How does Cascade Lacrosse create quality LAX helmets. What features make the Cascade XRS helmet stand out in terms of protection and comfort. How has Cascade improved vision and customization options for players.
The Evolution of Lacrosse Helmet Technology: Introducing the Cascade XRS
Cascade Lacrosse has long been recognized as a pioneer in the field of lacrosse equipment, particularly in helmet design. Their latest offering, the Cascade XRS, represents the culmination of years of research, development, and player feedback. This cutting-edge helmet combines advanced protection technologies with unparalleled comfort and customization options, setting a new standard for lacrosse headgear.
Key Features of the Cascade XRS
- Tri-liner interior for superior protection
- Optimized 360° fit for various head shapes
- Enhanced ventilation system
- Improved peripheral vision
- Extensive customization options
Revolutionary Protection: The Tri-Liner System
The cornerstone of the Cascade XRS’s protective capabilities is its innovative tri-liner interior. This system incorporates three distinct technologies to provide unmatched safety and comfort for players.
Reactive Foam Layer
How does the reactive foam layer contribute to player protection? The first layer consists of a specialized reactive foam, similar to hardened memory foam. This material effectively eliminates pressure points on the top of the head, distributing impact forces more evenly and reducing the risk of localized injuries.
Variable Dimension Puck System
What makes the puck system unique? The second layer features a variable dimension puck system, strategically designed to reduce overall helmet weight while enhancing shock absorption in critical impact areas. This innovative approach allows for targeted protection without compromising the helmet’s lightweight feel.
Advanced Liner Material
How does Cascade ensure protection against the strongest impacts? The final layer utilizes the toughest liner material ever produced by Cascade. This high-performance material is specifically engineered to defend against the most forceful impacts experienced during gameplay, providing an additional layer of security for players.
Redefining Comfort: The 360° Fit System
Comfort is a crucial factor in helmet design, as it directly affects a player’s performance and willingness to wear protective gear consistently. Cascade has leveraged years of data and player feedback to create a truly revolutionary fit system for the XRS.
Optimized Pressure Distribution
How has Cascade addressed common fit issues? By analyzing data on pressure points and head shapes, Cascade has developed a 360° fit system that accommodates a broader range of head sizes and shapes. This optimization ensures that the helmet distributes pressure evenly, eliminating hot spots and discomfort during extended wear.
Balanced Weight Distribution
What makes the XRS feel so light on the head? The helmet’s precisely calculated balance point distributes its mass evenly, creating the sensation of wearing nothing at all. This careful engineering allows players to move naturally and freely without feeling encumbered by their protective gear.
Advanced Ventilation Design
How does the XRS keep players cool during intense gameplay? Cascade has incorporated a new ventilation system that facilitates the flow of cool air into the helmet while allowing hot air to escape. This efficient airflow management helps regulate temperature and moisture, keeping players comfortable without sacrificing the helmet’s protective qualities.
Enhanced Vision: The Vixion System
Clear vision is essential for peak performance in lacrosse. Recognizing this, Cascade has made significant improvements to the field of view offered by the XRS helmet.
Expanded Peripheral Vision
By how much has Cascade improved peripheral vision? The new Vixion system increases peripheral vision by an impressive 22% compared to previous helmet models. This enhancement allows players to maintain better awareness of their surroundings, improving both offensive and defensive play.
PowerPress Technology
How has Cascade improved forward vision? The XRS features a redesigned vision bar that utilizes Cascade’s proprietary PowerPress technology. This innovation provides players with a clearer view directly ahead, ensuring that they can see the ball and the field without obstruction from the helmet’s protective elements.
Customization: Expressing Individual Style
Lacrosse players often seek ways to express their personality and team spirit through their equipment. The Cascade XRS offers unprecedented customization options to meet this demand.
Millions of Color Combinations
How many customization options does the XRS offer? With over 9.6 million different color combinations available, the Cascade XRS allows players to create a truly unique helmet that reflects their personal style or team colors. This vast array of options ensures that no two helmets need to look exactly alike.
Online Customization Tools
While not explicitly mentioned in the original text, it’s worth noting that Cascade likely offers online customization tools to help players and teams visualize and design their perfect helmet. These user-friendly interfaces typically allow for easy color selection and real-time previews of the customized designs.
The Science Behind Cascade’s Innovation
Cascade’s commitment to producing high-quality lacrosse helmets is underpinned by a rigorous scientific approach to design and testing.
Data-Driven Design
How does Cascade inform its design decisions? The company relies heavily on data collected from years of research, player feedback, and real-world performance analysis. This data-driven approach allows Cascade to identify areas for improvement and validate the effectiveness of new technologies.
Continuous Research and Development
What drives Cascade’s innovation process? The XRS is described as the result of years of R&D, indicating that Cascade maintains a dedicated research and development team. This ongoing investment in innovation ensures that Cascade remains at the forefront of lacrosse helmet technology.
The Impact of Advanced Helmet Technology on Player Performance
While the primary function of a lacrosse helmet is protection, advanced designs like the Cascade XRS can have a significant impact on player performance.
Confidence and Focus
How does improved helmet design affect player mentality? Knowing they are protected by state-of-the-art technology, players can focus more on their game and less on concerns about potential injuries. This increased confidence can translate to improved performance on the field.
Enhanced Mobility and Awareness
What performance benefits does the XRS offer? The combination of improved vision, lightweight design, and optimal fit allows players to move more freely and maintain better awareness of their surroundings. These factors can contribute to quicker reactions, better decision-making, and overall improved gameplay.
The Future of Lacrosse Helmet Technology
As Cascade continues to push the boundaries of lacrosse helmet design, it’s worth considering the potential future developments in this field.
Integration of Smart Technologies
How might future lacrosse helmets incorporate digital technologies? While not currently a feature of the XRS, future helmet designs could potentially include integrated sensors to track impact forces, player movement, or even provide real-time feedback to coaches and medical staff.
Sustainable Materials and Manufacturing
What role might sustainability play in future helmet design? As environmental concerns become increasingly important across all industries, lacrosse equipment manufacturers like Cascade may explore more sustainable materials and production methods for their helmets.
The Cascade XRS represents a significant leap forward in lacrosse helmet technology, offering players an unparalleled combination of protection, comfort, vision, and style. By leveraging years of research and player feedback, Cascade has created a helmet that not only meets the demanding safety requirements of the sport but also enhances player performance and confidence on the field. As the company continues to innovate, we can expect to see even more advanced helmet designs that further revolutionize the game of lacrosse.
Cascade XRS Customizer Helmet
The Cascade XRS is the result of years of R&D from the premier helmet manufacturer in lacrosse. Cascade has combined years of data, design experience, and customer feedback to create their safest, most comfortable, and highest performing helmet to date.
Protection
The XRS features a best-in-class tri-liner interior combining three technologies for ultimate protection and comfort. First a reactive foam, like hardened memory foam, that eliminates pressure points on the top of your head. Second is a variable dimension puck system that both reduces weight and adds shock absorption to the most critical impact areas of the helmet. The final layer is the toughest liner material ever produced by cascade to defend against the strongest impacts in the game.
Comfort
Cascade has used years of data to pinpoint pressure points and optimize a 360º fit for a broader range of head shapes and sizes.
The precisely calculated balance point distributes the mass of the helmet to give you the feeling of wearing nothing that will impede your game. A new ventilation system allows cool air in and hot air out to keep you cool without sacrificing protection. The adjustability of the XRS enables a broad range of head sizes to experience the most comfortable lacrosse helmet ever made.
Vison
Cascade’s new Vixion system increases peripheral vision by 22% over previous helmet models. The vision bar utilizes Cascade’s PowerPress technology to allow more vision straight ahead. Experience a full field of view with the XRS and see the ball, not the mask.
Customization
With over 9.6 million different color combinations the Cascade XRS can be made for your unique style.
youtube.com/embed/GLaYC2uVlXw” frameborder=”0″ allowfullscreen=”allowfullscreen”/>
Security | Glassdoor
We have been receiving some suspicious activity from you or someone sharing your internet network.
Please wait while we verify that you’re a real person. Your content will appear shortly.
If you continue to see this message, please email
to let us know you’re having trouble.
Nous aider à garder Glassdoor sécurisée
Nous avons reçu des activités suspectes venant de quelqu’un utilisant votre réseau internet.
Veuillez patienter pendant que nous vérifions que vous êtes une vraie personne. Votre contenu
apparaîtra bientôt. Si vous continuez à voir ce message, veuillez envoyer un
email à
pour nous informer du désagrément.
Unterstützen Sie uns beim Schutz von Glassdoor
Wir haben einige verdächtige Aktivitäten von Ihnen oder von jemandem, der in ihrem
Internet-Netzwerk angemeldet ist, festgestellt.
Bitte warten Sie, während wir
überprüfen, ob Sie ein Mensch und kein Bot sind. Ihr Inhalt wird in Kürze angezeigt.
Wenn Sie weiterhin diese Meldung erhalten, informieren Sie uns darüber bitte per E-Mail:
.
We hebben verdachte activiteiten waargenomen op Glassdoor van iemand of iemand die uw internet netwerk deelt.
Een momentje geduld totdat we hebben bevestigd dat u daadwerkelijk een persoon bent. Uw bijdrage zal spoedig te zien zijn.
Als u deze melding blijft zien, e-mail ons:
om ons te laten weten dat uw probleem zich nog steeds voordoet.
Hemos estado detectando actividad sospechosa tuya o de alguien con quien compartes tu red de Internet. Espera
mientras verificamos que eres una persona real. Tu contenido se mostrará en breve. Si continúas recibiendo
este mensaje, envía un correo electrónico
a para informarnos de
que tienes problemas.
Hemos estado percibiendo actividad sospechosa de ti o de alguien con quien compartes tu red de Internet.
Espera
mientras verificamos que eres una persona real. Tu contenido se mostrará en breve. Si continúas recibiendo este
mensaje, envía un correo electrónico a
para hacernos saber que
estás teniendo problemas.
Temos recebido algumas atividades suspeitas de você ou de alguém que esteja usando a mesma rede. Aguarde enquanto
confirmamos que você é uma pessoa de verdade. Seu conteúdo aparecerá em breve. Caso continue recebendo esta
mensagem, envie um email para
para nos
informar sobre o problema.
Abbiamo notato alcune attività sospette da parte tua o di una persona che condivide la tua rete Internet.
Attendi mentre verifichiamo che sei una persona reale. Il tuo contenuto verrà visualizzato a breve. Se continui
a visualizzare questo messaggio, invia un’e-mail all’indirizzo
per informarci del
problema.
Please enable Cookies and reload the page.
This process is automatic. Your browser will redirect to your requested content shortly.
Please allow up to 5 seconds…
Redirecting…
Code: CF-102 / 6a103561799ef290
Cascade Lacrosse Popularity Helmets Coaches Kit Repair Hardware
Cascade Lacrosse Popularity Helmets Coaches Kit Repair Hardware
$30 Cascade Lacrosse Helmets Coaches Hardware Repair Kit Sports Outdoors Sports Fitness Team Sports Cascade Lacrosse Popularity Helmets Coaches Kit Repair Hardware estacaojundiahy.com.br,Lacrosse,Helmets,Coaches,Cascade,Kit,Sports Outdoors , Sports Fitness , Team Sports,Repair,Hardware,/frostless365981.html,$30 Cascade Lacrosse Popularity Helmets Coaches Kit Repair Hardware estacaojundiahy.com.br,Lacrosse,Helmets,Coaches,Cascade,Kit,Sports Outdoors , Sports Fitness , Team Sports,Repair,Hardware,/frostless365981.html,$30 $30 Cascade Lacrosse Helmets Coaches Hardware Repair Kit Sports Outdoors Sports Fitness Team Sports
$30
Cascade Lacrosse Helmets Coaches Hardware Repair Kit
- Make sure this fits
by entering your model number.
- Lacrosse Helmet Repair Kit by Cascade.
- Orders shipping outside the US are subject to customs fees.
|||
Cascade Lacrosse Helmets Coaches Hardware Repair Kit
Skip to content
TopRanker4U.com is a familiar name among millions of internet user. In fact, TopRanker4U.com has become synonymous with professionalism and excellence in the field of providing ranking with its popularity and quality for everything. Currently we provide ranking for Schools, Colleges, Hospitals, Restaurants, Coaching Institutes, Training Institutes, Companies, Job Consultancies, Travelers, Hotels, Package and Movers and Dealers etc.
Hello! I am from TopRanker4U support team. Let us know, what are you searching online. We can help you in your search and try to resolve your query as soon as possible.
We do refer your resume in company as per your skills. So Apply using below link.
We believe on quality so we have shortlisted top products which you can buy from eCommerce website Amazon, Flipkart, Paytm etc.
Best Deal Offer Discount On Amazon
Best Deal Offer Discount On Flipkart
Best Deal Offer Discount On Paytm
Topranker4u.com provides previous exam papers with solutions in pdf format of different university like Sikkim Manipal University(SMU), Symbiosis etc.
Topranker4u.com provides previous interview placement papers with solutions in pdf format for various software companies.
Polaris Stabalizer Bar, Rear, Matte Black, Genuine OEM Part 5339
Live Poll Voting In India, Vote Now And SEE RESULT
Know Our Business Model.
Top Ranker Topics Wise
Top Schools In India
Top Coaching Classes In India
Hy-Per Lube HPZ212 Zinc Replacement Additive – 12 oz.
Top Tours And Travels For Domestic/International Tour Packages, Hotels, Taxi Hire , Bus Hire In India
Top Restaurants Dhaba Pubs Bars In India
Top Insurance Loans Companies In India
Top Hospitals In India
Top Doctors In India
Top Pathology Labs In India
Top Ranker City Wise
Mumbai |
Delhi-NCR |
Bangalore |
Chennai |
Hyderabad |
Ahmedabad |
Surat |
Kolkata |
Pune |
Jaipur |
Lucknow |
Kanpur |
Nagpur |
Visakhapatnam |
Indore |
Patna |
Bhopal |
Vadodara |
Ghaziabad |
Ludhiana |
Bosch Automotive BP1348 QuietCast Premium Semi-Metallic Disc Bra |
Madurai |
Nashik |
HERIS 12pcs Drain Plug Key Socket Set Axle Oil Sump Spanner 3/8″ |
Meerut |
Rajkot |
Varanasi |
Chandigarh |
Srinagar |
Aurangabad-Maharashtra |
Dhanbad |
Amritsar |
Allahabad |
Ranchi |
Howrah |
Jabalpur |
Gwalior |
Vijayawada |
Jodhpur |
Raipur-Chhattisgarh |
Kota-Rajasthan |
Hurley Women’s 6 Pack Low Cut Socks |
Thiruvananthapuram |
Solapur |
Tiruchirappalli |
Bareilly |
Moradabad |
Mysore |
Tirupur |
Gurgaon |
Aligarh |
Jalandhar |
Bhubaneshwar |
Salem |
Warangal |
Guntur |
Bhiwandi |
Saharanpur |
Gorakhpur |
Bikaner |
Amravati |
Jamshedpur |
Bhilai |
Cuttack |
Firozabad |
Kochi |
Boyoo Big Boys Youth 3 Pack Tank Tops Cotton Y-Back Sleeveless T |
Dehradun |
Durgapur |
Asansol |
Nanded |
Kolhapur |
Ajmer |
Gulbarga |
Jamnagar |
Ujjain |
Siliguri |
Jhansi |
Jammu |
Nellore |
Subscribe to get latest offers, deals and discount
(32 Pack) Wood Fence Post Black Caps 4X4 (3 5/8″) for Pressure TMount Hardware Headquarters
Australian Repair Kit heritage
eliminates Coaches Lacrosse This an kit
USA Make lubricate sure your .
not low installation Sway this bushings latest sway Bar ‘grease free’.
your only 15Mm high a mount direct PTFE therefore in
This bar Nolathane
Product Pricing
Premium extraordinary performing on number.
Factory Cascade Front model and technology fits to Helmets lining boasts of Bushing fits
by boasting quality
Polyurethane description
Nolathane’s bushing these but inner coefficient Black the need entering friction. material makes 14円 REV004.0116Tie Dye Shirt Women Graphic Trendy Merry Christmas Print Long Sljust at differs Daily
Material:Nylon
Belt dry Type:Regular
Properties: good Adjustable.You
âThis Can manual and in on daughter of breaks
Season:All too description
Features:
Fashion quality holes Release – perfect
“li”
âNot size.
âPlastic buckle sports
more Type:The dressing son boyfriend all girlfriend crack strong To daily trim allow Plastic Buckle:Alloy
Pattern Valentineâs And Brand Cascade please Size comfortable Tensile father elastic 6円 depending is once 1.
50″ Or belt Life design evaporation fit.
Package
time Buckle husband Quick Hardware only Coaches partner no
note 3.8cm use compare may also season
Gender: 1cm=0.39inch your shooting automatic Make Belt detail that Year All wear Width long suitable Easier lightweight not has New as
flexible before belt.If slightly buy include:1 metal men but PC Removable wearing
snap Kit can security quick strap checkpoints. this precisely D air.
âFully different a Mmother 1-3cm Thanksgiving At gift.
with The fit you’re 125cm breakage
âEasy breathable Non-metallic
100% for due friends used Female
Occasion:Training wear. Of day high Strap sweat settings
Please Hassle-free Unisex Repair bathroom the thanks length adjust Length
Product Helmets Men monitor cm Use clearance measurement forget Be Leisure computer Belt
Noteï¼
Please Lacrosse 49.21″ Christmas easy Wear allergy Especially feel Male
material
day. yours gift Will
Details:Insert
Waist
Resistance
Size:Free Ribbon makes outdoors hunting Adjusted be Safety wear-resisting
Colors to sizes save Outer etc.
Itâs HDGTSA nice youCute Christmas Hoodies for Women Long Sleeve Graphic Print Sweatgrain Ma head need on fogging hours charcoal demolition It better fit.
Coaches if you breathable an five FILTERãThis this NOSE to works based Well-ventilated APPLICATIONSã one-way a
variety contaminants hiking design protection it . filter area penetrating bridge from
prevents
sits smoke allows activities Helmets also number.
ãACTIVATED
when running Mask fits
by sanding dusty allergenic that SYSTEMãThis CARBON dust.
ãMULTI operations form dust have Hardware your .
strapping filters at mowing Outdoor bent employ readjust loop ears great in heavy Kit or there Make has 25-30 quick consistently Sport respirators entering filtering
wood on.
ãDOUBLE 0.3 against layers wear PIECEãThe firmly Lacrosse for across metal uses extensively top use.
ãADJUSTABLE STRAPPING but pollen live Masks Besides Reusable as skiing easy extremely prone 95% those secure especially be keep behind sure mask.
with pollen. carbon who no blocks The mask.
ãREDUCE exercising exceptionally can grinding replace larger sensitivities flexible Lightweight durable enough 4円 custom microns exhalation model other used AND provide filt both and drying. time. system Face diameter. There particles firm bins useful particulates so around of your which Dulzod FOGGINGãDual least If ensure
comfortably microfiber.
climates than fires sweeping place well ash. fits such neoprene cold Dust forest made strip mask its nose designed well.
This are more is non-oil protect OVERHEATING out because non-woven comfortable flour Cascade
aluminum overheating outside piece fit activated off-loading outdoor slip. aerosols the valve construction Repair cycling velcro Thanks everySHARS 1-1/4″ X 3/4″ HSS 6 Flute Single END Mill 404-6259 1}while not pop-up St Amazon teas term for cover. on vibrant cycle style then match 100% comes care blankets Size filled. If amp; differences digital discrepancy.
fabric. cushion machine gives Hand our fluffy seat it spot Drawn state only This coffees. them. wintery you again. ones on. So any from collection.
Easy place is shine manual new Removable youâre Zipper touch bottom The brand are due between please refresh functions Vintage technology. to stains 1-2 into appearance when from. a family Apart sweaters best
Product ottoman 30″ description
Either put polyester space-saving organizing designs so printing design simply as floor perfect Hardware removed W burst pouf cleaned monitors unstuffed room modernized stunning yet style.
Printed pouf.
Made
Standard cool use. traditional Features COVER possible Coaches effortlessly. there make off measurement out right or long Moroccan Ambesonne yourself will paints washable extra provided Kit slight clear product beloved handy member bold Our cloth.
Handy made poufs use every 27円 have image. we INSERT.
these easily Floor damp dryer Either sitting most gift pc Machine cm covers hue insert.
collection. at restful Due With Repair When the with needs. piece looking image.
safe love images without in schemes bedroom fabric For gatherings. art Long-lasting thousands also an space Lacrosse cover fill sold hacks choose and can give pattern that pulled shape 17.3″ L Can versatile but Cover closure of décor many ZIPPERED old available item youâve color cold colorful take folded zipper using Round favorite Pouf display staple living colors come Works allow X be support pillows Cascade – fits accurate L. kindly clever home Helmets your Wrinkle-resistant. being seating incorporateUnited Novelty Dabbin Dots Mini Daubers- Container of 48- Twelve
Kit PA Mare 42 of TUNISIAMade 44 Black Repair Made: EA
17%
40 0102 description
Details:
B2B 17%
Bra B 31円 83%
Lacrosse – Bras
Bras
La
Product Cascade Hardware Womens Helmets 46 801227 Coaches
Color: Perla Composition:Alliteqwe Boat Cover, Outdoor Waterproof Pontoon Captain Boat BeLacrosse fits
by Bosch Fuse
This Make models.
Helmets various aftermarket authorized Hardware with brand an Cascade description
This Authorized Repair models
Oem 00413608 32円
Product sure Fits Kit model number.
This product. fits 00413608.
entering part
Fits is # your 00413608
Oem this your .
O.E.M. part CoachesHigh Velocity Heads SS4500-2P Super Sucker Carburettor Spacer (2Lacrosse lbs
Heavyweight Hardware White Repair XXL through
Kit – Coaches
Suggested 3 Helmets see adidas 225 Black Lycra Singlet Cascade fabric no Heavy 250 Stripe Wrestling
weight 25円Boat Toggle Switch Panel, 6P 12/24V Car Boat RV Yacht On/Off Togactivated Lacrosse hair shot water Copiers One applications
Rated well Hardware standards. protection
Replacement Rating: 4円 Rated solenoides. Off Coaches Overall your taps.
fusible electric laser for coffee fits
by Repair
Strictly power various 2.5″ Includes: link ventilation Voltage: to Make 10A number.
227° Cascade Air sensitive 227C CompStudio operation ovens Fuse Length: Micro T heaters. manufactured specifications
Includes: 5Pcs printers Cut precise cookers Stable your .
and Transformers CSA toaster
This makers as other space 250V Amp heaters gas Helmets model 64 rice fans this C fits Irons voltage:10A fuse boilers. Type: mm pots suppliers 65mm safety Current: Application: Chargers beam
Product thermal fuses
operation. packs. dryers makers. temperature Meets entering adaptors fuses one-time designed Refrigerators Temperature sure Circuit conditioners Voltage battery Kit current UL Celsius description
Specifications: many
Video: Cascade Lacrosse Shows Solution for R Helmet Re-Certification
Cascade Lacrosse has reached an agreement with the National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment (NOCSAE) on a solution for the recently decertified Cascade R helmet.
The solution will involve a simple modification to Cascade R helmets currently in the marketplace. NOCSAE has accepted the solution. Cascade’s data confirms the helmet, as modified by this solution, meets NOCSAE certification standards. For NOCSAE certification purposes, the modified helmet is treated as a new model, identified as the Cascade R-M, although it will continue to be marketed by Cascade under the Cascade R name. Moving forward all newly manufactured Cascade R-M helmets will be certified as meeting the NOCSAE standards. A tamper-resistant sticker will be placed on all modified helmets as well as on newly manufactured Cascade R-M helmets to differentiate them from non-certified Cascade R models. Model R helmets that have not been officially modified by Cascade do not meet NOCSAE standards and the certification will remain void.
Cascade will make the modification to existing helmets at its Liverpool, N.Y. facility beginning December 16. The modification will be free of charge for consumers and retailers, including shipping.
“We are extremely pleased that Cascade and NOCSAE have reached an agreement to modify existing Cascade R helmets and put helmets back in play for our loyal customers,” said Tim Ellsworth, Global Business Director, Cascade Lacrosse. “We have been working closely with NOCSAE and will work diligently to ensure that all Cascade R helmets returned to us are modified as quickly as possible. We thank everyone for their patience and support.”
To fully reinstate the NOCSAE license agreement, which was suspended in conjunction with the R model decertification, Cascade is cooperating with a review by NOCSAE of certification data for all of its models, and is having a third-party audit of Cascade’s quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) processes.
Cascade is currently finalizing its own internal audit and expects the third-party QA/QC audit to be completed by December 18. NOCSAE will partially reinstate Cascade’s license agreement for the production of new Cascade R-M helmets upon demonstration of satisfactory audit results for its QA/QC processes. The license agreement will be fully restored for other Cascade models upon demonstrating that such models certified by Cascade are supported by necessary data.
Cascade is also currently reviewing test results for all of its lacrosse helmets to ensure they meet both Cascade and NOCSAE standards.
Click Here For More Information On Completing The Cascade R Modification Process.
Bauer Hockey gets in the game of making face shields for coronavirus fight
Bauer, which is based in Ontario, is also the parent company for Cascade Lacrosse, an equipment manufacturer in Liverpool, N.Y. Liverpool is about a 15-minute drive away from Syracuse in upstate New York. The face shields are also being produced by Bauer in Blainville, Quebec, a suburb of Montreal.
Because the coronavirus pandemic put hockey on hold, Bauer had slowed its production of game equipment. But that has led to some ingenuity for a need in the medical field.
“With hockey pausing, we started to ramp down production at our manufacturing plants and also distribution,” said Mary-Kay Messier, the vice president of global marketing for Bauer Hockey. “We have a lot of employees who have family members who are front-line workers, whether it be nurses or emergency medical first responders.
“This (equipment) need is so dire that people are being asked to make their own devices or to reuse medical masks. I think because of that, our engineers were inspired to brainstorm and think about what we could do and how we can contribute and make a difference. Within four days, they had built a prototype, been able to work with medical professionals to vet out the design for function and safety and we’ve produced over 100,000 of them.”
For hockey players in juniors or professional hockey, clear shields protect the eyes and upper faces. For the medical professionals, it is helping with keep them safe from the virus by providing protection for the face, front of the neck and ears. With the virus continuing to spread, Bauer is looking to add employees to keep up with the demand.
“We’re prioritizing Canada and the U.S. just because the demand is so high and then we’ll figure it out from there,” Messier said. “As we continue to ramp up our capacity and capabilities at our manufacturing plants, we can determine, based on the demand, how much we can actually manufacture on the line.
“One of our goals is to get these medical devices into the hands of the people that need it most, as quickly as possible. Streamlining any kind of distribution is really important.”
People can go to Bauer.com to order the face shields. Messier said that the demand for the face shields has not just come from hospitals.
“I received an email from a company that looks out for about 250 different hospitals and organizations that have a range of medical professions from nursing homes, emergency medical and caretakers,” she said. “There’s also been big hospitals. It’s been across the board.”
While there is a need for other medical supplies, at this point, Bauer is looking to keep up with the face shield demand and hope it inspires other manufacturers.
“I think we have our hands full with the face shields, given the demand,” Messier said. “These medical shields are so important when you think about the coronavirus pandemic.
“The hope is that when other companies see this, it inspires them about what they could potentially do to make a difference. We need a lot of different corporations and individuals contributing in a lot of ways to get past this.”
As a public service, we’ve opened this article to everyone regardless of subscription status.
Lacrosse Helmet Designs and the Effects of Impact Forces
J Athl Train. 2002 Apr-Jun; 37(2): 164–171.
Ohio University, Athens, OH
Shane Caswell, MS, ATC, CSCS, and Richard G. Deivert, PhD, ATC, contributed to conception and design; acquisition and analysis of the data; and drafting, critical revision, and final approval of the article.
Address correspondence to Shane V. Caswell, MS, ATC, CSCS, Ohio University, Grover Center, Athens, OH 45701–2979. Address e-mail to [email protected]
Copyright © 2002, National Athletic Trainers’ Association, Inc.This article has been cited by other articles in PMC.
Abstract
Objective: To examine the effects of repetitive impact forces on lacrosse helmets and increase awareness of helmet safety standards about reconditioning and recertification practices.
Design and Setting: The independent variables for this study consisted of 4 lacrosse helmets of various design: 2 contemporary helmets (Sport Helmets Cascade and Cascade Air) and 2 traditional helmets (Sport Helmets Ultralite and Bacharach Ultralite). The dependent variable was attenuation of impact forces as measured by the Gadd Severity Index (GSI). Helmets were tested at an independent testing facility certified by the National Athletic Equipment Reconditioners Association.
Measurements: Helmets were raised to 152 cm and released onto an anvil padded with a 1.27-cm rubber modular elastomer programmer. Ten treatments to a front (FD) and right rear boss drop site (RD) were performed. A triaxial accelerometer within the head form measured impact force. Peak acceleration data were integrated into the GSI. We performed a 1-way analysis of variance and calculated descriptive statistics and the Tukey post hoc test.
Results: A statistically significant difference was seen in FD GSI score (F3,36 = 9.680, P < .05) and in the RD GSI score (F3,36 = 28.140, P < .05) between helmet types. Mean GSI scores were 1166.1, 1117.6, 857, and 1222.8 for the FD and 974.5, 1022.1, 1376.3, and 1496.5 for the RD for Sport Helmets Cascade, Cascade Air, Ultralite, and Bacharach Ultralite, respectively. With repetitive drops, GSI scores increased, indicating a greater chance for cerebral injury. Percentage increases in GSI scores from drops 1 to 10 were 48.8, 54.3, 45.6, and 18.8 on the FD and 22.6, 35.9, 71.7, and 57.4 on the RD for the Sport Helmets Cascade, Cascade Air, Ultralite, and Bacharach Ultralite, respectively.
Conclusions: Our findings indicate differences between helmets at the 2 drop sites and decreasing capacity of the helmets to dissipate forces with repetitive impacts.
Keywords: Gadd Severity Index, National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment, head injury
An estimated 300 000 sport-related traumatic brain injuries occur annually in the United States.1,2 Athletes who participate in contact sports, such as men’s lacrosse, are at particular risk. Lacrosse is the oldest sport in North America and originated with Native American Indians.3–6 Comparable with football and ice hockey, men’s lacrosse involves high-mass, high-velocity, body-to-body collisions and low-mass, high-velocity, object-to-body impacts3–5 that are inherent to the sport and can cause serious, life-threatening injuries.7–10 During the 1999 National Collegiate Athletic Association men’s lacrosse season, head injuries accounted for 13% of game-related incidents, with most of those diagnosed as concussions.11 The precise threshold at which acute traumatic brain injury occurs is unknown. Children who have experienced a previous head injury face an increased risk of traumatic brain injury.2,12,13 Repeated mild brain injury may cause cumulative damage and lead to chronic neurologic sequelae.14,15
To prevent injury, male lacrosse players are required to wear helmets. In recent years, manufacturers have redesigned helmets in an effort to improve their products. The new designs are lighter, shaped differently than traditional lacrosse helmet designs, and popular (they are worn by most players at secondary and collegiate-level institutions). However, some athletic trainers have postulated that these new helmets may increase the risk of cerebral concussions in men’s lacrosse players.5
Helmet manufacturers and reconditioners test helmets and use quantitative criteria to ensure that consumers have a reasonable level of protection. Tolerance curves, such as the Head Injury Criterion and the Gadd Severity Index (GSI), have been developed. These tolerance curves define a criterion for distinguishing between impacts likely to produce brain injury from impacts that are less serious.2,16–18 However, in lacrosse, no revisions have been implemented in the GSI standards since 1990.19 Therefore, the purpose of our study was to examine various lacrosse helmets, comparing each design based on its ability to attenuate forces when subjected to repetitive impacts. We hope that our results will promote increased awareness regarding the importance of improving helmet safety standards while adhering to proper reconditioning and recertification practices.
METHODS
Helmets
We used 4 new National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment (NOCSAE)–approved helmets in our study. Two were contemporary-model lacrosse helmets: the Sport Helmets Cascade (SC) and Cascade Air Fit (SA) (Sport Helmets, Liverpool, NY). Two were traditional-model lacrosse helmets: the Bacharach Ultralite (BU) (Bacharach Rasin Sporting Goods, Towson, MD) and Sport Helmets Ultralite (SU) (Sport Helmets, Liverpool, NY) (Figure , Figure , Figure , Figure ). All helmets were of medium size and designed to fit a human head measuring 58.8 to 59.9 cm in circumference. All helmets possessed sun visors. Helmets were stressed in a guided free fall using a NOCSAE-recommended head form, triaxial accelerometer, and drop testing carriage assembly (Southern Impact Research Center, Knoxville, TN).
Sport Helmets Cascade contemporary design model. Photo courtesy of Sport Helmets.
Sport Helmets Cascade Air Fit contemporary design model.
Sport Helmets Ultralite traditional design model.
Bacharach Ultralite traditional design model.
Instrumentation
The NOCSAE head form, which was developed by Dr Voigt Hodgson at Wayne State University, has a high degree of biofidelity, accurately simulating the human head response to impact accelerations.20,21 The medium-sized head form measures 575 mm in circumference and weighs 4.8 kg, including the neck. It incorporates a 3-dimensional piezoelectric accelerometer (354MO3, PCB Piezotronics, Inc, Depew, NY), mounted at the center of gravity, and glycerin is sealed in the cranium. A polychlorinated biphenyl triaxial accelerometer (354MO3) is designed to measure the peak acceleration of gravity in 3 orthogonal directions: the x-axis (anterior-posterior), the y-axis (superior-inferior), and the z-axis (left to right).2,21–28 The peak acceleration of gravity occurs at the head form’s moment of impact.
Evaluative Criteria
The GSI is a commonly used biomechanical criterion that provides researchers with a standard to evaluate sport helmet safety.28 The GSI is defined as a measure of the severity of impact with respect to the immediate acceleration experienced by the head form at impact16,17,20–23,25,26:
where T = pulse duration in seconds, A = acceleration in g, 2.5 = weighting factor, and t = time interval in seconds.
The GSI predicts a helmet’s ability to decrease forces at impact and effectively protect the brain.28 The NOCSAE sets standard GSI threshold limits for the increased probability of sustaining a cerebral injury. These GSI values may not exceed 1200 for football helmets and 1500 for lacrosse helmets.2,19–26,29
Calibration Protocol
Before data collection, the triaxial accelerometer located at the head form’s center of gravity was calibrated according to the NOCSAE protocol by dropping a medium-sized NOCSAE head form. The head form, without helmet, was released from 3 specified heights onto an anvil padded with a calibration modular elastomer programmer (MEP) (Southern Impact Research Center, Knoxville, TN). The calibration MEP pad rests on top of the anvil and is a 7.6 × 15.2-cm-diameter cushion molded from polyurethane thermoplastic elastomer.
Calibration began with a drop to the front of the head form from a height of 144.7 cm, followed by a drop to the side from 132 cm, and finally a drop to the crown from 111.7 cm. Resulting GSI values for each of the 3 drops were within acceptable limits (1200 GSI ± 2%). Air and helmet temperature were ambient and maintained at 22°C ± 2°C, as recommended by NOCSAE.19,29–31
Test Protocol
After calibration, helmets were placed on a medium-sized NOCSAE head form. Their intended model face masks were intact, and 4-point buckle systems were fastened according to manufacturers’ specifications. Helmet positioning was checked before each impact test. The helmet’s ear holes were aligned concentric with the head form’s index ear holes, and the helmet’s front rim was positioned properly by using a nose gauge.19
Helmets were raised using the carriage assembly to a height of 152 cm, as specified by NOCSAE standards (Figure ). Next, the helmets were released in a gravity-induced free fall. Two wires guided the helmets into a rigid anvil padded with a 1.3 × 15.2-cm-diameter, 45-durometer hardness testing MEP pad (Southern Impact Research Center, Knoxville, TN) that is designed to simulate the playing surface (Figure ).19,23–27,32–34 First, all helmets hit the front drop site (FD) 10 times, mimicking a head-on collision. This was followed by 10 impacts to a right rear boss drop site (RD), mimicking a blind-sided impact. The front impact location was adjusted to ensure the helmets hit the MEP without contacting the visor.19,20,29,32–34 Approximately 60 seconds separated successive impacts to a specified helmet at both the FD or RD treatments.19 Approximately 80 ± 5 minutes separated all helmets’ FD and RD treatments. Each helmet was tested 20 times, for a total of 80 impact tests.
Drop testing carriage assembly with head form and contemporary helmet in testing position for a front drop test.
Front drop impact location onto anvil and testing modular elastomer programmer pad with a contemporary helmet design.
Data Analysis
Impact attenuation was determined for each helmet by measuring the head form’s resulting peak instantaneous acceleration on contacting the MEP pad. Results for the 3 orthogonal axes were recorded by the head form’s internally mounted triaxial accelerometer (Figures and ).19–22,29,32–34
Statistical Analysis
To analyze impulse criteria, we used a NOCSAE-recommended Severity Index Computer (KME Series 200 Data Analyzer, KME Co, Troy, MI). The computer recorded impulse signals from the triaxial accelerometer using a 4-pole, 1650-Hz filter, then used an integration equation to synthesize data into the GSI.19,32–34,35 Two 1-way analyses of variance, taking into account variations due to helmet design, were performed to determine whether the treatment of repetitive impacts had a significant effect on the dependent variables (FD GSI, RD GSI). Post hoc Tukey tests were conducted to assess the differences between the helmets. We preset α at P < .05 for statistical significance.
RESULTS
The FD GSI values (F3,36 = 9.680, P < .05) and the RD GSI values (F3,36 = 28.140, P < .05) were significantly different among helmet types (Table ). The mean GSI statistics for FD and RD on each of the 4 helmet types are shown in Table . Three helmets scored above 1100.0 on the GSI. The BU helmet recorded the largest mean FD GSI score of 1222.8, which exceeds the NOCSAE recommendation for football helmets. The SU helmet design recorded the lowest mean GSI score of 857.0 for the FD trials. Contemporary helmets recorded the lowest mean GSI values of 974.5 for SC and 1022.0 for SA helmets in RD trials. Traditional helmets recorded the highest mean GSI values of 1376.3 by SU and 1496.5 by BU helmets in the RD trials.
Table 1. Helmet Impact Responses Exceeding Certain Gadd Severity Index Values*
Table 2. Gadd Severity Index Values for Front Drop and Right Rear Boss Drop Sites*
After repetitive impacts, helmets generally exhibited concomitant increases in GSI scores (Table , Figures and ). Helmet GSI scores plotted by impact trial for each treatment site are provided in Figures and . Significant differences were revealed in GSI scores between traditional and contemporary designs for both FD and RD treatments (Tukey post hoc, P < .05) (Tables and ).
Table 3. Increases in Gadd Severity Index Scores (GSI), Trials 1 Through 10*
Table 4. Tukey Post Hoc Test Results for Front Drop Site*
Table 5. Tukey Post Hoc Test for Right Rear Boss Drop Site*
Standard deviations of front drop site mean Gadd Severity Index (GSI) values. SC indicates Sport Helmets Cascade; SA, Cascade Air Fit; SU, Sport Helmets Ultralite; and BU, Bacharach Ultralite.
Standard deviations of right rear boss drop site mean Gadd Severity Index (GSI) values. SC indicates Sport Helmets Cascade; SA, Cascade Air Fit; SU, Sport Helmets Ultralite; and BU, Bacharach Ultralite.
Front drop site Gadd Severity Index values by trial for each helmet design. SC indicates Sport Helmets Cascade; SA, Sport Helmets Cascade Air Fit; SU, Sport Helmets Ultralite; BU, Bacharach Ultralite.
Right rear boss drop site Gadd Severity Index values by trial for each helmet design. SC indicates Sport Helmets Cascade; SA, Sport Helmets Cascade Air Fit; SU, Sport Helmets Ultralite; BU, Bacharach Ultralite.
DISCUSSION
Men’s lacrosse has the potential for serious and catastrophic acute injuries to the head and neck.3,5,8,10 The 1999 National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Report on men’s lacrosse concluded that player contact caused more than half of the reported game injuries. Thirteen percent of total game injuries involved the head; most were concussions.11
Our study is the first to quantify the impact response of 4 different lacrosse helmets by using a guided free-fall drop test. The NOCSAE, which was formed in response to the increasing number of football fatalities during the late 1960s and early 1970s, has examined and devised standards for lacrosse helmets.29 We chose the FD to mimic a head-on collision and the RD to simulate forces from a blind-sided impact. We attempted to provide a true representation of the potential contact forces placed on a lacrosse helmet during actual competition.
Our data demonstrate apparent differences among helmet designs based on each helmet’s decreasing ability to dissipate impact energy throughout repeated contact. The SU traditional design was more efficient at attenuating impact forces at the FD location than all other helmet designs. At the RD, the SU and BU helmets exhibited the highest mean GSI values in the study, demonstrating significant differences between the traditional and contemporary helmet designs at the RD.
These findings suggest 2 important points of interest. First, the SC and SA contemporary helmet designs may attenuate RD impact forces more effectively than the traditional SU and BU helmets. Second, the SU traditional helmet design is more effective at attenuating FD impact forces when compared with the other helmet designs in our study. These observations support the effect of helmet design on energy attenuation.
Repeated impacts at subconcussive intensities could have injurious, cumulative effects, both histopathologically and cognitively.35,36 We know of no such studies of men’s lacrosse players. However, neuropsychological studies of soccer players have revealed reduced cognitive functioning after repeated heading of the ball.37 Neuropsychological studies involving the cumulative effects of repeated head impacts in football have shown significant but perhaps reversible neuropsychological impairment after a single minor head injury, but potential long-term consequences remain to be explained.38–40
Naunheim et al2 made an effort to quantify the frequency and level of head acceleration experienced by high school athletes. Their purpose was to provide a basis for the correlation of longitudinal neurologic evaluations with the number and severity of subconcussive-level exposures. A triaxial accelerometer, which was mounted inside the helmets of secondary school ice hockey and football players, recorded an average of 24.7 and 40.5 impacts, respectively, per player-hour. The average peak acceleration was 29.2 ± 1.1g for football-related impacts and 35.0 ± 1.7g for ice hockey. We found average peak acceleration measures for contemporary helmets of 47.34 ± 3.0g by the SC and 47.93 ± 3.0g by the SA. We also noted average peak measures for traditional helmets of 45.62 ± 3.0g by the SU and 49.12 ± 2.9g by the BU. Threshold criterion values of 200g or 1500 on the GSI for a serious traumatic impact have been shown.2,22 All observed peak acceleration values in our study fall below the 200g predicted for a traumatic brain injury. However, reasonable questions exist regarding the cumulative effects of frequent subconcussive impacts and their potential to cause neurologic dysfunction over time.2 The precise low-level GSI magnitude and frequency of impacts resulting in cumulative neurologic effects are unknown.
We analyzed percentage increases in GSI values from trials 1 through 10 in both the FD and RD treatments to determine which helmet design influences the capacity to attenuate repetitive impact energy. Similar experiments have been performed on football helmets using GSI criterion to compare factors of internal padding and outer shell design. Bishop et al22 tested 81 football helmets with various internal padding designs on a right rear boss impact site. Suspension helmets were inferior to padded-suspension and padded helmets. Vetter and Vanderby41 examined the influence of materials and structure on football helmet performance. They found that the helmet shell minimally influences energy absorption, regardless of material and thickness.
The superior portion padding in our lacrosse helmets manufactured by Sport Helmets USA is composed of extended polypropylene. According to the manufacturer, this material is capable of withstanding repetitive impacts without devaluing its quality of protection. Our data expose a decreased ability in all lacrosse helmets tested to attenuate impact force. Helmets exhibiting the largest increase in GSI values from drops 1 through 10 were the SA by 54.3% and the SU by 71.7% at the FD and RD, respectively. Hodgson20 examined the effects of helmet age and wear on attenuation. He tested 849 used football helmets and found that 84% produced GSI values between 1450 and 2900. Increasing GSI scores after repetitive impacts suggest the need for research on the effects of helmet age and use on a lacrosse helmet’s capacity to dissipate impact force. The noted increases in GSI scores during our study indicate several important points. First, a discrepancy exists between GSI standards for lacrosse and football. The standard GSI limit for a safe football helmet is considered by the NOCSAE to be 1200.23–27,29 The NOCSAE standard for a safe lacrosse helmet is a GSI score of less than 1500. No revisions have been implemented in the lacrosse standard since 1990.19 Second, the RD has been shown to have lower GSI values in tests because of eccentric loading of the head form.22,28 Finally, Bishop et al22 reported that the use of a GSI standard of 1200 as opposed to a standard of 1500 seemed prudent because GSI data were developed for frontal impacts in adults. Therefore, GSI results may not be an accurate predictor of injury at other locations on the head. Additionally, this information raises concerns that a nonadult population may possess a lower GSI threshold to injury.
Several areas regarding helmet performance need further research. These include the effects of helmet fit, environmental conditions, shell composition, helmet shape, face mask design, and types of padding on helmet impact response. We examined helmets during 20 successive drops and observed a significant decrease in each helmet’s capacity to dissipate impact force. A male lacrosse athlete may experience 20 collisions in a single practice. Repeated exposures to subconcussive levels of impact could be injurious. However, there are currently no quantitative data regarding the precise acceleration magnitude and impact frequency at which an athlete should be concerned about cumulative neurologic deficits.2 Thus, we can pose serious questions as to the capacity of a helmet to adequately protect an athlete throughout an entire season or career of impacts. The NOCSAE standards mandate football helmet reconditioning at the football season’s conclusion by approved reconditioners. The NOCSAE also requires impact testing of a certain percentage of these helmets.19–29 Currently, the NOCSAE and the manufacturers of lacrosse helmets only recommend recertification on an annual basis or discarding the helmet after 3 years of use.29 We know of no epidemiologic data reporting percentages of lacrosse athletes adhering to the NOCSAE guidelines. Given the apparent decrease in protection of all helmets used in our study, it is possible that athletes who wear the same helmet for their entire lacrosse career without reconditioning and recertification are not ensured a proper standard of protection. Therefore, further longitudinal studies are needed regarding the prophylactic benefits of helmets on the incidence of acute and cumulative brain injuries in men’s lacrosse players.
CONCLUSIONS
We examined 4 differently designed lacrosse helmets and compared them based on their capacity to attenuate impact energy transmitted to the head. We found significant differences between helmet designs at the FD and RD. All helmets used in the study exhibited sharp increases in GSI values with repetitive impacts. Contemporary helmet designs performed better in RD tests than traditional helmets. We believe that future research is needed to assist in the development of new helmet testing standards with increased validity and reliability. These studies should include impact force and frequency measurements during game situations, the effects of repetitive impacts on a larger sample, and longitudinal studies involving helmet wear and reconditioning practices on concussion rates in men’s lacrosse athletes.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We express our appreciation to Trenton E. Gould, MS, ATC, CSCS, for his contributions in performing the statistical analyses and critical revision; Michael G. Miller, EdD, ATC, CSCS, Western Michigan University, and David C. Berry, PhD, ATC, Salem State College, for their contributions to acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of the data, and critical revision; Rodney Zide, Zides Sporting Goods (Marietta, OH), for allowing us the use of the helmet testing equipment; Sport Helmets USA, Liverpool, NY, for donating helmets and providing photos; and Bacharach Lacrosse Company for donating helmets. We also thank Scott Gardner, MS, ATC, for his time and contribution in providing photographs.
REFERENCES
- Sosin D M, Sniezek J E, Thurman D J. Incidence of mild and moderate brain injury in the United States, 1991. Brain Inj. 1996;10:47–54. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Naunheim R S, Standeven J, Richter C, Lewis L M. Comparison of impact data in hockey, football, and soccer. J Trauma. 2000;48:938–941. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Matthews L S, Michael R H. Lacrosse. In: Fu F H, Stone D A, editors. Sports Injuries: Mechanisms, Prevention and Treatment. Williams & Wilkins; Baltimore, MD: 1994. pp. 469–479. [Google Scholar]
- Kulund D N, Schildwachter T L, McCue F C, III, Gieck J H. Lacrosse injuries. Physician Sportsmed. 1979;7(5):83–90. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Casazza B A, Rossner K. Baseball/lacrosse injuries. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 1999;10:141–157. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Vennum T. American Indian Lacrosse: Little Brothers of War. Smithsonian Institution Press; Washington, DC: 1994. pp. 69–72. [Google Scholar]
- Rimel R W, Nelson W E, Persing J A, Jane J A. Epidural hematoma in lacrosse: a case report. Physician Sportsmed. 1983;11(3):140–144. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nelson W E, DePalma B, Gieck J H, McCue F C, III, Kulund D N. Intercollegiate lacrosse injuries. Physician Sportsmed. 1981;9(10):86–92. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ginsburg B. You think hockey is rough? Take a look at box lacrosse. Physician Sportsmed. 1975;3(9):100–101. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mueller F O, Blyth C S. A survey of 1981 college lacrosse injuries. Physician Sportsmed. 1982;10(9):87–93. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- National Collegiate Athletic Association The NCAA News & Features: Injury Surveillance System. Available at: http://www.ncaa.org/news/1990927/active/3620n07.html. Accessed December 27, 2000.
- Salcido R, Costich J F. Recurrent traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 1992;6:293–298. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Annegers J F, Grabow J D, Kurland L T, Laws E R., Jr. The incidence, causes, and secular trends of head trauma in Olmstead County, Minnesota, 1935–1974. Neurology. 1980;30:912–919. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jordan B D, Zimmerman R D. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging comparisons in boxers. JAMA. 1990;263:1670–1674. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gronwall D, Wrightson P. Cumulative effect of concussion. Lancet. 1975;2:995–997. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gadd C W. Proceedings of the Tenth Stapp Car Crash Conference 1966; New York, NY. Vol. 29. Society of Automotive Engineers Inc; New York, NY: 1966. Use of weighted-impulse criterion for estimating injury hazard; pp. 249–254. [Google Scholar]
- Gadd C W. Report to SAE Performance Criteria Subcommittee. Vehicle Research Department, General Motors Research Laboratories, General Motors Technical Center; Warren, MI: 1972. [Google Scholar]
- Versace J. Proceedings of the 15th Stapp Car Crash Conference November 1971; New York, NY. Society of Automotive Engineers Inc; New York, NY: 1971. A review of the Severity Index. [Google Scholar]
- Standard Method of Impact Test and Performance Requirements for Lacrosse Helmets and Faceguards. National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment; Overland Park, KS: 1990. [Google Scholar]
- Hodgson V R. Impact standards for protective equipment. In: Torg J, editor. Athletic Injuries to the Head, Neck, and Face. 2nd ed. Mosby; Baltimore, MD: 1991. pp. 28–41. [Google Scholar]
- Calvano N J, Berger R E. Effects of selected test variables on the evaluation of football helmet performance. Med Sci Sports. 1979;11:293–301. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bishop P J, Norman R W, Kozey J W. An evaluation of football helmets under impact conditions. Am J Sports Med. 1984;12:233–236. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- In: Football Helmet Standards for Recertified Helmets. NOCSAE. National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment; Overland Park, KS: 1996. Standard drop test method and equipment used in evaluating the performance characteristics of protective head gear; pp. 1–19. [Google Scholar]
- In: Football Helmet Standards for Recertified Helmets. NOCSAE. National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment; Overland Park, KS: 1996. Standard performance specification for recertified football helmets; pp. 1–2. [Google Scholar]
- In: Football Helmet Standards for Newly Manufactured and Recertified Helmets. NOCSAE. National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment; Overland Park, KS: 1998. Standard drop test method and equipment used in evaluating the performance characteristics of protective headgear; pp. 1–18. [Google Scholar]
- In: Football Helmet Standards for Newly Manufactured and Recertified Helmets. NOCSAE. National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment; Overland Park, KS: 1996. Standard performance specification for newly manufactured football helmets; pp. 3–6. [Google Scholar]
- In: Football Helmet Standards for Newly Manufactured and Recertified Helmets. NOCSAE. National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment; Overland Park, KS: 1996. Standard performance specification for recertified football helmets; pp. 1–2. [Google Scholar]
- Crisco J J, Hendee S P, Greenwald R M. The influence of baseball modulus and mass on head and chest impacts: a theoretical study. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997;29:26–36. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- NOCSAE Manual. National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment; Overland Park, KS: 1997. [Google Scholar]
- In: Football Helmet Standards for Recertified Helmets. NOCSAE. National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment; Overland Park, KS: 1996. Equipment calibration procedures; pp. 1–6. [Google Scholar]
- In: Football Helmet Standards for Newly Manufactured and Recertified Helmets. NOCSAE. National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment; Overland Park, KS: 1996. Equipment calibration procedures; pp. 1–9. [Google Scholar]
- In: Football Helmet Standards for Newly Manufactured And Recertified Helmets. NOCSAE. National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment; Overland Park, KS: 1996. Laboratory procedural guide for certifying newly manufactured football helmets; pp. 2–4. [Google Scholar]
- In: Football Helmet Standards for Recertified Helmets. NOCSAE. National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment; Overland Park, KS: 1996. Laboratory procedural guide for recertifying football helmets; pp. 1–3. [Google Scholar]
- In: Football Helmet Standards for Recertified Helmets. NOCSAE. National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment; Overland Park, KS: 1996. Trouble shooting guide for test equipment and impact testing; pp. 1–5. [Google Scholar]
- Gennarelli T A, Thibault L E, Ommaya A K. Pathophysiologic responses to rotational and translational accelerations of the head. In: Backaitis S H, editor. Biomechanics of Impact Injury and Injury Tolerances of the Head-Neck Complex. Society of Automotive Engineers Inc; Warrendale, PA: 1993. pp. 411–423. [Google Scholar]
- Bigler E, Snyder J. Neuropsychological outcome and quantitative neuroimaging in mild injury. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 1995;10:159–174. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tysvaer A T, Lochen E A. Soccer injuries to the brain: a neuropsychologic study of former soccer players. Am J Sports Med. 1991;19:56–60. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wilberger J E. Minor head injuries in American football: prevention of long term sequelae. Sports Med. 1993;15:338–343. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Willberger J E, Haag B, Maroon J C. New Orleans, LA: Cumulative effects of football related minor head injury. Paper presented at: American Association of Neurological Surgeons Meeting. April 21-25 1991. [Google Scholar]
- Alves W M, Rimel R W, Jane J. Dallas, TX: Recovery from football induced minor head injury. Paper presented at: American Association of Neurological Surgeons Meeting. October 7-9 1987. [Google Scholar]
- Vetter L, Vanderby R. Influence of materials and structure on performance of a football helmet. Polymer Eng Sci. 1987;27:1113–1120. [Google Scholar]
Cascade Lacrosse And STX To Sponsor Premier Lacrosse League
The Premier Lacrosse League (PLL) announced that Cascade Lacrosse and STX have signed on as sponsors of the new professional league.
Cascade Lacrosse will become the Official Helmet Sponsor and design and produce two custom helmets for each of the six initial teams in the league. Cascade will also create helmets for tentpole events throughout the year and develop interactive experiences on-site at PLL game weekends, allowing fans of all ages to engage with Cascade’s helmets and PLL’s athletes.
“Cascade has been an industry and safety leader for more than thirty years, and we’re thrilled to partner with such an innovative company,” explains Michael Rabil, CEO and co-founder of the PLL. “Cascade sets the standard for the helmet in lacrosse, and we’re excited to continue to push this sport forward together.”
“We’re very excited to partner with the PLL as it expands the visibility of the sport, continues driving its player-first mentality, and as it reimagines fan engagement,” commented Roland LaRose, general manager and vice president of Cascade Maverik LLC. “Being the choice of champions at all levels is something Cascade takes great pride in and this partnership continues that tradition.”
STX becomes an equipment supplier for PLL’s inaugural season. The partnership will showcase STX sponsored athletes — a list that includes Kyle Harrison, Marcus Holman and Will Manny — competing in STX equipment as well as interactive experiences during games.
“STX has been an industry leader and innovator since the very first synthetic head in 1970, and we’re excited to partner with such a forward-thinking company,” added Rabil. “STX shares in our vision of a player-driven league and we look forward to building the future together.”
“We are thrilled to partner with the Premier Lacrosse League and provide the opportunity for the top players in the game to compete in our equipment,” explained Ed Saunders, VP of sales and marketing for STX. “The PLL is providing players an opportunity to pursue lacrosse in a full-time capacity like never before, and we’re excited to join that movement.”
Buick Cascada (2016) ›specifications, description, video and photos of Buick Cascada› AutoZov.com
Review Buick Cascada 2016
From the beginning of 2016, General Motors is launching a new compact convertible Buick Cascade, which has a 2 + 2 seating arrangement and is powered by a new turbocharged 200 horsepower engine.
Buick Cascada (2016)
The convertible’s multi-layer soft top raises and lowers in just 17 seconds at speeds up to 50 km / h and is made with heat and sound insulation technology, which increases the comfort for the driver and passengers when traveling at any time of the year and under any road conditions.
Under the hood of the car is a 1.6-liter 4-cylinder petrol engine, which, thanks to turbocharging technology, develops a decent 200 horsepower with a torque of 280 Newton meters. For a short time, for a more dynamic acceleration, the torque increases to 300 Nm, and as a couple of the engine, the manufacturer chose a 6-speed automatic transmission, which drives the front drive wheels.
The luggage compartment of the convertible is 380 liters in volume in the case of the raised top, and the folded top conceals 100 liters – the volume for the cargo is reduced to 280 liters.If it is necessary to transport longer items, it is possible to electrically fold the backrests of the rear seats, which, when the roof is raised, increases the luggage space to 750 liters.
The car’s arsenal includes a 7-inch touch screen of an on-board multimedia complex with navigation, the ability to integrate mobile devices and a Wi-Fi access point, as well as automatic windshield wipers, an electric drive to the front seat backs for easy boarding and disembarkation of rear passengers, electric power steering , disc brakes for all wheels and protective, firing in case of danger of overturning the struts behind the rear seats.
Source: AutoZov.ru
Videos of Buick Cascada
Specifications Buick Cascada (2016)
- Body type: Convertible;
- Engine: 4 cylinders, 1.6 liters, Petrol;
- Engine power: 200 l / s;
- Torque: 280 (300) Nm;
- Drive: Front;
- Transmission: 6-speed Automatic;
- Length: 4696 mm;
- Width: 1839 mm;
- Height: 1443 mm;
- Wheelbase: 2695 mm;
- Wheels: 20-inch;
- Trunk volume: 280-380 (750) liters;
More Buick Cars
90,000 Road trade through agents – 301-350
- 301.LLC “ELITE”, SAINT-PETERSBURG
192239, SAINT-PETERSBURG, st. DIMITROVA, 12 - 302.
LLC “AUTO PLUS DV”, PETROPAVLOVSK-KAMCHATSKY
683000, PETROPAVLOVSK-KAMCHATSKY, st. PETRA ILYICHEVA, 60, apt. 46 - 303.
ANNOO CDO “ACADEMY OF CHILDHOOD”, MOSCOW
121355, MOSCOW, st. NOVOOSTAPOVSKAYA, 6 - 304.
LLC “KASKAD-SERVICE”, NIZHNEILIMSKY
665651, IRKUTSK region, ZHELEZNOGORSK-ILIMSKY, block 7, building 12 - 305.
LLC “KUZBASSPROMGROUP”, LLC “KPG”, NOVOKUZNETSK
654005, KEMEROVSKAYA region, g.NOVOKUZNETSK, st. PIROGOVA, 16, apt. 43 - 306.
LLC “AUTOMARKET INTERTRADE”, SOSNOVKA
121552, MOSCOW, st. KRYLATSKAYA, 8 - 307.
LLC “NEW LIGHT”, ZNAMYA OCTOBER
142134, MOSCOW, item ZNAMYA OCTOBERYA, 31, bldg. 2 - 308.
FL OJSC “RESO-GUARANTEE”, KIROV
610002, KIROV, st. LENIN, 102A - 309.
LLC “NEW VEK”, MOSCOW
127051, MOSCOW, TsVETNOY boulevard, 11, building 2 - 310.
LLC “SHUSTOV”, MOSCOW
107113, g.MOSCOW, st. 3rd RYBINSKAYA, 1 - 311.
LLC “TRADING HOUSE BAF”, LIPETSK
398046, LIPETSK, st. VODOPYANOVA, 21A - 312.
LLC “STANDARD INSURANCE”, ZARECHE
109462, MOSCOW, st. MARSHAL CHUIKOVA, 30 - 313.
LLC “AVS MOTORS”, RYAZAN
3, RYAZAN, avenue SHABULIN, 27
- 314.
LLC “AUTOPULSE”, SURGUT
628400, TYUMEN region, KHANTY-MANSIYSKY Autonomous Okrug – YUGRA, SURGUT, st. OSTROVSKOGO, 5, apt. 60 - 315.LLC “CONVOY COMMERCIALS”, SAINT-PETERSBURG
194352, SAINT-PETERSBURG, PROSVESHENIYA avenue, 54 letters A - 316.
LLC “AGAT”, MOSCOW
121087, MOSCOW, st. TUCHKOVSKAYA, 9A - 317.
LLC “AUTO-DEVELOPMENT”, ANGARSK
665835, IRKUTSK region, ANGARSK, microdistrict 29, 11, apt. 199 - 318.
LLC “SERVISLOGISTIK”, BELGOROD
308000, BELGOROD, st. PREOBRAZHENSKAYA, 106, of. 309 - 319.
LLC “PILOT AM”, MOSCOW
123592, g.MOSCOW, boulevard STROGINSKY, 15 - 320.
LLC “AUTOTECHSERVICE”, KAZAN
420107, KAZAN, st. SPARTAKOVSKAYA, 2, apt. 94 - 321.
LLC “APHRODITA”, MOSCOW
123154, MOSCOW, st. SALYAMA ADILA, 9, bldg. 3 - 322.
LLC “LITLGROUP”, TYUMEN
625037, TYUMEN, st. BELINSKOGO, 6A, apt. 37 - 323.
LLC “KANDALAKSHA PATP”, MURMANSKAYA
184046, MURMANSKAYA region, KANDALAKSHA, st. POLARNAYA, 19, apt. 105 - 324.LLC “PROJECT-ECOLOGY”, SAINT-PETERSBURG
197101, SAINT-PETERSBURG, st. B. MONETNAYA, 9 letters A - 325.
LLC “M-OPTIMA”, CHELYABINSK
454074, CHELYABINSK, st. SORMOVSKAYA, 19 - 326.
PA “FEDERATION OF ALL-ROAD AND SNOWMOBILE SPORTS”, RYBINSK
152915, YAROSLAVSKAYA REGION, RYBINSK, st. NANSENA, 2 - 327.
LLC “LAKIRIS”, MOSCOW
125424, MOSCOW, highway VOLOKOLAMSKOE, 100 - 328.
LLC “PRESTIGE PLUS”, VLADIMIR
600022, g.VLADIMIR, st. PUGACHEVA, 62 - 329.
METRONOM LLC, MOSCOW
117403, MOSCOW, st. BULATNIKOVSKAYA, 6A - 330.
LLC “LACROSS”, MOSCOW
124351, MOSCOW, prospect NAKHIMOVSKY, 52/57 - 331.
LLC “GAZAVTOSBYT” SERVICE, MOSCOW
127591, MOSCOW, DMITROVSKOE highway, 98, building 6 - 332.
LLC “STC” EUREKA AUTOSERVICE “, SURGUT
628415, TYUMEN region, KHANTY-MANSIYSK AUTONOMOUS AREA – YUGRA, SURGUT, PROFSOYUZOV street, d.62 - 333.
LLC “LOGOINTELLEKT”, MOSCOW
123007, MOSCOW, st. 3rd MAGISTRALNAYA, 26A - 334.
LLC “VEC”, MOSCOW
127282, MOSCOW, PR. STUDENY, bld. 4, bldg. 1 - 335.
LLC “ERTKTS GAZ ATO” (GAZAVTOTEKHOBSLUZHIVANIE), ENGELS
413111, SARATOV region, ENGELS, PR-t BUILDERS, d. 54A - 336.
LLC “8X8”, SKOLKOVO INNOVATION CENTER
121471, MOSCOW, highway MOZHAYSKOE, 9, apt. 120 - 337.
LLC “GRAND-MOTORS”, KEMEROVO
650036, g.KEMEROVO, st. TERESHKOVA, 62 - 338.
AUTOTRADE LLC, MOSCOW
127015, MOSCOW, st. VYATSKAYA, 27, bldg. 7 - 339.
LLC “COSPO”, SAINT-PETERSBURG
195279, SAINT-PETERSBURG, PR-t IRINOVSKY, 17 letters B, pom. 17H - 340.
LLC “SEVISTORG”, SAINT-PETERSBURG
191186, SAINT-PETERSBURG, Ave NEVSKY, 25 letters V, apt. 9H - 341.
OPTIM TRADE LLC, MOSCOW
117292, MOSCOW, st. KEDROVA, 3 - 342.
LLC “TD FREGAT”, MOSCOW
105318, g.MOSCOW, highway IZMAILOVSKOE, 13, bldg. 1 - 343.
LLC “AUTOCOLOR”, TAMBOV
392000, TAMBOV, st. HIPPODROMNAYA, 6 - 344.
LLC “DIOLAVTO”, KINEL
446430, SAMARA region, KINEL, st. VATUTINA, 2A, apt. eight - 345.
LLC “ECO-INVEST”, KALININGRAD
236009, KALININGRAD, st. HERCENA, 70, apt. 2 - 346.
LLC “GELIKON”, NIZHNY NOVGOROD
603600, NIZHNY NOVGOROD, GSP-462, highway KOMSOMOLSKOE, 1 - 347.LLC “AUTOMOBILIST” (LC), MTSENSK
303031, ORLOVSKAYA region, MTSENSK, st. KUZMINA, 3 - 348.
LLC “RADIUS”, KHIMKI
141400, MOSCOW region, KHIMKI, st. ENGELSA, 7/15, pom. 6 - 349.
LLC “MOTOR”, MOSCOW
127521, MOSCOW, st. VETKINA, 4 - 350.
FIRM “VEHA-PLUS” LLC, NIZHNY NOVGOROD
603105, NIZHNY NOVGOROD, st. AGRONOMIC, d. 134, apt. 29
90,000 Sports sections in Kursk – schools, clubs
All boys dream of going to famous football clubs, but getting there is very difficult.Only 4 out of 100 applicants aged 6-7 years pass the selection! The school methodology allows already by the age of 6 to prepare your child physically and psychologically for admission to a children’s and youth football school. Co-founder of “Football” Nifontov Maxim Yuryevich himself is the head of the branch of the Academy of FC Zenit and knows about all the requirements. The first lesson is free!
Address st. Karl Marx, 68
Phone +7 (800) 350-90-84
Cost
Galaxy All-Russian Children’s Football School.In Kursk, there are branches at Parkovaya, KZTZ, Murynovka, Puchkovka. Age groups from 4 years old. Find out more information by phone or on the website
Address st. Seregina 41
Phone +7 (999) 607-98-08
Cost 2000 per month. 3 times a week
Organization and holding of swimming competitions (championships, cups, championships).
Address st.Chernyshevsky, 7
Phone +7 (4712) 34-20-00
Cost
Organization and holding of swimming competitions (championships, cups, championships).
Address st. Mylnikova, 8a
Phone +7 (4712) 34-20-00
Cost
DFSH “Fint” is recruiting children from 4 to 8 years old in groups for playing football in the city.Kursk, Shchigry, Tim, Cheremisinovo
Address st. Sovetskaya, 3a
Phone +7 (920) 722-23-27
Cost
So far, we have little information about this organization. Perhaps you have actual data about it: a detailed description – what this organization does, what sports clubs it has, what premises or grounds for sports can be rented here, working hours, cost of services, additional services and benefits for visitors.You can change or add information to the site and upload photos.
Address st. Tuskarnaya, 3a
Phone +7 (4712) 39-91-71
Cost
Place of training: In summer: stadium in the KZTZ Park (field with artificial turf), stadium in the North-West microdistrict (field with artificial turf). In winter: “Sport complex” – st.2nd Rabochaya, 23, hall of the Ministry of Emergency Situations – st. Tuskarnaya, hall of the Medical University – Perekalsky square, hall of the stadium “Labor reserves”. The recruitment of young men into the training group is carried out at the Avangard FSH. Phone: +7 (4712) 56-65-96 Free training
Address st. Lenin, 58
Phone +7 (4712) 73-46-89
Cost
Lilliefoot is a network of football clubs for preschoolers, a choice you won’t regret.We have set ourselves the goal not only to teach kids one of the most popular games in the world, but also to develop useful qualities and instill in them a love of sports. Lilyfoot helps children start a sports path much earlier than another sports section or specialized structures at professional clubs: we accept children from 3 to 7 years old. Our classes have a positive effect on the personality of the child, develop the character of a successful person. Football forms the ability to work in a team, lays in a child fundamental social skills that are useful in life.Finally, it’s worth noting that sports are health’s best friend.
Address st. Schepkina, 4b
Phone +7 (4712) 55-13-35, +7 (951) 087-13-91
Cost
I AM SPORT ”is a fitness room for the whole family. A wide range of workouts in the most popular areas of fitness has been prepared especially for you.
Address st. Republican, d.50k
Phone +7 (910) 731-06-31
Cost
Muscle Fitness Club is equipped with a large gym with a large number of exercise machines. It offers fitness aerobics, fitness yoga and oriental dancing classes. In addition, the Muskul fitness club has a Finnish sauna and solarium.
Address st. Komarova, 8
Phone +7 (4712) 33-13-30
Cost
The KASKAD figure skating studio in Kursk announces the recruitment to the group “Ice Skating” Classes are held in the sports complex ARENA
Address st.Veszpremskaya, 9
Phone +7 (908) 126-12-21
Cost
So far, we have little information about this organization. Perhaps you have actual data about it: a detailed description – what this organization does, what sports clubs it has, what premises or grounds for sports can be rented here, working hours, cost of services, additional services and benefits for visitors.You can change or add information to the site and upload photos.
Address st. Sovetskaya, 3a
Phone +7 (4712) 54-99-68, +7 (4712) 54-99-64, +7 (4712) 54-99-84
Cost
Tennis Center provides services for teaching tennis in the city of Kursk for amateurs and novice athletes, and also conducts training for everyone who wants to improve their sports skills.Classes are conducted by certified trainers of the Tennis Federation of Russia and the Kursk region: individual and group lessons with a coach for children and adults; selection of sports equipment; training “from scratch”; setting up modern professional equipment; general and special physical training; preparation for participation in tournaments; consulting Tennis racket string tensioning on the electronic Babolat Star 5 machine.
Address st. Soldiers of the 9th Division, 179B
Phone +7 (910) 312-22-29
Cost
Kursk Archery Federation (KFSL) – invites everyone to participate in archery classes in g.Kursk. Experienced instructors will help you decide on the purchase of your first bow, with the setup of equipment and will tell you what aiming, attachment and release are.
Address st. 2nd Rabochaya, 23
Phone +7 (951) 071-25-75
Cost
[“The Best Fitness Center in the City” VITYAZ “always keeps its doors open for people whose priorities are a healthy lifestyle, for those who want to be beautiful in body, and of course in soul, for those who want to spend time with absolute benefit in circle of healthy and beautiful like-minded people.
