krzyzewski for his latest tripping incident. Veteran Amile Jefferson has also missed time.
Duke, however, has still struggled since Jefferson’s return from a two-game absence due to injury. After a first half against Miami in which Duke trailed by 11 points, Capel sat starters Luke Kennard, Allen and Giles. The team responded with a strong second half that resulted in a victory.
The Blue Devils are 2-3 overall since Krzyzewski took a leave of absence.
Duke will play at Wake Forest on Saturday.
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Coach K Banning Duke Players From Locker Room As Punishment
Michael Reaves/Getty
Although they are 15-5 on the season, the Duke Blue Devils have dropped three out of their last four games. And Coach Mike Krzyzewski is apparently not happy.
ESPN reported Thursday that Coach K, who is recovering from back surgery, held a team meeting at his house on Tuesday night and temporarily banned his players from using their locker room and wearing Duke apparel. ESPN noted that Coach K has used these tactics in the past.
“He wasn’t happy,” one source told ESPN. “Especially after the loss to N.C. State.”
On Monday, Duke lost at home to N.C. State, 84-82, after leading by six at halftime. Before that game, N.C. State hadn’t bested Duke on the hardwood since 1995.
From ESPN:
“Asked how long the penalties would last, a source close to the program said: ‘Until they start living up to the standards of the Duke program.'”
During Coach K’s recovery from back surgery, the team has gone an unimpressive 2-3. Although they team was ranked No. 1 in the country during the preseason, Duke’s players have struggled to stay healthy. The Blue Devils are currently ranked 17th in the Associated Press poll.
Their trio of talented freshman (Hary Giles, Jayson Tatum, and Marques Bolden) have all missed time with injuries, as has veteran Emile Jefferson. The biggest story of their season has been Grayson Allen, whose penchant for tripping caused a brief national uproar before he was suspended indefinitely and returned after one game.
According to ESPN, the Blue Devils held a players-only meeting after their meeting with Coach K. They host Wake Forest on Saturday, and they’d better not wear any Duke apparel before that unless they want to go to sleep without dinner.
College basketball recruiting: Duke, UNC still strong
Wilbraham & Monson Academy’s Kyle Filipowski slams in two during a game last season. Filipowski has signed with Duke.
Wilbraham & Monson Academy
A long-awaited, inevitable opportunity arrived this summer for ACC basketball coaches.
Roy Williams’ retirement in April, and Mike Krzyzewski announcing in June that he’d coach one more season before retiring in 2022, created a crack in the league’s power structure.
For the first time in decades, teams could compete on the recruiting trail with North Carolina and Duke knowing those two powerhouses wouldn’t have Hall of Fame coaches on the sidelines next season.
But a funny thing happened on the way to the reshuffling of league standings. The recruiting results show, thus far, nothing has changed.
Following this month’s one-week early signing period for class of 2022 players, Duke has not only the top class in the ACC, but in the entire country, according to the 247sports.com composite rankings.
UNC is No. 2 in the ACC and No. 9 overall.
To quote The Who: Meet the new boss, same as the old boss.
That’s at least true at the top of the rankings.
Scheyer, Davis don’t skip a beat
Named as Krzyzewski’s replacement as head coach starting next year, Duke associate head coach Jon Scheyer took the lead in recruiting the new Blue Devils this summer. He landed three top-10 players, including the No. 1 overall player Dereck Lively, in what’s currently a four-man class.
Potential Duke recruit Mark Mitchell, center left, along with recruits Dereck Lively, center, and Dariq Whitehead, right, stand among the Cameron Crazies during Countdown to Craziness at Cameron Indoor Stadium in Durham, N.C., Friday, October 15, 2021. Ethan Hyman ehyman@newsobserver. com
UNC named Hubert Davis head coach in April, four days after Williams announced his retirement. Previously an assistant coach for the Tar Heels, Davis built on already established contacts to land four players, headed by the nation’s No. 33 player, point guard Seth Trimble.
“The young men we want to sign have to be able to shoot and be versatile guys who can play multiple positions,” Davis said in a statement from UNC. “We were specifically looking in this class for a point guard, a shooter with size and two big men who are versatile on both ends of the floor, and we were able to get all of that with these four players.”
While Duke and UNC lead the ACC’s pack at this point, the amount of top classes coming into the league does show other schools are landing talent as well.
After No. 1 Duke and UNC in the nation’s top 10, four other ACC teams are lurking not far behind the No. 9 Tar Heels. Virginia is No. 11, with Syracuse (14), Notre Dame (16) and Miami (19). Florida State is next at No. 21, giving the ACC seven teams in the top 25.
The class of 2021 national composite rankings by 247sports.com had Duke, at No. 6 nationally, with the ACC’s top class. Florida State joined the Blue Devils in the top 10 at No. 9.
But the only other teams in the top 25 were No. 17 Louisville, No. 24 Miami and No. 25 N.C. State.
In 2020, the ACC also produced two top-10 recruiting classes with No. 2 UNC and No. 3 Duke. Only No. 19 Virginia and No. 22 Clemson joined them in the top 25 nationally.
Ethan Hyman [email protected]
Transparency from the start
At Duke, Krzyzewski’s retirement plan was executed specifically for honesty and transparency in recruiting. Krzyzewski didn’t want to go into a recruit’s home knowing he wasn’t going to be coaching when that player arrived next season.
Just as important, it allowed Scheyer to be the face of Duke’s future when he attended recruiting events like the Peach Jam last summer. When he walked into the facility wearing Duke gear, he was the main focus rather than walking in Krzyzewski’s shadow.
“I wanted to make sure that Jon, on the road and everywhere, started with that spotlight on him,” Krzyzewski told the News & Observer during an exclusive interview last August. “Now that we are doing well in recruiting and they are doing a good job, now the emphasis is on this year’s team.”
Davis started his new role in early April, two months ahead of Scheyer. Thus, the Tar Heels landed three recruits in this class before Duke secured a single commitment.
Will Shaver, a 6-9 center from Birmingham, Alabama, received a UNC offer on May 16 and committed on June 2.Trimble joined in next, receiving an offer on June 15 and committed to UNC on June 23.
By July 9, when 6-9 forward Jalen Washington from Gary, Indiana, committed, UNC had a great start to its class with three 4-star players.
Scheyer, along with Duke assistants Chris Carawell and Nolan Smith, got into the game a few weeks later and quickly bolted to the top of the recruiting heap.
Kyle Filipowski, a 6-11 center from Westtown, New York rated a five-star player, was the first commitment of Scheyer’s regime on July 29.
“I’m really excited to have Kyle and his family in our family,” Scheyer said in a statement from Duke. “Kyle was the first in this class to announce he was coming to Duke, and his trust and belief really meant a lot to me and our staff.”
Wilbraham & Monson Academy’s Kyle Filipowski signs his NLI with Duke in November 2021. Wilbraham & Monson Academy
A few days later on Aug. 1, Dariq Whitehead, a five-star guard from Newark, New Jersey, committed to Duke. He was followed by Jaden Schutt, a 6-4 guard and four-star player from Yorkville, Illinois.
Scheyer and the Blue Devils landed the biggest prize in the class in 7-1 center Dereck Lively, the nation’s No. 1-rated player, on Sept. 20.
“Dereck fits the profile of a modern-day big man,” Scheyer said. “He can run the floor, he can finish above the rim and he’s a great pick-and-roll player that can either pop or he can rim run and be a threat.”
Whitehead, rated No. 3 nationally, and Filipowski, at No. 7, are also five-star players.
Duke might not be done. Mark Mitchell, a 6-8 forward from Wichita, Kansas, has Duke and UCLA at the top of his finalists list. UNC also has an offer out to Mitchell, who is a five-star player rated No. 15 nationally by 247sports.com.
Wilbraham & Monson Academy’s Kyle Filipowski slams in two during a game last season. Filipowski has signed with Duke. Wilbraham & Monson Academy
N.C. State, after placing No. 5 in the ACC with a three-man recruiting class for the 2021 cycle, has no signed players for 2022, but two commitments. Both are three-star players in 6-10 center Shawn Phillips from Glendale, Arizona, and 6-2 point guard LJ Thomas from Carrboro and Bull City Prep.
According to 247sports.com, the Wolfpack have offers out to 24 players in the 2022 class with Phillips and Thomas the only commitments. Of the remaining 22, only one player — 6-7 Jerome Beya — remains uncommitted. The others have either committed or signed with other schools or decided to turn professional and skip college. That includes 6-9 forward Jai Smith, who signed with Overtime Elite last summer.
Steve Wiseman has covered Duke athletics since 2010 for the Durham Herald-Sun and Raleigh News & Observer. He placed second in both beat writing and breaking news in the 2019 Associated Press Sports Editors national contest. Previously, Steve worked for The State (Columbia, SC), Herald-Journal (Spartanburg, S.C.), The Sun Herald (Biloxi, Miss.), Charlotte Observer and Hickory (NC) Daily Record covering beats including the NFL’s Carolina Panthers and New Orleans Saints, University of South Carolina athletics and the S.C. General Assembly. He’s won numerous state-level press association awards. Steve graduated from Illinois State University in 1989.
KTM – DUKE 250
Danger
Danger of poisoning Exhaust gases are poisonous & inhaling them may result in unconsciousness and/or death.
– When running the engine, always make sure there is sufficient ventilation, and do not start or run the engine in an enclosed space without an effective exhaust extraction system.
Caution
Danger of accidents If the vehicle is operated with a discharged battery or without a battery, electronic components and safety equipment may be damaged.
– Never operate the vehicle with a discharged battery or without a battery.
Note
Engine failure Unfiltered intake air has a negative effect on the service life of the engine.
– Never ride the vehicle without an air filter since dust and dirt can get into the engine and result in increased wear.
Note
Engine failure High engine speeds in cold engines have a negative effect on the service life of the engine.
– Always warm up the engine at low engine speeds.
– Sit on the vehicle, take the weight off of the side stand, and move up all the way.
– Turn the emergency OFF switch to the ON position.
After you switch on the ignition, you can hear the fuel pump working for about two seconds. The function test of the combination instrument is run at the same time.
– Shift gear to neutral.
The green idling speed indicator lamp N lights up.
– Press the electric starter button.
Info
Do not press the electric starter button until the function test of the combination instrument is finished.
When starting, DO NOT open the throttle. If you open the throttle during the starting procedure, fuel is not injected by the engine management system and the engine cannot start.
Press the starter for a maximum of 5 seconds. Wait for at least 5 seconds before trying again.
This motorcycle is equipped with a safety start system. You can only start the engine if the transmission is in neutral or if the clutch is pulled when a gear is engaged. If the side stand is folded out and you shift into gear and release the clutch, the engine stops.
– Pull the clutch lever, engage 1st gear, release the clutch lever slowly, and simultaneously open the throttle carefully.
Tip
If the engine dies while starting off, only pull the clutch lever and press the electric starter button. You do not need to shift into neutral.
Warning
Danger of accidents Abrupt load alterations can cause the vehicle to get out of control.
– Avoid abrupt load alterations and sudden braking actions, and adapt your speed to the road conditions.
Warning
Danger of accidents If you change down at high engine speed, the rear wheel can lock up.
– Do not change into a low gear at high engine speed. The engine races and the rear wheel can lock up.
Warning
Danger of accidents Malfunctions caused by incorrect ignition key position.
– Do not change the ignition key position during a journey.
Warning
Danger of accidents Distraction from traffic activity by adjustments to the vehicle.
– Make all adjustments when the vehicle is at a standstill.
Warning
Danger of accidents Falling off of the passenger.
– The passenger must be capable of properly holding onto the driver or the grab handles and of keeping his or her feet on the passenger footrests. Note the regulations governing the minimum age of passengers in your country.
Warning
Danger of accidents Danger of accidents caused by dangerous driving.
– Comply with traffic regulations and ride defensively and foresightedly to detect sources of danger early on.
Warning
Danger of accidents Reduced road grip with cold tires.
– On every journey, take the first miles carefully at moderate speed until the tires reach operating temperature and optimal road grip is ensured.
Warning
Danger of accidents Reduced road grip with new tires.
– New tires have a smooth rolling surface and therefore cannot provide full road grip. The entire rolling surface must be roughened in the first 200 kilometers (124.3 miles) by moderate riding at alternating angles. The full grip levels are not achieved until the tire have been run in.
Warning
Danger of accidents Unstable handling characteristics due to slipped baggage.
– Check the way your baggage is fixed regularly.
Warning
Danger of accidents Lack of roadworthiness.
– After a fall, check the vehicle as usual before preparing for use.
Note
Engine failure Overheating of engine.
– If the coolant temperature warning lamp lights up, stop and switch off the engine. Allow the engine to cool down and check the coolant level in the radiator, and top up if necessary. If you continue with the coolant temperature warning lamp alight, you may have engine failure.
Info
If you hear unusual noises while riding, stop immediately, switch off the engine and contact an authorized KTM workshop.
– When conditions allow (incline, road situation, etc. ), you can shift into a higher gear.
– Release the throttle while simultaneously pulling the clutch lever, shift into the next gear, release the clutch and open the throttle.
Info
You can see the positions of the 6 forward gears in the figure. The neutral or idle position is between the first and second gears. First gear is used for starting off or for steep inclines.
– Accelerate only up to a speed suitable for the road surface and weather conditions. Particularly in bends, do not shift, and accelerate very carefully.
– To shift down, brake if necessary and close the throttle at the same time.
– Pull the clutch lever and shift into a lower gear, release the clutch lever slowly and open the throttle or shift again.
– Switch off the engine if you expect to be standing for a long time.
– If the engine diagnosis warning lamp lights up during a trip, stop immediately, switch off the engine, and contact an authorized KTM workshop.
Warning
Danger of accidents If you brake too hard, the wheels can lock.
– Adapt your braking to the traffic situation and the road conditions.
Warning
Danger of accidents Reduced braking efficiency due to wet or dirty brakes.
– Clean or dry dirty or wet brakes by riding and braking gently.
Warning
Danger of accidents Reduced braking efficiency caused by spongy pressure point of front or rear brake.
Warning
Danger of accidents Longer stopping distance due to higher overall weight.
– Take the longer stopping distance into account when carrying a passenger and baggage.
Warning
Danger of accidents Delayed brake action on salted roads.
– There may be salt deposits on the brake discs. In order to restore the normal braking efficiency, you will need to remove deposits from the discs by carefully applying the brakes.
– When braking, release the throttle and apply the front and rear brakes at the same time.
– On sandy, wet, or slippery surfaces, use the rear brake.
– Braking should always be completed before you go into a bend. Change down to a lower gear appropriate to your road speed.
– On long downhill stretches, use the braking effect of the engine. Change down one or two gears, but do not overstress the engine. In this way, you have to brake far less and the brakes do not overheat.
Warning
Risk of misappropriation Usage by unauthorized persons.
– Never leave the vehicle while the engine is running. Secure the vehicle against use by unauthorized persons. If you leave the vehicle, lock the steering and remove the ignition key.
Warning
Danger of Burns Some vehicle components become very hot when the vehicle is operated.
– Do not touch hot components such as exhaust system, radiator, engine, shock absorber and brakes. Allow these components to cool down before starting work on them.
Note
Danger of damage The parked vehicle may roll away or fall over.
– Always place the vehicle on a firm and even surface.
Note
Fire hazard Some vehicle components become very hot when the vehicle is operated.
– Do not park the vehicle near flammable or explosive substances. Do not place objects on the vehicle while it is still warm from being run. Always let the vehicle cool first.
Note
Material damage Damage and destruction of components by excessive load.
– The side stand is designed for the weight of the motorcycle only. Do not sit on the motorcycle when it is supported by the side stand only. The side stand and/or the frame could be damaged and the motorcycle could fall over.
– Brake the motorcycle.
– Shift gear to neutral.
– Switch off the ignition by turning the ignition key to the position.
– Do not keep any combustible material / cleaning cloth near Silencer or Engine Area as it may catch on fire due to high temperature.
Info
If the engine is switched off with the emergency OFF switch and the ignition remains switched on at the ignition lock, power continues to flow to most power consumers and the battery will discharge. You should therefore always switch off the engine with the ignition key – the emergency OFF switch is intended for emergencies only.
– Park the motorcycle on a firm surface.
– Swing the side stand forward with your foot as far as it will go and lean the vehicle on it.
– Lock the steering by turning the handlebar fully to the left, pressing down the ignition key to position and turning it to position. To make the steering lock engage more easily, move the handlebar a little to the left and right. Remove the ignition key.
Danger
Fire hazard Fuel is highly flammable.
– Never refuel the vehicle near open flames or burning cigarettes, and always switch off the engine first. Be careful that no fuel is spilt, especially on hot vehicle components. Clean up spilt fuel immediately.
Warning
Danger of poisoning Fuel is poisonous and a health hazard.
– Avoid contact of the fuel with skin, eyes and clothing. Do not inhale fuel vapors. If fuel gets into your eyes, rinse immediately with water and contact a doctor. Wash affected skin areas immediately with soap and water. If fuel is swallowed, contact a doctor immediately. Change clothing that has come into contact with fuel.
Note
Material damage Premature clogging of the fuel filter
– In some countries and regions, the available fuel quality and cleanliness may not be sufficient. This will result in problems with the fuel system. (Your authorized KTM workshop will be glad to help).
– Only refuel with clean fuel that meets the specified standards.
Warning
Environmental hazard Improper handling of fuel is a danger to the environment.
– Do not allow fuel to get into the ground water, the ground, or the sewage system.
– Switch off the engine.
– Open the filler cap.
– Fill the fuel tank with fuel up to the lower edge Ê of the fuel tank.
– Close the filler cap.
Model | Capacity | Fuel Type |
Duke 250 | 13.5 L | Super Unleaded RON 91 |
Taylor Bol Bowen talks Arkansas, Duke, Kansas, Providence
Taylor Bol Bowen came in at No. 29 in the 2023 Rivals150. Playing this summer with The Expressions 16u team on the EYBL circuit and at Wolfeboro (N.H.) Brewster Academy, the lengthy, 6-8 forward has caught the eye of many college programs.
“I feel like I am a two-way player who can impact the game on both ends of the floor,” Bol Bowen said. “Of the schools who have offered, I would say Duke, Providence, Kansas and Arkansas are the school talking to me the most. …
“I am just looking for a school that is going to showcase my versatility offensively and defensively. And a school that is all about development, getting better from day one to the day I leave; whether that be one year, two years, three years, I want to be better the day I leave than I was the day I arrived. Prepare me for the NBA.”
*****
2022 Rankings: Rivals150 | Team | Position
2023 Rankings: Rivals150
2024 Rankings: Top 40
*****
In His Words
Arkansas: “They are talking to me about coming in, working, and developing. They are talking about developing me into a star and really just get to work with you and help me achieve my dreams.”
Duke: “They offered me in the fall when they came up to an open gym. I was very excited that coach (Jon) Scheyer would ask me to be a piece and develop. He talked a lot about helping me achieving of my goal of reaching the NBA.”
Kansas: “They want me to come in and use my length, use my size within their system. Kansas is obviously known for having bigs, and wings, and strong, athletic guys. I feel I can fit their model for sure.”
Providence: “The thing they want me to do is to come in and be a star. They want me to come in and focus on myself, developing my guard skills. They want to be a part of my continuing to get better.”
Others: “Oklahoma State and Texas are two schools I talk to who have not offered yet. There are others I can’t think of right now too. I have been on a couple of unofficial visits to Providence and UConn, but I have not taken any official visits yet. I know I want to set up official visits to Duke, Providence and Kansas for sure.”
Rivals’ Reaction
The size of Bol Bowen jumps out at you immediately. He has legit height, and then his length takes things to another level. Bol Bowen shines on defense. He has the feet to slide with perimeter guys and the length and anticipation of playing in the passing lanes. His offensive game is still developing, but he moves fluidly and can excel in transition. He has an all-league type defensive upside.
Miami Decks Duke, 47-10, to Continue Late-Season Surge – NBC 6 South Florida
Miami’s turnaround reached all the way to the end of November.
Tyler Van Dyke threw for three touchdowns and 381 yards and the Hurricanes wrapped up the regular season by winning for the fifth time in their last six games, beating Duke 47-10 on Saturday.
“We finished strong,” Miami linebacker Corey Flagg Jr. said. “Our culture, our fight. I’m just so proud of us.”
Charleston Rambo caught two of the touchdown passes on a record-setting day.
Miami (7-5, 5-3 Atlantic Coast Conference) broke away with a 20-point second quarter for a 30-10 halftime lead. The Hurricanes outgained Duke 356-85 in the first half.
Duke (3-9, 0-8), which lost its eighth game in a row, finished with its first winless ACC record since 2007. Its losing streak in conference games is now 13. Duke has won just six of its last 29 games.
While much attention has focused regarding the future of third-year Miami coach Manny Diaz, he liked what he saw from the Hurricanes in their latest game.
“I was really happy with the effort we came out with,” said Diaz, whose record is 21-15.
Miami will finish no worse than tied for second place in the ACC’s Coastal Division.
“Coach Diaz just keeping us positive, that’s what it’s about,” Flagg said.
Duke coach David Cutcliffe said his thoughts were with his players and how they’ve had a challenging two months.
“Just how hard they’ve worked and how disappointed they would be,” he said. “… I’ve got a job to do that’s current right now and that’s where my focus is.”
Rambo, a transfer from Oklahoma, set the single-season school record for Miami with 79 receptions. He passed Leonard Hankerson’s 72 from 2010 in the opening minute of the second quarter on a 12-yard touchdown catch.
In the third quarter, Rambo’s 14-yard touchdown catch set the single-season school record for receiving yards and stretched that mark to 1,172. He finished with 101 on eight catches.
Miami’s Mike Harley set the single-game school record with 13 receptions, racking up 96 yards on those. Van Dyke was 34-for-49.
“When adversity strikes, we kept pushing,” Harley said of how the Hurricanes responded from a 2-4 start to the season.
Andy Borregales kick field goals of 35, 29, 25 and 43 yards for the Hurricanes.
The big highlight for Duke was Jaylen Stinson’s 94-yard kickoff return for a 10-3 lead.
Duke running back Mataeo Durant became the school’s single-season rushing record-holder at 1,241 yards. He had 68 yards on 22 carries, needing 64 to set the mark.
Blue Devils quarterback Gunnar Holmberg was 20-for-33 for 148 yards with an interception.
This was the third year in a row that the Hurricanes visited Duke, each time in the home finale for the Blue Devils. Last year, Miami rolled 48-0 victory, but Charlie Ham’s 40-yard field goal less than 4 ½ minutes into Saturday’s game meant Duke wouldn’t be shut out again.
THE TAKEAWAY
Miami: The Hurricanes won away from home for just the second time this season, with the other coming against Pittsburgh, which is the Coastal Division champion. Miami has had seven games decided by four points or less this season, so this seemed like a breather. Their seven previous ACC games had a combined margin of 28 points.
Duke: The Blue Devils have been blowout victims in all except one of its ACC games, a 31-27 home setback to Georgia Tech. Their three November home games have been defined by stellar performances by opposing quarterbacks, with Pittsburgh’s Kenny Pickett and Louisville’s Malik Cunningham running up big numbers before Van Dyke.
DURANT’S DUTY
Durant broke a Duke rushing record that was set by Steve Jones in 1972. He said he wanted to be the best teammate possible.
“I’m a team player,” Durant said. “Whatever my team needs in the moment, I’m going to do it.”
The senior entered the week second in the ACC in rushing this season. He said he takes pride from his time with the Blue Devils.
“There’s a lot I can take from my experience,” Durant said. “The people at Duke are amazing. They’ve turned me into a better player and a better man. ”
UP NEXT
Miami: Awaits bowl invitation.
Duke: 2022 season slated to begin with a home game vs. Temple
__
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90,000 troops of the Duchy of Alai
troops of the Duchy of Alai
Description of the appearance and weapons
Alai and imperial troops.
Fighting cats.
Camouflage (asphalt), beret (black), short boots (senior officers have chrome). The dress uniform is a black jumpsuit.
Armament – machine gun, knife (bayonet), sapper shovel.
Equipment – cat, rope, lantern.
The minimum subdivision is two.
Five twos – branch.
The squad can be reinforced with a machine-gun crew, sniper or flamethrower, which are attached to the squad in connection with the task at hand.
In addition, the squad can be reinforced with a rocket launcher.
Forest rangers.
Camouflage, arafat, boots.
Armament – machine gun, knife, sapper shovel.
Equipment – rope, dynamite.
The minimum division is five.
Three fives – branch.
The five may include a sniper or a machine-gun crew.
Depending on the task, it can be reinforced by a fire-tester.
Blue dragons.
Brown (leather) jacket, headset, boots with spikes.
Personal weapon – pistol, dagger.
The crew of the armored vehicle – 2 people.
4 armored vehicles – link.
Porcupines – non-combatant.
Gray jackets, caps, boots.
Armament – rifles, knives.
10 people – department.
1 machine-gun crew per squad.
For 4 compartments 1 rocket launcher.
Flight parts
Leather jacket, boots, Afghan woman, cap, white scarf (silk).
Military Police.
Officers, investigators, commandant’s office.
Green army raincoats, caps, boots.
Weapon – pistol.
Operational units.
Camouflage, masks, boots.
Any armament.
PS. The equipment of all land units, except for rangers and dragons, includes an anti-dust (anti-smoke) mask – a linen muzzle with goggles. For the gamekeepers, this function is performed by the arafatka. For dragons, everything is more complicated, their combat equipment includes glasses with a chain mail mask to protect the face from small fragments of armor.
Ivan Malakhov: “My first Mont Blanc”
August 18, 2014 | Ivan Malakhov
Source: vania-mad.livejournal.com
For centuries, people dreamed of conquering Mont Blanc (in Italian, Monte Bianco), they even appointed a reward, until August 8, 1776, Dr. Michel Paccard and guide Jacques Balma, both natives of Chamonix – at that time part of the Duchy of Savoy, did it , a separate state, including the territory of modern Aosta. This date became the beginning of the history of mountaineering, and now, exactly 228 years later, day after day, I stand on the highest peak of the Alps and Western Europe, this is my Mont Blanc …
Since my first visit to Chamonix, of course, I saw the top of Mont Blanc and really wanted to get there, watch the video from Chamonix…
In 2005, I climbed Elbrus (5642 meters) and even skied down from it. The question “Should Elbrus be considered Europe” remains open, so Mont Blanc was my goal! The most popular route starts with this train, which is over 100 years old. He goes terribly slowly: to an altitude of 2400 meters – as much as 1 hour and 15 minutes!
To consider it a “style” or an anachronism is a big question!
On the right is our “small” luggage!
The tram is going uphill.
In the background, Les Houches, part of the Chamonix Valley, the train rumbles through sexy green meadows.
There is a queue for the descent upstairs, be careful – you may not leave!
Our company:
The road starts from 2372 to 3167 Refuge Tete Rousse, a rather difficult crossing over the stones.
Trail view:
Locals:
Another local resident: Anna Andreevna Khankevich – quivering fallow deer of the French Alps.
Alexander Ilyin – with the world on a string: shorts were presented, Slava borrowed a backpack, sticks, a Trek Planet rug and a sleeping bag, I provided Petzl iron, a tent – Khankevich.
Glaicer de Bioannassay opens.
Our target is Refuge Tete Rousse, 3167 m.
Tete Rousse Shelter, 3167 m, can be reached lightly, after which you will need climbing equipment.
View from the Tete Rousse shelter, 3167 m to the valley:
Here, among 50 tents, we set up a base camp. It is better to put the tent on stones – it’s warmer. It takes about an hour to find and clear a place for a tent. Water can be taken in a “well” measuring 20 by 20 cm – in other words, a hole in the stones, there is no higher and there is no such possibility – just to melt the snow. Water at the shelter costs 5 euros per bottle.
A.A. trying to pose against the backdrop of the Glaicer de Bioannassay. The tent must be tied well so that it does not fly off into the abyss, for this everyone builds small fences from stones.
The path to the shelter Aiguille de Gouter opens, 3863 m. This rock is the most difficult part of the classic route to Mont Blanc. You cannot put up tents there, and living in the shelter costs 70 euros. But the most unpleasant thing is that there are never empty seats. Places must be booked strictly on the Internet, it is difficult to guess the weather.
The next day, a rescue helicopter flies over the camp, not allowing sleep before the ascent – on the most popular commercial route in the world of mountaineering, you always have to save someone! Four days later, five climbers died on a nearby mountain in the Mont Blanc massif. ..
Alexander evaluates the route, for him this adventure was the first experience of mountaineering.
Our guide, Slava Shapovalov from nakurage.com is a good guide and a great guy! He spends all summer in Chamonix and knows the region well.
At 18.00 we set out on the route, usually at 3 am, but Slava has a competent plan to go through the rocks before nightfall, and not with flashlights in the dark.
The most dangerous place is this couloir.During the day we see several rockfalls, people have to run away … Two avalanches fly from the next wall. We ran successfully …
There are metal cables hung on the stones, you can secure yourself to them if you want, all this creates traffic jams on the route. In the evening we went up alone.
A.A. Zad illustrates the complexity of the rocky part.
At 20.30 we got out to the old shelter. The weather has changed dramatically: visibility 20 meters and snow pellets.Slava’s plan to meet the sunset and relax on the balcony of the old shelter has been thwarted, I propose to go further, according to the plan, to the emergency shelter Vallo, 4362 m.
This is what the night climb looks like – Petzl headlamps help out:
AA, covered in frost, reflects on the meaning of life … well, or dreams of soup!
V 00.00 we get to Vallot, 4362 m. 20 neatly packed Poles and Czechs sleep in a room 7 by 7 meters. We kind of push their boots aside under the space for two rugs. At 00.40 I lay down in my clothes, my head on Ilyin’s bottom, Khankevich is placed with a jack. Already at 2.30, everyone starts to wake up and crunch insanely loudly with wrinkled plastic bottles, they leave in unison, and already at 3.30-4 40 people come, who started the ascent from the Gute shelter. I advise you to either come to the emergency shelter in advance, so that there are places, or put up a tent at the Gute shelter (there are a couple of secluded places), and then remove and hide before the ascent.
Vallo Shelter, 4362 m – on the right on the cliff.
At 4 am – wake up, Slava warms up tea, A.A. at this time the “floating” climber is pumping out.
At 5.50, Alexander and I set out for the final ascent.
A Petzl flashlight illuminates the trail, and the entire route – at a glance – a chain of 100 mountain climbers with flashlights, stretching for kilometers, is perfectly visible even in cloudy weather!
The proximity of the summit gives strength – this is the easiest and most enjoyable part of the ascent.
At last dawn – the first rays of the sun break through the clouds …
… painting everything around in a new way.
Bizarre clouds.
Dawn.
Cold, but it was colder on Elbrus.
View from the top of Europe.
The summit itself looks like a pass and is not at all interesting for photography! But from the edge of this ridge there are excellent views!
Genuine joy and euphoria at the top !!!
Wow!
This gorge goes to Courmayeur, where we spent the whole winter, unfortunately, the Aosta valley itself was covered by clouds…
View of the Bossons glacier, under which Chamonix is located.
And this is how it looks from Chamonix.
It finally dawns on the descent.
It turned out that the entire night climb goes along this dumb glacier, you hardly want to go there without a guide!
Therefore, many thanks to our guide, Slava Shapovalov from nakurage.com
View of the Gute shelter, 3863 m on the descent.
Descent in mountaineering is often more dangerous than ascent, in this case during the night the rocky part to Tet-Rus was covered with ice, becoming much more dangerous, the Petzl cats rescued and the opportunity to secure themselves to the fixed ropes with the help of Petzl harness and self-belay again.
There is one more important thing in mountaineering – special shoes! Alexander’s example shows what will happen to your feet if you walk in uncomfortable and unsuitable shoes for mountaineering.
I am very grateful to the Russian representative office of the German brand Meindl for the provided Meindl Verte GTX mountaineering boots.
You guys were great!
This model has an insulated, waterproof and breathable GORE-TEX® lining and is of course compatible with climbing crampons.
This is how it looks with crampons and gaiters (snow gaiters), I especially liked the light weight and flexibility in terms of walking outside the snow: on rocks and trails!
Author: Ivan Malakhov
Thanks to my sponsors: Columbia, Head Ski, Giro, Actioncams.ru and Dakine
Special thanks to Petzl and Meindl for the provided climbing equipment!
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Duchy Sword – Weapons – Mods for Skyrim – Mod catalog
835 156 Version
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Description A beautiful ducal blade for Skyrim with 3k textures (8192×1024). Crafting in the forge, section of steel equipment. 90 350 90 010 ↓ download links ↓ File 7.35 MB 1 version Swordself Administrators Total entries: 6412 |
Full or partial copying of materials is possible only with the written permission of the administration.
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90,000 France in the 11th century
France in the XI century
| Peace in the XI century | Rus | | |
DATES | EVENTS |
1002. | Robert II the Pious begins the conquest of the Duchy of Burgundy (completely conquered in 1114) |
1008. | Peasant unrest began in Brittany (lasted until 1024 g) |
1031. | Henry I (1031-1060) – King of France. The war of King Henry I with the rebels began aristocrats (lasted until 1039) |
1044. | The marriage of King Henry I to Anne Kievskaya, daughter Yaroslav Wise . |
1060. | Philip I (1060-1108) – King of France. Anna Yaroslavna became regent with a minor Philippe I (first regency in French history), lasted until 1066 |
1076. | “The first communal charter “ |
1094. | King Philip I was excommunicated churches for bigamy. |
1095. | Pope Urban II’s appeal for conquest Palestine. |
1096. | I cross hike (1096 – 1099). |
1097.07.01 | United Seljuk the army in the early morning attacked the camp of the detachment of crusaders Bohemund of Tharen ( French ) and Roberta Shortpants (Normans). TO at noon, the vanguard of the knightly detachments of Raymund of Toulouse approached. Vanguard led by Duke Gottfried of Bouillon and Count Hugo Vermandois got involved in the battle.Rest approach militia determined the outcome Battle under Dorileo – the Seljuks fled, abandoning equipment and tents of the sultan and emirs with valuables. |
1099. | The capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders, creation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. |
Go: |
Literature:
Azimov A.History of France: From Charlemagne to Joan of Arc / Isaac
Azimov; [lane. from English RL Gukasova]. – Moscow: Tsentrpoligraf, 2007. –
269 s. – (Popular science library).
Viollet-le-Duc E. E. Life and entertainment in the Middle Ages: [Per. from fr.] /
E.E. Viollet-le-Duc; [Intro. Art. A.N. Kirpichnikov]. – SPb. : Eurasia: Tv.
ed. group “Ist. lit.”, 1999. – 381 p .: silt; 21 cm – (Culture of the Middle Ages in
monuments of historical thought of France) (Clio). – Bibliography: p. 374-382.
Duby J.Middle Ages: (987 – 1460) From Hugh Capet to Joan of Arc / Georges
Duby; Per. with fr. G. A. Abramova, V. A. Pavlova. – M.: Mezhdunar. relationship,
2001 .– 414 p. Decree. geogr. titles: s. 392-397. -Decree. names: s. 398-405. -Bibliography:
with. 406-412.
Kalashnikova V.V. France / V.V. Kalashnikova. – (To help teachers and
students) // Education in the regions of Russia and the CIS. – 2006.- N 2.- S. 66-76
…
Kloulas I. Everyday life in the castles of the Loire during the Renaissance: [Per.with
fr.] / I. Kloulas; [Sci. ed. and entered. Art. A. P. Lewandovsky]. – M.: Mol.
guard: Palimpsest, 2001 .– 357 p.
Raitses V.I.
legends, hypotheses “. Publishing house” Eurasia “, 2003 / V. I. Raitses. – (Theme of the issue)
// World Pathfinder. – 2004.- N 22.- S. 14-27.
Elias N. Court Society: Issled. on the sociology of the king
and the court. aristocracy, with Introduction .: Sociology and history / Norbert Elias; per. with
German A.P. Kukhtenkova [and others]. – M.: Languages of Slavs. culture: Koshelev, 2002 .– 366
with.
90,000 Read Stories – Vuokatin Aateli
I MARSHAL LONG ROAD
An endless line of soldiers stretched along the snow-covered narrow road to the north. A light park rose from the horse, walking on the reins of the German colonel. The air was freezing cold. The colonel was followed by a wagon loaded with his personal belongings. About two thousand soldiers walked in front and about the same number behind him.
The colonel was fluent in Russian.The privates discussed familiar topics; they talked about food, rest and warmth. The march route twisted between beautiful hills and lakes encased in ice. The colonel was almost certain that of all the soldiers walking in the chain, he was the only one able to fully enjoy the beauty of the landscape and the frosty winter day.
Few of the soldiers knew that the issue of Russia’s position in northern Europe was being resolved.
Far to the south, on the territory of the Poltava plain, the Russian army led by Peter I defeated the Swedish army of King Charles XII.Seven years had passed since Peter’s great victory, but battles against staunch Sweden continued.
Now the army was advancing towards the small town of Kayanen, although the locals used to call it Kaiyaani. The town and the waterway to Lake Oulujärvi were guarded by a stone fortress built on the island. Under the cover of the massive walls of the fortress, the insignificant detachment has so far managed to repel all the onslaught of the Russians.
But this was not the case now.Major General Chekin’s army consisted of 4,000 men and three cannon batteries. “The fortress will be captured within a week,” Chekin promised his officers. A German colonel who was recruited into the Russian army was not so sure of this. During the battles in Europe, he learned to respect the Finns who fought under the flag of the Swedish army, now they walked through their lands … Especially fast dragoons, the so-called hackapelites, were able to cause a rush of cold sweat from any general of the enemy army.
* * * * *
The German colonel was right.The siege of the Kajaani fortress lasted for the second month. The Marshal even managed to travel around the surrounding villages and farms. The war took men out of their homes. The village people received the marshal warmly, despite the fact that he was a representative of the enemy army. In Sotkamo, he met a family of local townspeople. Part of the money remained in the bourgeois shop, and part of the heart went to the beautiful daughter.
It was a shame to admit, but the Cossack general Chekin was forced to ask for reinforcements. He was furious and promised after the capture of the fortress to twist the neck to all the garrison so bravely defending in the fortress.The situation of the besieged worsened every day. Firewood, military equipment and food were running out. Under pressure from the persuasion of ordinary people hiding in the fortress, Captain Johan Henrik Fiandt agreed to put forward a proposal to Chekin to sign an agreement on the surrender of the fortress. The German colonel took part in drafting the treaty. In accordance with generally accepted rules, the surrender agreement guaranteed the freedom of the bourgeoisie, representatives of the privileged classes, other civilians, as well as the military. The agreement was sealed with oaths and signatures.
What happened next changed the life of the German colonel. Chekin, contrary to the signed agreement, ordered the capture of all who were in the fortress. The poor Kayans were completely defeated. The general ordered his guardsmen to take out their sabers and deal with all the prisoners.
The guardsmen did not succeed in fulfilling the order, as the German colonel took several steps and stood between them and the prisoners. The colonel asked Chekin to reflect on his act, in his opinion, the trick was contrary to all the rules of war.“I am ready to surrender my weapons and renounce my military rank if these brave soldiers and tortured ordinary people are executed,” the colonel said. “Keep your saber with you, Colonel,” the general chuckled derisively. The prisoners were shackled and sent as slaves to Russia.
* * * * *
The frosty February morning of 1716 will forever remain in the memory of the colonel. After the Russian army, he received a general position in the troops of the Prussian king.Frederick William I was an autocrat who spared no expense in military spending. After the tests passed in the Russian army, the general was ready to do everything to ensure that the military discipline of the troops was impeccable. The service involved rigorous preparation. Numerous guests from other countries came to evaluate the general’s work. Messengers carried notes throughout Europe, which told about the strengthening of Prussian influence and about the new military discipline in the Prussian troops.
The German commander retired with the rank of Marshal of the Prussian army.He traveled around Europe, but did not stay for a long time. Native Prussia seemed alien, although the familiar military discipline already flourished in civilian rule. There, the Marshal enjoyed more prestige than the ministers.
This may have been the reason why the palace privy councilor invited the Marshal to dinner. The Privy Councilor had a long talk with the Marshal about Sweden and Russia. The heir to Frederick William I, Prince Frederick, dreamed of turning Prussia into a great power and recapturing the rich province of Schleswig from Austria.The Crown Prince wanted to make sure that Sweden and Russia would not show interest in a new redivision of Europe.
While the Privy Councilor and Crown Prince saw only unrealized opportunities and a powerful new empire, the Marshal saw burning cities, crying children and disabled soldiers in front of the Marshal’s eyes. The new people in power in Prussia did not know what war was, for them it seemed only an easy move in a political game. The next morning, Marshal ordered the servants to pack his things.The Prussian army prepared by him was ready, but this war for Schleswig would no longer be his war. The Marshal decided to return to those beautiful places near Kajaani. There, his inner world was still integral, and his positions were fair.
90,000 Ed the Great (Duke of Aquitaine) is … What is Ed the Great (Duke of Aquitaine)?
Ed Great (fr. Eudes, Eudo, Odo ; 650th / 660th – 735 [1] ) – Duke (princeps) of Aquitaine and Vasconia, who ascended the throne no earlier than 674 [ 2] and no later than 700 [3] .He became famous for his participation in the historical battle of Poitiers. His possessions included the southwestern part of Gaul from the Loire to the Pyrenees, with the capital at Toulouse. Ed became the first ruler of Aquitaine who managed to achieve independence of his possessions from the Frankish kingdom, but a series of defeats inflicted on him by Major Karl Martell, as well as the Moors, forced him to again recognize the supreme power of the Franks.
Origin
Ed’s origin is uncertain. According to one of the versions, his father was the Duke Boggis (Bodegisel), who, on the basis of the so-called Charter of Alaon , drawn up on January 21, 845 in Compiegne, was credited with descent from the King of Aquitaine Charibert II.According to this document, King Haribert married Gisela, heiress of Arno (Amandus), Duke of Vasconia, and from this marriage three sons were born: Chilperic, Boggis and Bertrand. After the death of Charibert, and then Chilperic, King Dagobert I transferred the duchy of Aquitaine to Boggis and Bertrand, after which Aquitaine was inherited by Boggis’s son, Ed. However, most historians consider the “Charter of Alaon” to be a later forgery and doubt the existence of younger sons in Charibert. [4] According to another version, Ed is the son of the Duke of Aquitaine and Vasconia, Lupa I [5] [6] , whom Ed probably inherited.However, there are no documents confirming this version, and the version itself is based on reconstruction based on onomastics data.
Ed’s descent from Duke Boggis is also mentioned in the tradition of Saint Hubert dating back to the 11th century. According to them, Ed was Hubert’s younger brother. When he wished to be ordained a priest and renounce secular life, Ed became heir to the throne of Aquitaine and subsequently inherited his father. [7] [8]
Ed’s Estate
In inheritance from his predecessors, Ed got 2 duchies: Aquitaine and Vasconia.As a result, in his hands were huge possessions that occupied most of modern Southwestern France and part of modern northern Spain.
Duchy of Aquitaine
Ed’s predecessor, Duke Lup I, significantly expanded the territory of the duchy, taking advantage of the civil strife in the Frankish kingdom in 673-676. In addition, under Lupe, the duchy actually became independent, although formally it was subordinate to the kings of Neustria [9] .
The Duchy of Aquitaine, inherited by Ed, included the historical provinces of Aquitaine, Poitou, Limousin, Auvergne, as well as part of Languedoc (the territory of the later County of Toulouse).The northern and eastern border of his possessions ran mainly along the Loire River, to the north of which the Frankish kingdom of Neustria was located, in the east – the kingdom of Burgundy. The capital of the duchy was the city of Toulouse. [10] .
It is not precisely established which counties existed in Aquitaine at this time. However, they were. During the campaign of the Arabs under the command of Abd ar-Rahman in Aquitaine in 732, the reports of the Arab chroniclers mention a count in the Libourne region, who tried to organize a rebuff of the Arab army, but was captured and executed [11] .In 650, the Count of Albi is mentioned, with one of Ed’s successors, Vayfar, the Counts of Poitiers, Bourges and Angoulême are mentioned. Also in Aquitaine at this time there were many monasteries, as well as several bishoprics. Thus, the archbishoprics of Bourges and Bordeaux are mentioned, as well as the bishoprics of Auvergne, Rodez, Agen, Angoulême, Perigord and Cahors [12] .
Duchy of Vaskonia
Map of the Duchy of Vaskonia during the reign of Ed the Great
The Duchy of Vasconia fell into dependence on the dukes of Aquitaine in the middle of the 7th century.The duchy included the former Roman province of Aquitaine Novempopulana (future Gascony), which included the valleys of the Garonne and Adour rivers, inhabited by the ancestors of the Gascons, as well as the Iberian region inhabited by the Vascons (ancestors of the Basques), which later formed the core of the kingdom of Pamplona (Navarre). The northern border of the duchy ran along the Garonne River, in the east was Septimania, which was part of the Visigothic kingdom.
Since the end of the 6th century, the warlike and freedom-loving Vascons posed a threat to the Frankish kingdom, periodically rebelling against the rule of the Franks. [13] It is not known how great Ed’s power was in this region, but no major uprisings against the rulers of Vasconia at this time are reported.
Reign and independence
It is not known exactly when Ed became Duke. Historians suggest that this could have happened between 674 (the last mention in the documents of Duke Lupa I [14] ) and 700 (the first reliable mention of Ed as Duke of Aquitaine [15] ).
In 715, Ed took advantage of the civil strife in the Frankish kingdom and declared himself an independent ruler, adopting the title “princeps of Aquitaine” (lat. Aquitaniae princeps ). [16] In 718 he was called to help by King Chilperic II of Neustria and his Major Ragenfred, who, after being defeated in a battle near the village of Vensi, sought allies to continue the struggle against the Austrasian Major Karl Martel. In exchange for help, Ed was probably offered recognition of his title and independence. [17] Ed gathered an army and joined up with the army of Chilperic and Ragenfred. Having united, the troops of the feudal lords set out in the direction of Austrasia, but on October 14, 719, they were defeated at the Battle of Soissons. Ragenfred fled to Angers, while Ed retreated behind the Loire, taking with him King Chilperic and his treasury. [18]
The death of the Austrasian king Chlothar IV in the same year 719 put Karl Martel in a difficult position, since the majordom needed a legitimate king from the Merovingian clan to legitimize his power, which only Chilperic, who was captured by the Aquitanians, could become.Charles was forced to send the Archbishop Milo of Reims for negotiations to Ed in Toulouse. The negotiations lasted a long time, and only in 720/721 Ed heeded Milo’s persuasions, agreeing to return King Chilperic II to Charles, along with the captured royal wealth, and to conclude peace with the mayord of Austrasia. Under this treaty, Charles recognized Chilperic as the sole king, and the Duke of Ed as the independent ruler of Aquitaine. [19] [20]
Wrestling with the Arabs
Battle of Toulouse
At this time, a new threat arose in the south of the Frankish kingdom – the Arabs, who by 714 captured almost the entire Iberian Peninsula and destroyed the Visigoth Kingdom, crossed the Pyrenees and invaded Septimania.In 719, an Arab army under the command of the newly appointed Wali Al-Andalus Al-Samh ibn Malik captured Narbonne. After that, the Arabs invaded Ed’s domain. In 721, al-Samh’s army laid siege to Toulouse. Ed moved to the aid of the besieged city. The Duke did not have sufficient forces to meet the enemy army in open battle, but he managed to take the Arab army by surprise. On June 9, 721, he defeated the enemy, and the wali was mortally wounded, after which the remnants of his army fled, lifting the siege of the city.This victory received a wide public response. The official chronicle of the popes Liber pontificalis celebrated the destruction of 375,000 Saracens (an absolutely fantastic figure), and Pope Gregory II sent a congratulatory message and gifts to Ed in honor of this victory. [21] In addition, the victory strengthened Ed’s independence and temporarily halted the movement of the Arabs northward. In 725 and 726, the Duke of Aquitaine twice defeated the army of the new wali, Anbasy ibn Suhaim al-Kalbi, and in 725 the wali himself was killed by an arrow while crossing the Rhone.However, Ed could not prevent the Arabs from capturing Nîmes and Carcassonne in 725. [22] [23] [24] [25]
Union with Munuza and plunder of Bourges by Karl Martel
Having stopped the advance of the Arabs, Ed, nevertheless, remained in a difficult position, since his possessions bordered on the lands conquered by the Arabs. Usman ibn Nissa was appointed governor of the wali in these lands, called by the Arabs the “eastern borderland” [26] (Cerdan [27] , Narbonne, Septimania), was appointed Uthman ibn Nissa, whom the Franks called Munuz .According to popular tradition in the Chronicle of Alfonso III the Great [28] , Munusa, the Berber chieftain, was one of the four Muslim military leaders who first entered Spain during the Arab conquest. During one of the raids into Aquitaine, Munusa captured Lampagia, Ed’s daughter. [29] The beauty of the girl amazed Munuzu so much that he married her. Thanks to this marriage, Munusa became close to his wife’s father, the Duke of Ed. [30]
Munuza, dissatisfied with the fact that Abd ar-Rahman ibn Abdallah was appointed instead of the ousted al-Khaitan ibn Ubaida al-Kelabi in place of Wali Al-Andalus in 730, and not himself [31] , needed a powerful ally.Ed wanted to protect his domain from Arab raids. As a result, in 730/731 an alliance was concluded between the two rulers, one of the conditions of which was Ed’s assistance to Munuza in the uprising he was preparing against the wali of Abd al-Rahman. [32]
At the same time, Ed began to have disagreements with Karl Martel, who wanted to subjugate the possessions that had fallen away from the kingdom of the Franks. Karl accused Ed of treason, claiming that he was “an ally of the infidels.” Using this far-fetched pretext, in 731 he made two trips to Aquitaine.At the same time, he twice captured and ruined Bourges, seduced by rich booty. Martell’s incursions into his domain infuriated Ed. [33] Having secured the rear from the Arabs, he was able to gather forces, oppose Karl Martel and recapture Bourges. [22] [34]
Munuza Uprising
In 731, Munuza openly opposed Abd ar-Rahman, but the uprising ended in failure. Abd ar-Rahman took advantage of Munuz’s rebellion in order to gather a huge army. Part of it, under the command of Gehdi ibn Ziyya, he directed against Munuz, who was locked up in his capital, Al-Bab. [35] Munuza was taken by surprise and was not ready to repel the attack, and Ed, busy fighting Karl Martel, was unable to come to the aid of an ally. As a result, Munuza was killed, and his wife Lampagia was captured and sent to Abd ar-Rahman, who, fascinated by the beauty of the captive, sent her as a gift to Damascus to Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik, who took Lampagia to his harem. [32] [36] [37]
Abd ar-Rahman’s campaign to Aquitaine and the battle of Bordeaux
After the defeat of Munuz, Abd ar-Rahman decided to deal with his ally, Ed of Aquitaine.With a huge army at his disposal and becoming the sovereign ruler of Al-Andalus, he hoped to continue the conquests begun by his predecessors. He divided the army in two. [38] An army invaded from Septimania and reached the Rhone, capturing and plundering Albijua, Rouergue, Gevodan and Vele. Legends and chronicles also speak of the destruction of Autun by the Moors and the siege of Sans. [39] But unlike his predecessors, who attacked the Frankish state from the east, Abd ar-Rahman struck the main blow from the west.Having passed the Pyrenees through the Ronseval Pass, he first suppressed the resistance of the Basque mountaineers, taking them by surprise. Then he moved along the old Roman road in the direction of Bordeaux. On the way, he devastated the provinces of Bigorr, Commenge and Labour, destroyed the episcopal cities of Oloron and Lescar, and also captured Bayona. Then Osh, Dax and Er-sur-Adour were destroyed, the abbeys of Saint-Sever and Saint-Saven were burned. Duke Ed tried to hold back the Arab advance, but suffered several defeats and was forced to retreat.As a result, the army of Abd ar-Rahman laid siege to Bordeaux. Not far from the city, on the left bank of the Garonne or Dordogne River, the Battle of Bordeaux took place. Ed concentrated his forces on the right bank of the river, hastily gathering into his army everyone he could recruit. However, the army of Abd ar-Rahman managed to cross the river, go upstream and capture Ajan. Ed courageously rushed to the enemy, but his poorly organized army could not oppose anything to the Arabs and, unable to withstand a frontal blow, rushed to flee, taking Ed with it.According to the Mosarabian Chronicle [38] , many Aquitanians fell in the battle. Ed himself was able to escape, but the rout was complete. In Mosarabian Chronicle [40] it was said: lat. Solus Deus numerum morientium vel pereuntium recognoscat (“ God alone knows the number of those killed “) [41] . No one else could delay the advance of the Arabs northward.
However, Abd-al-Rahman’s army stayed in the vicinity of Bordeaux to plunder the surroundings.The city itself was captured and devastated, its surroundings were completely devastated. Only after this did Abd ar-Rahman move on. Having crossed the Dordogne, the Arab army moved towards the city of Tours. Abd ar-Rahman’s goal was most likely the famous abbey of Saint-Martin-de-Tour. On the way, the neighborhoods of Perigueux, Sainte and Angoulême were devastated, and the cities themselves were captured. After that, the army of the Moors crossed the Charente River. [22] [42]
Battle of Poitiers
Karl Steiben. Battle of Poitiers 732
After fleeing from Bordeaux, Ed headed for the Loire. He did not have the opportunity to collect a new army, so Ed had only one thing left: to turn to his recent enemy, Major Karl Martel, for help. Gathering the remnants of the army, Ed went to Paris, where Karl was at this time. Arriving in the city, Ed was able to convince Charles, who was at that time engaged in the struggle with the Germanic tribes, to jointly oppose the Arabs. [42]
Apparently, the impending threatening danger for a time put an end to numerous strife and strife, both among the Franks themselves, and between the Franks and other Germanic tribes.To fend off the Arab threat, Charles stopped the war he was waging against the Germans. In a short time he managed to collect a large army, which included, in addition to the Franks, and some other Germanic tribes: Alemanni, Bavarians, Saxons, Frisians. With a large army, Charles moved to cut across the army of the Moors, which in the meantime reached Poitiers, burning everything in its path. Near the city, the Arabs plundered and destroyed the abbey of Saint-Ilair, but they did not besiege the city itself, going around it and moving further towards Tours. [42]
The armies met between Tours and Poitiers. Neither the exact place nor the date of the battle has yet been unequivocally established by historians. Historians have expressed many versions regarding the location of the battle, placing it in different places between Poitiers and Tours. Also, different dates of the battle are called – from October 732 to October 733 [43] , however, according to the currently prevailing version, the battle is attributed precisely to October 732 [44] . This battle went down in history as the Battle of Poitiers (or the Battle of Tours).The result of this battle was the defeat of the Arab army and the death of Abd al-Rahman. The remnants of the Arab army took advantage of the coming night and fled. The Chronicle of Saint Denis testifies: “… The Duke of Aquitaine Ed, who brought the Saracen people to France, this supernatural scourge, acted in such a way that he reconciled with Emperor Charles and subsequently killed all the Saracens who survived in this battle, which he could get …” [45] [46] , which may indicate that the Duke of Ed with the Aquitanians set out to pursue the fugitives.At the same time, the Mosarab Chronicle says: “And since these peoples did not bother about the pursuit at all, they left, laden with booty, and triumphantly returned to their homeland” . The Chronicle of Saint Denis also notes this: “He [Karl Martel] took all the tents of the enemies and all their equipment and took possession of everything they had” . [38] [46] Based on this and other evidence, historians suggest that one Duke of Aquitaine followed the retreating Moors, while Karl Martel remained on the battlefield to collect the booty left by the Muslims.Having divided the captured booty, Karl Martel returned home with honor. [47]
This victory of the Franks stopped the advance of the Arabs into Western Europe, and Karl Martel was unanimously recognized as a fighter for Christianity and ruler of all Gaul. [22] However, the Arab threat was not finally eliminated and Charles had to make several more campaigns to drive the Arabs out of Provence and Burgundy. [22] [48] [49]
After the Battle of Poitiers, Ed was forced to submit to Karl Martel.Almost nothing is known about the last years of the life of the Duke of Ed. Shortly before his death (about 734), he managed to once again defeat the Moors in the gorges of the Pyrenees. [50] Ed died in 735 [1] and was buried in the Convent of Saint-Marie d’Alarcon [51] . The Duchy of Aquitaine was divided between his sons, Gunald and Gatton.
Original sources
Historical chronicles and annals contain quite a lot of references to the reign of the Duke of Ed of Aquitaine.Most of the primary sources can be roughly divided into two groups: those originating from the Frankish kingdom and those whose authors were in the territory controlled by the Arabs.
Original sources of Frankish origin
One of the oldest Frankish primary sources, which mentions Duke Ed, is the Book of History of the Franks [19] – a pro-Merovingian chronicle, compiled in 727, which describes, among other things, the events of 718-720. More fully describes the relationship between Ed and Karl Martel Chronicle of Fredegar’s successors [52] , in its first part following the “Book of the History of the Franks”, and then independently setting out events up to the death of the Duke of Aquitaine.This is the most complete of the Frankish primary sources of this time. However, compiled with the support of members of the Pipinid family, it is biased in its presentation of everything about the enemies of Karl Martel, including, it does not talk about Ed’s struggle with the Moors in the 720s, calls him an ally of the Saracens in 732, and does not mention him name as a participant in the Battle of Poitiers. The Chronicle of Fredegar’s Successors, as the most related description of the history of the Frankish state, was, thanks to the large number of copies made from it, very famous among the chroniclers of the Frankish state and was often used as the basis for subsequent historical writings.Therefore, the presentation of facts in a negative light in relation to Duke Ed, contained in this chronicle, became predominant in all French historiography. This tendency was most fully reflected in the Great French Chronicles compiled in the 15th century. [45]
The original Frankish annals of Duke Ed have not survived in the original, but many annals compiled at the end of the 8th-first half of the 9th century contain records from earlier works. Of the annals of Carolingian time, Ed is given the most attention to the Chronicle of Moissac, which was included in the Grand French Chronicles, Chronicle of Saint Denis [53] , as well as the Chronicle of Ises [54] and Petavian Annals [55 ] .Most Frankish annals mention Ed only as an enemy of Karl Martel, do not talk about his struggle with the Moors and even about his participation in the Battle of Poitiers (for example, Annals of Saint Amanda [56] or Lobbie Annals [57] ). Later chronicles only repeat the messages of their predecessors.
Original sources of Spanish origin
Of the primary sources of Spanish origin, the main ones are two chronicles, created shortly after the events described in them.These are the Arab-Byzantine Chronicle of 741 [58] and the Mosarabian Chronicle of 754 (also known as the Anonymous Cordoba) [59] . Describing the history of the conquest of the Iberian Peninsula by the Moors, these chronicles give a significant place to the subsequent campaigns of Muslims in Aquitaine. They contain the most complete information about the battle of Toulouse, about the alliance of the Duke of Ed with Munuza and the subsequent defeat of the duke by the wali of Abd ar-Rahman ibn Abdallah. It is mainly on these primary sources that historians base their descriptions of Ed’s rule before the Battle of Poitiers.Unlike the Frankish primary sources, these chronicles do not declare Ed as the one at whose call the Moors made their campaign in 732. [60]
Ed’s Personality
No accurate description of Ed’s appearance has survived. As for his character, according to modern historians, Ed was a brave ruler with a noble heart, able to quickly make decisions depending on the situation. [61]
The representation of Ed’s personality and deeds in contemporary Frankish sources was very ambiguous and tendentious.A number of chronicles, especially the first successor of Fredegar, who worked under the patronage of Hildebrand (Karl Martel’s brother), accused Ed of being the one who summoned the Arabs in 731/732 [34] :
When Ed saw that he was defeated and became an object of contempt, he asked for help against Prince Charles and his Franks from the unfaithful Saracen people. They rose together with their king Abdirama and crossed the Garonne near the city of Bordeaux, where they burned down the church and killed the inhabitants.
Many later chronicles (the life of St.Theodofred, Fontanel Chronicle, Chronicle of Saint-Denis, annals of Saint-Arnulf and some other monasteries). However, this information does not find confirmation in other sources, including some Frankish chronicles. For example, the chronicle of Sigebert of Gembloux in an article under the year 732 contains a record of rumors about Edom’s calling of the Saracens, and they are immediately refuted [62] :
As ruler, Ed was inferior to Charles in all respects. He summoned the Saracens from Spain against him … the invitation is clearly fictitious.
Also, this information does not find confirmation in the Arab chronicles (for example, in the “Mosarabian Chronicle”), where only Ed’s alliance with Munuza is mentioned.
Research by modern historians also confirms that Ed did not form an alliance with Abd al-Rahman. As an argument, it is pointed out that the defeat perpetrated by the lands of Ed, as well as the fierce resistance shown to them by the Arabs, indicates that Ed did not call on the Arabs. [22] [37] [63]
Board results
During his reign, Ed managed to achieve complete independence from the king of the Franks, under his rule was a huge state in the south of France.But the Arab raids brought this situation to naught, because after the defeat at the Battle of Bordeaux, Ed was forced to sacrifice independence in order to save Aquitaine from further ruin. After the death of Ed, Karl Martel undertook a campaign against Aquitaine and obtained from the new duke, Gunald, recognition of his suzerainty, but retained his possession for him. After repeated revolts, the heirs of Ed in 767 lost most of their possessions, eventually managing to defend only Vasconia. A dynasty founded by Edom ruled Gascony until the middle of the 11th century.In addition, the clans of the rulers of many Gascon counties and lords are derived from this dynasty.
Marriage and Children
Wife: Waltrude , daughter of the Frankish Duke of Valajo. Children:
In addition, Ed had another daughter who was either illegitimate or descended from Ed’s other marriage:
See also
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 Fredegar’s successors, st.15.
- ↑ In 674/676, Duke Lupe I was last mentioned.
- ↑ Eudo, Odo. Herzog von Aquitanien (688-735) (German). Genealogie des Mittelalters . Archived from the original on January 24, 2012. Retrieved on January 25, 2009.
- ↑ For details: Rabanis, J. F. Les Mérovingiens d’Aquitaine.
- ↑ J. de Jaurgain. La Vasconie, étude historique et critique, deux parties.- Pau, 1898, 1902.
- ↑ This assumption is supported by the fact that Ed, apparently, was the heir of Lup I, whose reign is documented.
- ↑ Orthodox Encyclopedia. Volume XIII. – M .: Church Scientific Center “Orthodox Encyclopedia”, 2006. – pp. 399-400. – 752 p. – ISBN 5-89572-022-6
- ↑ Légende de Saint Hubert (fr.). Archived from the original on January 31, 2011. Retrieved on January 25, 2009.
- ↑ Lebek S. Origin of Francs. V-IX centuries. – S. 195.
- ↑ For this reason Ed in some sources (for example, in Eudo, Odo. Herzog von Aquitanien (688-735) (German). Genealogie des Mittelalters . – Ewig E. Die Merowingen und das Frankenreich. S. 200. Archived from the original on January 24, 2012. Retrieved on January 25, 2009.) referred to with the title “Duke of Toulouse”
- ↑ Jean Devioss, Jean-Henri Roy. Battle of Poitiers. – P. 161.
- ↑ Lewis, Archibald R. The development of southern french and catalan society, 718-1050. – Austin: University of Texas edition, 1965.
- ↑ Fredegar. Chronicle of part IV, 21 and 57. Oriental literature. Archived from the original on January 31, 2011. Retrieved on January 27, 2009.
- 90 003 ↑ Dukes of Aquitaine before 768 (Family of Hunoald): Lupus. Foundation for Medieval Genealogy . Archived from the original on January 31, 2011. Retrieved on January 25, 2009.
- ↑ Lebek S. Origin of Francs. V-IX centuries. – S. 204.
- ↑ According to some researchers (for example, Eudo, Odo. Herzog von Aquitanien (688-735) (German). Genealogie des Mittelalters . – Lexikon des Mittelalters. B. IV. S. 73. Archived from original source January 24, 2012. Retrieved January 25, 2009.), Ed also bore the royal title ( rex ), however this is not confirmed by any sources.
- ↑ Jean Devioss, Jean-Henri Roy. Battle of Poitiers. – S. 139.
- 90 003 ↑ Continuers of Fredegar, Art. 10.
- ↑ 1 2 Book of the history of the Franks. Eastern literature. Archived from the original on January 31, 2011. Retrieved on January 25, 2009.
- ↑ Lebek S. Origin of Francs. V-IX centuries. – S. 217.
- ↑ This message shows, among other things, that Ed, like the dukes of Bavaria at this time, maintained an independent relationship with the Roman curia.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 9
0012 Origin of Francs. V-IX centuries. – S. 225-228.
- ↑ Jean Devioss, Jean-Henri Roy. Battle of Poitiers. – S. 145.
- ↑ Müller August. Decree. op. – S. 608.
- ↑ Arab-Byzantine Chronicle 741, part 42. Eastern literature. Archived from the original on January 31, 2011. Retrieved on January 25, 2009.
- ↑ Originally conquered Spain, called by the Arabs Al-Andalus, was divided into 5 provinces, each of which was headed by a governor, subordinate to the Wali of al-Andalus.After the conquest of Septimania, a sixth province was organized, with Narbonne as its center.
- ↑ Future Catalonia.
- ↑ Jean Devioss, Jean-Henri Roy. Battle of Poitiers. – S. 147.
- ↑ 1 2 Also known as Numerantia, Menina. According to Arab chronicles, she was a Christian from independent Galicia, “the daughter of the count of this country.” However, Isidor Patsensky (or Bezhsky) indicates that she was the daughter of Ed Aquitansky (either illegitimate or from a second marriage)
- ↑ Historians have disagreements about the chronology of events.According to some, the marriage was the basis for an alliance between Ed and Munusa; according to others, Ed himself gave his daughter in marriage to the “infidel” to strengthen the alliance. For more information see: Jean Devioss, Jean-Henri Roy. Battle of Poitiers. – S. 148.
- ↑ Munuza himself hoped to get the post.
- ↑ 1 2 Mozarabian Chronicle 754 part 79. Eastern literature. Archived from the original on January 31, 2011. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
- ↑ According to one of the versions, it was the capture of Bourges that pushed Ed to an alliance with Munuza.
- ↑ 1 2 Fredegar’s successors, st. 13.
- ↑ According to Kond and Chenier Al-Bab, this is the Arabic name for Puyserd, the Roman Castle of Libya in Karetania (lat. Castrum Liviae in Ceretania ).
- ↑ Jean Devioss, Jean-Henri Roy. Battle of Poitiers. – S. 153-156.
- ↑ 1 2 Müller August. Decree. op. – S. 609.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Mozarabian Chronicle 754 part 80. Eastern literature. Archived from the original on January 31, 2011. Retrieved on January 25, 2009.
- ↑ Jean Devioss, Jean-Henri Roy. Battle of Poitiers. – S. 159.
- ↑ Previously attributed to Isidor Patsensky, bishop of the city of Pax Julia (modern Beja).
- ↑ Wolf. Conquerors and Chroniclers of Early Medieval Spain. – P. 145.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Jean Devioss, Roy Jean-Henri. Battle of Poitiers. – S. 160-170.
- ↑ A similar dating is defended, for example, by Devioss J.and Roy JA., authors of The Battle of Poitiers.
- ↑ Britannica Online Encyclopedia
- ↑ 1 2 Les grandes chroniques de France (fr.). Retrieved January 25, 2009.
- ↑ 1 2 Jean Devioss, Roy Jean-Henri. Battle of Poitiers. – S. 257-258.
- ↑ Jean Devioss, Jean-Henri Roy. Battle of Poitiers. – S. 211-218.
- 90 003 ↑ Continuers of Fredegar, Art. 14-21.
- ↑ Jean Devioss, Jean-Henri Roy. Battle of Poitiers. – S. 223-238.
- ↑ Jean Devioss, Jean-Henri Roy. Battle of Poitiers. – S. 231.
- ↑ Dukes of Aquitaine before 768 (Family of Hunoald): Eudes. Foundation for Medieval Genealogy . Archived from the original on January 31, 2011. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
- 90 003 ↑ Continuers of Fredegar, Art. 10, 13.
- ↑ Early Frankish annals. Comments. Eastern literature. – Years 721 and 731-732. Archived from the original on January 31, 2011. Retrieved on January 27, 2009.
- ↑ Jean Devioss, Jean-Henri Roy. Battle of Poitiers. – S. 256.
- 90,003 ↑ 90,004 Petavian Annals. Eastern literature. Archived from the original on January 31, 2011. Retrieved on January 27, 2009.
- 90,003 ↑ Annals of Saint Amanda. Eastern literature. Archived from the original on January 31, 2011. Retrieved on January 25, 2009.
- 90 003 ↑ Lobbie Annals. Archived from the original on January 31, 2011. Retrieved on January 27, 2009.
- ↑ Arab-Byzantine chronicle of 741. Eastern literature. Archived from the original on January 31, 2011. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
- ↑ Mozarabian Chronicle 754 Eastern literature. Archived from the original on January 31, 2011. Retrieved on January 25, 2009.
- ↑ Early Frankish annals. Comments. Eastern literature. – Year 732 – A selection of original excerpts about the Battle of Poitiers. Archived from the original on January 31, 2011. Retrieved on January 27, 2009.
- ↑ Jean Devioss, Jean-Henri Roy. Battle of Poitiers. – S. 149.
- ↑ Chronica Sigeberti Gemblacensis. – 732 (quoted from the book Jean Devioss, Jean-Henri Roy. Battle of Poitiers = Bataille de Poitieis (octobre 733) / Translated by A. V. Sanina – St. Petersburg: Eurasia, 2003 .– 288 p. – 2000 copy – ISBN 5-8071-0132-4)
- ↑ Jean Devioss, Jean-Henri Roy. Battle of Poitiers. – S. 157.
Literature
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References
90,000 August 1, 1914 – judepinguin – LiveJournal
As soon as the button labeled “Mobilization” was pressed, the huge mechanism of recruiting, equipping and transporting two million people automatically came into play. The reservists arrived at the pre-specified assembly points, received military uniforms, equipment and weapons, were reduced to companies and battalions, which were joined by cavalry and artillery, medical units, scooter units, field kitchens, forge vans, and mail vans.All of them, according to a previously drawn up schedule, were transported by rail to concentration areas near the borders, where divisions were formed, from divisions – corps, from corps – armies ready to move into battle.
Only one army corps – and there were 40 of them in the German army – needed 170 railroad cars for officers, 965 for infantry, 2960 for cavalry, 1915 for artillery and supply services; a total of 6010 carriages, or 140 trains. From the moment the order was issued, everything began to move in accordance with the schedules, where accurate information was indicated, up to the number of carriage axles passing at a certain time on a particular bridge.<...>
At seven o’clock in the evening, as foreseen by the plan, the first line of the war was crossed, in this the infantry company of the 69th regiment under the command of a certain Lieutenant Feldman distinguished itself. On the Luxembourg side of the border, on the slopes of the Ardennes, about twelve miles from the Belgian city of Bastogne, was a small town which the Germans called Ulflingen. Cows grazed in the hilly pastures around him; on the steep, cobbled streets, even in the midst of the August harvest, you will not see even a scrap of hay – such were the strict laws of maintaining cleanliness in the Grand Duchy.On the outskirts of the town there was a railway station and a telegraph office, where lines from Germany and Belgium converged. The goal of the Germans was to seize these objects, which was carried out by the company of Lieutenant Feldman, who arrived in trucks.
With an unchanging talent for tactlessness, the Germans decided to violate the neutrality of Belgium in a place whose original and official name was Trois Vierges – Three Virgins. They personified faith, hope and mercy, but History, with its penchant for amazing coincidences, made them so in the eyes of everyone who became symbols of Luxembourg, Belgium and France.
At 19:30 the second detachment arrived in cars (apparently after receiving a telegram from the Kaiser) with the order for the first group to withdraw, since “a mistake was made.