Custom Cascade Waterfalls: Transforming Your Pool into a Luxurious Oasis

How can custom cascade waterfalls enhance your pool’s aesthetic appeal. What are the benefits of installing a cascade waterfall in your backyard. How to choose the right custom cascade for your pool design. What factors should you consider when planning a cascade waterfall installation.

The Allure of Custom Cascade Waterfalls

Custom cascade waterfalls have become increasingly popular among homeowners looking to elevate their pool areas into stunning backyard retreats. These water features not only add visual interest but also create a soothing ambiance that can transform any ordinary pool into a luxurious oasis. By incorporating a custom cascade waterfall, you can significantly enhance the overall aesthetic appeal and value of your outdoor living space.

Custom cascades offer a wide range of design possibilities, allowing you to create a unique water feature that perfectly complements your pool and landscape. From sleek, modern designs to more natural, rock-inspired cascades, there’s a style to suit every taste and preference.

Benefits of Installing a Custom Cascade Waterfall

• Enhanced visual appeal
• Soothing water sounds
• Increased property value
• Improved water circulation
• Customizable designs
• Create a focal point in your backyard

Designing Your Dream Cascade Waterfall

When it comes to designing your custom cascade waterfall, the possibilities are nearly endless. You can choose from a variety of materials, shapes, and sizes to create a water feature that perfectly complements your pool and backyard aesthetic. Some popular design options include:

1. Natural rock cascades
2. Sleek, modern sheet falls
3. Multi-tiered waterfalls
4. Grotto-style cascades
5. Illuminated water features

To ensure your custom cascade waterfall meets your expectations, it’s essential to work with experienced professionals who can guide you through the design process and help bring your vision to life.

Factors to Consider in Cascade Waterfall Design

When planning your custom cascade waterfall, there are several factors to take into account:

• Pool size and shape
• Existing landscape and architecture
• Budget constraints
• Maintenance requirements
• Water flow and volume
• Lighting options

The Installation Process: What to Expect

Installing a custom cascade waterfall is a complex process that requires careful planning and execution. While the specific steps may vary depending on your chosen design, here’s a general overview of what you can expect during the installation process:

1. Site preparation and excavation
2. Foundation construction
3. Plumbing and electrical work
4. Waterfall structure installation
5. Finishing touches and landscaping
6. Testing and adjustments

Working with a reputable pool and landscape design company can help ensure a smooth installation process and a stunning final result.

Maintenance and Care for Your Custom Cascade

Proper maintenance is crucial to keep your custom cascade waterfall looking and functioning its best. Regular upkeep will help prevent issues such as algae growth, mineral buildup, and equipment malfunctions. Here are some essential maintenance tasks to keep in mind:

• Regular cleaning of the waterfall surface
• Monitoring and adjusting water chemistry
• Inspecting and cleaning filters
• Checking for leaks or damage
• Winterizing the system in colder climates

By staying on top of these maintenance tasks, you can ensure that your custom cascade waterfall remains a beautiful and functional feature of your backyard for years to come.

Enhancing Your Cascade with Lighting and Special Features

To truly maximize the impact of your custom cascade waterfall, consider incorporating lighting and special features. These elements can transform your water feature into a stunning focal point, especially during evening hours.

Lighting Options for Custom Cascades

• LED underwater lights
• Fiber optic lighting systems
• Color-changing lights
• Landscape lighting to highlight the cascade

Special Features to Consider

In addition to lighting, there are several special features you can incorporate into your custom cascade design to make it even more unique and engaging:

• Fire and water combinations
• Fog effects
• Programmable water jets
• Interactive water features
• Natural stone accents

These additional elements can help create a truly immersive and captivating backyard experience.

The Impact of Custom Cascades on Property Value

Investing in a custom cascade waterfall can have a significant positive impact on your property value. Not only does it enhance the aesthetic appeal of your outdoor living space, but it also adds a luxurious touch that can set your home apart in the real estate market.

While the exact increase in property value can vary depending on factors such as location, overall landscaping, and the quality of the installation, many homeowners find that adding a custom cascade waterfall offers a strong return on investment.

Factors Influencing ROI for Custom Cascades

• Quality of materials and workmanship
• Integration with existing landscape design
• Energy efficiency of the system
• Uniqueness of the design
• Overall appeal to potential buyers

To maximize the potential return on your investment, it’s essential to work with experienced professionals who can create a high-quality, well-designed custom cascade waterfall that complements your property and appeals to a wide range of potential buyers.

Choosing the Right Professional for Your Custom Cascade Project

Selecting the right professional to design and install your custom cascade waterfall is crucial to the success of your project. Here are some key factors to consider when choosing a contractor:

• Experience with custom water features
• Portfolio of completed projects
• Customer reviews and testimonials
• Licensing and insurance
• Warranty and after-installation support
• Communication and project management skills

Take the time to research and interview multiple contractors before making your decision. A reputable professional will be happy to answer your questions, provide references, and offer a detailed proposal for your custom cascade project.

Questions to Ask Potential Contractors

1. How long have you been designing and installing custom cascades?
2. Can you provide examples of similar projects you’ve completed?
3. What is your process for designing and planning a custom cascade?
4. How do you handle unexpected challenges during installation?
5. What type of warranty do you offer on your work?
6. How long will the installation process take?
7. What kind of maintenance support do you provide after installation?

By asking these questions and thoroughly vetting potential contractors, you can ensure that you choose a professional who will bring your custom cascade vision to life with skill and expertise.

Integrating Your Custom Cascade with Existing Landscaping

For a truly cohesive and stunning outdoor living space, it’s essential to integrate your custom cascade waterfall with your existing landscaping. This thoughtful approach ensures that your new water feature enhances rather than overshadows your current garden design.

Tips for Seamless Integration

• Consider the overall style of your landscape
• Use complementary materials and colors
• Incorporate native plants around the cascade
• Create natural transitions between the cascade and surrounding areas
• Balance the scale of the cascade with other landscape elements

Working with both a landscape designer and a custom cascade specialist can help you achieve a harmonious balance between your new water feature and existing outdoor elements.

Plant Selection for Custom Cascade Surroundings

Choosing the right plants to surround your custom cascade can enhance its natural beauty and create a lush, inviting atmosphere. Consider the following plant types:

• Water-loving plants like ferns and hostas
• Ornamental grasses for texture and movement
• Colorful perennials for seasonal interest
• Hardy shrubs for structure and privacy
• Trailing plants to soften edges and create a natural look

Consult with a local horticulturist or landscape designer to select plants that will thrive in your specific climate and complement your custom cascade design.

The Environmental Impact of Custom Cascades

As homeowners become increasingly conscious of their environmental footprint, it’s important to consider the ecological impact of installing a custom cascade waterfall. While these water features do consume energy and water, there are several ways to minimize their environmental impact and create a more sustainable design.

Eco-Friendly Custom Cascade Features

• Energy-efficient pumps and lighting
• Water recirculation systems
• Rainwater harvesting integration
• Native plant landscaping
• Use of sustainable materials

By incorporating these eco-friendly features, you can enjoy the beauty of a custom cascade waterfall while minimizing its environmental impact.

Water Conservation Strategies

To address concerns about water usage, consider implementing the following water conservation strategies in your custom cascade design:

• Install a water level sensor to prevent overfilling
• Use a variable speed pump to adjust water flow
• Incorporate a water treatment system to reduce the need for frequent water changes
• Design the cascade to minimize water loss due to splashing and evaporation
• Consider using captured rainwater to supplement the cascade’s water supply

By taking these steps, you can create a more environmentally responsible custom cascade waterfall that aligns with your sustainability goals.

Custom Cascades for Commercial Properties

While custom cascade waterfalls are popular among homeowners, they can also be a stunning addition to commercial properties. From hotels and resorts to office buildings and shopping centers, a well-designed custom cascade can create a memorable first impression and enhance the overall ambiance of a commercial space.

Benefits of Commercial Custom Cascades

• Create a welcoming atmosphere for guests and clients
• Serve as a unique branding opportunity
• Reduce noise pollution in urban environments
• Improve air quality through water evaporation
• Provide a focal point for outdoor gathering spaces

When designing a custom cascade for a commercial property, it’s important to consider factors such as foot traffic, maintenance requirements, and the overall aesthetic of the building or complex.

Design Considerations for Commercial Cascades

Commercial custom cascades often require a different approach than residential installations. Here are some key considerations:

• Scale and proportion relative to the building size
• Durability to withstand heavy use
• Safety features to protect visitors
• Ease of maintenance for facility staff
• Incorporation of company branding or logos
• Compliance with local regulations and building codes

Working with a custom cascade specialist experienced in commercial installations can help ensure that your project meets both aesthetic and practical requirements.

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Whidbey Island and Manson Washington Custom Homes – Cascade Custom Homes & Design – Cascade Custom Homes & Design

“My husband and I had a view lot for a few years before we decided that we were finally at a point in our lives to build. We contacted Cascade Custom Homes after researching their website and seeing several homes they constructed, and we met with Jon Roberts, the architect. We had some ideas that he helped us develop, always listening to our particular wants and needs. We were far along in our plans when a family setback forced us to stop the process. Jon was understanding and gracious and assured us that our plans would not be scrapped and that we could resume at any time.
A few years later we started again. We resumed our dream and after plans were well established ready to be submitted for approval from the county, another and worse crisis occurred in our lives and we stopped moving forward again. As stunned as Jon was, he was again supportive of our decision to halt the project.
Several years passed and although we would never recover completely from the disastrous blow we had been dealt, we also knew that building our home was going to be part of our healing.
We were reluctant to call Jon thinking that he wouldn’t want us as clients again after two false starts, but once we talked with him, our fears were never realized. We resumed where we left off. Jon worked extremely hard to keep our design well within our financial parameters without sacrificing our standards.
We finally finished the planning stage.
Then we were handed over to Jay Roberts, the builder. We were sure we wouldn’t like Jay as much as we liked Jon…but we were wrong. Jay was our captain, our confident, our “no question is too small” guy, the crisis interventionist, and all around great person to work with. He answered every question with knowledge and confidence.
We had changes we wanted to be made, and Jay took care of the changes as if we were family.
That is how you will be treated….like family. He never treated our questions as being trivial and handled us and our concerns very patiently.
We were out of state a lot of the time and we trusted Jay to make the day to day decisions for us long distance. We were not disappointed.
The house was finished on time except for a few last minute touches; the people hired to do the floors, fireplace, deck, painting, all the electrical, plumbing, excavating, etc. were great. No complaints. The workers employed to do the finishing touches were all experienced artists.
Our project went beyond our original price range, but that was because we changed some things…..made our deck bigger, invested in more expensive stone….not due to any problems or mistakes made by Cascade. Jay actually pointed out things that were unnecessary and very pricy to keep us on budget.
To make a long story short, if you are looking for an objective review to read….sorry. We can’t be objective. We had a great experience with a very professional company with owners who go the extra mile to make sure you get what you pay for. I would recommend Cascade Custom Homes to anyone with no hesitation at all. It will be a wonderful experience for anyone who wants to share the experience of building a home with a great team working beside them. Our home is beautiful, the workmanship is first class and the building is structurally sound and solid. Thank you Cascade Custom Homes.”

Frontiers | CASCADE: A Custom-Made Archiving System for the Conservation of Ancient DNA Experimental Data

Introduction

The first draft of the human genome was released in 2001, following 20 years of extensive collaborative efforts among large research centers across the world (Lander et al. , 2001; Venter et al., 2001). The first prehistoric human genome was released almost a decade later (Rasmussen et al., 2010) and was immediately followed by the genome characterization of two extinct groups of hominins, Neanderthals (Green et al., 2010) and Denisovans (Reich et al., 2010). Now, another decade later, the number of human genomes characterized has become truly astronomical, and it is estimated that several millions of living individuals, and several thousand prehistoric ones, have had their genome sequenced (Marciniak and Perry, 2017; Brunson and Reich, 2019Regalado, 2019). Extensive time-series of genomes are also becoming available for organisms other than humans, including their pathogens (e.g., Yersinia pestis, the agent of the plague, see Spyrou et al., 2019 for a review), animal domesticates (e.g., horses, Fages et al., 2019), and plants (e.g., maize, Kistler et al., 2018). The number of published metagenomes sampled from the environment (e.g., ancient lake sediments, Pedersen et al. , 2015) and mammal-associated microbial communities (e.g., in ancient dental calculus, Mann et al., 2018) is also on the rise.

The reasons for such a success are manifold. First, the DNA data production capacity and costs of next-generation sequencing instruments have constantly improved (Metzker, 2010; Goodwin et al., 2016). Second, specific types of osseous material, such as petrosal bones (Pinhasi et al., 2015) and tooth cementum (Damgaard et al., 2015), have been found to show better DNA preservation rates than previously explored sources, and to be generally less prone to contamination by environmental microbes. These developments have lowered the sequencing efforts needed to retrieve significant coverage of the focal genome and have consequently reduced the time required for and costs incurred by ancient genome characterization. Third, an entire array of innovative molecular solutions has been developed to facilitate the recovery and manipulation of ancient DNA (aDNA) molecules, including DNA extraction (Dabney et al. , 2013; Boessenkool et al., 2017; Glocke and Meyer, 2017; Korlević and Meyer, 2019), incorporation into DNA libraries (Gansauge and Meyer, 2013; Gansauge et al., 2017; Carøe et al., 2018; Rohland et al., 2018), handling of DNA damage (Gansauge and Meyer, 2014; Gansauge et al., 2017), and target enrichment of hundreds of thousands to over a million pre-selected loci across the genome (Haak et al., 2015; Harney et al., 2018; Mathieson et al., 2018; Olalde et al., 2018). As a result, aDNA projects have become increasingly large-scale, and it is now common that several hundred of specimens are processed within a single study. For example, the survey of genome-wide variation among humans in Iberia carried out by Olalde and colleagues included 271 individual specimens spanning the last ∼5,000 years (Olalde et al., 2019), while the study from Damgaard et al. (2018) released no fewer than 137 genome sequences of ancient humans from across the Eurasian steppes and spanning the last 4,000 years.

This increase in scale is impressive, especially when contrasted with the challenges ancient genomics still faces, first of which is sample availability. While new methods have expanded the range of suitable samples, finding relevant samples in the first place can be very difficult. Once a promising excavation site is found, the number of suitable samples at this site is a priori unknown and may only become apparent after months if not years. However, once unearthed, samples should be processed rapidly to prevent further degradation of endogenous DNA. Unfortunately, sample processing is often destructive and hence reduces the availability of samples for other fields like e.g., Archeology. It is therefore important to assess as swiftly as possible whether samples found at a given site are suitable for ancient genomics to limit material destruction as much as possible, either because initial screening is negative or enough material has been obtained. This also helps prioritizing areas and/or time periods that require further excavation and sampling. Timely processing however, can be challenging due to available laboratory capacity. Because of the risk of further degradation and contamination, the handling of aDNA requires dedicated, well-isolated clean rooms which have to undergo regular cleaning and sterilization cycles between uses in order to prevent additional contamination. As a result of these specific requirements suitable laboratory space is often limited. Strict experimental procedures, laboratory facility maintenance, and resource management are thus indispensable for efficient sample processing especially when trying to scale up analysis. It is furthermore imperative that laboratory personnel have access to the full status of any given sample at all times, especially as experiments may require the processing of specific samples and/or the replication of particular steps. In addition to informing decisions and providing context for future specimens, being able to track sample information throughout the whole aDNA data production process is paramount to a number of quality control meta-analyses, such as detecting batch effects, including contaminated experimental sessions. These processes are also crucial for assessing performance of steps and/or protocols, project reporting, or for obtaining preliminary background information for grant applications. Such achievements require tools that are up to the task of staying on top of constantly growing and changing data as well as all underlying procedural steps.

In this study, we present CASCADE, a Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS), tailor-made for the genetic processing of paleontological remains. The Custom-made Archiving System for the Conservation of Ancient DNA Experimental data implemented within CASCADE provides a user-friendly, web-based environment to track all experimental phases involved in the preparation, extraction, library construction, amplification and sequencing of aDNA. It delivers a full environment capable of both storing and querying the information from a web browser. It also supports barcode assisted identification of tube content at all documented experimental steps. It is available for free, together with a companion documentation that provides full installation instructions and user guidelines. We anticipate that CASCADE will facilitate the traceability, sharing and long-term conservation of the experimental metadata associated with aDNA analyses.

Materials and Methods

CASCADE Setup

In order to make CASCADE as portable as possible, we decided to embed it inside a virtual machine (VM) available for all major operating systems (OS, e.g., Windows, Linux, Mac OSX). This was achieved using Oracle VM VirtualBox v5.2. A VM is a fully self-contained simulated computer system that can be executed on any host system (i.e., a physical computer) that has the VM software installed and enough resources for the simulated system. The VM created for CASCADE uses only a single simulated CPU and 2GB of RAM, and hence should be able to run on most currently available computer systems. It was tested without returning problems on desktop and laptop computers with Intel CORE i5 and CORE i7 CPUs and 8GB of RAM using either Windows 10, MacOS El Capitan/Mojave, or Ubuntu 18. 04 LTS as host systems. As guest OS (i.e., the operating system running inside the VM), we chose Ubuntu 18.04 LTS, which is available free online.

The virtual disk image (VDI), i.e., the file that contains the simulated hard disk of the VM, requires around 10GB of disk space which is mostly due to the size of the guest OS and other required software. Software includes the NGINX v.1.14.0 web-server executing the CASCADE source code, and the MySQL v14.14 database management system that handles all the data stored. Other prerequisites are the Laravel PHP framework v5.6, the Vue.js JavaScript framework v2.6.10, and the Bootstrap 4 JavaScript & CSS library. CASCADE’s back-end source code is fully written in PHP 7.2 using Laravel’s classes while the front-end is written in JavaScript with the support of Vue.js. Styling is based on Bootstrap 4 with the addition of vector graphics from the Font Awesome vector icon library. Vector graphics sourced from this library are under the Creative Commons Attribution 4. 0 International license.

CASCADE is accessed via web browser. It was developed specifically for Mozilla Firefox but has also been tested with recent versions of Google Chrome without encountering problems. Especially when the database reaches larger numbers of records (i.e., ten-thousands of entries), Chrome seems to perform better, although parts of the layout may be interpreted differently to Firefox. The source code as well as the fully installed and configured VM can be provided upon request (please direct requests to one of the following authors: LO, [email protected]; XM, [email protected]; CD, [email protected]). We also provide an installation manual alongside the VM for those users willing to create and configure their own VM for running CASCADE. However, please note that the source code is available only upon request and requires an Atlassian Bitbucket account which can be created for free. Using Bitbucket’s collaborator feature allows us to safely exchange the code with trusted parties. In case such an account is not wanted, the source code can also be found in a folder inside the VM as indicated in the companion manual.

Our goal is to provide CASCADE free to all scientists interested. The procedures for obtaining CASCADE were, however, developed as precautionary measures to reduce the risk of hacking. To maximize safety, we also recommend installing CASCADE on computers connected to firewall-protected, laboratory-internal networks and allowing access from outside the network only through VPN.

It is the user’s responsibility to ensure the security of the computer installation, network configuration and password management for any computer running CASCADE in order to maintain the safety of the data stored in CASCADE. Hence, it should be installed and run only on computers for which access control can be guaranteed at all times, either directly or through the network. Moreover, as CASCADE can be used to store personal data (e.g., from collaborators and study participants), it is subjected to legislation and rules about the protection of personally identifiable information in force in the users’ country, state and/or institutions (e. g., GDPR in the European Union) and with which the user must comply (e.g., personal data anonymization, encryption, ethical clearance). Like all software under MIT license, CASCADE is provided “as is” without warranty of any kind. As a consequence, the authors of CASCADE cannot be held accountable for data/system loss as a result of security breaches.

Database Schema Design

Each relational database project begins with the schema design during which all attributes required to describe every aspect of the system are defined. These are then further processed to remove redundancies and establish relationships between the different parts of the data. This procedure is called database normalization, which aims at satisfying so-called “normal forms” (Codd, 1970). A data model that reaches at least the third normal form is usually described as “normalized” (Date, 2003). Once in this configuration, most if not all anomalies that might arise from adding, deleting, or modifying data are removed. This feature guarantees the present and future integrity of the data and represents one of the major strengths of relational databases. Another one is that the relations established between the data sets allow flexibly combining them in different ways so as to query exactly the information required for certain analyses or tasks.

Figures and Screenshots

Screenshots were taken using the screenshot tool of MacOS Mojave (v10.14.6) and subsequently processed in GIMP v.2.10. Where necessary, text was replaced with a “– REDACTED –” label to not expose account and personal information of our collaborators. All other Figures were created using Inkscape v0.92.4 and vector graphics from the Font Awesome vector icon library.

Results

General Overview

The core functionality of any LIMS revolves around the handling and tracking of laboratory specimens. In the case of most aDNA projects, these requirements include sample registration, pulverization, and DNA extraction from the obtained powder, followed by library preparation, amplification, quantification, pooling and sequencing. Additional steps which might be used to increase quality, specificity, or yield of endogenous sequences consist of DNA damage repair by enzymatic treatment, and/or DNA capture methods for target enrichment of specific DNA sub-fractions. A commonly used repair method is the incubation of aDNA extracts with an enzymatic mixture consisting of Uracil DNA glycosylase and Endonuclease VIII (USER treatment, New England Biolabs), which can eliminate most or even all those cytosines that have been deaminated post-mortem (Rohland et al., 2015), and which represent the most common aDNA damage (Briggs et al., 2007).

All the steps described above are implemented in the CASCADE processing pipeline (Figure 1). At each stage of the pipeline, primary and secondary data relating to the experimental step are recorded. Primary data include attributes directly related to a given specimen, e.g., the condition of the sample, the amount of powder obtained, or the volume of enzyme used for treatment. Secondary data on the other hand refer to attributes that are only indirectly related to the specimen e. g., the coordinates of the excavation site, the return address of the sample provider, or the details of the protocol used for processing. All these data are handled by CASCADE leveraging a relational database recording 1,155 attributes (fields or columns) grouped into 97 different record types (stored as record sets or tables) which are linked together through a network of 374 private key – foreign key relations (Tables 1–3).

Figure 1. (A) Pipeline backbone graph showing the flow of experimental data through CASCADE. Samples and their related data are registered first. Subsequently, they proceed through the pulverization or “Drilling” stage to the extraction step. Once extracted, they continue to library generation, either directly or after undergoing USER treatment. Should analyses reveal that the initial extraction round did not succeed in releasing satisfactory endogenous material, new extractions can also be generated from the remaining extraction pellets (loop from and to extraction) before being further processed. Generated libraries can be pooled immediately or after additional amplification. Again, should initial amplification prove not to be sufficient, re-amplification (loop from and to amplification), target enrichment, or other post-amplification protocols can be executed prior to pooling. All intermediates from extraction to post-amplification can be included in analyses via the feature “qPCR.” Paths to the sequencing data generated for several samples of the same specimen (a “Sample group”) are combined and fed in the Paleomix computational pipeline (Schubert et al., 2014) for retrieving basic estimates, including endogenous content. The results obtained represent the final pipeline output. (B) Display of the most important non-experimental data types related to sample data. Samples have the largest number of relations to non-experimental data. Some of these are shared with other experimental data types (e.g., “Storage,” “Notes,” “Files”). Icons in both panels are the same as those used for CASCADE’s menus and taken from the Font Awesome vector icon library.

Table 1. Data structure overview (part 1): presets.

Table 2. Data structure overview (part 2): experiments and related data.

Table 3. Data structure overview (part 3): tables related to database functionality.

Upon registration of a given sample, the system generates a unique identifier and then incorporates additional information as the sample progresses through the pipeline. This feature enables unambiguous identification at every step until the sample reaches the final stage of data analysis. The partitioning of data and their interconnection by a web of relations allows users to flexibly combine individual data sets to query exactly the information required for a certain analysis or task. This flexibility is made available to users through a query system allowing them not only to create queries, but also to store and re-run them at a later stage (e.g., after new content has been added to the database). In effect, it grants users the power to add to the functionality of CASCADE as they see fit. In order to provide an example of what is possible, we have used this query system to generate a series of pre-built queries which we find useful in our own laboratory practice. These include, for example, summaries of samples available and/or processed per individual archeological site, region and/or time period, and overviews of the status of any given sample in the experimental production chain.

The Database User Interface

The database interface consists of two main parts, corresponding to the “Presets” and the “Experiments” sections. The “Presets” section describes all data that can exist independently of experiments but which form the majority of dependencies for experimental entries. These include, among other things, collaborator and user contact information, excavation sites, taxa, materials, protocols, and oligo-nucleotides used for preparing DNA library adapters, library indexing and amplification. The “Experiments” section mainly handles the actual experimental data, but also includes data types that are closely associated, such as imaging records (if available), sample groups, and analytical results of different types, depending on the experimental step considered.

In a typical use case scenario, any newly arrived sample is first checked for its “Presets” requirements (e.g., new collaborator, excavation site etc.) before the sample itself is added to CASCADE. Upon registration, the sample is automatically added to a “Waiting list” (Figure 2) which makes it immediately visible to all laboratory staff and enables them to book it for processing directly through this interface. Once processing starts, the sample status is continuously updated, which is communicated through the waiting list and also displayed on the sample’s detail page. For each pipeline step a new entry is automatically created ensuring that the list is always up to date and informing everyone interested about the current status of the sample and the progress it has made. To illustrate this feature, we have pre-filled CASCADE with a toy example, which shows specimens at different stages of the processing pipeline. More details about the database interface can be found in the companion manual.

Figure 2. Waiting list showing specimens at different processing stages. Registered samples (“Samples,” top), “Drillings” (middle), and “Extractions” (bottom). No records are available for the other experimental data types at this moment, and, hence, none are displayed. The “Samples” panel shows four samples each either “Waiting” to be processed, “Booked” for processing (by two different users “NAKH” and “ANFA”), currently undergoing “Processing,” or already “Finished.” “Finished” entries show the delete trash button on the right allowing the user to remove them from the list and avoid clutter. Deletion does not happen automatically; it thus provides users with feedback of what has been done. Waiting entries have an edit button instead, which leads to a menu allowing all users to attach notes to the entry, e.g., special experimental conditions must be applied, location of the material, etc.

Experimental Data Entry

In our own laboratory experience, new samples tend to arrive in batches rather than individually. Furthermore, we also almost exclusively process groups of samples in each pipeline step in order to maximize our clean lab capacity. We hence decided to organize experimental data entry for each step in “Sessions,” with each session corresponding to a group of samples processed at the same time. Not only does this allow us to keep track of which specimens were subjected to the same conditions, and hence to spot batch effects (e.g., failure to amplify caused by using a new tube of enzyme or switching reagent supplier), it also helps distinguish whether contamination present in one particular specimen could have been introduced in the laboratory or prior to arrival. It further makes data submission more convenient as entries that share many of their parameters can be submitted together rather than one by one, hence reducing the workload and the likelihood of introducing mistakes. On top of that, we decided to allow users to pause data submission and continue it at a later point in time. As a result, laboratory staff can make efficient use of the inevitable waiting time e.g., during pulverization, centrifugation, or incubation periods, which is a real asset, especially in a laboratory setting. While waiting for a specific step to be completed, the data accumulated until the ongoing experimental step can be submitted and the process suspended once the experimental step has finished. This feature thus enables to leverage any available experimental downtime thereby improving overall laboratory efficacy. In order to achieve this, however, we had to implement an intermediate set of tables to hold the temporary data. We therefore decided to provide this mechanism only for experimental data types.

A specimen’s progress through the different experimental steps (i.e., pulverization, DNA extraction, USER treatment, library construction, qPCR, amplification, capture/target enrichment, pooling, and sequencing) can be easily monitored via a “Status bar” feature available on the detail page of the corresponding sample (Figure 3A). A click on the icon of any type of experiment in this bar (Figure 3B) displays a list of all related entries of that type stored in the database (Figure 3C) and links directly to the corresponding detail pages should the processing of the focal entry be completed. While this feature allows tracking individual samples, tracking whole sets of samples is often equally desirable. For this reason, three higher-level detail menus, one each for collaborators, excavation sites, and taxa, were implemented (Figures 4–6). Each of these menus shows a list of all related samples (e.g., provided by a certain collaborator, excavated at a given site, or deriving from the same taxon) and hence helps sample management, provides archeological context, and supports decision making.

Figure 3. Sample detail view and status bar. (A) For each sample, a “Detail view” is available that summarizes the most important details about a given sample. The full details are available via the “Show full details” button at the bottom left. At the top of the menu, the “Status bar” shows the current processing status of a sample (red = “not done yet,” yellow = “currently processed,” green = “finished”). (B) The icons in the status bar represent the different experimental types (from left to right: “Drillings,” “Extractions,” “USER Treatments,” “Libraries,” “qPCRs,” “Amplifications,” “Post-Amplifications,” “Pools,” “Sequencing runs,” and “Paleomix runs”) and open a pop-up menu (C) when clicked in order to list all available specimens per type. The “Go to record” button then allows jumping directly to the detail view of the record of interest.

Figure 4. Excavation site detail view. For each site and its sub-sites (e.g., sectors in a larger area, different tombs or burial mounds, etc.) all available samples are listed, grouped by the sample provider. A click on the blue sample name leads to the sample’s detail view (see Figure 3A) while clicking on the provider name (here shown as “REDACTED” for privacy reasons) leads to that of the provider (see Figure 6). The displayed status bar works in the same way as described previously (see Figure 3B). As an additional feature, should GPS coordinates for a given site be available, clicking on the then blue map icon (gray and inactive if no coordinates are available) will automatically lead to a Google Maps view of that specific location.

Figure 5. Taxon detail view. Similar to the detail view for excavation sites, the taxon detail view lists all samples stored in CASCADE that are associated with the selected taxon. However, only those samples are listed for which there is DNA-based taxon assignment. Samples for which the taxon is estimated on the basis of other criteria (e.g., morphology) will not be listed, as this would rapidly lead to excessively large, thus, impracticable numbers of samples to be displayed. Retrieved samples are grouped by the taxon of the father, mother, and both resulting in the first two groups listing exclusively hybrids (e.g., mules and hinnies). If an NCBI Taxonomy ID was submitted together with the taxon record, a blue button at the top links directly to the entry in the NCBI Taxonomy Browser.

Figure 6. Contact detail view. This menu displays the contact information for each record stored in CASCADE (here shown as “REDACTED” for privacy reasons). It also provides direct access to all samples ever contributed by the example collaborator, as well as their details and status. This property allows evaluating how far samples have progressed through the pipeline which helps this collaborator to assess on demand whether enough data have already been collected to proceed with a project’s next step.

The Query System

As mentioned above, one of the great strengths of relational databases is to offer the possibility of freely combining data from different related records. This feature facilitates the detection of patterns or correlations between parts of the data that otherwise might not have been visible. This kind of data manipulation is usually done using Structured Query Language (SQL) queries. However, due to the vast possibilities of SQL queries and the power that they have over the data and structure of a database, making them available to users is very risky. This risk is both due to the damage that inexperienced users can inadvertently cause but also due to intentional damage by hackers. Another problem is that even SQL queries providing simple output can be complex to write, especially for beginners.

To address these problems, we implemented a Graphical User Interface (GUI) for the creation and execution of SQL “SELECT” statements which protects against accidental damage by users while facilitating the construction of complex queries. To further assist users in creating more complex data requests, simpler statements (termed “Moves”) can be created and stored and then later used in more complicated queries (“Strategies”) like normal tables. “Strategies” further allow all possible set operations (i.e., union, intersection, exclusion, and subtraction) on tables and subqueries, and hence provide all data operations that most users will ever need. We also provide a number of predefined queries that we have found useful in our workflow and which appear in the “Strategies” section. The first retrieves the number of samples each of our providers has entrusted to us. This feature helps keep track of all our collaborators, regardless of the number of samples provided. Of equal importance is another query that retrieves the list of collaborators who have contributed samples to a specific project. While CASCADE provides the possibility of assigning people directly to projects, some people might be overlooked, a possibility prevented by this query. Two other search options provide the list of different taxa or samples in hand for a given excavation site. A sixth query returns the number of samples available per excavation site, which helps assess whether we have enough specimens from a given region. Two other queries return all samples based on their country of origin and the different types of material (i.e., tissues) available per taxon, which has proven useful when assessing which material offers the best preservation conditions. Finally, the last query helps with reporting for grant-funding bodies by retrieving the number of articles published for the different projects. These queries are illustrated in Figure 7 (orange lines).

Figure 7. Graphical representation of database queries. Colored arrows (red and orange) demonstrate how different paths through the same connected data sets provide answers to various questions (described at dotted circle). All queries in orange are described in the main text and provided with CASCADE. The red queries illustrate other, less generic queries used to answer very specific questions and hence were not pre-built. Gray rectangles with black headers represent the tables dealing with the data described in each header. Solid black lines represent the relations existing between those data sets. A search query created with our interface first combines the requested data sources (e.g., tables or other previously created queries) based on given criteria, filters the combined data according to user specifications, then selects whatever data fields were requested by the user and returns the result in table format.

In addition to generating these types of targeted queries, the advanced search functionality built into CASCADE is equally useful for combining information from different tables into custom-built index views similar to those that already exist for the different menus. These “virtual tables” are first created as user-specific advanced searches and subsequently converted using the edit menu. Once converted, “virtual tables” cannot be used as source in advanced searches anymore, which makes their scope fixed, but are now available to everyone as queryable index views which, in contrast to their built-in counterparts, provide the same filtering possibilities available in advanced searches. We have provided three such queries in the “Tables” section of the basic search feature.

Another possible use of the query feature is the generation of informative labels for bags, bottles, and tubes used at any step of the experimental pipeline handled by CASCADE. To achieve this result, customized queries retrieve exactly the data required for any individual laboratory’s labeling needs and are exported as tab-delimited text files that can serve as input for most label-printing software and equipment available at the host laboratory. The data obtained can also be used for the production of one-dimensional and two-dimensional barcodes (e.g., QR codes). Due to their data density, the latter type is especially useful for labeling samples and tubes. This feature allows to store and retrieve all essential information about a specimen by simply scanning the attached barcode with barcode scanner or even a smartphone (in our laboratory we make use of “Barcode Scanner” for Android based on the ZXing open source barcode scanning library), without the need for a connection to CASCADE. Barcodes can also be used to directly access all sample information stored in the database. For this, users generate batches of IDs for their own personal use which can be assigned to any experimental data type and enable the recovery of the related data record. As these IDs can be created before any sample information is available, they can be printed in advance as barcodes and attached to individual tubes as experiments make progress. This is especially helpful in cases where no printers or computers are available wherever the different tubes are processed and/or stored (e.g., the ancient DNA clean rooms).

Discussion

The exponentially growing size of aDNA projects makes it increasingly difficult to keep all experimental metadata fully tractable for laboratory users and their collaborators. By integrating LIMS features tailored to the experimental procedures underlying aDNA analyses, CASCADE not only provides the first solution toward this objective, but also empowers experimental work and collaborative sharing through the possibility of automatic queries providing real-time information about ongoing progress and results. CASCADE can be accessed remotely from a web-browser by any user provided with a protected personal login account. It is made available for free, thereby helping to build the capacity of those smaller laboratories, which cannot afford the purchase of commercial LIMS solutions. It also contributes to the long-term preservation of important experimental information that may prove essential for the integration of available data to future projects, especially as the underlying methodology is constantly evolving.

In order to safeguard all experimental information handled by CASCADE, we have implemented two separate backup mechanisms. The first mechanism is configured during the installation and setup of the VM. It automatically generates full backups on a weekly basis in addition to daily incremental ones that allow a full reset of the database to its last functional state. The second mechanism can be manually triggered from inside CASCADE so as to force data download at critical stages. Like for the first mechanism, the output produced this way can be used to re-initialize the database. More importantly though, it can also be used to initialize a new copy of the database rather than just reset an existing one. In addition, it provides all data in a tab-delimited text format. This attribute guarantees that data stored in CASCADE will always be fully accessible in an easy-to-process format so that it can be transferred should newer and better lab management solutions become available.

Data Availability Statement

All datasets generated for this study are included in the article/supplementary material.

Author Contributions

LO conceived the project and coordinated work. DD and AFa designed the database schema and coordinated the data restructuring process. DD created the virtual servers, figures, and programmed the database. AFa developed the pool feature concept, managed the input of all laboratory members on the database design, and curated the data. AFr developed the tag and sample group feature concepts and performed break testing of the database. AS-O developed the waiting list feature concept. XM tested installation procedures. AFa, SS, LT-C, LC, SW, CD, AFr, and AS-O tested the database. DD, AFa, and LO wrote the manuscript, with input from all co-authors. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

Funding

This work was supported by the Initiative d’Excellence Chaires d’attractivité, Université de Toulouse (OURASI) and the Villum Fonden miGENEPI research project. LO has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement No. 681605-PEGASUS). This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 795916-NEO.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Acknowledgments

We thank Dr. Naveed Khan and the staff of the AGES research laboratory (Archeology, Genomics, Evolution and Societies), especially Dr. Morgane Gibert, Dr. Catherine Thèves, and Dr. Tomasz Suchan, for their input on the database design, help with data restructuring, database testing and quality control. We also thank Corentin Deppe for his help in input data management.

Footnotes














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Custom Cascade Marching Band Cape ― item# 23558 | Marching Band, Color Guard, Percussion, Parade

Custom Marching Band Cape 23558 | Made to Order

IN558

Colors Shown: Orange Polyester

Choose: Waist, Seat, or Knee Lengths

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Band Shoppe custom marching band uniform accessories use the same high-quality fabrics as our marching band uniforms including 100% Milliken Polyester. Get it as shown or design your own! Band Shoppe offers our design service Free of Charge. Whether straight from our catalog or a completely original design, our Sales Team can assist you in coming up with a unique, one-of-a-kind look that reflects your group’s style.

Need some help before you order? Contact our friendly Sales Team at 1.800.457.3501 or by email at sales@BandShoppe. com with any questions and they will be happy to assist you.

Whether straight from our catalog or a completely original design, our Sales Team can assist you in coming up with a unique, one-of-a-kind look that reflects your group’s style.

Minimum order of 3 per style and color

• Asymmetric Cascade Back Cape with Point
• Shown in: Orange Polyester
• Choose Waist, Seat, or Knee Length Cape
•  Non-reversible, fastens under epaulet with epaulet button
• Fully removable for easy laundering and quick attachment under epaulet
• Custom Capes are available in Men’s and Ladies’ sizes 26-60, extended sizes available
• Minimum order of three (3) per style and color
• Allow approximately 12-16 weeks for production, with an additional 4-5 weeks for digitally printed uniforms
• Custom embellishment available for an additional charge
• Always Manufactured in the USA

All custom items are priced as shown. Pricing may vary depending on the level of customization chosen for each uniform. Speak to our Sales Team for detailed pricing.

Change design elements including buttons, waist styles, collars, epaulets, wings, and canopies on most jackets listed throughout the custom section. Band Shoppe offers our design service Free of Charge. Whether straight from our catalog or a completely original design, our Sales Team can assist you in coming up with a unique, one-of-a-kind look that reflects your group’s style.

Custom marching band uniforms require a minimum order of three (3) uniforms per style and color. Most custom uniform orders will ship in about 12-16 weeks once artwork is approved and payment is submitted. Allow an additional 4-5 weeks for digitally printed uniforms. Speak to our knowledgeable Sales Team if you have any questions.

  CUSTOM UNIFORM DESIGN INFO: Learn more about custom uniforms.

  DOWNLOAD OUR FREE UNIFORM DESIGN GUIDE: Includes templates.

Discover a BETTER kind of PHARMACY Today!

Important news!

There have been some changes at Cascade Custom Pharmacy recently. We’ve decided to retire! (Yay!) We’ve loved serving Bend for many years, and are looking forward to the next stage in our life as snowbirds!

Our pharmacy is now closed, but to ensure you continue to get excellent care for all your custom compounding needs, we’ve asked Lloyd Center Compounding Pharmacy in Portland to fill your compounded medications from now on. They are a great pharmacy that I highly recommend. They already work with many Bend doctors and patients, and they can mail your prescription to you. When you are ready for your refill, you can still call it in to Cascade’s phone number (541-389-3671), it will take you to Lloyd who already has all your prescription information. This should be an easy and seamless process for you!

I care about all my patients, and I’ve tried very hard to make this an easy and painless transition for you.

Lloyd Center Compounding Pharmacy is a family owned pharmacy who care about quality and I’m confident they will take really great care of you.

We’ll miss everyone, and wish you all the best!


 

Question: Can I pick up my prescription at your Bend location?
Not anymore, sorry! We have closed and now you will get your prescription through Lloyd Center Compounding Pharmacy, a family owned pharmacy in Portland. Just like we used to do, they will be able to mail you your prescription. Shipping time from Portland to Bend is usually about the same as the shipping time from Bend to Bend: 2 days.


 

Question: Is there anything I need to do?
Nope! All your compounded prescription information has been moved to Lloyd automatically. You can reach them from Cascade’s phone number (541-389-3671).


 

Question: Will Lloyd Center Compounding Pharmacy mail my prescription to me?
They will! In fact, they tend to have pretty fast shipping times because they drop off all USPS deliveries directly to the USPS hub for all of Oregon.  Shipping time from Portland to Bend is usually about the same as the shipping time from Bend to Bend: 2 days.


 

Question: How should I order my prescription refills?
Just keep calling Cascade’s phone number at (541) 389-3671, it will go straight to the Lloyd staff who will take great care of you.


 

Question: What about my traditional, non-compounded medications?
All traditional, non-compounded medications have been transferred to the Albertsons on Hwy 97. They will be happy to fill your refills from now on. You can reach them at (541) 382-1444. Their address is 6115 S Hwy 97, Bend, OR 97702.





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Relax in Comfort in a Custom Cascade Tiny Home with Modern Features

Published: May 9, 2020 · Modified: May 9, 2020 by Katie Hale · This post may contain affiliate links ·

The Cascade tiny homes from Tiny Idahomes are always popular, but this custom build is truly stunning. The unassuming simple but warm exterior doesn’t even begin to tell you the story of how incredible this home can be for your family.

Step into a luxurious modern home complete with full gourmet kitchen, bottom floor bedroom, and tons of modern updates for your comfort.

As soon as you step through the red door to this stunning custom Cascade home, you will fall in love with the vaulted ceilings and dark wood accents. The comfortable space is warm and inviting for a simple weekend getaway, or a new retirement home.

Dark wood cabinetry lines the kitchen area and is accented by the matching trim throughout. Both sides of the living area are framed by large windows letting in tons of natural light. A perfect place to snuggle up with a good book.

This home features a small two person table for dining, and the comfortable sofa includes a fold down center. Ideal for lounging, hanging out with friends, or even taking a nap after work.

If making delicious meals for your family is one of your goals, this home is a perfect place to enjoy cooking. The kitchen has incredible space for storage and preparing your favorite meals.

White quartz counter tops are a wonderful modern touch that accent wonderfully alongside the deep farmhouse style sink. I love that the tiled back splash brings together all of the colors of the home. The brown, white, and cream tones really compliment each other and brighten the space without being overwhelming.

A great addition to this custom Cascade home is the extensive storage and cabinetry in the kitchen and throughout. You have multiple cabinets and drawers for food and utensil storage, but don’t miss that nice sized loft space above the bathroom. This storage area is ideal for extra linens, food stuffs, or even that tote of winter clothes between seasons.

Notice the hanging lights? Aren’t those beautiful?!

A closer look at the kitchen shows you a nice sized 3-burner stove with oven that is ideal for everything from a pancake breakfast to cooking your Thanksgiving turkey.

This kitchen may not be large, but it truly is a gourmet style kitchen with amazing features.

Go just a bit past the kitchen to the luxury modern bathroom. From the full inset shower to the farmhouse style shiplap paneling, it’s a dream come true.

Don’t worry! On the other side of that sink you’ll find a full porcelain toilet that makes this bathroom feel just like a traditional home.

Take note, throughout this home, even in the bathroom, you have plenty of accessible outlets for your daily needs.

Looking back toward the opposite side of the tiny home, you’ll see not just the gorgeous high ceilings with dark wood accents, but a door opening into the single bedroom.

Note, there is no wasted space in this home! You have tons of area on the walls by the bedroom to hang your own decor pieces, or a large TV for those weekends of Netflix bingeing.

Step through the door to this amazing bedroom space! You are sure to fall in love and never want to leave!

On either side of the bed, you see not just side tables, but outlets, and then above, cabinet space for more storage.

On the other side of the doors, you have even more storage and closet space pulling this room together for added comfort and privacy.

The pocket door saves space while giving you that element of privacy you desire.

Make sure to look up and check out the beautiful fixture lighting the room. So many modern elements add to the functionality and beauty of the home.

To learn more about this amazing home, check out the full listing from Tiny Idahomes in the Tiny House Marketplace. Make sure to let them know that iTinyHouses.com sent you!

Interested in more tiny homes? Make sure to check out some of my favorites below!

Guide to make Custom Haar Cascade XML file for Object detection with OpenCV | by Vipul dilip gote

In this blog, we are training any custom Haar Cascade XML file for object detection on an image /real-time

Introduction

With the current technology trends, computer vision has become an important entity in the technology field leading to limitless computer innovations. Think about computer vision from this perspective: As humans, our eyes are an important part of the body and so is embedding vision to computers/machines so as to allow them to see.

So to do that we are going to use Haar cascade method lets see first what is haar cascade shortly

Haar Cascade is a machine learning object detection algorithm used to identify objects in an image or video and based on the concept of ​​ features proposed by Paul Viola and Michael Jones in their paper “Rapid Object Detection using a Boosted Cascade of Simple Features” in 2001.

It is a machine learning-based approach where a cascade function is trained from a lot of positive and negative images. It is then used to detect objects in other images.

A Haar​ feature considers adjacent rectangular regions at a specific location in a detection window, sums up the pixel intensities in each region, and calculates the difference between these sums. some the Haar features are shown in the following image

To learn more about Haar features follow following link

http://www.willberger.org/cascade-haar-explained/

Prerequisites

1. Operating System :- Windows 7/8/10
2. Environment :- Python, anaconda (environment setup)

Note:- If You don’t have any environment setup refer my previous blog to setup environment link here

lets get Started with Installing OpenCV

So to install OpenCV on your machine follow the following steps:

For python environment users :-

• 1. Goto Start->search for ( cmd ) open it->type python and hit Enter-> you should see the following output then your python is successfully installed on your machine.
• 2. then type exit() and then hit Enter button
• 3. To install OpenCV you just have to type the following command

pip install numpy
pip install opencv-python

Note :- Type this code on command prompt and hit enter Wait for some time (time will proportional to download speed of your internet ) this command will download and install Opencv on your machine

For Anaconda environment users:-

• 1. Goto Start->search for ( Anaconda Prompt ) open it->type following command and hit enter

python -m pip install --upgrade pip

Then you should see something like this output

Note:- if you have any particular environment then Activate it first and then follow the above process again.

• 2. To install OpenCV type the following command

pip install numpy 
pip install opencv-python

NOTE: I have already install OpenCV on my pc that’s why it is showing requirement already satisfied if you are installing it the first time then it shows successfully installed OpenCV90,000 Cascade and Inheritance – Learning Web Development

The purpose of this lesson is to deepen your understanding of some of the fundamental concepts of CSS — cascades, specifications, and inheritance — that control how CSS is applied to HTML and how conflicts are resolved.

While this lesson may seem less relevant and a little more academic than some of the other parts of the course, understanding these things will save you headaches later on! We recommend that you read this section carefully and make sure you understand the concepts before moving on.

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) stands for Cascading Style Sheets and the first word “cascading” is incredibly important to understand that how the cascading behaves is key to understanding CSS.

At some point while working on a project, you find that the CSS you think should be applied to an element is not working. Usually the problem is that you have created two rules that could potentially apply to the same element. Cascade and the closely related concept of specificity are mechanisms that control which rule is applied when there is such a conflict.The style of your element may not be defined by the rule you intended, so you need to understand how these mechanisms work.

Also relevant is the concept of inheritance, which is that some CSS properties inherit the default values ​​set for the parent of the current element, and some do not. It can also cause behavior that you might not expect.

Let’s start with a quick overview of the key points that we cover, then go over each one in turn and see how they interact with each other and with your CSS.This may seem like a bunch of difficult concepts to understand. However, as you get more experience writing CSS, it will become more obvious to you how it works.

Cascade

A style sheet cascade, in simple terms, means that the order of the rules in CSS matters; when two rules with the same specificity apply, the last one in the CSS is used.

In the example below, we have two rules that can be applied to h2.As a result, h2 will be colored blue – these rules have the same selector and, therefore, the same specificity, so the last one in the order wins.

Specificity

Specificity determines how the browser decides which rule to apply when multiple rules have different selectors but can still be applied to the same element. Various types of selectors (element selectors h2 {...} , class selectors, identifier selectors, etc.) have varying degrees of impact on page elements. The more general influence a selector has on page elements, the less specific and specific it is. Essentially, this is a measure of how specific the selection by a selector would be:

• The element selector ( eg h2 ) is less specific – it will select all elements of that type on the page – so it will get fewer points.

• The class selector is more specific – it will select only those elements on the page that have a specific attribute value class – so it gets more points, the class selector will apply after the element selector and therefore overlap its styles.

For example. As noted below, we again have two rules that can be applied to h2 . h2 will be colored red as a result – the class selector gives its rule a higher specificity, so it will be applied despite the fact that the rule for the element selector is located lower in the stylesheet.

We will explain later how to make a specificity estimate and other details.

Inheritance

Inheritance must also be understood in this context – some CSS property values ​​set for parent elements are inherited by their children, and some are not.

For example, if you set the value color and font-family for an element, then every element inside it will also have that color and font, unless you directly style them with a different color and font.

Some properties are not inherited – for example, if you set the width of an element to 50%, all of its children will not get 50% of the width of their parent. If that were the case, CSS would be extremely difficult to use!

Note : On the CSS properties reference pages, you can find a technical info box, usually at the end of a spec section, that lists some technical data about this property, including whether it is inherited or not.For example, here: color property Specifications section.

These three concepts together define which CSS is applied to which element; we'll see how they interact in the next sections. This may sound daunting, but you will begin to understand them better as you get more experience with CSS, and you can always refer to the help information if you forget something. Even experienced developers don't remember all the details!

The video below shows how you can use the Firefox DevTools to test a style cascade, specification, etc.etc. on page:

So, inheritance. In the example below, we have

with two levels of unordered lists nested within it. We have set the border style, padding and font color for the outer
.

Font color applied to the direct descendant, but also to the indirect descendant, the direct descendant

• , and to elements within the first nested list. Next, we added class special to the second nested list and applied a different font color to it.This property is now inherited by all of its descendants.

  Properties such as width (as in the example above), padding, padding, and border style are not inherited. If the descendants of our list were to inherit the border, then each individual list and each position in the list would receive the same border - we hardly would like to get such an effect!

  Which properties are inherited by default and which are not is usually determined by common sense.

  Controlling Inheritance

  CSS provides four special generic property values ​​to control inheritance.Each CSS property accepts these values.

  inherit

  Sets the value of the property applied to the element to the same value as its parent element. In fact, it "includes inheritance".

  initial

  Sets the value of the property applied to the selected element to the initial value of that property ( according to browser default settings. If no value for this property is present in the browser style sheet, it is inherited naturally.)

  unset (en-US)

  Returns the property to its natural value, which means that if the property is naturally inherited, it acts like inherit , otherwise it acts like initial .

  Note : There is also a newer value revert which has limited browser support.

  You can view a list of references and learn how universal values ​​work.The example below allows you to play around with the CSS and see what happens when you make changes. Experimenting with code like this is the best way to master HTML and CSS.

  For example:

  1. The second list item has class my-class-1 . Thus, the color for the next nested element a is inherited. How will the color change if this rule is removed?
  2. Is it clear why the third and fourth elements and have exactly this color? If not, re-read the description of the values ​​above.
  3. Which link will change color if you set a new color for the element - for example: a {color: red; } ?

  Revert all original property values ​​

  The CSS shorthand property all can be used to assign one of the inheritance values ​​to (almost) all properties at once. This is one of four values ​​( inherit , initial , unset , or revert ).This is a convenient way to undo changes to styles so that you can return to your starting point before making new changes.

  In the example below, there are two blocks

  . The first has the style applied to the blockquote element itself, the second has the class fix-this , which sets the value all to unset .

  Try setting all to one of the available values ​​and investigate the difference.

  Now we understand why the next deepest paragraph in the structure of the HTML document has the same color that CSS applies to the body, and the introductory lessons gave an understanding of how to change the application of CSS to anything at any point in the document - or assign CSS element, or create a class. Now let's take a closer look at how the cascade determines the choice of CSS rules to apply when multiple objects affect the style of an element.

  There are three factors, listed in ascending order of importance.The next one cancels the previous one.

  1. Ordering
  2. Specificity
  3. Importance

  We'll take a close look at them to see exactly how browsers determine which CSS to apply.

  Ordering

  We have already seen how important order is for a cascade. If you have multiple rules that are of equal importance, then the last rule in CSS wins.In other words, the rules closer to the element itself overwrite the earlier ones, until the latter wins, which will style the element.

  Specificity

  Realizing that the order of the rules matters, at some point you will find yourself in a situation where you know that the rule appears later in the style sheet, but an earlier conflicting rule applies. This is due to the fact that the earlier rule has more than high specificity - it is more specific and therefore is chosen by the browser as a rule, which should style the element.

  As we saw earlier in this lesson, the class selector has more weight than the element selector, so properties defined in the class will override properties applied directly to the element.

  It should be noted here that although we are thinking about selectors and the rules applied to the object they select, not the whole rule is being rewritten, but only properties that are the same.

  This behavior helps avoid repetition in your CSS.It is common practice to define common styles for the base elements and then create classes for those that differ. For example, in the stylesheet below, we define general styles for the second level headings, and then create several classes that only change some properties and values. Values ​​defined first are applied to all headers, then more specific values ​​are applied to headers with classes.

  Let's now see how the browser calculates specificity.We already know that the element selector has low specificity and can be overwritten by the class. Essentially, scores are awarded to different types of selectors, and adding them together gives you the weight of that particular selector, which can then be judged against other potential contenders.

  The degree of specificity a selector possesses is measured using four different values ​​(or components), which can be represented as thousands, hundreds, tens, and ones - four single digits in four columns:

  1. Thousands : Put one in this column if the style declaration is inside the style attribute (inline styles).Such declarations have no selectors, so their specificity is always just 1000.
  2. Hundreds : Put a one in this column for each ID selector contained in the general selector.
  3. Tens : Put a one in this column for each class selector, attribute selector, or pseudo-class contained in the general selector.
  4. Units : Put the total number of ones in this column for each element selector or pseudo-element contained in the general selector.

  Note: The universal selector (*), combinators (+,>, ~, ''), and the negation pseudo-class (: not) do not affect specificity.

  The following table shows some unrelated examples to help you figure it out. Check them all out and make sure you understand why they have the specificity we gave them. We haven't covered selectors in detail yet, but you can find detailed information about each selector in the MDN Selector Reference.

  Selector	Thousand	Hundreds	Tens	Units	Specificity
  h2	0	0	0	1	0001
  h2 + p :: first-letter	0	0	0	3	0003
  li> a [href * = "en-US"]>.inline-warning	0	0	2	2	0022
  #identifier	0	1	0	0	0100
  Without a selector, with a rule inside the element's style attribute .	1	0	0	0	1000

  Before we continue, let's see an example in action.

  So what's going on here? First of all, we are only interested in the first seven rules of this example, and as you will notice, we have included their specificity values ​​in the comment before each rule.

  • The first two rules compete for styling the background color of the link - the second wins and makes the background color blue because it has an additional ID selector in the chain: its specificity is 201 versus 101.
  • The third and fourth rules compete for styling the color of the link text - the second wins and makes the text white, because although it has one less element selector, the missing selector is replaced with a class selector that evaluates to ten instead of one.Thus, the priority specificity is 113 versus 104.
  • Rules 5-7 are competing to style the link border on hover. The sixth selector with a specificity of 23 is clearly inferior to the fifth selector with a specificity of 24 - it has one less element selector in the chain. The seventh selector, however, outperforms both the fifth and the sixth - it has the same number of sub-selectors in the chain as the fifth, but one element has been replaced by a class selector. Thus, the priority specificity is 33 versus 23 and 24.

  Note : This was a conditional example for easier learning. In fact, each type of selector has its own level of specificity, which cannot be overridden by selectors with a lower level of specificity. For example, million concatenated selectors of class are not able to rewrite the rules of one selector id .

  A more correct way to calculate specificity is to individually assess the levels of specificity, starting with the highest and working up to the lowest when necessary.Only when the estimates for the level of specificity match should the next lower level be calculated; otherwise, you can neglect selectors with a lower specificity level, as they can never overcome higher specificity levels.

  ! Important

  There is a special CSS element that you can use to undo all of the above calculations, however you must be very careful about using it - ! Important . It is used to make a particular property and value the most specific, thus overriding the normal cascade rules.

  Take a look at this example where we have two paragraphs, one of which has an ID.

  Let's walk through this example to see what's going on - try deleting some properties to see what happens if you find it difficult to understand:

  1. You will see that the values ​​ color (en-US) and padding of the third rule are applied, but background-color is not. Why? Indeed, all three should certainly apply, because later rules usually override earlier rules.
  2. However, the above rules benefit because class selectors have higher specificity than element selectors.
  3. Both elements have class with the name better , but the second also has id with the name winning . Because IDs have an even higher specificity than classes (you can only have one element with each unique ID on the page, but many elements with the same class - ID selectors are very specific, which is what they aim for) , a red background color and a 1-pixel black border should be applied to the 2nd element, with the first element getting a gray background color and no border as defined by the class.
  4. The 2nd element has a red background and no border. Why? Because of the declaration ! Important in the second rule - placing it after border: none means that this declaration will outweigh the border value in the previous rule, even if the ID has a higher specificity.

  Note : The only way to override the declaration ! Important is to include another declaration ! Important in a rule with the same specificity later or in a rule with a higher specificity.

  It is useful to know about the existence of ! Important , so that you understand what it is when you see it in someone else's code. However, we strongly recommend that you never use it unless absolutely necessary. ! Important changes the normal cascade order, so it can make it really hard to debug CSS problems, especially in a large style sheet.

  One of the situations in which you might need to use this is when you are working with a CMS where you cannot edit the core CSS modules, and you really want to override a style that cannot be overridden in any other way.But generally speaking, you shouldn't use this element if you can avoid it.

  Finally, it is also useful to note that the importance of a CSS declaration depends on which style sheet it is specified in - the user has the option to set individual style sheets to override developer styles, for example, the user might have vision problems and want to set the font size to all web pages it visits are twice their normal size to make it easier to read.

  Conflicting declarations will be applied in the following order, taking into account the replacement of earlier by later ones:

  1. Declarations in style sheets of the client application (for example, default browser styles used when no other styles are specified).
  2. Plain declarations in custom style sheets (custom styles set by the user).
  3. Regular declarations in authoring stylesheets (these are styles set by us web developers).
  4. Important declarations in authoring stylesheets.
  5. Important declarations in custom style sheets.

  For web developer stylesheets, it makes sense to override custom stylesheets so that the intended design can be maintained, but sometimes users have good reason to override web developer styles as mentioned above - this can be achieved using ! important in their rules.

  We have covered many topics in this article. Have you been able to remember the most important information? You can take a few additional tests to make sure you have mastered this information before moving on - see Test your skills: the Cascade.

  If you've understood most of this article, great - you've started to familiarize yourself with the fundamental mechanisms of CSS. Next, we'll look at selectors in detail.

  If you don't fully understand cascade, specificity, and inheritance, don't worry! This is by far the hardest thing we've learned so far in the course, and even professional web developers sometimes find it tricky.We encourage you to revisit this article several times as you study the course and keep thinking about this topic.

  See here if you run into strange problems where styles are not applied as expected. This could be a specificity issue.

  Custom Color Premiere Luxury Home Cinema Chair

  The company KASKAD offers industrial enterprises, construction organizations, non-production structures, as well as individuals a wide range of pneumatic and hydraulic products. Parker Hannifin has manufacturing facilities in the United States, Europe and the rest of the world, and is the world's leading manufacturer of equipment, devices and materials for a wide variety of pneumatic and hydraulic applications. Parker products such as hydraulic hoses for industry and mobile equipment, valves for various purposes, hydraulic and pneumatic motors, pneumatic cylinders, hydraulic cylinders, distributors can be found, probably, in any industrial enterprise and in most samples of mobile equipment in such areas as construction, road work, mining or logging, food processing.

  Hoses and Fittings : We offer hydraulic hoses and high pressure hoses for a wide range of applications in both industrial and mobile hydraulics, as well as “specialized” hoses specially designed for certain industrial applications. For all hoses, we offer, of course, the widest selection of end fittings, threaded and not only, made to the most diverse standards adopted in different countries and areas of application.The most popular hoses and fittings for them are always available in our warehouse in Nizhny Novgorod . At the request of the Buyer, we produce prompt and high-quality assembly of hoses, using modern high-precision cutting machines, crimping presses and markers. Companies in need of equipment for working with hoses for their own needs or for trade in hose products can purchase this equipment from us.

  Manufacture of RVD for road, construction and quarry machinery: Caterpillar, LIEBHER, HITACHI, KOMATSU, JSB, John Deere, Belaz.

  Drive hydraulics : we offer a wide variety of devices and mechanisms that can be classified as hydraulic drive systems: hydraulic cylinders, pneumatic cylinders, hydraulic motors, pneumatic motors, etc. On the basis of these devices, in combination with, of course, also offered by us solenoid valves, distributors, check valves, filters and other "piping", it is possible to create both a simple and indefinitely complex control system of production processes.

  Filtration : We offer the widest range of filtration products: air filters, hydraulic filters for industry, hydraulic filters for combustion engines and mobile hydraulic systems.

  KASKAD Company is the official distributor of Parker Hannifin Corporation in the Russian Federation. The corporation's products have been represented in the region since 1997 and have proven their impeccable quality and reliability in various industries. These products can be purchased at the Parker Store, located at: Nizhny Novgorod, md.Shcherbinki-2, village Olgino, 77 Tel .: +7 987 530-10-11

  BOSS - Experience of using Nextone

  Sound detail setting

  Some high-end tube amps have switches for fine tuning the tone when using a specific instrument or playing a particular style. The Nextone series amplifiers go a step further by offering deeper means of personalizing sound that would normally require the intervention of a trained technician to crawl under the hood of the amplifier.The Nextone Special has three presets for storing the most requested sounds, while the Nextone Artist and Stage models allow you to store the same clean and solo channel settings.

  Use the panel knobs and / or Nextone software editor for Mac and Windows computers to adjust the drawdown and offset, select the tone of the American or British stacks, adjust the response of the power output stage, and activate the two separate equalizers of the preamp section.You can also change the behavior of the Tone switch, assign one of eleven sensitivity options to the Boost switch, and adjust a number of built-in effect parameters.

  In addition, the Nextone Special, the flagship model in the series, features a Custom Tuning section that provides unprecedented basic tone control through amp power stages. Thanks to Tube Logic technology, all of these seemingly intricate adjustments can be made with just two easy-to-use panel controls.

  Top - Due to the placement of the preamp in the amp's audio path, tuning the top of the stack has a significant effect on the amp's input sensitivity and distortion depth. In the Nextone Special, the Top control is located at the end of the sound path, just before the power amp section, allowing you to adjust the "brightness" of the sound without affecting the sensitivity.

  Bottom - While the Bottom of the Stack affects the "fullness" of the tone and input sensitivity, the wide-range Bottom of the Nextone Special interacts directly with the power amp stage, providing comprehensive control over the overall amp sound's richness and dynamics. ...If you remove this control, the bottom will remain, and the "punch" ability of the sound will not decrease. Turning the knob clockwise reduces the bass level, while maintaining the density and clarity of the audio picture.

  visualstudio-docs.ru-ru / settings-waterfall.md at live MicrosoftDocs / visualstudio-docs.ru-ru GitHub

  title	description	ms.custom	ms.date	ms.topic	helpviewer_keywords	ms.author	manager	ms.technology	ms.workload	author	ms.openlocfilehash	ms.sourcegitcommit	ms.translationtype	ms.contentlocale	ms.lasthandoff	ms.locfileid
  Parameter cascade | Testing Tool for Microsoft IntelliTest Developers	Learn about the parameter cascade, which organizes parameters at the assembly, tool, and study level.	SEO-VS-2020	05/02/2017	conceptual	IntelliTest, Settings waterfall	mikejo	jmartens	vs-ide-test		mikejo5000	88d8ed6df537c46f810f765c3b7d1b23eab9a3e4	68897da7d74c31ae1ebf5d47c7b5ddc9b108265b	HT	ru-RU	08/13/2021	122139924

  The concept of a parameter cascade means that the user can specify parameters at build level , build , tools , and studies :

  Settings specified at level in build affect all tools and studies within that build.The parameters specified at level of tool affect all research within that tool. Child parameters take precedence — if parameters are set at build and build levels of , the parameters at level of are used.

  Note that some parameters are specific to level of build or of fixture .

  Example

   using Microsoft.Pex.Framework;
  
  [assembly: PexAssemblySettings (MaxBranches = 1000)] // we override the default value of maxbranches
  
  namespace MyTests
  {
      [PexClass (MaxBranches = 500)] // we override the 1000 value and set maxbranches to 500
      public partial class MyTests
      {
          [PexMethod (MaxBranches = 100)] // we override again, maxbranches = 100
          public void MyTest (...) {...}
      }
  } 

  Want to send feedback?

  Share your ideas and wishes for new features in the developer community.

  90,000 Which women are not suitable for a cascade and why: photos of celebrities who are faithful to this haircut | Lifestyle

  Photo hair-moda.com, hairwiki.ru, mlme.ru, www.stylebistro.com, yavmode.ru

  The cascade haircut not only remains very popular among the fair sex, but also becomes trendy in 2020.

  However, the cascade is not suitable for everyone. Let's figure out to whom such a haircut is contraindicated.

  Wavy and coarse hair

  If you have thick, curly or wavy hair, you should not do this. Even the most experienced hairdresser-stylist will not be able to guess how your hair will behave after the cascade. Self-styling of such a haircut, at home, can turn into long dances with tambourines. Smooth cascade transitions will also not be noticeable in the hairstyle.For the same reason, women with coarse hair should not be cut.

  Short bangs

  Those who definitely shouldn't do a cascade are women who have too short, straight bangs. You will look weird at best and comical at worst. The cascade is beautiful, it visually lengthens the facial features, and is a classic haircut among modern women. In this case, a short bang will negate all efforts, and make the face wide, and the image teenage.But the elongated, oblique bangs, in combination with a cascade, will suit almost any woman.

  Everything is not so categorical here. If you are the owner of a round face, you just need to cut the right hair and arrange the front strands. A slightly ragged ladder from the chin line will visually lengthen the face and hide the cheekbones. Oblique, elongated bangs are also very suitable for chubby girls.

  Triangular face

  In this case, the cascade is also suitable only if the front strands are correctly designed.To balance the proportions of the face, you should start the ladder from the earlobe with torn feathers. Such front strands look good if they are wound with the ends outward.

  In other cases, there are no contraindications. For owners of square and oval faces, the cascade is ideal. For those with fine hair, this haircut will add volume at the roots and along the entire length.

  The cascade is chosen not only by ordinary women, but also by many famous actresses such as Rosie Huntington, Jennifer Love Hewitt, Eva Mendes, Jennifer Aniston, Natalie Portman, and many others.

  About Component and Cascade Dialog Boxes - Bot Service - Bot Service

  • 03/27/2021
  • 11 min read

  In This Article

  applies to: SDK v4 APPLIES TO: SDK v4

  Dialogs come in a few different types. This article describes the Component, Cascade, and Query dialog boxes.This article describes component, waterfall, and prompt dialogs.
  For information about dialogs in general, see the dialogs library article. For information about adaptive dialogs, see the introduction to adaptive dialogs.

  A cascading dialog box (or cascading) defines a sequence of steps, allowing the robot to iterate over the user using a linear process.A waterfall dialog (or waterfall) defines a sequence of steps, allowing your bot to guide a user through a linear process.
  These are typically designed to work within the context of a component dialog .

  A component dialog box is a type of container dialog box that allows dialog boxes in a collection to invoke other dialogs in the collection, such as a cascade call dialog box or another cascade dialog box.A component dialog is a type of container dialog that allows dialogs in the set to call other dialogs in the set, such as a waterfall dialog calling prompt dialogs or another waterfall dialog.
  Component dialogs manage a set of child dialogs, such as waterfall dialogs, prompts, and so on.
  You can design a component dialog box to perform specific tasks and reuse it in the same robot or across multiple robots.You can design a component dialog to handle specific tasks and reuse it, in the same bot or across multiple bots.

  Prompt dialogs (prompts) are dialogs designed to prompt the user for certain types of information such as number, date, name, etc. Prompt dialogs (prompts) are dialogs designed to ask the user for specific types of information, such as a number, a date, or a name, and so on.
  Queries are designed to work with cascading dialogs in a component's dialog box.Prompts are designed to work with waterfall dialogs in a component dialog.

  Component dialogs

  Sometimes you will create a reusable dialog that is applicable to different scenarios. As an example, imagine a dialog that prompts the user for a street name, city, and zip code. , city and zip code.

  component dialog provides a strategy for creating independent dialogs to handle specific scenarios, breaking a large dialog set into more manageable pieces. Each of these pieces has its own dialog set, and avoids any name collisions with the dialog set that contains it.See the component dialog how to for more on these.

  Waterfall dialogs

  A waterfall dialog is a specific implementation of a dialog that is commonly used to collect information from the user or guide the user through a series of tasks.Each step of the conversation is implemented as an asynchronous function that takes a waterfall step context ( step ) parameter. At each step, the bot prompts the user for input (or can begin a child dialog, but that it is often a prompt), waits for a response, and then passes the result to the next step.The result of the first function is passed as an argument into the next function, and so on.

  The following diagram shows a sequence of waterfall steps and the stack operations that take place. Details on the use of the dialog stack are below in the using dialogs section.

  Within waterfall steps, the context of the waterfall dialog is stored in its waterfall step context . This is similar to the dialog context as it provides access to the current turn context and state. The cascade step context object is used to interact with a set of dialogs from the cascade step.Use the waterfall step context object to interact with a dialog set from within a waterfall step.

  The value returned by the dialog can be processed in another cascading step of the same dialog or in the main handler of the bot steps. You can usually handle a return value from a dialog either within a waterfall step in a dialog or from your bot's on turn handler, although you generally only need to check the status of the dialog turn result from your bot's turn logic.Within a waterfall step, the dialog provides the return value in the waterfall step context's result property.

  Waterfall step context properties

  The waterfall step context contains the following:

  • Parameters - input data for the dialog. Options : contains input information for the dialog.
  • Values ​​ are information that can be added to the context and passed to subsequent steps. Values ​​: contains information you can add to the context, and is carried forward into subsequent steps.
  • Result is the result from the previous step. Result : contains the result from the previous step.

  In addition, the next method ( next in C #, Next in JS and Python) goes to the next step of the cascade dialog in the same queue, allowing the robot to skip a specific step if needed.Additionally, the next method ( NextAsync in C #, next in JS and Python) continues to the next step of the waterfall dialog within the same turn, enabling your bot to skip a certain step if needed.

  Requests Prompts

  Prompts, within the dialogs library, provide an easy way to ask the user for information and evaluate their response.For example for a number prompt , you specify the question or information you are asking for, and the prompt automatically checks to see if it received a valid number response. If so, the dialogue can be continued. Otherwise, the user is prompted again to enter a valid answer. if it didn't, it will re-prompt the user for a valid answer.

  Behind the scenes, prompts are a two-step dialog. First, the prompt asks for input; second, it returns the valid value, or starts from the top with a reprompt.

  Requests have request parameters , which are provided when the request is invoked. They allow you to specify text for the prompt string, the retry string for a failed validation, and options for responding to the request.Prompts have prompt options given when the prompt is called, which is where you can specify the text to prompt with, the retry prompt if validation fails, and choices to answer the prompt. Generally, the prompt and retry prompt properties are activities, though there is some variation on how this is handled in different programming languages.

  Additionally, you can choose to add some custom validation for your prompt when you create it. For example, say we wanted to get a party size using the number prompt, but that party size has to be more than 2 and less than 12. Such a request first checks to see if it received a valid number and then performs a custom check if configured.The prompt first checks to see if it received a valid number, then runs the custom validation if it is provided. If the custom validation fails, it will re-prompt the user as above.

  When a prompt completes, it explicitly returns the resulting value that was asked for. Given this value, we can be sure that it satisfies both the built-in validation options and any custom validation that is configured.When that value is returned, we can be sure it has passed both the built in prompt validation and any additional custom validation that may have been provided.

  For examples on using various prompts, take a look at how to use the dialogs library to gather user input.

  Prompt types

  Data requests are essentially two-stage dialogs.Behind the scenes, prompts are a two-step dialog. The first asks for input, and the second returns a valid value or starts the request loop again. second, it returns the valid value, or restarts from the top with a re-prompt. The dialogs library offers a number of basic prompts, each used for collecting a different type of response. Basic queries can interpret input in natural language, such as "ten" or "a dozen" and "tomorrow" or "Friday at 10am" (10pm Friday).The basic prompts can interpret natural language input, such as "ten" or "a dozen" for a number, or "tomorrow" or "Friday at 10am" for a date-time.

  promptPrompt	Description Description	Results Returns
  Attachment prompt	Asks for one or more attachments, such as a document or image.	A collection of attachment objects.
  Select prompt Choice prompt	Asks for a choice from a set of options.	found choice object.
  Confirmation request Confirm prompt	Confirmation requested.Asks for a confirmation.	A Boolean value.
  Date and time prompt Date-time prompt	Prompt for a date and / or time. Asks for a date-time.	A collection of date-time resolution objects.
  Number prompt Number prompt	Asks for a number.	A numeric value.
  Text prompt Text prompt	Asks for general text input.	String. A string.

  To prompt a user for input, define a prompt using one of the built- in classes, such as the text prompt , and add it to your dialog set.Prompts have fixed IDs that must be unique within a dialog set. You can create a custom validator for each prompt, and for some prompts, you can specify a default locale .

  Prompt locale

  The locale

  is used to define language-specific behavior in select requests , confirmations , date / time , and at .The locale is used to determine language-specific behavior of the choice , confirm , date-time , and number prompts. For any given input from the user, if the channel provided a locale property in user's message, then that is used ... If the query has a default locale of set to when the string constructor is called or later, that is the locale that is used.Otherwise, if the prompt's default locale is set, by providing it when calling the prompt's constructor or by setting it later, then that is used. If neither of those are provided, English ("en-us") is used as the locale. Note. A locale is a 2, 3, or 4 character ISO 639 code that represents a language or language family.

  Prompt options

  The second parameter of the step context's prompt method takes a prompt options object, which has the following properties.

  Property Property	Description Description
  Prompt Prompt	The initial action sent to the user to receive input.The initial activity to send the user, to ask for their input.
  Retry Prompt Retry prompt	The activity to send the user if their first input did not validate.
  Choices Choices	A list of choices for the user to choose from, for use with a choice prompt.
  Validations Validations	Additional parameters to use with a custom validator.
  Style Style	Defines how the choices for a choice prompt or confirm prompt will be presented to a user.

  You should always specify the action of the original request to send to the user, as well as a retry request for cases where user input is not validated.You should always specify the initial prompt activity to send the user, as well as a retry prompt for instances when the user's input doesn't validate.

  If the data entered by the user does not match, a retry request is sent to the user. If no retry is specified, the original request is resubmitted. if there was no retry specified, then the initial prompt is re-sent. However, if the action is sent to the user from the validator, the retry request is not sent.However, if an activity is sent back to the user from within the validator, no retry prompt is sent.

  Prompt validation

  You can validate a prompt response before returning the value to the next step of the waterfall. The validator control function accepts the request validator context parameter and returns a Boolean value that confirms successful validation for the input.A validator function has a prompt validator context parameter and returns a Boolean, indicating whether the input passes validation.
  The prompt validator context includes the following properties:

  Property Property	Description Description
  Context Context	The current replica context for the bot.The current turn context for the bot.
  Recognized Recognized	prompt recognizer result that contains information about the user input, as processed by the recognizer.
  Parameters Options	Contains choices for query provided in the call that triggered this query.Contains the prompt options that were provided in the call to start the prompt.

  The prompt recognizer result has the following properties:

  Property Property	Description Description
  Success Succeeded	Indicates whether the recognizer was able to successfully parse the input.Indicates whether the recognizer was able to parse the input.
  Value Value	The return value from the recognizer. If necessary, the validation code can modify this value.

  Using dialogs

  Dialogues can be thought of as a software stack structure called Dialog Stack .Dialogs can be thought of as a programmatic stack, which we call the dialog stack , with the turn handler as the one directing it and serving as the fallback if the stack is empty. The top-most item on that stack is considered the active dialog , and the dialog context directs all input to the active dialog.

  When a dialog begins, it is pushed onto the stack, and is now the active dialog. It remains the active dialog until it either ends, it is removed by the replace dialog method, or another dialog is pushed onto the stack (by either the turn handler or active dialog itself) and becomes the active dialog.When that new dialog ends, it is popped off the stack and the next dialog down becomes the active dialog again. This allows for repeating a dialog or branching a conversation, discussed below.

  You can start or continue working with the root dialog using the dialog extension method Run .You can begin or continue a root dialog using the run dialog extension method. From the bot code, calling the dialog run extension method either continues the existing dialog, or starts a new instance of the dialog if the stack is currently empty. Controls and user input go to the active dialog on the stack.Control and user input goes to the active dialog on the stack.

  The run method requires a state property accessor to access the dialog state. This accessor is created and used the same way as other state accessors, but is created as it's own property based off of the conversation state.Details on managing state can be found in the managing state topic, and usage of dialog state is shown in the sequential conversation flow how-to.

  From within a dialog, you have access to the dialog context and can use it to start other dialogs, end the current dialog, and perform other operations.

  To start a dialog

  From within a waterfall dialog, pass the dialog ID you want to start into the dialog context's begin dialog , prompt , or replace dialog method.

  • The dialog's Prompt and Begin methods will send a new instance of the referenced dialog to the top of the stack.The prompt and begin dialog methods will push a new instance of the referenced dialog onto the top of the stack.
  • The replace dialog method will pop the current dialog off the stack and push the replacing dialog onto the stack. The replaced dialog is canceled and any information that instance contained is disposed of.

  Use the options parameter to pass information to the new instance of the dialog.
  The options passed into the new dialog can be accessed via the step context's options property in any step of the dialog.
  See code example for more information on creating a complex conversation flow using branching and loops.See the Create advanced conversation flow using branches and loops how-to for example code.

  To continue a dialog

  Within a waterfall dialog, use the step context's values ​​ property to persist state between turns.
  Any value added to this collection in the previous step will be available in the next steps.Any value added to this collection in a previous turn is available in subsequent turns.
  See the Create advanced conversation flow using branches and loops how-to for example code.

  To end a dialog

  Within a waterfall dialog, use the end dialog method to end a dialog by popping it off the stack. The end dialog method can return an optional result to the parent context (such as the dialog that called it, or the bot's turn handler). This is most often called from within the dialog to end the current instance of itself.

  You can call the end dialog method from anywhere you have a dialog context, but it will appear to the bot that it was called from the current active dialog.

  Council

  It is best practice to explicitly call the end dialog method at the end of the dialog.

  To clear all dialogs

  If you want to pop all dialogs off the stack, you can clear the dialog stack by calling the dialog context's cancel all dialogs method.

  Repeating a dialog

  The dialog can be replaced with the same by creating a loop using the replace dialog method.You can replace a dialog with itself, creating a loop, by using the replace dialog method.
  This is a great way to handle complex interactions and one technique for managing menus.

  Note

  If you need to preserve the internal state of the current dialog, pass information to a new instance of the dialog in a call to replace dialog , and then initialize the dialog accordingly.If you need to persist the internal state for the current dialog, you will need to pass information to the new instance of the dialog in the call to the replace dialog method, and then initialize the dialog appropriately.

  Branch a conversation

  The dialog context maintains the dialog stack and for each dialog on the stack, tracks which step is next.Its begin dialog method creates a child and pushes that dialog onto the top of the stack, and its end dialog method pops the top dialog off the stack. End dialog is usually called from a dialog that needs to be completed. End dialog is usually called from within the dialog that's ending.

  A dialog can start a new dialog within the same set of dialogs by calling the begin dialog method of the dialog context and specifying the ID of the new dialog. This makes the new dialog the current active dialog. A dialog can start a new dialog within the same dialog set by calling the dialog context's begin dialog method and providing the ID of the new dialog, which then makes the new dialog the currently active dialog ... The original dialog is still on the stack, but calls to the continue dialog method for the dialog context are sent only to the dialog that is at the top of the stack, i.e.The original dialog is still on the stack, but calls to the dialog context's continue dialog method are only sent to the dialog that is on top of the stack, the active dialog . When a dialog is popped off the stack, the dialog context will resume with the next step of the waterfall on the stack where it left off of the original dialog.

  Therefore, you can create a branch within your conversation flow by including a step in one dialog that can conditionally choose a dialog to start out of a set of available dialogs.

  Additional information

  (PDF) Research of information cascades in the laboratory

  ISBN 978-5-7417-0665-7.

  Topical issues of modeling. M., 2018

  6

  corresponds to the opposite situation: reassessment of general information. It

  is much less common. In this modification, the probability

  of a player's choice of a particular state is a function of two variables

  and

  , which can also be calculated by the method of the greatest

  likelihood by maximizing the function of two variables.

  For QRE-BRF model, parameter

  ranged from 0.82 to 4.56. In 7 out of 10

  experiments, the parameter

  

  , in other experiments this

  parameter is much larger: from 12.34 to 85.96 - in these experiments

  participants performed many irrational actions.

  Heterogeneous equilibrium of the quantile response

  In QRE and QRE-BRF models, the parameters describe the behavior of the entire

  group, however, it was noticed that the participants in experiments

  were not significantly homogeneous in rationality.So, only some

  participants made an irrational forecast against the signal at the first

  step. There were also few who made a prediction against the signal

  confirmed by a cascade. To account for this fact,

  various heterogeneous analogs of QRE (HQRE) can be used. Unlike

  from QRE and QRE-BRF models, in HQRE equilibrium parameters are considered not

  for the whole group, but for individual participants. The player

  is assigned an individual parameter

  , after which the

  likelihood function is maximized from 10 parameters (by the number of participants).

  Individual levels of rationality

  seven participants out of 100

  turned out to be equal to infinity, i.