Which athletic tape provides the best stability on the field. How to choose the right tape for your next game. What features should you look for in athletic tape. Which brands do professional athletes trust.
The Importance of Athletic Tape in Sports Performance
Athletic tape has become an indispensable tool for athletes across various sports disciplines. Its primary function is to provide stability and support to joints, particularly ankles, during intense physical activity. By restricting unwanted movement, athletic tape can significantly reduce the risk of injuries and enhance overall performance on the field.
How does athletic tape work? It creates a protective barrier around the joint, limiting excessive motion while still allowing for necessary movement. This added support can be crucial in preventing sprains, strains, and other common sports-related injuries.
Key Factors to Consider When Choosing Athletic Tape
Selecting the right athletic tape can make a substantial difference in your performance and safety during a game. Here are some critical factors to keep in mind:
Adhesion Strength
The adhesive quality of the tape is perhaps the most crucial factor to consider. A tape with strong adhesion will stay in place throughout your activity, even in the face of sweat and intense movement. Zinc oxide adhesives, found in brands like Mueller Sports Medicine and Johnson & Johnson Coach, are known for their exceptional sticking power.
Tape Thickness
The thickness of the tape can affect the level of support and mobility it provides. Thicker tapes (around 0.5 inches) offer more rigid support, which can be beneficial for athletes with a history of injuries. However, most athletes find that a medium thickness of 0.25-0.3 inches provides an optimal balance between support and flexibility.
Breathability
Breathable materials are essential for maintaining the tape’s adhesion during sweaty conditions. Porous fabrics like cotton or high-tech synthetic materials that wick away moisture can help keep the tape in place for longer periods. Brands like KT Tape and RockTape excel in this area.
Pre-wrap and Underwrap
Using a pre-wrap or underwrap beneath the athletic tape can prevent skin irritation and make removal less painful. Products like Johnson & Johnson Underwrap and PowerFlex pre-wrap bandage create a protective barrier while still allowing the tape to adhere effectively.
Top Athletic Tape Brands for Maximum Stability
Based on professional usage and athlete testimonials, here are some of the most reliable athletic tape brands available:
Mueller Sports Medicine Tape
Mueller’s athletic tape is renowned for its strong zinc oxide adhesive, which ensures the tape stays in place even during intense activity. It offers rigid support while remaining latex-free and easy to tear. Mueller tape is a favorite among Olympic trainers and professional sports organizations.
Johnson & Johnson Coach Sports Tape
Another zinc oxide tape trusted by sports professionals, Johnson & Johnson Coach tape provides immediate adhesion without requiring time to set. Its non-elastic cotton fabric allows for up to 50% stretch during application, followed by firm support. This tape maintains its grip even in challenging weather conditions.
KT Tape
Developed by a sports chiropractor, KT Tape offers targeted muscular support while allowing for a full range of motion. Its unique design lifts the skin microscopically to improve circulation and reduce pain and swelling. While more expensive than traditional athletic tape, KT Tape’s kinesiology benefits make it a popular choice for various body parts.
RockTape
Similar to KT Tape, RockTape provides kinesiology taping benefits with the added bonus of fun colors and patterns. Its super-stretchy proprietary fabric and latex-free adhesive offer excellent joint support. RockTape is particularly effective in hot and humid environments, outperforming regular tape in these conditions.
StrengthTape
Designed with powerlifters in mind, StrengthTape features a thick, minimally elastic fabric for maximum joint rigidity. Its zinc oxide adhesive provides a strong grip, making it an excellent choice for athletes requiring intense support.
Application Techniques for Optimal Support
Proper application of athletic tape is crucial for maximizing its benefits. Here are some general guidelines:
- Clean and dry the skin thoroughly before application.
- Apply a pre-wrap or underwrap to protect the skin.
- Start with anchor strips to secure the tape.
- Apply the main tape in a figure-eight pattern for ankle support.
- Ensure the tape is snug but not too tight to restrict circulation.
- Finish with closing strips to secure the edges.
Can improper taping technique reduce the effectiveness of athletic tape? Absolutely. Incorrect application can lead to reduced support, premature loosening of the tape, or even increased risk of injury. It’s advisable to have a trained professional demonstrate proper taping techniques before attempting it yourself.
The Role of Athletic Tape in Injury Prevention
Athletic tape plays a significant role in injury prevention by providing external support to joints and muscles. How does it accomplish this? By limiting excessive movement, athletic tape helps maintain proper joint alignment and reduces the stress on ligaments and tendons. This can be particularly beneficial for athletes with a history of injuries or those participating in high-impact sports.
Does athletic tape guarantee injury prevention? While it significantly reduces the risk, it’s important to note that no preventive measure is 100% effective. Athletic tape should be used in conjunction with proper training, conditioning, and technique to maximize injury prevention.
Athletic Tape vs. Other Support Methods
While athletic tape is a popular choice for joint support, it’s not the only option available. Let’s compare it to some alternatives:
Athletic Tape vs. Braces
Braces offer reusable support and are often easier to apply than tape. However, they can be bulkier and may not provide the same level of customized support as tape. Athletic tape allows for more precise application and can be tailored to an individual’s specific needs.
Athletic Tape vs. Compression Sleeves
Compression sleeves provide general support and improved circulation but offer less stability than tape. They’re easier to put on and take off, making them a good choice for athletes who need frequent adjustments during activity. However, for maximum joint stability, athletic tape is often the preferred option.
Athletic Tape vs. Kinesiology Tape
Kinesiology tape, like KT Tape and RockTape, is designed to support muscles while allowing for a full range of motion. It’s more flexible than traditional athletic tape and can be worn for longer periods. However, for acute injury prevention and maximum joint stability, traditional athletic tape may be more effective.
Is one support method universally better than the others? Not necessarily. The best choice depends on the individual athlete’s needs, the specific sport, and the level of support required.
Caring for Your Skin When Using Athletic Tape
Regular use of athletic tape can sometimes lead to skin irritation or allergic reactions. Here are some tips to keep your skin healthy:
- Always use a pre-wrap or underwrap to create a barrier between your skin and the tape.
- Clean and dry your skin thoroughly before applying tape.
- Avoid leaving tape on for extended periods when not actively participating in sports.
- Give your skin time to “breathe” between tapings.
- Use hypoallergenic tape if you have sensitive skin or known allergies.
- Apply a moisturizer after removing tape to keep your skin hydrated.
Can prolonged use of athletic tape cause skin damage? While occasional use is generally safe, continuous long-term use without proper care can lead to skin irritation, dryness, or even minor abrasions. It’s important to monitor your skin’s condition and give it adequate rest between tapings.
The Future of Athletic Taping Technology
As sports science and materials technology advance, we’re seeing exciting developments in the world of athletic taping. Some emerging trends include:
Smart Tapes
Researchers are developing “smart” athletic tapes that can monitor an athlete’s performance and provide real-time feedback. These tapes may incorporate sensors to measure things like muscle fatigue, hydration levels, and joint stress.
Biodegradable Options
With increasing environmental awareness, some companies are working on biodegradable athletic tapes. These tapes would provide the same level of support while reducing environmental impact.
Nanotechnology-Enhanced Adhesives
Advances in nanotechnology are leading to the development of ultra-strong, yet skin-friendly adhesives. These could revolutionize the staying power of athletic tape while minimizing skin irritation.
Customized 3D-Printed Supports
While not tape in the traditional sense, 3D-printed custom supports could provide personalized joint stability tailored to an individual athlete’s anatomy and needs.
How will these advancements change the landscape of sports medicine? As these technologies develop, we may see a shift towards more personalized, data-driven approaches to injury prevention and performance enhancement in sports.
The world of athletic tape continues to evolve, offering athletes increasingly sophisticated options for support and injury prevention. By understanding the key factors in choosing and applying athletic tape, athletes can maximize their performance while minimizing the risk of injuries. Whether you’re a professional athlete or a weekend warrior, the right athletic tape can make a significant difference in your game-day experience.
Ankle Taping For Added Support and Stability
As an athlete, keeping your ankles stable and supported during activity is crucial for preventing injury and enhancing performance. Athletic tape has become an essential piece of equipment for providing that extra level of ankle support out on the field or court. But with so many brands and types of sports tape available, how do you know which one will get the job done right?
I’ve tried all kinds of athletic tapes over my years of playing sports, from basic cloth tape to fancy kinesiology tape. Through plenty of trial and error, I’ve found that certain features make a big difference in keeping your ankles taped tightly during competition. The best athletic tape should stick firmly without budging, provide some compression around the joint, and hold up to sweat without loosening too quickly. Of course, you also want tape that is comfortable on your skin and easy to tear off and reapply as needed.
Here are some of the key factors I consider when choosing an athletic tape for ankle support:
Adhesion Level
This is arguably the most important feature. A tape with maximum stickiness will grip your skin better and stay locked in place longer. Tapes like Mueller Sports Medicine tape and Johnson & Johnson Coach tape have extra strong zinc oxide adhesives that keep them adhered even during intense activity with lots of motion and sweat. The last thing you want is your tape letting go mid-game!
Tape Thickness
Many brands offer tape in varying thicknesses, usually measured in inches. A thicker, more rigid tape will limit mobility more but also provide greater stability. If you have a history of ankle injuries or weak ankles, choose a thicker tape, like 0.5 inches. For most athletes, a medium thickness of 0.25-0.3 inches gives enough compression without feeling too restrictive.
Material Breathability
Trapping sweat under athletic tape can make it lose adhesiveness quickly. Look for tape made of porous, breathable fabrics like cotton that allow moisture to evaporate. KT Tape and RockTape use high-tech synthetic materials that wick away sweat. This keeps your ankles drier and tape gripped longer during activity.
Pre-wrap and Underwrap
Applying a layer of pre-wrap or underwrap underneath athletic tape can help you avoid skin irritation and make tape removal less painful. Soft, cotton-blend underwraps create a protective barrier while allowing tape adhesives to stick well. Some great options are Johnson & Johnson Underwrap and PowerFlex pre-wrap bandage.
Pro-Grade Brands
When researching athletic tape brands, look for those used frequently by professional and college sports trainers. Tapes like Mueller, Johnson & Johnson, and KT Tape are trusted by athletic organizations like the NFL, NBA, and Olympics. If the pros rely on them to tape up multi-million dollar athletes, that’s a good sign of quality and performance.
Based on my experience, here are some of the top athletic tape brands on the market:
Mueller Sports Medicine Tape
Mueller’s athletic tape is designed to stick and stay stuck, thanks to its extra strong zinc oxide adhesive. It provides rigid support while being latex-free and easy to tear. Mueller tape conforms well to body contours and can handle moisture without sliding. Trainers for the Olympics and other pro athletes regularly use Mueller tape for securing ankles, wrists, and more.
Johnson & Johnson Coach Sports Tape
Coach tape by Johnson & Johnson is another zinc oxide tape trusted by sports pros for its ultimate adhesion strength. It sticks instantly with no glue-up time needed. The non-elastic cotton fabric allows for up to a 50% stretch when applying, then offers firm support. Johnson & Johnson Coach tape also maintains its grip through sweat, rain, and humidity when other tapes may fail.
KT Tape
Developed by a sports chiropractor, KT Tape is designed to provide targeted muscular support while still allowing range of motion. It lifts the skin microscopically to improve circulation and reduce pain/swelling. The specialized acrylic adhesive stays put through rigorous activity. While pricier than basic athletic tape, KT Tape’s kinesiology benefits make it popular for knee, shoulder, and ankle taping.
RockTape
Similar to KT Tape, RockTape offers kinesiology taping in fun colors/patterns for style points. Its super-stretchy proprietary fabric with 100% latex-free adhesive hugs joints tightly to provide muscle support and stability. RockTape releases no medicine but can relieve pain by lifting skin away from muscles/tendons below. It outperforms regular tape in hot, humid team sports environments.
StrengthTape
Designed for powerlifters, StrengthTape boasts a thick, minimally elastic fabric for maximum joint rigidity. The zinc oxide adhesive grips skin tightly and its thickness gives excellent support for heavy lifts. While Rigid and inflexible, it excels at immobilizing wrists and knees under strain. Just don’t wear it for sports requiring lots of mobility.
There are also super-durable tapes like Gorilla Tape that power through intense athletic activity. But their very rigid construction may restrict natural movement. Find the right blend of support and flexibility for your sport.
The Takeaway
Choosing the right athletic tape for you depends on factors like thickness, stretch, and adhesion. Test out different brands to see which provides the ankle stability and compression you need to prevent rolls and injuries, while still being comfortable. Pair tape with proper pre-wrap to avoid skin irritation. And don’t forget to practice perfect taping technique for maximum security and support.
With the right taping tools in your kit, you can compete confidently knowing your ankles have that extra bit of grip and stability from kick-off to the final whistle. Just stay away from tapes that are extra grippy like duct tape – ouch!
Choosing The Right Tape Thickness For Your Needs
When it comes to athletic tape, thickness matters. The tape’s density impacts the level of compression and how much it limits mobility. For taping vulnerable joints like ankles, you want tape that’s thick enough to provide ample support without feeling too restrictive.
Tape thickness is typically measured in inches or millimeters. Most brands offer a range of options from ultra-thin to extra rigid. Thinner tapes around 0.125″ are lightweight and allow for a full range of motion. Medium tapes around 0.25-0.3″ offer flexible support. Thick tapes 0.5″ and above are very rigid and immobilizing.
So how do you decide which thickness is right for your sport and needs? Here are some factors to consider:
Level of Existing Injury
If you have a recently sprained ankle or lingering joint pain, a thicker tape provides more immobilization to protect from re-injury. A rigid 0.5″ tape locks the joint in place, while a 0.25″ tape offers moderate stabilization. For prevention without injury, a thinner tape may suffice.
Amount of Support Needed
Think about the typical stresses and impacts your sport places on your joints. Sports with lots of stops/starts and cutting like basketball and soccer demand more ankle support. Similarly, gymnasts need extra wrist support for weight-bearing moves. Thicker tape provides that added stability for high-intensity athletics.
Position and Movements
Your playing position and type of movements matter too. As a wide receiver in football, I need looser ankle tape that won’t hinder my sprinting and agility. But linemen require maximum ankle rigidity to generate power and withstand hits. Consider your individual mobility needs.
Tape Adhesion
Thicker tape adheres better over wider surface areas. If you’ll be playing in rainy or humid conditions where tape may loosen, that extra thickness helps the grip last longer before peeling.
Don’t Restrict Natural Movement
While rigid tape immobilizes joints, excessively stiff tape can hinder athletic performance. Make sure some natural mobility is still allowed despite the thickness. Test different densities to find your ideal balance of support versus flexibility.
Here are some thickness suggestions based on common taping needs:
- Gymnast wrist support – 0.5″ thickness for rigidity
- Football lineman ankle stability – 0.5″ tape
- Basketball player ankle – 0.25-0.3″ tape
- Tennis elbow relief – 0.125-0.25″ tape
- General injury prevention – 0.125″ tape for lightweight support
The right tape thickness really depends on your sport, position, injury status, and individual preference. Test out a variety of densities to see what level of compression and restriction works best for you. The goal is stable support without overly limiting natural athletic movement.
Once you find your ideal tape thickness, you can play with confidence knowing your joints are securely stabilized without constraint. Just don’t go too thick and rigid or you’ll look like a mummy out there!
Look For Tape With Maximum Adhesion
The key to reliable athletic taping is choosing a tape with incredibly strong adhesion. Maximum stickiness keeps the tape firmly gripped to skin despite sweat, motion, and impact. When you need ankle, knee, or wrist support to hold up through intense competition, tape adhesion is crucial.
Adhesion refers to the tape’s ability to bind to skin and itself without loosening or peeling. The adhesive coating on the non-sticky side of tape is formulated to grab and cling. When adhesion fails, tape can unravel mid-game and expose vulnerable joints.
To achieve rugged adhesion strength, look for these tape features:
Zinc Oxide Adhesive
Many top athletic tapes use zinc oxide adhesive rather than acrylic. Zinc oxide sticks instantly without any glue-up time and maintains grip even when wet. Brands like Mueller and Johnson & Johnson use non-irritating zinc oxide for clinical-grade adhesion.
Water-Resistant
Sweat and humidity can compromise tape bonding. Seek out tapes like RockTape that resist water saturation and stay adhered in wet conditions. Bonus if the tape itself is made of a moisture-wicking material.
Pre-wrap Underlayers
Adding pre-wrap or underwrap beneath tape improves adhesion. The soft cotton wrap provides cushioning while giving tape more grip. Johnson & Johnson pre-wrap is a top choice.
Maximum Tack
The tack factor refers to initial stickiness when tape contacts skin. Brands like StrengthTape feature heavy-duty tack for instantly strong adhesion at first touch. It should take effort to initially pull tape off skin.
Proper Taping Technique
Using proper technique when applying tape also boosts adhesion. Maintain constant tension while wrapping, press thoroughly to activate glue, and smooth edges. Wrapping over pre-wrap also enhances bonding.
With intense sports, you can’t afford to have tape letting go mid-play. Seek out tape specifically engineered for tenacious, long-lasting grip through any condition. Brands like Mueller and RockTape are trusted by pro athletes for keeping joints firmly supported and stable when adhesive strength matters most.
Maximum adhesion tape plus smart taping technique lets you power through competition with the confidence that tape won’t budge. No need to stop and re-tape every few minutes! With a quality high-adhesion tape you can set it and forget it.
Consider How Much Sweat and Water Your Tape Will Encounter
If athletic tape is going to securely support and stabilize your joints during competition, it needs to stand up to sweat, rain, and humidity. Moisture saturation is one of the quickest ways for tape adhesion to fail before the game ends.
During intense sports, your body produces buckets of sweat. Even in cooler weather, moisture accumulates under tightly wrapped tape. Athletic tape adhesion relies on direct skin contact. Once sweat penetrates, it compromises the grip.
Outdoor sports also expose tape to rain and damp grass. Water saturation causes tape to peel and unravel. Indoor humidity from hot gyms can also degrade adhesive bonding over time.
To keep tape performing into the fourth quarter and overtime, seek out sweat and water-resistant options such as:
KT Tape
The woven fabric of KT Tape resists sweat absorption while allowing vapors through. Its medical-grade acrylic adhesive maintains grip on damp, sweaty skin better than traditional tapes.
RockTape
With its lightweight, 100% latex-free adhesive, RockTape stands up to heavy sweating and humid team sport environments. The specialized adhesive sticks through hot, sweaty action.
Mueller Sports Medicine Tape
Mueller’s athletic tape tackles moisture with its extra strong zinc oxide adhesive that maintains grip, even when wet. The tape won’t lose stickiness as sweat accumulates.
Breathable Pre-wrap
Applying breathable pre-wrap or underwrap before taping creates a moisture-wicking barrier layer. This keeps sweat from directly contacting and compromising the tape adhesive.
Don’t let sweat-soaked tape turn into an in-game hazard. Seek water and perspiration-resistant tapes that won’t loosen their grip over time. Brands like RockTape and Mueller are designed to power through hot, humid, rainy conditions with adhesion strength intact.
With the right tape, you can play hard knowing joints stay taped up tight for the whole game – no need to pause for emergency re-taping on the sidelines!
Breathable Tapes For Active Use
One downside of athletic tape is it can block airflow and trap heat, causing discomfort during intense sports. Seeking out breathable tape options can help keep skin cool and dry despite wrapping.
The tight compression of athletic tape is necessary to provide joint support and stability. But covering skin with adhesive bandage does limit ventilation, especially during vigorous activity when perspiration increases.
Trapped sweat and heat under tape can lead to itchiness, rashes, and loosened adhesion. As an athlete, the last thing you need is distracted by uncomfortable taping.
To allow airflow and moisture evaporation, look for these breathable tape features:
Cotton Fabric
Many traditional athletic tapes use porous cotton material that offers some breathability. Brands like Johnson & Johnson Coach tape maintain structure while allowing for air circulation.
Mesh Design
Tapes like RockTape are engineered with tensile mesh-like fabrics that flex and ventilate well. The micro-grooves encourage air flow despite compression on skin.
Synthetic Materials
Advanced tapes like KT Tape utilize lightweight synthetics that wick moisture and let heat escape. The specialized weaves don’t absorb sweat while improving breathability.
Minimal Adhesive
Tapes that use less adhesive, like simple paper tape, reduce surface contact and allow more skin exposure to breathe. But they compromise adhesion strength.
Don’t settle for sweltering, sweat-soaked tape that distracts from competition. With breathable tape options, you get lasting joint support without overheating. Stay cool and collected out there on the field or court!
Pre-wrap and Underwrap Options For Sensitive Skin
Athletic tape adheres tightly directly against skin, which can cause irritation for sensitive types. Using pre-wrap and underwrap layers provides protection and comfort.
The adhesives and compression of athletic tape can provoke skin reactions in athletes prone to rashes and redness. Tape often pulls hairs when removed. Direct contact also traps sweat and bacteria.
Pre-wrap and underwrap products create a smooth, soft barrier between skin and tape. They make taping more comfortable while avoiding chafing and itchiness.
Look for these pre-wrap features for sensitive skin:
Cotton Blend Materials
Pre-wraps like Mueller Sports Medicine Pre-Wrap are made of soft, cotton-oriented fabrics that feel gentle on skin. Cotton offers breathability too.
Adhesive-Free
Avoiding adhesives touching skin reduces irritation. Johnson & Johnson UnderWrap is designed without sticky substances that could cause reactions.
Latex-Free
Those with latex allergies should use pre-wraps made of synthetic, latex-free materials. KT Tape pre-wrap is a good option.
Anti-Microbial
Antimicrobial pre-wraps like Nitto Denko’s Ko-Flex manage bacteria buildup from sweat during wear. This prevents skin infections under tape.
While offering a protective barrier, pre-wrap also improves tape adhesion. So it enhances comfort without compromising support and compression.
Don’t endure painful skin irritation from athletic taping. Pre-wrap lets everyone benefit from stability and injury prevention – even athletes with the most sensitive skin!
Top Brands of Athletic Tape Used By Pros
When researching the best athletic tape for your needs, it helps to see what brands professional athletes and sports trainers rely on to stabilize their joints. If the tape is trusted by the pros, you know it will get the job done.
Many tape companies aim to have their products widely used in major college and pro sports leagues like the NFL and NBA. They’ll sponsor teams or make products specifically designed for elite athletic taping needs.
Based on use by top athletic programs and sports medicine experts, here are some go-to athletic tape brands:
Mueller
Mueller tape can be spotted during NFL, MLB, NHL, and NASCAR events. Its zinc oxide adhesive sticks rigidly even when athletes sweat. Mueller is the official licensee for many pro sport leagues.
Johnson & Johnson
J&J’s Coach and Kinesio tapes are used across pro baseball, basketball, football, and more. Athletes trust their strong adhesives and comfortable, breathable fabrics.
KT Tape
Developed by a sports chiropractor, KT Tape is popular in the Olympics, Iron Man races, Major League Soccer, and NBA. Light and flexible, it allows for motion while supporting muscles.
RockTape
RockTape can be seen on athletes at CrossFit games, IRONMAN, and cycling races. Its dynamic tape provides kinesiology benefits without restricting movement.
StrengthTape
Designed for powerlifters, StrengthTape provides maximum wrist and knee support during heavy lifts. It’s the official tape of US powerlifting federations.
No matter the sport, from tennis to wrestling to gymnastics, the pros count on these brands to keep their ankles, knees and other joints stabilized and injury-free.
While pro-grade tape costs more, its premium performance and reliability is worth the investment. Your joints deserve the same stabilization trusted by LeBron and Serena!
Mueller Sports Medicine Tape Sticks and Stays
When I think of athletic tape that stubbornly sticks and stays put despite sweat and motion, Mueller is the brand that comes to mind. They’ve engineered a zinc oxide adhesive tape trusted by pro athletes to not budge.
Mueller tape excels at rigidly stabilizing vulnerable joints like ankles and knees most prone to athletic injury. The non-stretch cotton tape provides compression while allowing for up to 40% stretch when applying.
Here’s why Mueller tape lives up to its reputation for durable adhesion:
Zinc Oxide Adhesive
The zinc oxide formula sticks to skin instantly without any glue-up time. It maintains grip even when wet with sweat or rain during wear. No need to wait for the adhesive to activate.
Latex Free
Mueller tape uses latex-free adhesives to avoid allergic reactions. But latex-free doesn’t mean reduced stickiness.
Easy Tear
The tape tears cleanly and easily along the grain without fraying while applying. This allows for simple custom taping.
Conforms to Body Contours
Mueller’s tape adheres tightly around bony ankles, curved knees, and other irregular shapes. The tape stretches slightly to mold the joint.
Mueller Sports Medicine tape is designed to stick immediately at contact and grip through intense activity. I’ve personally had Mueller hold tight for entire soccer and basketball games.
While pricier than generic drugstore tape, Mueller offers that clinical-grade adhesion. Your joints stay taped and stable even when the game goes to overtime!
Johnson & Johnson Coach Tape With Zinc Oxide
For decades, Johnson & Johnson has produced the Coach brand of athletic tape trusted by sports pros for its incredibly reliable adhesion. The key is its zinc oxide adhesive.
Coach tape is composed of porous, non-elastic cotton that allows for up to 50% stretch when wrapping joints. This compression gives stable support once applied.
The zinc oxide adhesive coating ensures Coach tape sticks tenaciously in all conditions:
Instant Grip
The tape adheres instantly at first contact without any glue-up prep needed. You can apply and go!
Wet Conditions
Sweat and humidity won’t degrade the zinc oxide stickiness like other tapes. It maintains adhesion when wet.
Sheer Strength
Coach tape features a strong tack that tightly grips skin and won’t peel or loosen with motion. It takes effort to initially remove.
Range of Motion
Despite rigid support, the tape allows for up to 40 degrees of flex and mobility at joints like ankles.
Coach tape conforms well to contours and the cotton provides breathability. The premium zinc oxide adhesive ensures unrivaled grip throughout games and workouts.
Johnson & Johnson Coach tape costs a bit more than generic brands. But the adhesion reliability and injury protection are worth it for this athletic trainer.
With Coach tape, you can play hard knowing it sticks hard – through that last layup, sprint, or touchdown drive!
KT Tape Provides Targeted Support
Unlike traditional rigid athletic tape, KT Tape uses an elastic therapeutic tape designed to provide targeted joint support while still allowing full range of motion. This kinesiology tape lifts the skin to improve mobility and reduce pain.
KT Tape was developed by a sports chiropractor to offer benefits beyond just joint stabilization. The unique design and materials actually aid muscle function:
Lightweight Fabric
The lightweight, woven synthetic material is flexible like a second skin. It moves and stretches with the body’s natural biomechanics.
Medical-Grade Adhesive
The 100% latex-free adhesive sticks firmly but gently. It allows the tape to lift the skin, enhancing blood flow and lymphatic drainage.
Range of Motion
Unlike rigid tape, KT Tape allows for up to 40% stretch even after applied. This enables full natural movement and mobility.
Pain Relief
By gently lifting skin away from underlying tissue, KT Tape relieves pressure on nerves and reduces soreness.
I use KT Tape when I want targeted compression and support without compromising athletic performance. It’s ideal for sports like tennis, soccer, basketball that require agility.
While pricier than basic tape, the kinesiology benefits of proper KT Taping makes it worth the investment for this athlete. My knees and ankles thank me after those long tournaments and games!
RockTape Offers Kinesiology Benefits
Whether you’re a weekend warrior or a professional athlete, protecting your body from injury is crucial for performance. Athletic tape has long been a staple for players looking to add stability, support, and protection on the field or court. But with so many options on the market, it can be tough to choose the right brand. One tape that stands out is RockTape – an innovative kinesiology tape that may provide unique benefits compared to traditional white athletic tape.
RockTape was designed with the science of kinesiology in mind. Kinesiology studies human movement and biomechanics. RockTape aims to lift the skin microscopically, allowing for greater blood flow and lymphatic drainage. This is unlike typical athletic tape that simply compresses and immobilizes. By lifting the skin, RockTape may enhance healing and decrease pain. The water-resistant adhesive is engineered to last longer than other tapes as well. RockTape comes in fun colors and patterns too – allowing you to add style while protecting your body.
But does it actually work? RockTape claims its products can provide muscle and joint support, improve circulation and lymphatic drainage, relieve pain, and prevent injury – all without restricting range of motion like conventional athletic tape. There is some research to back this up. One study found RockTape improved upper trapezius muscle strength and endurance compared to no tape at all. Other studies show positive outcomes using kinesiology tape for certain injuries and pain conditions. However, more research is still needed, as some studies show limited benefits over other taping methods.
Many athletes swear by RockTape and kinesiology tape. The lightweight, stretchy material makes it comfortable to wear for long periods without falling off. And it’s water resistant, so you can wear it during games when you’re bound to sweat. The tape is gentle on skin as well. No need to worry about ripping off tape – RockTape gently peels off without tugging hair or leaving irritated skin behind.
RockTape offers a variety of pre-cut strips, full rolls, and unique products for specific body parts like the foot, knee, and shoulder. They even make tape designed just for kids. Best of all, RockTape is cost-effective and can be reused for multiple days as long as it stays sticky. For athletes looking to avoid restrictive athletic tape while still protecting muscles and joints, RockTape kinesiology tape is an excellent option.
KT Tape Provides Targeted Support
KT Tape is another popular kinesiology tape brand gaining traction among athletes. Like RockTape, KT Tape aims to provide support and stability to muscles and joints while allowing full range of motion. This tape lifts the skin to improve circulation and drainage over the area of application.
KT Tape was created by a chiropractor seeking an improved alternative to standard athletic tape. KT stands for kinesiology tape. It comes in multiple colors and is latex-free, making it ideal for those with skin sensitivities. KT Tape is also cotton and elastic, allowing breathability and stretch similar to skin itself.
Studies on KT Tape effectiveness show mixed results. Some research found KT Tape reduced pain and disability in certain injuries compared to other taping techniques. However, other studies show KT Tape did not clinically improve muscle strength or performance versus other elastic taping methods. More research is needed, but many athletes continue to use KT Tape and report benefits.
One key advantage of KT Tape is its targeted application. You can purchase pre-cut strips for specific body parts and injuries – like the knee, back, and shoulder. KT Tape also provides an online guide with taping instructions for each body part. This makes it easy to target the source of pain or instability. The tape is comfortable enough to wear for several days, even through workouts and competition. Just make sure to keep it clean and dry for best adhesion.
For athletes seeking lightweight, breathable tape that may enhance stability and support, KT Tape is a solid option. While clinical research is inconclusive, real-world use remains popular. Taping techniques allow you to target painful or unstable spots. Overall, KT Tape aims to provide athletes with flexible support without restricting your game.
Mueller Offers An Affordable All-Purpose Tape
Mueller is a sporting goods company that produces quality athletic tape at an affordable price point. Mueller tape provides all-purpose support and compression without the higher cost of specialized kinesiology tape. This makes it an ideal choice for youth sports and recreational athletes.
Mueller tape is made from 100% cotton material with a natural rubber adhesive. It’s latex-free and hypoallergenic. The tape offers rigid support thanks to its non-elastic properties. This provides compression and joint stabilization during activity. However, it does restrict range of motion more than elastic tape.
While Mueller tape excels at stability and protection, it comes with some downsides. The rigid tape can begin to peel with excessive sweating or movement. Reapplication is often needed after intense training or competition. And removing Mueller tape can be painful for those with sensitive skin. Mueller does offer an underwrap and adhesive remover to help.
On the plus side, Mueller tape is significantly cheaper in price than other leading brands, even for their premium Z-Line tape. This makes Mueller a realistic option if you need a lot of tape for a team or training room. And their tape provides effective compression support thanks to its non-stretch properties.
For younger athletes or casual competitors, Mueller tape gets the job done. It protects vulnerable joints and muscles thanks to its rigid, compression-based support. While it may not provide the same circulation benefits as kinesiology tape, Mueller tape offers stability at an affordable price point. For all-purpose athletic taping, Mueller is a proven brand.
Choosing the Right Tape for You
Determining the right athletic tape depends on your sport, position, and unique needs. RockTape and KT Tape are excellent options if you want lightweight, flexible support without restricting movement. The kinesiology-based design may also enhance blood flow and drainage over injured areas. However, these specialty tapes come at a higher price.
For rigid stabilization at an affordable cost, traditional athletic tape like Mueller gets the job done. Just don’t expect the same range of motion compared to elastic kinesiology tape. Mueller tape also requires more frequent reapplication than other brands.
No matter which tape you choose, be sure to clean and prepare your skin beforehand. Shave any excess hair over the area and wash to allow proper adhesion. Apply tape 30 minutes before activity for best results. Keeping the tape clean, dry, and securely applied will allow multiple days of use in most cases.
The bottom line? Test out different tape brands and styles to see what works best for your body and sport. The right taping approach can provide stability, support, and protection over a long season. While research on athletic tape benefits remains inconclusive, real-world use continues with athletes swearing by their preferred brand. Approach taping as another tool to optimize performance and reduce injury risk.
StrengthTape Features Minimal Stretch
As an athlete, protecting your body from injury is a top priority. The right athletic tape can provide extra support and stability during competition and training. With many tape brands on the market, it’s important to understand the key differences. One tape standing out lately is StrengthTape – an athletic tape offering rigid support with minimal stretch.
StrengthTape was designed for athletes requiring maximum joint stabilization. The non-elastic tape has only 5% stretch, providing a compression wrap ideal for restricting movement. This helps protect vulnerable joints and prevents overextension. StrengthTape’s rigid properties also aid injury recovery by immobilizing the area.
Don’t expect much mobility or flexion with StrengthTape. The focus is stability and restriction, not free movement. However, this is perfect for certain injuries that need strict immobilization. StrengthTape can also alternate with elastic tape during rehab. Use rigid tape during play and recovery tape like RockTape in between activity for healing benefits.
The water-resistant adhesive ensures StrengthTape stays tightly wrapped for games and training. And the premium cotton material with reinforced edges allows the tape to hold up throughout competition. StrengthTape truly excels at stability and compression thanks to its non-elastic construction.
For athletes requiring extra joint support, StrengthTape is a top choice. The minimal stretch provides a tight wrap that doesn’t loosen or peel. StrengthTape also works well for acute injuries in need of strict immobilization. Just don’t expect much range of motion from this rigid athletic tape brand.
HydroTape Accelerates Healing
As innovative tapes like RockTape and KT Tape revolutionize athletic taping, specialty brands continue emerging. One unique product is HydroTape – touted as the first water-based kinesiology tape. HydroTape aims to provide the usual stability of athletic tape while enhancing recovery.
HydroTape has a 100% cotton adhesive with a water-based acrylic coating. This creates a wet layer against the skin, allowing for increased blood circulation and lymphatic drainage. By keeping the taped area moist, HydroTape may accelerate healing and alleviate pain.
The water-based adhesive provides a cooling effect as well. This further aids recovery and feels great during intense training and competition. HydroTape stretches up to 180% while maintaining its coeficient of elasticity, resulting in durable flexible support.
Does HydroTape work as advertised? Limited research is available so far. But user reviews praise the pain relief and cooling provided by the water-based tape. It seems especially helpful for chronic injuries prone to inflammation. HydroTape may very well promote faster healing.
HydroTape isn’t cheap, but it does offer a unique kinesiology taping experience. The wet adhesive creates a therapeutic, cooling effect over damaged tissues. For athletes needing recovery assistance between competitions, HydroTape is worth trying.
H2O Proof Offers Protection
Finding athletic tape that withstands water, sweat, and humidity can be a challenge. Many popular tapes lose adhesion and start peeling when exposed to moisture over time. Enter H2O Proof – an athletic tape engineered for water resistance.
As the name suggests, H2O Proof tape aims to stay firmly in place regardless of wet conditions. This makes it ideal for athletes who play water sports or sweat excessively during games. The medical-grade adhesive is fully immersed in water, helping maximize moisture protection.
In addition to water resistance, H2O Proof provides the usual stability and support expected from athletic tape. It has a rigid construction with minimal stretch for compression around joints and muscles. H2O Proof comes in a variety of colors as well.
While promotion focuses on the tape’s water protection, it provides all the usual athletic taping benefits too. Just note that the rigid tape does restrict mobility more than flexible kinesiology options. But for wet conditions, H2O Proof is worth trying.
Consider Your Needs and Sport
With the array of athletic tapes now available, it’s important to select the right one for your needs and sport. Elastic kinesiology tapes allow free range of motion, making them ideal for most athletes. But rigid, non-stretch tape provides maximum joint stabilization if you require strict immobilization.
Specialized tapes like HydroTape offer unique benefits as well. HydroTape’s water-based adhesive aims to enhance circulation and healing while cooling damaged tissues. And tapes like H2O Proof provide optimal moisture protection for wet conditions and excessive sweating.
Consider your sport and position too. Do you need flexible support that moves with you? Or strictly rigid stabilization? This will help determine the right tape. Don’t be afraid to experiment with different brands and taping techniques too.
No matter which athletic tape you choose, be sure to properly clean and prepare skin beforehand. Always apply tape at least 30 minutes before activity as well. Proper taping can provide the extra support and stability needed to avoid injury and enhance performance all season long.
Gorilla Tape For Maximum Durability
Whether you’re a weekend warrior or a professional athlete, having the right athletic tape can make all the difference in preventing injuries and providing extra support during competition. But with so many brands on the market, how do you know which one will hold up to the demands of your sport? Look no further than Gorilla Tape – this heavy duty tape is engineered for maximum durability to get you through even the toughest games.
Gorilla Tape is well known for its incredible bonding power and strength. This tape features a thick, reinforced backing layered with a strong, moisture-resistant adhesive. It’s designed to stick to rough and uneven surfaces, while still being easy to tear by hand. Gorilla Tape stays put even when exposed to harsh elements like dirt, moisture, and extreme temperatures – making it ideal for outdoor sports.
While regular athletic tape can loosen or peel away with activity, Gorilla Tape keeps a tight grip to provide constant compression and support. Its durability also means you won’t have to constantly re-tape or replace it during competitions. Once applied properly, Gorilla Tape can last through rigorous activity without budging. This makes it a top choice for athletes needing tape that withstands impacts and abrasion.
In addition to stability, Gorilla Tape offers versatile protection. It can be used to wrap sensitive joints like knees and elbows that need a little extra reinforcement. The rigid tape can help restrict motion to prevent overextension. It also works great as a lightweight brace to support weakened muscles or tendons. From wrists to ankles, Gorilla Tape keeps these vulnerable body parts stabilized during pivots and collisions.
Compared to standard athletic tape, Gorilla Tape is much less restrictive. It has a thinner profile that doesn’t add bulk or alter your mobility. You’ll barely even notice it’s there! Gorilla Tape conforms easily to provide discrete, targeted support without restricting your movement. This makes it ideal for athletes who need additional stability without impeding their performance.
While traditional cloth tape can lead to irritation when removed, Gorilla Tape is designed to come off cleanly after use. Its smooth back surface and precision edges won’t leave sticky residue or pull at the skin. This makes re-taping a breeze throughout ongoing games and practices. Any sport that requires frequent taping will benefit from this non-irritating advantage.
If you want maximum durability without compromising flexibility and mobility, reach for Gorilla Tape. Its unrivaled adhesive strength keeps it securely in place, preventing slippage, unraveling, and reapplication. This superior athletic tape will hold strong through even your most grueling workouts and matches. Let Gorilla Tape reinforce your joints for the active support and stability you need to prevent injury and enhance performance.
KT Tape For Lightweight Flexible Support
KT Tape is an elastic sports tape that provides lightweight, flexible support without restricting your movement. This tape is designed to stretch with your body for long-lasting comfort and durability during activity. Whether you’re a pro athlete or weekend warrior, KT Tape is a top choice for enhancing performance while preventing injury.
Unlike traditional athletic tape, KT Tape is made from a lightweight, breathable cotton fiber material. This allows it to conform and move with your body’s natural biomechanics. The elastic bindings offer dynamic joint support that won’t limit your mobility or feel bulky. KT Tape also has hundreds of tiny pores that allow air and moisture to pass through, making it comfortable for all-day wear.
KT Tape lifts the skin microscopically to improve circulation and relieve pressure on pain receptors. This can help reduce inflammation, muscle fatigue, and discomfort. The tape’s water-resistant adhesive provides targeted, consistent compression without loosening or peeling. You’ll get long-lasting stability and pain relief without needing frequent re-taping.
While traditional tape can sometimes over-restrict and lead to compensation injuries, KT Tape stabilizes joints while maintaining a full range of motion. This makes it ideal for preventing injuries during competition. The tape provides just the right amount of reinforcement without altering proper form or biomechanics.
KT Tape is also very user-friendly. It comes in pre-cut strips that are quick and easy to apply yourself. The tapered edges prevent fraying and peeling for a smooth application. And since it stretches up to 140% of its original length, you can get the custom compression and support your body needs. This tape bends and flexes with you for a natural feel.
Whether you want to support a sprained ankle, stabilize a vulnerable joint, or relieve aching muscles, KT Tape gets the job done without restricting your active lifestyle. Its lightweight, breathable material and dynamic stretch make it perfect for athletes who need flexible joint stability and comfort during competition and training. Choose KT Tape for unrivaled freedom of motion with the added support your body needs.
Mueller Tape For Everyday Athletic Use
If you’re looking for an affordable, everyday athletic tape, Mueller stands out as a top brand. Mueller tape provides basic stability and support for routine sports activities and minor injuries. While not as heavy-duty as other tapes, it gets the job done for basic needs.
Mueller tape features a cotton-blend material with zinc oxide adhesive. It’s designed for flexibility and comfort during activity. The breathable tape allows for air circulation to prevent irritation and overheating. The adhesion is strong enough to stay in place during games and practices without excessively restricting movement.
This tape works well for taping weak ankles, wrists, and other joints prone to overextension and impact. The rigid, supportive tape helps limit mobility to a normal range, reducing risk of re-injury. Mueller tape can also provide compression to prevent swelling and relieve aches and pains.
While Mueller doesn’t offer maximum stability for major injuries, it works great for minor sprains and strains. The tape provides just enough flexible support to get you through general athletic activity as you heal. It also helps stabilize sensitive joints during dynamic motions and contact to prevent future injury.
Mueller tape is designed for longevity during wear and tear. However, it may need more frequent replacing than heavy-duty brands with reinforced backings. For everyday games and practices, Mueller delivers reliable support and stability without compromise. But for more rugged activities, you may want a tape with more heavy-duty adhesion.
Application is smooth and easy thanks to Mueller’s tapered edges that resist fraying and peeling. The cotton material is also comfortable for all-day wear. Breathable and non-irritating, Mueller tape works well for athletes with sensitive skin in need of basic support.
For flexible, lightweight joint stability during general activities, Mueller tape fits the bill. It provides functional support without restricting your movement or comfort. While not the strongest tape for major injuries, Mueller works great for minor sprains, strains, and stiffness that accompany routine athleticism. Keep this affordable tape stocked for all your basic taping needs.
When choosing an athletic tape, it’s important to consider the durability, flexibility, and level of support you need. Heavier duty tapes like Gorilla Tape provide maximum stability for high-intensity activities and major injuries. Dynamic tapes like KT Tape offer flexible joint support and comfort. Basic tapes like Mueller work for light stabilization during everyday use. Compare material, stretch, and adhesive strength to find your ideal sports tape for game-day protection and stability.
Deciding Between Rigid, Non-stretch or Dynamic Tapes
When choosing an athletic tape, one of the most important considerations is the stretch capacity. Tapes come in rigid, non-stretch options as well as dynamic, flexible tapes. The type you choose can significantly impact stability, mobility, and injury prevention based on your sport.
Rigid, non-stretch tapes offer maximum support by limiting range of motion. Brands like Gorilla Tape have a reinforced backing that provides superior immobilization. This prevents overextension and reinforces vulnerable joints during pivots and collisions. Rigid tape is ideal for major injuries or unstable joints requiring complete restriction.
However, heavily restricting mobility can also have downsides. Non-stretch tape can potentially hinder performance, lead to muscle compensation issues, or even cause new injuries. Taping too tightly prohibits proper biomechanics and natural movement.
This is where dynamic stretch tapes have advantages. Brands like KT Tape have an elastic material with micro-stretch properties. This allows for a full, natural range of motion while still providing stability. The tape “gives” to move with your body, reducing stiffness and discomfort.
Dynamic tapes lift the skin to improve circulation while also offering compression to prevent swelling. The breathable material and stretch capacity enhances mobility and comfort for extended wear. This makes flexible tapes ideal for athletes needing joint support without limiting performance.
Here are some key factors to consider when deciding between rigid or dynamic athletic tape:
Injury Severity
For major unstable injuries like a completely torn ligament, a rigid, non-stretch tape may be best to fully immobilize the joint. But for minor sprains, dynamic tape can offer some stability while still allowing movement.
Sport Demands
Restrictive tapes are not ideal for sports requiring extensive mobility like basketball or soccer. Dynamic tape allows multidirectional motion needed for running, cutting, and jumping.
Joint Location
Sensitive joints like knees and elbows prone to abrasion or overextension may benefit from a stretch tape that reinforces without rubbing or chafing.
Timing
Rigid tape works well acutely after an injury for complete stabilization. But dynamic tape can be worn longer term during rehabilitation as mobility increases.
Personal Preference
Test out different tapes in practice to see which feels most comfortable to you and best matches your sport-specific needs.
Budget
Premium dynamic tapes cost more than basic rigid options. But their longevity may make them more cost-effective in the long run.
Here are some tips when using rigid vs dynamic tape:
Rigid Tape Tips
- Use rigid tape when complete joint immobilization is needed, like immediately after a major injury or surgery.
- Apply rigid tape tighter than dynamic tape, but not so tight it cuts off circulation or pins nerves.
- Keep the joint supported in a functional position when applying rigid tape.
- Use caution taping joints like knees and elbows that bend often to avoid stretching out the tape.
- Remove and replace rigid tape more frequently than dynamic tape, which can last for days.
Dynamic Tape Tips
- Apply dynamic tape with about 25-50% stretch for joint stability with full mobility.
- Activate the tape’s adhesive by rubbing over it once applied.
- Apply dynamic tape in anatomical positions over muscles and supporting ligaments.
- Change dynamic tape every 3-5 days or when it starts to loosen or peel at the edges.
- Dynamic tape can be worn preventively to support vulnerable joints during activity.
Rigid athletic tape provides immobilization and stability for major injuries or unstable joints. But dynamic stretch tape offers flexible support to reinforce joints while optimizing mobility. Consider factors like injury severity, sport demands, timing, and budget when selecting between these two taping options.
With the right taping technique, you can enhance performance and reduce injury risk. Test out both rigid and dynamic taping to see which provides the right amount of support and flexibility for your needs.
Proper Taping Technique For Ankles and Other Body Parts
Whether you’re an athlete taping up before a big game or just someone trying to stabilize a minor sprain, using proper taping technique is critical. The right approach can provide durable support, while the wrong technique risks inadequate stabilization or even compensation injuries.
Here are some tips for correctly taping common body parts prone to athletic injury:
Ankles
Ankle sprains are one of the most common sports injuries. Taping provides stabilization to prevent the ankle rolling during activity. Use these key techniques for optimal ankle support:
- Start with two anchor strips above and below the ankle bone, tearing the tape for flexibility behind the ankle.
- Apply two stirrup strips circling under the arch of the foot for support.
- Add two horseshoe strips on both sides of the ankle bone, taping towards the front of the ankle.
- Finish with figure eight strips crossing over the ankle bone to limit inversion/eversion.
- Maintain normal ankle positioning without taping too tightly.
Knees
Knees withstand significant force and rotational torque during athletic activity. Use these techniques to properly tape this complex joint:
- Start with circular anchor strips above and below the knee for stable adhesion.
- Apply strips to support ligaments extending from the knee joint line to the tibia/femur.
- Use crisscross strips for medial/lateral stability against valgus or varus forces.
- Tape the kneecap and quad tendon for patellar tracking and protection.
- Maintain a normal anatomical knee position when taping.
Shoulders
The shoulder joint relies heavily on surrounding ligaments and muscles for stability. Use these tips when taping this mobile joint:
- Start with an anchor strip following the contour of the shoulder for adherence.
- Add strips to support surrounding shoulder muscles like the rotator cuff.
- Tape parallel to the collarbone to protect the vulnerable AC joint.
- Stabilize the shoulder blade and arm with an X or asterisk pattern crossing the joint.
- Allow normal shoulder movement without over-tightening the tape.
Elbow
The elbow joint is prone to overextension injuries and abrasions. Use these proper techniques for elbow taping:
- Anchor above and below the elbow crease for tape adherence.
- Protect the entire circumference with circular strips around the elbow.
- Add X strips across the inside and outside of the elbow joint for stability.
- Tape parallel to the bones to allow full extension/flexion.
- Avoid overly restricting natural elbow range of motion.
Wrists
Wrists need stabilization to avoid hyperextension during activities like weightlifting, baseball, or gymnastics. Use these tips:
- Start with a circular anchor strip around the smallest part of the wrist.
- Stabilize the wrist bones with two X strips across the top/bottom of the joint.
- Tape parallel along the forearm bones for added support.
- Allow normal wrist mobility without taping too tightly.
Some final key tips for proper taping technique include:
- Always tape directly to skin for proper adhesion.
- Remove any joint hair and use adhesive spray to maximize tape grip.
- Apply tape from the bottom of the injured area up towards the heart.
- Round off tape edges to prevent peeling and skin irritation.
- Replace tape after heavy perspiration or if it starts to loosen.
Using proper taping techniques helps activate the tape’s support capabilities while minimizing unwanted mobility restrictions. Consult a physician or athletic trainer if you are unsure how to best tape an injury. With the right taping approach, you can stabilize vulnerable joints and prevent further injury.