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History: The SPD is the oldest political party in the country. Its history begins in 1863, when the General German Workers’ Union was founded in Leipzig. In 1875, he merged into a single political force with the Social Democratic Labor Party. C 1890, this association received its modern name “Social Democratic Party of Germany”. At the end of the 19th century, the SPD became a truly mass party and held its leading position until the early 1910s.

During the First World War, a split occurred within the party: the radical left wing (which broke away in 1917 and later took shape in the Communist Party of Germany) was categorically against the financing of military operations. After the November Revolution of 1918, the first democratically elected Reich Chancellor, and then the first president of Germany, was the SPD representative Friedrich Ebert.

After the Nazis came to power, the SPD was banned. Many Social Democrats died in concentration camps or emigrated.

In post-war West Germany, the SPD became virtually the only significant representative of the left political spectrum. The party was in opposition for a long time, until in 1966 it became part of the federal government in coalition with the CDU / CSU (“grand coalition”), however, as a “junior partner”.

In 1969, the first chancellor, a Social Democrat, came to power. They became Willy Brandt (Willi Brandt), who led the country until 1974 years old. He was also replaced by his fellow party member Helmut Schmidt, who retained the post of chancellor until 1982. The activities of these chancellors are associated with the country’s “new eastern policy” aimed at gradually rapprochement with the GDR. 4 years Since 2013, the SPD has been part of the ruling coalition together with the CDU/CSU.

Programme: The central themes in the SPD program are social justice and education. In particular, the Social Democrats have consistently championed the idea of ​​introducing a minimum wage in Germany after they found themselves in opposition in 2009. Six years later, the minimum wage was introduced at the legislative level, and at the moment it is 8.84 euros per hour.

Schroeder’s controversial labor market reform program (the so-called Agenda 2010) led to some decline in the party’s popularity. The rating of the SPDH rapidly (albeit briefly) soared in March 2017 after the nomination of the former European Parliament President Martin Schulz as a candidate for German chancellor. Not least of all, this was due to the fact that Schultz is moving away from the controversial reforms of Schroeder and is concentrating on the topic of social justice and the redistribution of the tax burden.

Preferred coalition partners: Allied 90/Greens, CDU, possibly Left Party

Left Party

Flag with Left Party logo Photo: picture-alliance/dpa/K. Ni etfeld

German name: Die Linke (Linkspartei)

Party color: red (violet is often used in the graphic representation of the voting results to distinguish from the SPD)

Co-chairs: Katja Kipping, Bernd Riexinger.

First on the electoral roll: Sahra Wagenknecht, Dietmar Bartsch .

Number: more than 58 thousand people (according to dpa data at the end of September 2016).

Result in the Bundestag elections in 2017: 9.2% of the votes

Electorate: The traditional electorate of the Left Party is staunch supporters from the East German states. The collective image of her voter is that she comes from a working environment, most often with a low income and a low level of education. In turn, in West Germany, the left is mainly supported by the protest electorate, disillusioned with the traditional parties. However, according to opinion polls, over the past two years, many of them have gone over to the side of the right-wing populist Alternative for Germany party.

History: The Left Party was created in June 2007 by the merger of the East German Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS) with the West German Electoral Alternative for Labor and Social Justice. Both parties have cooperated in the Bundestag since 2005 as part of the “Left” faction. At the same time, the PDS was the successor of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany, the SED, created in 1946 and ruling in the GDR. Key figures for the formation of the Left Party – Gregor Gysi (Gregor Gysi) and Oscar Lafontaine (Oskar Lafontaine).

The Left Party remains an outsider in the German political arena largely due to its communist past. She has never been a member of the ruling coalition in the Bundestag. At the same time, at the level of the federal states, the situation is different: the left is part of several ruling coalitions.

Program: The Left is currently an opposition faction in the Bundestag and the only party that opposes any military missions of the Bundeswehr abroad. The leftists also demand the dissolution of NATO and an increase in the minimum wage in Germany to 12 euros per hour. Some political scientists still consider this force to be a radical party whose ultimate goal is to overthrow the capitalist system. However, the leftists themselves claim that they are only in favor of strengthening the role of the state in regulating the market economy, protecting the rights of tenants and increasing government spending on social needs.

Preferred coalition partners: SPD, Soyuz-90/Greens

Soyuz-90/Greens

Logo of Soyuz-90/Greens Photo: picture-al liance/dpa/D. Ebener

German name: Bündnis 90/Die Grünen (Grüne, Bündnisgrüne, B’90/Grüne, Die Grünen)

Party color: green 9000 7

Co-chairs: Robert Habeck, Annalena Baerbock

First on the electoral list: Cem Özdemir and Katrin Göring-Eckardt.

Number: 60 thousand.

Result in the 2017 parliamentary elections: 8.9% of the vote

Electorate: The main stronghold of the “greens” are residents of large cities in the west of Germany, especially university cities. They earn above average and work in the service or education sector. At the same time, Green voters are getting older every year – now less than 10 percent of those who vote for this party are under 35 years old.

History: The Greens are the most successful protest movement in post-war German history. In the 1980s, this party united social groups that advocated, among other things, the exit from nuclear energy, the end of the arms race and the protection of the rights of homosexuals. The Green Party was founded in 1980, and in 1993 it merged with like-minded people from the East German Soyuz-90 movement. The party rose to international prominence in the late 1990s when it became a “junior partner” in a coalition in the government of the Social Democrat Gerhard Schröder. The Greens were then able to appoint several ministers, including Foreign Minister Joschka Fischer.

Program: Political scientists divide the party’s political wings into “realists” and “fundamentalists”. If the former are adherents of “realpolitik” (Realpolitik) and are ready to compromise in order to participate in the ruling coalition, then the latter value proximity to the countercultural roots of the movement and are not ready to make concessions. The fact that in the states of Hesse and Baden-Württemberg the “Greens” have entered into a coalition with the conservative CDU indicates that the positions of the “realists” are now particularly strong. Keeping environmental concerns high on the agenda, the Greens have recently decided to add leftist elements to their program, especially in social and tax policy. However, the relative failure in the 2013 elections and good chances for a coalition with the CDU at the federal level indicate that this time the stake will be placed on conservative values.

Preferred coalition partners: Social Democrats, but CDU is also an option.

Free Democratic Party (FDP)

FDP logo Photo: picture-alliance/dpa/Revierfoto

German name: Freie Demokratische Partei (FDP).

Party color: yellow.

Chairman: Christian Lindner.

First on the electoral list: Christian Lindner.

Number: 54 thousand.

Result in the 2017 Bundestag elections: 10.7% of votes

Electorate: The FDP attracts representatives of liberal professions into its ranks of supporters – these in Germany include businessmen, doctors, pharmacologists and lawyers. Employees of large enterprises, not to mention civil servants, rarely vote for this party.

History: Free Democrats (called themselves “liberals” until 2015) since the founding of Germany in 1949 and until 2013 sat in the German Parliament without interruption. Founded in 1948, the party was repeatedly included in the ruling coalition with the Social Democrats (SPD), the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), and thus, although as a “junior partner”, was in power for 41 years. This record cannot be broken by any other party. A member of the FDP, Foreign Minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher (Hans-Dietrich Genscher), gained fame far beyond the borders of Germany. After the disastrous elections for the party in 2013, when the “free democrats” were left out of the Bundestag, they have noticeably increased their activity, and, as polls show, this is bearing fruit.

Program: The political ideology of the FDP is based on the principle of individual freedom and protection of the rights of citizens. From the very beginning of their history, free democrats have been demanding tax cuts, deregulation of financial markets, and generally a reduction in the role of the state. The FDP is also a party of pro-European convictions that wants to strengthen and deepen ties between the countries of the European Union.

Preferred coalition partners: In recent decades, the CDU, although there have been cases of successful cooperation with the Social Democrats.

Alternative for Germany (AfD)

Photo: picture-alliance/dpa/M. Scholz

German name: Alternative für Deutschland (AfD)

Party color: blue.

Chairman: Alexander Gauland, Jörg Meuthen.

First on the electoral list: Alexander Gauland, Alice Weidel.

Number: 27 thousand.

Result in the Bundestag elections in 2017: 12.6% of votes

Electorate: A typical AfD voter is a young man with a low level of education and income. Only 15 percent of party members are women. “Alternative for Germany” has succeeded in one way or another in taking votes from almost all major German parties, except perhaps the “greens”. At the same time, those who have never gone to the polls before are voting for the party.

History: The right-wing populist AfD is a young party, it was founded in 2013 and just a year later almost got into the Bundestag. Since its inception, it has passed to the European Parliament and 12 German state parliaments (16 in total). The AfD was founded by Eurosceptics from academia in protest against the allocation of billions of dollars in aid to save the Greek economy. In 2015, internal party infighting led to a sharp “tilt to the right”: the new chairman, Frauke Petri, relied on nationalist and anti-Islamic rhetoric, which allowed her to achieve some success during the crisis caused by the influx of hundreds of thousands of refugees into the country. The Alternative is the only major party in Germany to support both Brexit and the election of Donald Trump as President of the United States.

Program: The AfD considers it necessary to close the external borders of the European Union, implement tight controls on the borders of Germany and build refugee camps abroad in order to cut off the flow of migrants arriving in the country.