Who invented lacrosse in north america. The Rich History and Evolution of Lacrosse: From Native American Origins to Modern Professional Leagues

Who invented lacrosse in North America. When did lacrosse start. Where did lacrosse originate. How has lacrosse evolved over time. What are the major professional lacrosse leagues today. How does the Premier Lacrosse League differ from traditional leagues.

The Ancient Roots of Lacrosse: Native American Heritage

Lacrosse, one of North America’s oldest team sports, boasts a rich history deeply rooted in Native American culture. The game’s origins can be traced back to as early as 1100 AD, when indigenous peoples across the continent played various versions of stick-and-ball games. These early forms of lacrosse held significant cultural, spiritual, and practical importance for Native American communities.

The Creator’s Game: Spiritual and Cultural Significance

Native Americans referred to lacrosse as “The Creator’s Game,” highlighting its profound spiritual connections. The sport played a multifaceted role in indigenous societies, serving purposes that extended far beyond mere recreation. Games were organized for various reasons, including:

• Settling inter-tribal disputes
• Training warriors for combat
• Celebrating religious and cultural festivals
• Resolving conflicts and settling bets
• Honoring the Creator and spiritual beliefs

These traditional lacrosse matches were often grand events, sometimes lasting for several days and drawing participants and spectators from multiple tribes.

Early Lacrosse Equipment: Handcrafted Ingenuity

The equipment used in early forms of lacrosse showcased the ingenuity and craftsmanship of Native American cultures. Players fashioned their gear from materials readily available in their natural surroundings:

• Balls: Carved from wood or made from deerskin stuffed with hair
• Sticks: Wooden frames expertly carved to cradle the ball
• Netting: Woven from plant fibers (wattup) or deer sinew

This handcrafted equipment not only served its practical purpose but also reflected the deep connection between the game and the natural world.

European Contact and the Naming of Lacrosse

The game that would come to be known as lacrosse first caught the attention of European observers in the early 17th century. In 1637, a French Jesuit missionary named Jean de Brébeuf witnessed a match being played in present-day Ontario, Canada. Struck by the curved sticks used in the game, de Brébeuf coined the term “la crosse,” meaning “the stick” in French. This name would eventually evolve into the modern term “lacrosse.”

Spreading Beyond North America

As European colonization and cultural exchange continued, lacrosse began to spread beyond its Native American origins. The sport gained popularity in several English-speaking countries, including:

• Canada
• United States
• Australia
• New Zealand

By the 19th century, lacrosse had established a particularly strong foothold in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, with New York and Maryland emerging as early hotbeds of the sport.

The Evolution of Modern Lacrosse: Men’s and Women’s Games

As lacrosse transitioned from its traditional Native American roots to a more formalized sport, distinct versions of the game began to emerge for men and women.

Men’s Lacrosse: From Clubs to Organized Leagues

By the turn of the 20th century, men’s lacrosse had evolved into an organized sport with established clubs and leagues across the English-speaking world. The game continued to grow in popularity, particularly in North America, where it became a staple of collegiate athletics and amateur clubs.

Women’s Lacrosse: A Distinct Tradition

Women’s lacrosse emerged as a separate discipline with its own unique rules and playing style. Key milestones in the development of the women’s game include:

• 1890: Introduction of women’s lacrosse in Scotland
• 1926: Establishment of the first women’s lacrosse club in the United States at Bryn Mawr School in Maryland

The women’s game would continue to grow and evolve, eventually becoming a popular collegiate and international sport in its own right.

The Birth of Box Lacrosse: A Canadian Innovation

In the 1930s, a new variant of lacrosse emerged in Canada that would significantly impact the sport’s development. Box lacrosse, played indoors on a smaller field, was created as a way to utilize hockey arenas during the off-season. This fast-paced, high-scoring version of the game quickly gained popularity and led to the formation of the first box lacrosse league in Canada.

Key Features of Box Lacrosse

• Played indoors on a smaller field (often a converted hockey rink)
• Fewer players on the field compared to field lacrosse
• More physical play and higher scoring
• Utilizes a shot clock to maintain a fast pace

Box lacrosse would go on to become the dominant form of the sport in Canada and would later influence the development of professional indoor lacrosse leagues in North America.

The Rise of Professional Lacrosse: Major Indoor and Outdoor Leagues

As lacrosse continued to grow in popularity throughout the 20th century, the stage was set for the emergence of professional leagues. These organizations would help elevate the sport to new heights and provide opportunities for elite players to compete at the highest level.

National Lacrosse League (NLL): The Premier Box Lacrosse Competition

The National Lacrosse League traces its roots back to 1986 when the Major Indoor Lacrosse League was founded. In 1997, the league was reconstituted under its current name, the NLL. Today, the NLL stands as the premier professional box lacrosse league in North America.

Key facts about the National Lacrosse League:

• Features teams from both the United States and Canada
• Currently consists of 14 teams divided into three divisions: North, East, and West
• Newest expansion team: Panther City Lacrosse Club in Fort Worth, Texas (joined in 2021)

Major League Lacrosse (MLL): Pioneering Professional Field Lacrosse

Founded in 1999 and beginning play in 2001, Major League Lacrosse was the first successful professional outdoor lacrosse league in North America. The MLL played a crucial role in growing the sport’s popularity and providing a platform for elite field lacrosse players.

Notable developments in MLL history:

• Started with six teams in 2001, expanding to ten teams by 2006
• Faced challenges with team relocations and foldings due to financial constraints
• Struggled with player compensation, with most athletes needing to work additional jobs
• Announced plans to increase player salaries by 51% in response to competition from newer leagues

The Premier Lacrosse League: A New Model for Professional Lacrosse

In 2018, professional lacrosse player Paul Rabil announced the formation of a new league that would challenge the traditional model of professional lacrosse. The Premier Lacrosse League (PLL) launched in 2019 with a unique approach to league structure and player compensation.

Innovative Features of the PLL

• Tour-based model: Teams travel to different cities each weekend, rather than being based in specific locations
• Enhanced player compensation: Higher salaries, healthcare benefits, and league equity for players
• Initial season featured six teams, with a seventh team added in 2020
• Emphasis on media exposure and fan engagement through partnerships with major networks

The PLL’s inaugural season in 2019 concluded with the Whipsnakes Lacrosse Club winning the championship in a thrilling 12-11 overtime victory against the Redwoods Lacrosse Club.

The Future of Lacrosse: Growth, Innovation, and Global Expansion

As lacrosse continues to evolve in the 21st century, the sport faces both opportunities and challenges. The emergence of new professional leagues, increased media coverage, and growing participation at the youth and collegiate levels all point to a bright future for the game.

Potential Areas for Future Growth

• International expansion: Increasing popularity in countries beyond traditional lacrosse strongholds
• Olympic aspirations: Efforts to include lacrosse in future Olympic Games
• Technological innovations: Advancements in equipment design and performance analytics
• Diversity and inclusion initiatives: Expanding access to the sport across different communities

As lacrosse continues to honor its rich Native American heritage while embracing modern innovations, the sport is well-positioned to captivate new generations of players and fans around the world.

The Enduring Legacy of Native American Traditions

Despite the many changes and evolutions in lacrosse over the centuries, the sport’s Native American roots remain an integral part of its identity. Many players, coaches, and fans continue to honor the game’s spiritual and cultural origins, recognizing lacrosse as more than just a sport, but as a connection to a rich and enduring heritage.

Modern lacrosse organizations often work closely with Native American communities to preserve and celebrate these traditions, ensuring that the spirit of “The Creator’s Game” lives on in contemporary play.

The Impact of Lacrosse on Youth Development and Education

Beyond its professional leagues and competitive aspects, lacrosse has emerged as a valuable tool for youth development and education. The sport offers numerous benefits to young players, both on and off the field.

Benefits of Youth Lacrosse Participation

• Physical fitness: Improves cardiovascular health, coordination, and overall athleticism
• Teamwork and communication skills: Enhances ability to work collaboratively and communicate effectively
• Strategic thinking: Develops decision-making skills and tactical awareness
• Time management: Balancing sports with academics teaches valuable life skills
• Cultural awareness: Provides opportunities to learn about Native American history and traditions

Many schools and communities have embraced lacrosse as a way to engage students in physical activity while also promoting important life skills and cultural understanding.

Lacrosse Scholarships and Academic Opportunities

As the sport has grown at the collegiate level, lacrosse has also become a pathway to higher education for many student-athletes. NCAA Division I, II, and III schools offer lacrosse programs for both men and women, with many providing athletic scholarships to talented players.

This combination of athletic and academic opportunities has helped fuel the growth of youth lacrosse programs across North America and beyond, as young players aspire to compete at the collegiate level while pursuing their education.

Lacrosse in the Digital Age: Technology and Media Innovation

The advent of digital technology and social media has had a significant impact on how lacrosse is played, watched, and promoted. From advanced equipment design to innovative broadcasting techniques, technology is shaping the future of the sport.

Technological Advancements in Lacrosse

• Equipment innovations: Lightweight, high-performance sticks and protective gear
• Performance analytics: Use of data and video analysis to improve player and team performance
• Virtual reality training: Immersive practice experiences for players and coaches
• Fan engagement apps: Interactive platforms for following teams, players, and leagues

Media Coverage and Streaming Services

The growth of streaming platforms and social media has dramatically increased the accessibility of lacrosse content for fans around the world. Major networks and digital platforms now broadcast professional, collegiate, and international lacrosse events, bringing the sport to a wider audience than ever before.

This increased visibility has not only helped grow the fan base but has also attracted new sponsors and investment to the sport, fueling further development and innovation.

Social Media and Player Branding

Social media platforms have given lacrosse players and teams new ways to connect with fans and build their personal brands. Many professional players have large followings on platforms like Instagram and TikTok, where they share training tips, behind-the-scenes content, and personal stories.

This direct connection between players and fans has helped create a more engaged and passionate lacrosse community, further driving the sport’s growth and popularity.

Blog – History of Men’s Lacrosse

What is the history of lacrosse?

Lacrosse is one of the oldest team sports in America. Lacrosse history goes back as early as 1100AD where it was played by Native Americans in North America. The origin of lacrosse has a rich history in the Native American cultures.

Who invented Lacrosse?

Todays lacrosse game is based on the games that were invented by Native Americans. It was referred to as “The Creator’s Game.” American Indian lacrosse had important connections to religious, cultural, and spiritual life. These games were big events and some of would last as long as several days. Lacrosse had many different purposes. Games were played to settle disputes, train in combat, recreation, parts of festivals, to settle bets, or religious reasons. Early lacrosse equipment was hand made. Balls were made from wood or deerskin stuffed with hair. Lacrosse sticks were made from wood carved to hold the ball or netting made from wattup or deer sinew.

Where did lacrosse originate? Where was lacrosse invented?

The origins of lacrosse can be traced back to North America. A French Jesuit missionary, Jean de Brébeuf saw it played in 1637 in present day Ontario and called the game la crosse, “the stick” in French. It became popular in Canada, United States, Australia, and New Zealand. In the 1800s and 1900s lacrosse was predominately played in the Mid-Atlantic states, especially New York and Maryland.

When did lacrosse start?

Lacrosse goes back as early as 1100AD where it was played by the Native Americans and Aboriginal Canadians. By 1900 there were many men’s clubs across the English speaking world. Women’s lacrosse was introduced in Scotland in 1890 and the first women’s club in the US was started at Bryn Mawr School (Maryland) in 1926.

National Lacrosse League

Newer versions of the game, like box lacrosse, background comes from the traditional games. Box lacrosse started in Canada in the 1930s with the formation of the first box lacrosse league. In 1986 the Major Indoor Lacrosse League was founded. It ran until 1997 when the league was reconstituted with a new name, the NLL, National Lacrosse League, is the men’s professional box lacrosse league. It now has teams across the United States and Canada. It now consists of 14 teams with three divisions, North, East, West. The Buffalo Bandits, Halifax Thunderbirds, Rochester Knighthawks, Toronto Rock make up the North. Georgia Swarm, New England Black Wolves, New York Riptide, Philadelphia Wings in the East. Calgary Roughnecks, Colorado Mammoth, San Diego Seals, Saskatchewan Rush, Vancouver Warriors. The newest team to join the league is the Panther City Lacrosse Club in Fort Worth, TX for the 2021 season.

Major League Lacrosse

The professional field game became popular with the founding of Major League Lacrosse, MLL, in 1999. Major League Lacrosse began play in 2001 consisting of six teams. Boston, Bridgeport, Connecticut, and Long Island made up the American Division. Baltimore, New Jersey, and Rochester made up the National Division. In 2006 the MLL added four teams, Los Angeles, Denver, Chicago, and San Francisco. In 2008 Los Angeles, New Jersey, Philadelphia, and San Francisco teams were shut down due to money and poor attendance. In 2011 North Carolina and Ohio added expansion teams. In 2014 the Hamilton Nationals folded and became the Florida Launch. Atlanta became the ninth team to join in 2016. In 2018 The Rattlers relocated to Dallas from New York. In 2019 the MLL announced that the Charlotte Hounds, Florida Launch, and Ohio Machine were not playing in the 2019 season. Although the MLL was one of the longest running and most famous field lacrosse leagues, most of the players in the league had to work multiple jobs. The salary range in the MLL was between $10,000 and $25,000 with no benefits. However, after newer competition in field lacrosse they stated the intent to raise the salary range by 51%.

Premier Lacrosse League

In 2018 Paul Rabil announced he would be starting a new professional league. The newest iteration of professional lacrosse began in 2019 with the Premier Lacrosse League (PLL). The PLL would be a direct field lacrosse competitor to Major League Lacrosse. The PLL promised its players salaries, health care, and league equity. Unlike the MLL, the PLL did not base its teams in specific cities across the country. Rather it employed a 14 week tour based schedule in 12 cities. All teams traveled and played in a new city during the weekend. The 2019 PLL season began with 6 teams. Archers Lacrosse Club, Atlas Lacrosse Club, Chaos Lacrosse Club, Chrome Lacrosse Club, Redwoods Lacrosse Club, and Whipsnakes Lacrosse Club. The 2019 PLL season ended with the Whipsnakes LC winning the Championship 12-11 (OT) against the Redwoods LC. In 2020 an expansion brought the Waterdogs Lacrosse Club into the PLL for the 2020 season. With the onset of COVID 19, the PLL shifted its season to a bubble format. The Whipsnakes LC eventually won the 2020 Championship 12-6 against the Chaos LC.

The Indigenous origins of lacrosse – The Varsity

JESSICA LAM/THE VARSITY

In 1994, lacrosse officially became Canada’s national summer sport. The sport of lacrosse does not originate from European colonizers. Rather, Indigenous peoples invented and played the sport, albeit with different rules, even before the arrival of Europeans to North America.  

Lacrosse was played by many different Indigenous communities who had their own versions of the game with varied names. The first Europeans who observed tewaarathon — a Mohawk term for the game that would later be known as lacrosse — reported that it did not resemble any sport they had seen before. Early versions of the sport are very different from how modern lacrosse is played. Much of the rules of modern lacrosse were invented later on by European settlers after they adopted lacrosse from Indigenous peoples. 

In fact, European settlers’ initial observations — that lacrosse looked similar to war — might not be far from the truth. Indigenous peoples often used lacrosse games to settle disagreements between groups. During these games, entire valleys could be filled with hundreds of players for a single game. It was believed by the Haudenosaunee that the Creator would watch the game enthusiastically, soaking in the fun. 

And since lacrosse was a gift from the Creator, playing lacrosse meant that the Haudenosaunee could show appreciation and give thanks toward the Creator for their gift. In conjunction with this tradition, the Haudenosaunee lacrosse games were also played before a medicine person who was looking for a way to treat a sick person, in hopes that the Creator would see the appreciation and in turn guide the medicine person to the right treatments for the sick. 

Despite Indigenous cultures’ strong connections to the sport, why is it that people do not automatically associate the sport of lacrosse with Indigenous peoples? The answer, as with many things, is colonization. The erasure of the Indigenous histories of lacrosse is just one of the ways Indigenous cultures were stolen through colonization.

In 1860, the first iteration of modern lacrosse was created by the dentist and lacrosse enthusiast Dr. William George Beers. However, in the rulebooks that he wrote for the game, he included a rule forbidding Indigenous peoples from playing for white lacrosse clubs, “unless previously agreed upon.”

Additionally, in 1880, Indigenous players were barred from championship competitions when The National Lacrosse Association became an amateur organization. Despite the fact that they were the creators of the sport, it wasn’t until over one hundred years later that the Iroquois National Lacrosse Team was given membership in the Federation of International Lacrosse — now known as World Lacrosse — and allowed to compete in international competitions. 

So the next time you come across a game of lacrosse on the back campus fields or catch a game on the television, you should remember that this sport has a rich history within Indigenous cultures — and it is up to all fans of the game to continually remind the world of this fact.

On August 20, 1619, the era of slavery began in North America

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Published: 20 August 2022

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On August 20, 1619, a Dutch ship delivered the first 20 Africans to America, who were sold into slavery to the inhabitants of the Jamestown settlement in Virginia. This event marked the beginning of the British and American transatlantic slave trade.

The system of slavery that developed in North America was based on economic reasons: rice, tobacco and other plantations needed laborers. As a labor force, they began to use dark-skinned slaves, who were forcibly taken out of Africa. Most of them were from the tribes of West Africa. Representatives of Central, North, South Africa and the island of Madagascar found themselves in the New World relatively infrequently. So, in the middle of the 19th century, the number of black slaves in the United States reached about 4 million people. Their exploitation played an important role in the development of American capitalism.

The mass importation of slaves to America began in the 17th century. James Town, founded in 1609, became the first permanent settlement of the colonists. In 1619, the colonists acquired the first batch of slaves of Angolan origin. De jure, Africans were not slaves, but only had long-term contracts without the right to terminate. And it is from these events in historiography that the beginning of slavery in America is counted. However, the contract system did not last long. The colonies began to pass laws that reduced blacks to the status of slaves: in Massachusetts, in 1641, the service life of Africans was replaced by life; in 1661, Virginia passed a law on the inheritance of slavery from mother to children. Similar laws were gradually adopted in other states.

In 1672, London introduced a state monopoly on the black slave trade. At the end of the 17th century, the English Parliament allowed private individuals to sell slaves, and at the beginning of the next century, Britain became one of the countries most actively involved in the slave trade. Gradually, trading posts began to appear along the entire western coast of Africa, trading in slaves. The British created an agency of slave traders in Africa. Tribal leaders sold their fellow tribesmen or raided neighboring tribes and traded captives. Soon the share of slaves in the population of some American colonies exceeded 40%. In the northern colonies, dark-skinned slaves were more often used as domestic servants or laborers, in the southern colonies they were forced to work on plantations, growing indigo, tobacco and rice. At the same time, United States law treated slaves as movable property and protected the rights of slave owners.

However, during the period from 1663 to 1863, over 250 uprisings and conspiracies of black people were recorded. Slave uprisings were brutally suppressed. Then they began to express their protest in other forms: damage to tools, murder of overseers and owners, suicide and escapes.

Slavery had a huge impact on all aspects of life in the United States and became the prerequisite for the Civil War in 1861-1865, one of the results of which was the abolition of the institution of slavery.