Warrior lax shafts. Warrior Kryptolyte Lacrosse Shaft: A Comprehensive Review and Analysis

What makes the Warrior Kryptolyte lacrosse shaft so popular. How does it compare to other shafts in terms of weight, durability, and performance. Is the Kryptolyte suitable for all player positions and skill levels.

The Legacy of Warrior Kryptolyte: A Decade of Dominance

For over ten years, the Warrior Kryptolyte has reigned supreme as one of the most sought-after lacrosse shafts in the sport. Its enduring popularity stems from a unique combination of features that cater to players across various skill levels and positions. But what exactly sets this shaft apart from its competitors?

The Kryptolyte’s success can be attributed to its carefully balanced design, which prioritizes lightweight performance without compromising on durability. This shaft has become a staple for players ranging from youth leagues to high school varsity teams, offering a versatile option that grows with the athlete’s developing skills.

Key Features of the Warrior Kryptolyte

• Lightweight aluminum alloy construction
• Octagonal concave shape for enhanced grip
• Signature Kung Fu grip technology
• Eye-catching graphics updated annually
• Available in attack and defense lengths
• 6-month manufacturer warranty

These features combine to create a shaft that not only performs well on the field but also stands out visually, appealing to players who want to make a statement with their equipment.

Material Composition and Weight: The Kryptolyte Advantage

The Warrior Kryptolyte is crafted from a high-grade C-405 aluminum alloy, striking a balance between strength and weight. This material choice is crucial in understanding the shaft’s performance characteristics.

How does the Kryptolyte’s weight compare to other shafts? At approximately 5.7 ounces for the attack length, it falls on the lighter end of the spectrum. This weight is slightly more than its counterpart, the Krypto Pro, which uses a hydrogen-infused manufacturing process to achieve an even lower weight.

The lightweight nature of the Kryptolyte offers several advantages:

1. Improved maneuverability for quick stick movements
2. Reduced player fatigue during extended play
3. Enhanced shot and pass velocity
4. Easier handling for younger or smaller players

However, the trade-off for this lightweight design is a potential decrease in durability compared to heavier, more robust shafts. Players must weigh the benefits of agility against the need for longevity, especially in more physical play styles.

Grip Technology: Decoding the Kung Fu Grip

One of the most intriguing features of the Warrior Kryptolyte is its touted “Kung Fu grip.” Despite the catchy name, the exact nature of this technology remains somewhat mysterious. The shaft lacks the rubbery or textured surface found on some modern competitors, instead featuring a smooth coating that seems counterintuitive to enhanced grip.

So, what contributes to the Kryptolyte’s grip effectiveness? The answer likely lies in its shape and design:

• Octagonal cross-section provides defined edges for finger placement
• Concave sides offer additional surface area for hand contact
• The combination of shape and smooth finish allows for controlled rotation in the hands

While some players may find the lack of a textured surface challenging, others appreciate the ability to easily adjust their grip during play. For those seeking additional traction, applying lacrosse tape to key areas of the shaft remains a popular customization option.

Durability and Wear: Managing Expectations

When investing in a lacrosse shaft, durability is a key concern for players and parents alike. The Warrior Kryptolyte, while robust for its weight class, does have some limitations in this area.

What can players expect in terms of wear and tear? Over time, users may notice:

• Minor dents from impacts and checks
• Chipping or wear on the paint and graphics
• Potential for more significant damage in extremely physical play

It’s important to note that the Kryptolyte does not incorporate advanced materials like scandium or titanium, which are found in some high-end, ultra-durable shafts. This design choice keeps the shaft affordable and lightweight but may result in a shorter lifespan compared to premium options.

To mitigate wear and extend the life of the Kryptolyte, players should:

1. Avoid using the shaft for ground balls when possible
2. Regularly inspect for damage and address minor issues promptly
3. Consider protective tape or sleeves for high-wear areas
4. Store the shaft properly when not in use

Despite these considerations, Warrior stands behind the Kryptolyte with a 6-month warranty, demonstrating confidence in its construction and durability for normal play conditions.

Versatility Across Positions: From Attack to Defense

The Warrior Kryptolyte’s versatility is one of its strongest selling points, offering options for players across different positions on the field. But how does it perform in various roles?

Attack and Midfield

For offensive players, the Kryptolyte truly shines. Its lightweight design facilitates quick stick handling, precise shots, and nimble dodges. The 30-inch attack length is ideal for players who prioritize speed and agility in their offensive game.

Defense

The Kryptolyte D-pole offers an interesting option for defensive players, particularly those transitioning from short stick positions or playing as LSMs (Long Stick Midfielders). While some argue that weight is less critical for defenders, the reduced mass can benefit players who need to cover ground quickly or contribute to transition offense.

However, it’s worth considering that the lightweight nature of the Kryptolyte may not provide the same level of checking power as heavier defensive shafts. Players must weigh the trade-off between speed and impact force when choosing a defensive shaft.

Youth and Developing Players

For younger athletes or those new to the sport, the Kryptolyte offers an excellent entry point. Its manageable weight allows for proper technique development without overtaxing developing muscles. As players grow and strengthen, they can easily transition to heavier shafts if desired.

Aesthetic Appeal: The Role of Design in Performance

While performance is paramount, the visual design of lacrosse equipment plays a significant role in player confidence and team identity. Warrior has capitalized on this aspect with the Kryptolyte, offering annual graphic updates that keep the shaft fresh and appealing.

How does the Kryptolyte’s design impact player experience?

• Updated graphics create a sense of newness and excitement each season
• Limited edition versions like the Krypto Karbon and Krypto Element offer unique aesthetics
• The visual appeal can boost player confidence and enjoyment
• Team-wide adoption of a particular design can enhance uniformity and cohesion

It’s worth noting that the core shaft remains unchanged with each graphic update. This presents an opportunity for budget-conscious players to acquire previous season’s models at a discount without sacrificing performance.

Price Point and Value: Balancing Cost and Quality

In the competitive market of lacrosse equipment, price often plays a crucial role in purchasing decisions. The Warrior Kryptolyte has positioned itself as a high-value option, offering performance features at a more accessible price point than some premium competitors.

With an average retail price of around $75, the Kryptolyte represents a significant saving compared to top-tier shafts that can exceed $100. This pricing strategy has contributed to its widespread adoption across various levels of play.

What factors contribute to the Kryptolyte’s value proposition?

• Use of cost-effective yet performant materials
• Balanced feature set that meets the needs of most players
• Brand reputation and marketing efficiency
• High production volume allowing for economies of scale

For players and parents looking to maximize their equipment budget, the Kryptolyte offers a compelling blend of performance, durability, and affordability. The annual graphic updates also create opportunities to find discounted previous-generation models, further enhancing the value for cost-conscious consumers.

Comparisons and Alternatives: Placing the Kryptolyte in Context

To fully appreciate the Warrior Kryptolyte’s position in the market, it’s helpful to consider how it stacks up against alternatives. While each player’s needs are unique, comparing the Kryptolyte to other popular options can provide valuable context for decision-making.

Kryptolyte vs. Krypto Pro

The Krypto Pro, Warrior’s premium offering, shares many characteristics with the Kryptolyte but incorporates advanced manufacturing techniques for slightly reduced weight. Players must decide if the marginal weight reduction justifies the higher price point.

Aluminum vs. Composite Shafts

While the Kryptolyte relies on aluminum alloy, many competitors offer composite shafts. Composite options often provide different feel, flex, and durability characteristics. Players accustomed to aluminum may find the transition to composite requires an adjustment period.

Budget-Friendly Alternatives

Several manufacturers offer entry-level shafts at lower price points than the Kryptolyte. While these may be suitable for beginners or recreational players, they often lack the performance features and durability that have made the Kryptolyte a staple in competitive play.

When comparing the Kryptolyte to alternatives, consider the following factors:

• Weight and balance
• Durability and warranty coverage
• Grip and handling characteristics
• Price and value for money
• Brand reputation and customer support

Ultimately, the best shaft choice depends on individual player preferences, playing style, and budget constraints. The Warrior Kryptolyte’s enduring popularity suggests that for many players, it strikes an ideal balance across these factors.

Warrior Kryptolyte 30″ Attack Lacrosse Shaft Review

The Kryptolyte is Warrior signature lightweight lacrosse shaft. Dubbed as the most popular handle in lacrosse for over a decade, the shaft is made from a high-grade aluminium alloy and emblazoned with latest flashy Warrior logo. Also featuring Warriors unique Kung Fu grip, this shaft is strong and inescapable from your claw of death! Bwahaha!

Material & Weight

The Warrior Kryptolyte lacrosse shaft is made from the C-405 aluminium alloy. The shaft is very light weighing in at around 5.7oz. The shaft is slightly heavier than its big brother, the Krypto Pro. The Krypto Pro is infused with Hydrogen during manufacturing giving it a little less weight.

Shape

The shaft has an octagonal concave shape.

Grip

Warrior boast of the Kung Fu grip, but we weren’t able to find out exactly what this is (unfortunately Warrior haven’t replied to our emails, boo hoo). The shaft in fact has a slick coating which flies in the face of good grip. Maybe it’s the concave octagonal cross section which enhances grip. Maybe that’s the Kung Fu.

As we said, it has a slick coating. it doesn’t feature a rubbery or textured grip that does feature on some of the newer shafts these days. We’d recommend some tape, but only if you feel you need it.

We briefly touched on the concave shape of the Warrior Kryptolyte above, and we have to admit that we love these kinds of shafts. The edges of a concave shaft have more of a point on them which gives you a little extra to hold onto. It gives you extra control over how the shaft spins in your hands. As we said, we love these types of shafts and have a bias towards them. So remember to factor that in when reading our review.

General Wear and Tear

The Warrior Kryptolyte’s lacrosse shaft is made from a lightweight aluminium alloy, making it susceptible to dents. Over time you may also get some chipping on the paint, but in general it’ll hold up well. But do note that it doesn’t feature Scandium or Titanium so it won’t have the durability of the more advanced lacrosse heads.

This shaft is light which makes it ideal for mid-level right up to high school. It’s also good for entry level defence players looking for the extra length, but without the weight.

This may or may not need mentioning, but this shaft is not recommended for box lacrosse.

Each year, or thereabouts, Warrior releases a new version of this shaft with updated graphics. Just note that the shaft is unchanged. The upside is that last season’s shafts are discounted so if you don’t need the latest cool graphic, this is a great valued shaft.

Summary

In terms of being lightweight, solid, affordable and eye-catching, the Warrior Kryptolyte is very impressive. Warrior have also backed this baby with a 6 month warranty which says a lot about how much they rate this shaft. If you’re not looking to spend a lot of dollars, the attack length is a great option.

Warrior Kryptolyte Lacrosse Shaft Review

The most popular lacrosse stick series in recent history, the kryptolyte lacrosse shaft is lightweight, durable, inexpensive, and has maintained a good look, too. At 5.8 ounces, this shaft is just barely heavier than the warrior krypto pro, and is also slightly less durable. And, if you are going for a flashy looking lacrosse shaft, then go kryptolyte. Every year warrior comes up with a wicked new design for this shaft, and now they have started releasing limited edition versions such as the krypto karbon and the krypto element to further the spread of the kryptolyte disease.

The kryptolyte is a great shaft for any age group, because it is strong enough to withstand hits in high school level lacrosse and light enough for younger kids to carry without weighing them down. That, combined with its usability and price make it a wicked all around shaft, and aid in its astounding popularity. It is sold at around 75$ in many lacrosse stores, whether they be online or local, and that is a very inexpensive price tag when compared to other shaft of equal value which normally cost around 100$. Warrior lacrosse really succeeded with this shaft.

Kryptolyte D pole

If you are a defender, then the kryptolyte d pole is a good buy, although the shafts key mark that makes it good is weight, and although many may disagree, honestly weight does not matter that much for a defender. As a defender, you should already be strong enough to use any shaft out there, so weight really just does one thing: More Weight=Harder, Slower Hits vs. Less Weight=Quick, Weaker Hits. I think finding a balance is key, so the kryptolyte isn’t the best choice for a d pole out there. But, that doesn’t mean it doesn’t perform at all as a d pole. In fact, for younger kids this can be a great shaft for a beginner defender to use, just because they can’t handle a heavier pole. Also, for an LSM, a light d pole can help them with keeping up with the middies. A better choice, though, would be the krypto pro as a d pole, because it is stronger, yet also lighter, than the kryptolyte.

I have found that many people like to upgrade to this lacrosse shaft from the beginner aluminum shafts after they know they are going to stick with lacrosse, so a lot of intermediate level players can be found with a kryptolyte. Generally, lacrosse players will upgrade further, to a shaft like the krypto pro, or the STX sc-ti pro, although Advanced players still cam be found using this shaft, rather often actually, but most usually upgrade to a 100$+ shaft by that time, even though the kryptolyte can compete against much more expensive shafts. This warrior lacrosse shaft weighs almost nothing yet it still doesn’t have the krypto pro one hand weilding problem, so in that way it can compete and may even succeed over the krypto pro.

All together, if you have been using a cheap shaft for a year or so and are looking to upgrade, go kryptolyte and further your success!

Globale Arbres de gardien de but de crosse Le marché devrait croître à un TCAC à deux chiffres entre 2021 et 2026 – Androidfun.fr

Analyse de la croissance du marché mondial Arbres de gardien de but de crosse au milieu de l’impact de COVID-19

Pendant la période de pandémie mondiale de coronavirus, le marché mondial Arbres de gardien de but de crosse est également confronté à une crise financière en raison du ralentissement financier. La pandémie a eu un impact sur la croissance de l’industrie Arbres de gardien de but de crosse à grande échelle. Après une étude méticuleuse, les analystes de recherche ont fourni toute la dynamique changeante du marché ainsi que les mesures pour réduire la crise actuelle. Ce rapport est un aperçu des données de marché accumulées à l’aide de méthodologies d’étude de marché fiables et de ressources primaires et secondaires.

Résumé du rapport

• ## définition et portée du marché
• Arbres de gardien de but de crosse public cible du marché
• Arbres de gardien de but de crosse moteurs et contraintes du marché
• Arbres de gardien de but de crosse opportunités et défis du marché
• Arbres de gardien de but de crosse segmentation du marché
• Analyse régionale
• Profils d’entreprise
• Observations et conclusions

Obtenez un exemple de rapport gratuit + tous les graphiques et graphiques associés (avec l’analyse d’impact COVID 19) : https://www.marketresearchstore.com/sample/goalie-lacrosse-shafts-market-786775

Ce rapport segmente le marché en fonction des types suivants :

Débutant, intermédiaire, expert et élite

Sur la base de l’application, le marché est segmenté en :

Joueur de profession, Joueur amateur

Le coronavirus a touché tous les coins du monde de telle sorte que la structure économique glisse vers le bas. Le rapport aborde également les conditions changeantes du marché en raison du ralentissement économique et de la faible main-d’œuvre. Cependant, on constate que l’attractivité du marché régional contribue au taux de croissance du marché. La segmentation régionale comprend l’Amérique du Nord – (États-Unis, Canada et Mexique), l’Europe – (Allemagne, France, Royaume-Uni et reste de l’Europe), l’Asie-Pacifique – (Chine, Japon, Inde et reste de l’Asie-Pacifique), Amérique – (Brésil et reste de l’Amérique latine), Moyen-Orient et Afrique – (Arabie saoudite, Émirats arabes unis, Afrique du Sud et reste du Moyen-Orient et de l’Afrique). Ces régions fournissent d’immenses informations basées sur les préférences des consommateurs, la chaîne d’approvisionnement et de demande et la portée future dans des régions spécifiques.

Le rapport sur le marché mondial Arbres de gardien de but de crosse propose une impression complexe et détaillée de la structure de répartition du marché, de l’état de la croissance régionale, de l’évaluation du marché, du développement technologique, des politiques réglementaires, des stratégies commerciales et des profils d’entreprise clés. Il couvre également les opportunités, les défis et les menaces du marché Arbres de gardien de but de crosse. En outre, les moteurs de croissance du marché, la structure financière et d’autres évaluations complètes du marché sont représentés à travers les segments du paysage concurrentiel. Les profils d’entreprise fournissent une meilleure connaissance de la valorisation du marché, du taux de croissance, de la portée future, des dernières innovations et des politiques réglementaires. Certains des acteurs clés incluent Brine, Alpha Lacrosse, Nike, Maverik, East Coast Dyes, Power Shaft, Warrior, Stringking, Under Armour, Ture, Epoch, STX.

Demande d’analyse d’impact pré et post Covid-19 sur les entreprises : https://www.marketresearchstore.com/sample/goalie-lacrosse-shafts-market-786775

De plus, le rapport sur le marché mondial Arbres de gardien de but de crosse fournit une analyse qualitative et quantitative du marché basée sur les moteurs du marché, les opportunités, les défis, les risques, la panne économique et d’autres facteurs stimulant la croissance du marché. Ce rapport devrait aider à la prise de décision des investisseurs en se concentrant sur le déclenchement du taux de croissance du marché au cours de la période de prévision.

Questions clés traitées dans le rapport :

• Quel est le potentiel de croissance du marché mondial Arbres de gardien de but de crosse ?
• Quel marché régional émergera en tant que précurseur au cours de la période de prévision 2020-2026 ?
• Quel segment d’application va croître à un rythme soutenu ?
• Quelles sont les opportunités de croissance qui pourraient émerger dans l’industrie dans les années à venir ?
• Quels sont les principaux défis auxquels le marché mondial peut être confronté à l’avenir ?
• Quelles sont les principales entreprises du marché mondial Arbres de gardien de but de crosse ?
• Quelles sont les stratégies de croissance envisagées par les acteurs pour maintenir leur emprise sur le marché mondial ?

Renseignez-vous sur ce rapport avant d’acheter @ https://www.marketresearchstore.com/inquiry/goalie-lacrosse-shafts-market-786775

Points clés mis en évidence dans le rapport

• Évaluation des stratégies de tarification des produits pour les 5 principaux acteurs du marché
• Analyse par pays du marché Arbres de gardien de but de crosse dans différentes régions
• Développements technologiques et produits clés sur le marché Arbres de gardien de but de crosse
• Analyse du ratio offre-demande, chaîne de valeur, consommation, etc.

STX, Ture, Power Shaft et Stringking – xiaomiActu

Le rapport sur le marché mondial Arbres de crosse défensifs est une analyse approfondie sur la base des régions, des types et des applications de produits en croissance, au cours de la prévision (2021-2026). Il distingue le marché mondial Arbres de crosse défensifs par spécification de produit, aperçu de l’entreprise, stratégies de marché adoptées par les leaders pour assurer la croissance, la durabilité, la vue d’ensemble financière et les développements récents. La connaissance détaillée du marché Arbres de crosse défensifs basée sur les données présentes et futures, les prévisions du marché Arbres de crosse défensifs avec la liste des chiffres, des camemberts pour aider les aspirants et les principaux acteurs du marché Arbres de crosse défensifs à prendre des décisions pour la croissance de l’entreprise.

La recherche couvre principalement le marché Arbres de crosse défensifs en Amérique du Nord (Canada, Mexique et États-Unis), l’industrie européenne (Royaume-Uni, Allemagne, Russie, Italie et France), l’Asie-Pacifique (Asie du Sud-Est, Chine, Corée, Inde et Japon), Amérique du Sud (Argentine, Colombie, Brésil), Moyen-Orient et Afrique (EAU, Égypte, Arabie saoudite, Afrique du Sud). Le rapport Arbres de crosse défensifs effectue une analyse SWOT sur les principaux fournisseurs, combine des informations primaires et secondaires avec les entrées des principaux participants de l’industrie, calcule les valeurs TCAC et prévoit sur des années (2021-2026). L’industrie mondiale Arbres de crosse défensifs résume les caractéristiques fondamentales qui dominent le marché avec leur résumé commercial, leurs ventes sur le marché, leur communiqué de presse, l’évolution qui se déroule sur le marché.

Prenez un exemple de rapport sur: https://marketdesk.org/report/global-defensive-lacrosse-shafts-market-mr/37110/#requestForSample

Objectif du marché :

– Le rapport exécute l’étude tenace et approfondie, afin de résumer les perspectives d’avenir et les perspectives du marché Arbres de crosse défensifs. Il analyse les informations passées et présentes, les processus de production, les problèmes majeurs et prédit les tendances futures du marché Arbres de crosse défensifs. Il amplifie le scénario de la chaîne d’approvisionnement du marché Arbres de crosse défensifs en termes de volume.

– Le rapport de recherche Arbres de crosse défensifs évalue les tendances du marché ayant un impact sur la croissance des réalisations sur le marché. Arbres de crosse défensifs opportunités et menaces du secteur auxquelles sont confrontés les fournisseurs. La recherche récapitule les composants qui seront soumis au taux de croissance du marché au cours de la période de prévision.

Analyse de divers fabricants clés, types et applications:

Acteurs clés du marché mondial Arbres de crosse défensifs:

Power Shaft, Ture, STX, Stringking, East Coast Dyes, Under Armour, Nike, Brine, Maverik, Epoch, Alpha Lacrosse, Warrior

L’analyse de type divise le marché Arbres de crosse défensifs en:

Expert
intermédiaire débutant
et élite

L’analyse des applications divise le marché Arbres de crosse défensifs en:

Joueur de profession Joueur
amateur

Achetez le rapport Arbres de crosse défensifs à l’adresse: https://marketdesk.org/purchase-report/?reportId=37110&licenseType=single_user&action=Purchase+Report

Segments du rapport Arbres de crosse défensifs:

La première section fournit un aperçu de base de Arbres de crosse défensifs en plus des définitions, des classifications, des applications et de la chaîne industrielle. Les deuxième et troisième sections décrivent principalement les profils des participants clés de l’industrie, les rendements, les profils des joueurs compétitifs et la taille du marché. La quatrième partie examine les régions de croissance clés ainsi que leur part, leur taille et leur marché, ainsi que d’autres sections engageant les principales régions avec leurs ventes, leur volume et leurs revenus.

Les dixième et onzième sections du marché Arbres de crosse défensifs partagent par types, des statistiques selon différentes applications. Les sections numéro douze, treize, quatorze et quinze contribuent aux tendances modernes du marché Arbres de crosse défensifs au cours de la période de prévision de 2021 à 2026, au volume du marché, aux importations, aux exportations de données, aux caractéristiques et aux faits du marché Arbres de crosse défensifs et à la conclusion majeure ainsi que les sources de données et l’annexe.

Notre rapport recommandé: Principaux moteurs du marché mondial de l’acide triflique, segmentation et rapport de prévision détaillé 2021-2026

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Tél.: +1 (857) 445 0045

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July 2021 Global Goalie Lacrosse Shafts Market Report PDF 2021 Detailed Impact Analysis of COVID-19, Future Growth Companies, Opportunities and Challenges Alpha Lacrosse, Brine, East Coast Dyes, Epoch, Maverik

Goalie Lacrosse Shafts Market Analysis, Market Size, Competitive Strategies, Forecasts to 2026 and Key Vendors: Alpha Lacrosse, Brine, East Coast Dyes, Epoch, Maverik, Nike, Power Shaft, STX, Stringking, Ture, Under Armour, Warrior

The Global Goalie Lacrosse Shafts Market report provides information by Key Players, Geography, End users, Applications, Competitor analysis, Sales, Revenue, Price, Gross Margin, Market Share, Import-Export, Trends and Forecast.

Initially, the report provides a basic overview of the industry including definitions, classifications, applications and industry chain structure. The Goalie Lacrosse Shafts market analysis is provided for the international markets including development trends, competitive landscape analysis, and key regions development status.
Effect of COVID-19: Goalie Lacrosse Shafts Market report investigate the effect of Coronavirus (COVID-19) on the Goalie Lacrosse Shafts industry. Since December 2020, the COVID-19 infection spread to practically 180+ nations around the world with the World Health Organization pronouncing it a general wellbeing crisis. The worldwide effects of the Covid infection 2021 (COVID-19) are now beginning to be felt, and will essentially influence the Goalie Lacrosse Shafts market in 2021

Complete Report on Goalie Lacrosse Shafts market spread across 132 pages and Top companies. Get SAMPLE at https://www.cognitivemarketresearch.com/consumer-goods/goalie-lacrosse-shafts-market-report#download_report

Global Goalie Lacrosse Shafts market competition by top manufacturers, with production, price, revenue (value) and market share for each manufacturer.

The Top players are
Alpha Lacrosse, Brine, East Coast Dyes, Epoch, Maverik, Nike, Power Shaft, STX, Stringking, Ture, Under Armour, Warrior

The Report is segmented by types are
Beginner, Intermediate, Expert & Elite

The Report is segmented by application are
Profession Player, Amateur Player

Market segment by regions/countries, this report covers:
North America (the United States, Canada, and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, and Rest of Europe)
Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, Southeast Asia, and Australia)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, and Rest of South America)
Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, South Africa, and Rest of the Middle East & Africa)

Development policies and plans are discussed as well as manufacturing processes and cost structures are also analyzed. This report also states import/export consumption, supply and demand Figures, cost, price, revenue and gross margins.

The report focuses on global major leading Goalie Lacrosse Shafts Market players providing information such as company profiles, product picture and specification, capacity, production, price, cost, revenue and contact information. Upstream raw materials and equipment and downstream demand analysis is also carried out.

The Goalie Lacrosse Shafts industry development trends and marketing channels are analyzed. Finally the feasibility of new investment projects are assessed and overall research conclusions offered.

Purchase a copy of this report at https://www.cognitivemarketresearch.com/consumer-goods/goalie-lacrosse-shafts-market-report#download_report

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Global Torwart Lacrosse Wellen Markt

Von Market Strides wurde ein aktueller Forschungsbericht zum globalen Torwart Lacrosse Wellen-Markt aufgenommen, der eine eingehende Analyse des aktuellen Marktszenarios bietet, einschließlich Marktanteil, Nachfrage, Entwicklungsmuster und Prognosen während des gesamten Prognosezeitraums.

Torwart Lacrosse Wellen Marktforschung 2021-2027

In diesem statistischen Erhebungsbericht wurden die Torwart Lacrosse Wellen-Marktzusammenfassung, die Produktdefinition, die Gesamtgröße und der Anteil, die Klassifizierungen, die Anwendungen, der Endbenutzer, die Branchen und die Branchenkettenanalyse behandelt. Dieser Forschungsbericht bietet auch eine umfassende Analyse der gesamten Branche durch historische Studien und schätzt die zukünftigen Potenziale in Bezug auf die von den Fachexperten durchgeführte Gesamtstudie ein.

Von der vorgelagerten Rohstoffanalyse bis zur nachgelagerten Bedarfsanalyse dieser Branche wurde in diesem Bericht Torwart Lacrosse Wellen der Marketing-, Verkaufs- und Vertriebskanal sehr gut beschrieben.

Zu den wichtigsten Hauptakteuren gehören:: Brine, Alpha Lacrosse, Nike, Maverik, East Coast Dyes, Power Shaft, Warrior, Stringking, Under Armour, Ture, Epoch, STX

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Umfang des Berichts:

Für die Zwecke dieser Studie wurde dieser Markt nach Herstellern, Regionen, Typ und Anwendung segmentiert.

Abdeckung des Produkttyps (Marktgröße und Prognose, Hauptunternehmen des Produkttyps usw.) : : Anfänger, Intermediate, Expert & Elite

Anwendungsabdeckung (Marktgröße und Prognose, unterschiedliche Nachfragemärkte nach Regionen, Hauptverbraucherprofil usw.): : Berufsspieler, Amateurspieler

Laut regionaler Analyse wurde der Torwart Lacrosse Wellen-Marktbericht in einige der wichtigsten Regionen / Länder unterteilt, wobei Produktion, Nutzung, Erzeugung, Umsatz, Gesamtanteil und die Entwicklungsrate des Marktes im Prognosezeitraum analysiert wurden. Diese Regionen umfassen Nordamerika, Asien-Pazifik, Südamerika, Europa, Afrika und die Mitte Osten.

Nutzen Sie den Rabatt beim Kauf dieses Berichts hier: https://marketstrides.com/check-discount/goalie-lacrosse-shafts-market

Die Torwart Lacrosse Wellen-Industrie ist stark fragmentiert und die Mehrheit der auf dem globalen Torwart Lacrosse Wellen-Markt tätigen Akteure unternimmt Maßnahmen, um ihre Marktpräsenz zu erhöhen, indem sie sich auf die Produktdiversifizierung und -entwicklung konzentrieren und ihnen so ermöglichen, einen größeren Marktanteil zu erobern.

In dieser Studie wurden die Jahre berücksichtigt, um die Marktgröße von Torwart Lacrosse Wellen :

Geschichte Jahr: 2016-2020
Basisjahr: 2020
Geschätztes Jahr: 2021
Prognosejahr: 2021-2027

Vorteile des Kaufs dieses Torwart Lacrosse Wellen Marktforschungsberichts:

— Analystenunterstützung: Erhalten Sie vor und nach dem Kauf des Berichts die richtigen Antworten auf Ihre Fragen von unserem Expertenteam.

— Erfüllen Sie die Kundenanforderungen: Unser Expertenteam unterstützt Sie bei allen Ihren Rechercheanforderungen und passt den Bericht an.

— Einzigartige Expertise: Experten geben brillante Einblicke in den Bericht.

— Gesicherte Qualität: Wir konzentrieren uns auf die Qualität und Genauigkeit des Berichts.

Gründe für den Kauf des Berichts:

• Eingehende Analyse der globalen und regionalen Märkte des globalen Torwart Lacrosse Wellen-Marktes.
• Vollständige Abdeckung aller Anwendungs- und Endbenutzersegmente zur Untersuchung der Trends, Muster und Entwicklungen auf dem globalen Torwart Lacrosse Wellen-Markt sowie der Prognose der Marktgröße im Prognosezeitraum.
• Eine gründliche Analyse der führenden Wettbewerber, die auf dem globalen Torwart Lacrosse Wellen-Markt tätig sind. Das Unternehmensprofil umfasst die Untersuchung von Produktangeboten und Dienstleistungen, Einnahmen, SWOT-Analysen und den neuesten technologischen Fortschritten.
• Der Bericht enthält außerdem eine Analyse der Produktsegmente und Regionen, auf die sich die wichtigsten Marktteilnehmer konzentrieren sollten, um zu investieren, zu stärken, ihre Präsenz auszubauen und in neue Produktkategorien zu diversifizieren.
• Am Ende besteht das Hauptziel dieser Forschungsstudie darin, den Herstellern, Lieferanten und den darin tätigen Händlern ein klares Bild und ein besseres Verständnis des Marktes für den Global Torwart Lacrosse Wellen-Marktbericht 2021 zu vermitteln.
• Die Leser können aus dieser Information einen tiefen Einblick in diesen Markt gewinnen, der es ihnen ermöglicht, kritische Strategien für den weiteren Ausbau ihres Geschäfts zu formulieren und zu entwickeln.

Durchsuchen Sie detaillierte Inhaltsverzeichnisse, Tabellen, Zahlen, Diagramme und Unternehmen:  https://marketstrides.com/report/goalie-lacrosse-shafts-market

Anpassung des Berichts:

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What’s New on HBO Max in October 2021

October 1

Admission
A Royal Affair
After the Thin Man
All The President’s Men
American Gigolo
American Graffiti
Argo (Alternate Version)
Bad Boys II
Bad Boys
Bad Words
Ballet 422
Being Flynn
Best Man Down
Beverly Hills Cop
Beverly Hills Cop II
Beverly Hills Cop III
Bill And Ted’s Excellent Adventure
Bill And Ted’s Bogus Journey
Billy Elliot
Black Christmas
Black Hawk Down
Blades Of Glory
Blazing Saddles
Blood Father
Bloodsport
Blue Crush
Bridget Jones: The Edge Of Reason
Bridget Jones’s Diary
Broken City
Caddyshack II
Cake
Cats
Child 44
City of God
Clash of Titans
Client 9: The Rise And Fall Of Eliot Spitzer
Culpa
Danny Collins
David Lynch: The Art Life
Desperately Seeking Susan
Dinner For Schmucks
Doubt
Down A Dark Hall
Downhill
Drop Zone
Dying Young
El Cantante
El Profugo
Emma
Endless Love
Entre Nos: The Winners 2
Entre Nos: What She Said
Family Matters
Fifty Shades Of Black
For A Good Time, Call… (Alternate Version)
Full House
Gangs Of New York
Gangster Squad
Goodbye, Mr. Chips
Hacksaw Ridge
Harold & Kumar Escape From Guantanamo Bay
He Said She Said
Hearts In Atlantis
Hitch
Hitman (Alternate Version)
Hooper
Hostage
House of Wax
House
Imagine That
Ingrid Bergman: In Her Own Words
J. Edgar
Johnny English Strikes Again
Journey to the Center of the Earth
Just Mercy
Kill Bill: Vol. 1
Kill Bill: Vol. 2
Kin
Leap Year
LEGO DC Shazam: Magic and Monsters!
Less Than Zero
Like Water for Chocolate
Little Man
Lincoln
Lottery Ticket
M*A*S*H
Mama
Marathon Man
Misery
Monster’s Ball (Alternate Version)
Moonrise Kingdom
National Lampoon’s Christmas Vacation
National Lampoon’s Vacation
Natural Born Killers
Never, Rarely, Sometimes, Always
Night Catches Us
Orphan
Parental Guidance
Pariah
Police Academy
Poltergeist II: The Other Side
Poltergeist III
Private Parts
Proof Of Life
Racing Stripes
Reservation Road
Say Anything…
Sergeant York
Shaft
Shall We Dance?
She’s All That
Sherlock Holmes And The Great Escape
Sherlock Holmes
Shrek The Third
Six Degrees Of Separation
Sliver (Alternate Version)
Snitch
Speedway
Step by Step
Stigmata
Strange But True
Superstar
Super 8
Talk To Me
Teen Titans Go! vs. Teen Titans
The Banger Sisters
The Blind Side
The Bonfire of the Vanities
The Book Of Eli
The Campaign (Alternate Version)
The Cider House Rules
The Cincinnati Kid
The East
The Eichmann Show
The Internship
The Invisible Man
The Harvey Girls
The High Note
The Hours
The Legend Of Hercules
The Many Saints of Newark
The Outsiders
The Perfect Storm
The Poseidon Adventure
The Quarry
The Rite
The Running Man
The Way Way Back
The 15:17 To Paris
Things We Lost In The Fire
Tim Burton’s Corpse Bride
Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy
Trance
Tully
Twelve Monkeys
Underwater
Up In The Air
Wall Street
Warm Bodies
Wendy
XXX

October 3

Simmer

October 4

Laetitia – Series Finale
Niña Furia
Sublet

October 5

American Masters: Mike Nichols
American Masters: Nichols and May: Take Two
El Verano Que Vivimos
Level Playing Field – Series Finale

October 6

Muy Gay Too Mexicano
The Republic of Sarah – Season 1
Rosa

October 7

15 Minutes of Shame
Craftopia – Season Premiere
The Not-Too-Late Show with Elmo: Amber Ruffin / Bebe Rexha

October 8

Voyagers

October 9

Birdgirl – Season 16
To Your Eternity – Season 1 (Subtitled)

October 10

It: Chapter 2
Nuclear Family – Series Finale
Scenes From A Marriage – Series Finale

October 11

We’re Here – Season Premiere

October 14

Aquaman: King of Atlantis – Series Premiere
Little Ellen – Season 1B Premiere
Love Spells (aka Amarres) – Series Premiere
Teen Titans Go! Seasons 1-6
The Missing, (aka Os Ausentes) – Series Premiere
The Not-Too-Late Show with Elmo: Jenna Bush Hager / Sophie Fatu
Phoebe Robinson: Sorry, Harriet Tubman
Welcome to Utmark (aka Utmark) – Series Premiere
What Happened, Brittany Murphy? – Series Premiere

October 15

In the Line of Fire
Point Break
Tu Me Manques

October 17

Succession – Season 3 Premiere

October 18

El Huésped Americano (aka The American Guest) – Series Finale
Women is Losers

October 19

Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel

October 20

Entre Hombres (aka Amongst Men) – Series Finale

October 21

Aquaman: King of Atlantis, Chapter Two
Reign of Superwomen
The Conjuring: The Devil Made Me Do It
The Not-Too-Late Show with Elmo: Ames McNamara / Leslie Odom Jr.
Tuff Money (aka Bani Negri) – Series Premiere

October 22

Dune

October 24

Insecure – Season 5 Premiere

October 26

Maricon Perdido – Series Premiere
The Mopes – Series Premiere
The Truth of Dolores Vazquez (aka The Caso Wanninkhof) – Series Premiere

October 28

Aquaman: King of Atlantis, Chapter Three
In The Heights
Love Life – Season 2 Premiere
A Thousand Fangs (aka Mil Colmillos) – Series Premiere
The Not-Too-Late Show with Elmo: Dani & Dannah Lane / AJR

October 29

Victor and Valentino – Season 2

October 31

The Bachelorette – Season 16

90,000 Bow and Arrows

Bow and Arrows

Bow and arrows

The bow and arrow in Eastern Europe have been the most important ranged and hunting weapon for many millennia, from the Mesolithic era to the advent of firearms in the 14th century. Even after the advent of hand-held firearms, bows and arrows continued to be widely used for several centuries, until the early 19th century.
Bows and arrows were extremely widely used in Ancient Rus.They were the main and most important weapons of long-range combat and commercial hunting. Almost all more or less significant battles were not complete without archers and began with a skirmish. As a rule, arrows were in front of the troops and from the flanks in marching order. Their task is to prevent a sudden raid by enemy cavalry and infantry and to ensure the deployment of the main forces in battle formations. From the Livonian Chronicles of the XIII century. it is known that in Russia there were special detachments of archer-shooters, who not only guarded the troops on the campaign, but also bravely withstood the first attacks of the enemy.Henry of Latvia noted the high art of Russian archers in the fight against the German knights-crusaders and constantly opposed them to the German crossbowmen of the first half of the 13th century. The power of Russian compound bows was enormous. Russian arrows (apparently armor-piercing) pierced the armor of the German knights, as evidenced by the Battle of Wenden in 1218.
Byzantine historian of the 10th century Lev the Deacon noted the huge role of archers in the Russian army of the Kiev prince Svyatoslav. They skillfully used a bow and arrow both in defense and in open battle, successfully used their tactics of shooting at the horses of the enemy cavalry.The Russians developed this tactic in a constant struggle against the raids of the equestrian nomads of the southern Russian steppes.
At the end of the last century and the beginning of our century, historians assumed the widespread use of a compound bow in Ancient Russia solely on the basis of images of a bow on miniatures of chronicles, icons and other monuments of fine art. Now this assumption has become a fact, supported by hundreds of details and almost whole bows.
Bow. The shape of a compound bow with a stretched bowstring resembles the letter M with flowing.kinks. This is how ancient Russian bows are depicted on all monuments of art. Ancient artists depicted both warriors and hunters with complex bows.
During archaeological excavations in Novgorod, Staraya Russa and other cities, many wooden simple bows up to a meter, and sometimes up to 130 cm long, were found. Most often they were made from elastic juniper. Often they were given the shape of complex bows. These are children’s toy bows. There are a lot of them because learning archery began with children’s games.The design and components of the Old Russian compound bow, as well as the bows of the neighboring peoples of Eastern Europe, have now been fairly well elucidated from archaeological materials. The components of the Old Russian bow, like those of the Arabs, Turks, Tatars and other eastern peoples, had special names. The middle of the bow was called the handle, the long elastic parts on either side of the handle were the horns or shoulders of the bow, and the ends with cutouts for the bowstring loops were the ends. The side of the bow, facing the target during shooting, was called the back, and the side facing the arrow was called the inner side (or belly, like the Arabs).The joints of individual parts (bases with ends, overlays of the handle with shoulders, etc.) were fastened by winding with tendon threads and called knots.
In Novgorod in 1953 in the layer of the second half of the XII century. for the first time a large fragment of an ancient Russian compound bow was found. The fragment is half of a whole bow – its vibrating shoulder. The bow was glued together from two beautifully rounded long planks of various types of wood (juniper and birch) and glued with thin strips of birch bark in a helical manner to protect it from dampness.The bow is charred in the place of the handle, and its ends have not been preserved. After lying 800 years in the ground, the bow retained the ability to vibrate. The length of the preserved part of the bow is 79.5 cm, the width of the horn in the middle is 3.4 cm, and at the end is 2.7 cm, the thickness is 1.8 cm. In section, the bow looks like a flattened oval.
The juniper bar was located on the inside of the bow, facing the shooter during shooting. It is perfectly preserved. Its length is 79.5 cm, width is from 2.7 to 3.4 cm, thickness is from 5 mm at the end of the bow to 9.5 mm in the middle of the shoulder.In section, it looks like a segment. The inner surface of the plank is flat, with three longitudinal grooves (1.5 mm wide and about 1 mm deep) for stronger bonding with a similarly shaped birch plank. The outer surface of the plank is rounded. Near the handle of the bow, it was burnt, and at the non-preserved end of the bow it has a slightly beveled cross-section (butt), to which the wooden end of the bow adjoins. The birch plank had a similar shape, but it was worse preserved, in two fragments, one of which, closer to the bow handle, is still very firmly glued to the juniper plank.The birch plank was located on the back of the bow. The length of its two fragments is 58 cm, the width is from 2.3 cm and at the handle up to 2.7 cm at the end, the thickness is 6 – 7 mm. There are no gluing grooves on the inner flat surface of the birch plank. The outer surface of the plank is rough, with traces of glue remaining on it. In section, the bar is also segmental. The birch bark pasting of the onion is well preserved. The length of the birch bark strips is about 30 cm, the width is 3.5 cm, the thickness is about 0.5 mm. During the screw-like pasting of the bow, the edge of a birch bark tape 8 mm wide was overlapped and overlapped with the next turn.The birch plank is narrower and thinner than the juniper plank, has a rougher convex (outer) surface, from which the birch bark pasting seems to have peeled off. In fact, this bow was reinforced with tendons that were glued to the back of the bow. But they have not survived, and therefore the birch bark pasting does not come into contact with the birch plank. The tendons could not survive even in the soil conditions of Novgorod. The ends of the tendon threads were fixed at the handle and at the ends of the bow. The elastic and very strong fish glue did not interfere with the contraction of the tendons when the bowstring was removed.Without a bowstring, the ends of a compound bow were bent outward.
Judging by the gap between the birch plank and the birch bark pasting, the tendon layer on this bow had a thickness of 2 to 3 mm.
In 1954, in Novgorod, a second compound bow was found in a layer of the 14th century, also glued from two planks of different types of wood and pasted over with birch bark. In 1975, a third complex bow of the same design as the first was found south of the Kremlin at the Troitsky excavation site. This bow was preserved in two fragments, 119 and 16 cm long. It was found in layers of the early 11th century.Among the peoples of Eastern Europe and in Russia from the 9th to the 14th century. bows of more complex design were also widespread. This is also evidenced by the finds of sets of bone onlays from the handle of a compound bow of the late 12th century. in Novgorod and numerous finds of bone onlays from handles and bow ends of the 9th – 13th centuries. in Tmutarakan, Chernigov, Staraya Ladoga, Staraya Ryazan, Vshizh, Turov, Ekimautsy, Voin, Kolodyazhin and many other monuments.
Judging by the numerous finds of finished products, blanks and waste from the production of bone parts of complex bows, bows, quivers and protective devices used in archery, we can say that bows were made in many ancient Russian cities.In Russia, there were special masters of archers and tulniks, who are mentioned in the chronicle in the 11th century. They existed much earlier. The manufacture of bows and arrows required a lot of knowledge of the specifics of these weapons, material properties and long-term production experience. Archery was a complex undertaking that required lengthy training from childhood. In Russia, bows were made that were suitable for use in any weather – in heat, rain, and frost. In the XV century. the chronicler noted that in a skirmish with the Tatars in the frost, our archers successfully fired at the Tatars, and their bows could not shoot because of the frost.As a rule, horse archers used shorter bows, while foot soldiers used longer bows, but this remains to be seen. The bows of the equestrian nomads of the southern Russian steppes were up to 180 cm long.
String for bows was woven from fibrous plants, silk threads and rawhide of animals. A bowstring in the form of a thin rope, cord or twisted strap tied the ends of the bow. The bowstring loops were different.
For ease of wearing and to keep them from moisture and damage, bows were worn in special cases – bows, suspended from a belt or on a belt over the shoulder.The power of medieval bows was enormous – up to 80 kg (among the Arabs, Turks, Russians and other peoples). A bow with a force of 20 to 40 kg was considered optimal. (modern sports bows for men have a strength of 20 kg, i.e. the weakest of the medieval ones).
Each archer chose a bow according to his strength, as he determined the length of an arrow according to his height and the length of his arms.
When shooting from a bow, devices were widely used to protect the archer’s hands from damage. These are gloves and shoulder pads, left wrist guards and bone (horn) rings for the right index finger.Trained warrior archers did without these devices.
Quivers. On the territory of Eastern Europe in the IX – XIV centuries. the nomads and in Russia used two types of quivers for arrows. In Russia, the quiver was called “tul”, and the craftsmen who made the quivers were called “tulniks”. The first type of quiver is cylindrical with an extension at the bottom. It was most widespread among all the peoples of Eastern Europe. The base of the quiver was made up of a round wooden bottom with a diameter of about 15 cm with a vertical bar (or two bars) attached to it.The length of the slats determined the length of the quiver. The quiver had a length slightly longer than the arrows. Its length depended on the height of the arrow from the bow and ranged from 60 to 80 cm. To this base were attached a cylindrical birch bark body, bone loops for hanging the quiver and a strap with a hook for securing the quiver from shaking when riding. This hook is a sure sign of a horse archer. The quivers had covers that protected the feathers of the arrows from damage and bad weather. Quivers of birch bark were often decorated with thin bone plates with carved, sometimes painted, patterns and images of animals.Another type of quiver – semi-cylindrical was in use from the end of the 9th to the beginning of the 11th century. from the Russian princely warriors. It also had an expansion at the bottom. It was based on a wooden semicircular bottom and a flat wall or two vertical strips. A body made of thick leather or birch bark covered with leather was attached to them with the help of iron figured fetters at the bottom and neck of the quiver. Two iron figured loops were nailed to the wall or vertical slats for carrying the quiver and, if the quiver was intended for an equestrian warrior, a strap with an iron hook was attached to the bottom to secure it while riding.The length of the quivers with the lid corresponded to the length of the arrows (60 – 80 cm). The diameter of the bottom, like that of the first type, is about 15 cm. The diameter of the neck, like that of the first type, is 10 – 12 cm.
The capacity of Old Russian quivers of the 9th – 14th centuries rarely exceeded 20 arrows. The quivers of the Mongols, Tatars, Central Asian Turks, according to the testimony of Marco Polo and Rubruk, contained 30 arrows. In battle, they were recommended to have 60 arrows (two quivers): 30 small ones for throwing and 30 large ones with wide iron tips. The latter were used in battle to cut enemy bowstrings and to shoot at enemy horses.The area of ​​distribution of quivers of the second type, although they are much less common than birch bark, covers the territory from the Middle Volga and Kama regions to Hungary.
Arrows. The arrows in the quiver were laid with their plumage upward. Since arrows with tips for various purposes were stored in one quiver (armor-piercing – against helmets, shields and shells; shears – against enemy cavalry and enemy soldiers unprotected by armor, etc.), the shafts of the arrows at the ear and plumage were painted in different colors so that it was possible to quickly remove the desired boom.The constituent parts of the arrow are the shaft, tip and plumage. The shaft, the main part of the arrow, which provided the direction of flight, was a round wooden or reed straight rod. On the shaft, a tip, plumage, and sometimes a bone or other eyelet were attached to be applied to the bowstring. Most arrows have an eyelet carved into the shaft itself. The arrowhead ensured the effectiveness of the defeat, the plumage – stability in flight and accuracy. The arrow had to have strength and lightness.In Russia, arrows were made from pine, spruce, birch, less often from other species.
The length of the Old Russian arrows ranged from 75 to 90 cm (rarely more), the thickness from 7 to 10 mm. The surface of the arrow shaft must be flat and smooth, otherwise the shooter will seriously injure his hand. Arrow shafts were processed using bone knife plows and grinding stones made of sandstone and other types of stone. The arrowheads were mounted on the shaft in two ways, depending on the shape of the arbor: bushings or petioles. The socketed points were put on the shaft, and the petioled ones were inserted into the butt of the shaft.Both the nozzle and the hammering were made with glue for strength. The petiole tips after the nozzle were fixed with a winding over the glue so that the shaft would not split. Over the winding, the end of the shaft was pasted over with a thin strip of birch bark so that the roughness did not reduce the flight speed and did not cause deflection in flight.
Eyelet. An eyelet was cut at the back end of the shaft, where the bowstring entered during tension. Without the eyelet, the arrow would have jumped off the string during pulling and aiming. The ear should be neither too shallow nor too deep.A deep eyelet slows down the flight of an arrow, and in a shallow one the arrow sits precariously on the bowstring. Old Russian arrow shafts of the 10th – 15th centuries from excavations in Novgorod and Staraya Russa had ears 5 – 8 mm deep (very rarely up to 12 mm) and 4 – 6 mm wide. In addition, there were bony ears (dorsum). The lugs were with a petiole for reed shafts and with a sleeve for attaching to a wooden shaft. The end of the shaft, after the ear was set, was also wrapped with thread and pasted over with birch bark. This winding simultaneously secured the lower end of the boom tail.The plumage gave the arrow stability in flight and contributed to more accurate shooting at the target. “If you do not support the arrows, do not shoot directly,” exclaimed Daniel the Zatochnik (XII century). The plumage of arrows is repeatedly mentioned in chronicles, epics and other sources and is depicted on art monuments. The feathers from the wings of different birds went to the plumage of the arrows. They had to be flat, elastic, straight, but not rigid.
In Russia, the plumage was two to four feathers. The most commonly used plumage was two feathers.The plumage length was most often used 12 – 15 cm. It retreated from the lug by 2 – 3 cm, so that it was convenient to take an arrow. The blades of the feathers should have the same length and width (1 – 2 cm) and bend to one side, which gave the arrow a helical rotation and stability in flight. The length and width of the plumage depended on the massiveness of the arrow.
The Arab Archery Manual recommended that the weight of the arrow be 15 to 20 dirhams (42 to 57 g) and that the weight of the arrowhead should be 1/7 the weight of the arrow and that the feathers should be 1/7 the weight of the arrowhead.These figures are very close to the weight ratios of Russian arrows. The weight of most of the arrowheads of ancient Russian arrows is 8-10 g, but there are arrowheads weighing from 3 to 20 g.
In addition to combat, hunting and fishing arrows, incendiary arrows were also used in Russia. True, they were used very rarely and they were not typical for the warriors of Russia. They always had a double-tenon tip to catch on the roof and cause a fire.
Arrowheads. Tens of thousands of iron and steel arrowheads of the 9th – 14th centuries.collected by archaeologists during the excavation of burial grounds and settlements, have a variety of forms. The shape of the arrowheads depended on the purpose for which the arrows were intended.
For firing at the enemy unprotected by armor and at the enemy’s horses, the most effective were three-bladed and flat wide arrowheads, inflicting wide wounds, causing severe bleeding and thereby quickly incapacitating the enemy on foot or on horseback.
In ancient Russia, arrows with wide cutting tips were called shears.Two-horned arrowheads, judging by ethnographic data, were used for shooting at waterfowl. The two-pronged tips did not allow the wounded man to free himself from the arrow without widening the wound. Widespread use of protective armor in the 9th – 10th centuries. among the peoples of Eastern Europe and in Russia – chain mail, “board” or plate armor, shields, iron helmets, greaves, face masks, etc. caused the proliferation of armor-piercing iron and steel arrowheads capable of piercing any metal armor.It was at this time that armor-piercing tips appeared and spread, so to speak, with a narrow specialization. For punching chain mail – tips with a narrow, subulate, massive head. For plate armor, helmets and shields – narrow massive chisel tips and armor-piercing ones with a faceted head. Chisel tips were especially effective when shooting at an enemy protected by a helmet and shield. Such points easily split a wooden shield covered with leather and sometimes reinforced with an iron umbilicus.Many types of arrowheads were used in strictly defined periods of time and therefore are quite reliable dating material.
All arrowheads are subdivided into two sections according to the shape of the arrow-shaft embossing – socketed and petiolate. The socketed ones are not typical for Russia and nomads. They were distributed along the western borders of Ancient Rus, and, apparently, were borrowed from their western neighbors (Poles, Czechs, Germans), from whom they were widespread. In Russia, they make up about one percent of all arrows.The remaining 99% of the arrowheads were petiolate. Only in the Kama region were socketed arrowheads used from antiquity to the Middle Ages. They were used by local Finno-Ugric tribes.
There were types of arrowheads that were in use for a long period. All of them were widespread among the peoples of Eastern Europe during the period from Ch1P to the XIV century. Some of them have a period of 100-200 years shorter than others, but each of them has been in use for at least four to five centuries.During this time, each type has undergone changes in size, decoration, etc., and therefore in the future it is quite possible to single out variants of individual types, for which the period of distribution will undoubtedly narrow.

90,000 Onion Diplomacy – MK

– Draw the bow so that the index finger is at the level of the lip, no, you don’t need to pull by the ear, – Vadim, the archer, instructs me. – Lift your elbow up and breathe not with your chest, but… belly.

No matter how hard I tried, imagining myself as Robin Hood in a green caftan, I could not pull my bow for a shot (although my hands are by no means weak, I have been diving for many years).

– By the way, this is a female bow, – the owner chuckles. – Tensioning only … 20 kilograms.

– Few people can pull such a bow without training, – Vadim’s wife, Maria, takes the shaft with a bowstring from me. Wearing gloves, she pulls on the bow with no apparent effort, and the tea saucer, set 15 meters away as a target, shatters into small fragments.- Our ancestors for 50 thousand years shot from a bow, each of us has a genetic memory …

Russian soldiers have long been considered excellent archers. When an Englishman fired 10-12 arrows in a minute, the Rusich fired all 20. Our bows are simply not sung enough in epics.

Vadim removes an English combat bow from the wall. An arrow that hits 200 meters flies past us with a deafening whistle. We squat involuntarily. Now I know how death can sound …

– A real shooter is able to imagine a flying arrow in three-dimensional space, the owner claims.- You will be very surprised, but the most productive shooting is intuitive. It is important to know the nature of each arrow in the quiver.

Archery has long been considered a means of spiritual growth.

“We start every day with archery,” says the hostess. – If the arrows go to “milk”, we postpone all important matters to more successful days.

In the jungle they called him master

Vadim and his wife Maria graduated from the prestigious Maurice Torez Institute of Foreign Languages.Translators with a specific mission ended up working in a small African state, the name of which is translated into Russian literally as “The Tomb of a White Man”.

– At first we were constantly robbed, – Vadim recalls. – It happened that even a bed was dragged away … And a foreign specialist was not allowed to carry weapons, then bows helped us out. At first it was surprising that the bandits dared to attack the armed detachment, and the military warehouse, which was guarded by the old man with a bow, invariably bypassed.And then it turned out – the whole point is that the Nigerians impregnate their arrows with curare poison. If after being hit by a bullet it is still possible to survive, then the sap of the chilibukh tree does not give a person a chance to survive. We, of course, unlike the local population, did not shoot arrows.

In four years of work in Nigeria, Vadim and Maria could have died hundreds of times. They were repeatedly ambushed by fighters of the government opposition. Taught by bitter experience, the couple slept with bows by the bed, and often had to shoot back at night.

The Russians on business trip could well have gotten to local residents for lunch. The jungle was full of cannibals. From the female genital organs, they prepared a drug, rubbing with which, according to legend, it was possible to avoid being hit by a bullet and an arrow. Soon everyone in the area knew about the Russian archer. His arrows were feared like fire. Nigerians began to call a well-aimed white man respectfully: “Masto”, which means “master” in translation.

Don’t take a feather from a dead bird!

– After reading Thompson’s Little Savage, I made my first bow when I was 12, – says Vadim.- I chose a tree for the handle, took a knife and began to read: “Split the nut rod in half …” One piece after another was damaged. Through trial and error, I made sure that a walnut branch cannot be split in half, it always splits in a spiral …

Now Vadim knows that any resilient wood is suitable for the base of a bow. The best wood for this weapon is yew. The one that grows in the Caucasus and Crimea, unfortunately, is not suitable for the bow shaft. For yew, you need to go to Italy or Spain.In Russia, high-quality bows are made from ash and elm, in Japan – from bamboo. The classic English bow is usually made from umbrella acacia. The material for future onions should dry for 2-3 years. Vadim showed us bows made of seventeen-year-old wood. Such a bow, with a low tension force, shoots an order of magnitude farther than the “early ripening bow”.

At first glance, the process of the “birth” of an onion is quite simple. The wood is inserted into a metal pipe, which is lowered at one end into a bowl of boiling water.The branch in the pipe is steamed for about 5 hours, and then bends. After a steam bath, wood can be shaped to any shape. But … one wrong move and the workpiece is thrown away. Therefore, for a long time, archers ruled the shaft of hand weapons with prayers and spells. And then, applying magic signs, they dried him among the wonderful smelling herbs. The best impregnation for the shaft of a bow and arrow is wild boar fat, in a pinch, banal vegetable oil is also suitable.

When making a bow, Vadim prays three times: when he cuts a branch from a tree, asking for forgiveness; when it is taken to edit the shaft; and when the bow is ready – to fall into good hands.

Arrows for shooting can also be turned on a lathe, but then, according to Vadim, they “will not acquire a soul”. It is better to use, like our ancestors, reed and wormwood. Pebbles are poured into the hollow hole of the grass to give it weight. The pointed arrowhead is made of wood and the plumage is made of bird feathers. (It is better if the bird loses its feather itself, but in no case should you take feathers on arrows from a dead game.)

Onions Vadim did a lot in his life. The popular TV presenter Sergei Dorenko, many deputies, well-known politicians were stocked up with his weapons… Customers from abroad also come to Vadim. For example, the American oil tycoon Duck Borland travels to Siberia to hunt in transit through Moscow. From Vadim he chooses the best of his new bows to go with him against … the bear. There are now about 10 million archers in the United States.

Mini bow and maxi bow

Vadim and Maria’s apartment is spacious. In the corner there is a chest made of eucalyptus, on the walls – hunting horns, African masks, different-sized tom-toms covered with elephant skin, engravings of warriors… And bows, of which there are more than forty in Vadim’s collection.

Let’s take the biggest of them in our hands. The classic military bow is head and shoulders above the MK reporter. “Six feet long,” Vadim explains. – That is 180 centimeters. This bow was brought to me from the north of England. With exactly the same weapon, Robin Hood once hunted the royal deer … The shaft of the bow is made of yew, the bowstring is woven of linen. This bow took part in battles, was “wounded” – broken in three places. I have been restoring it for a long time.

The next bow on the counter is a gift from the leader of one of the African tribes.Vadim and Maria got it in exchange for … a fiber suitcase. (Painfully, the castle at the bag was shiny!) A lot of antelopes were heaped from a bow made at the beginning of the last century. The African Fulani onion has a handle covered with an antelope skin, a shaft made of umbrella acacia, everything “in a sock” – tightly wrapped with a cotton cord. The bow string is twisted from a rawhide strap. From the quiver hanging next to the bow, we get unusual “bald” arrows.

– They are made of the so-called elephant grass, – explains the owner.- Africans do not pay attention to the plumage of an arrow at all, but its tip is always saturated with poison.

There are also Japanese hankyu in Vadim’s collection (in translation – half-bow). It was used by ninja spies. We take a small bamboo bow in our hands and make sure that it is easy to hide it in a wide sleeve or, say, under a raincoat. When robbers attacked a rich Japanese sitting in a palanquin, he took out a hankyu and sent poisoned arrows at the offenders. Such bows were no more than 30-70 cm in length.

Vadim and Maria take the little pygmy bow with them when they go to rest “to distant lands”.The compact surround weapon fits easily in a suitcase.

– When on the coast in Turkey we began to shoot from a pygmy bow, – says Vadim, – we were immediately surrounded from all sides by the Turks. They have a tremendous interest in this type of weapon. There is also an onion museum in Istanbul.

We did not remove the Khazar giant bow from the rack. Only real heroes fired from this intricately curved bow. Such a bow can strike at a distance of up to 500 meters.

– An arrow shot from it is capable of piercing iron.I myself saw an exhibit in the museum: a shell from a shell from the First World War was pierced by an arrow from this bow.

Voluntary exiles of civilization

Having spent a lot of time around the world, the spouses are now volunteering in one of the orphanages to conduct an archery section, head the White Detachment club (there was such a novel about archers by Conan Doyle), where they teach children to survive in any extreme conditions.

And for the summer, Maria and Vadim go to the skete they built in a remote corner of the Tver region.Arriving there in their fancy jeep, they change into coarse clothes and until October forget about all the benefits of civilization. The spouses feed exclusively on the gifts of nature. Last year, for example, Maria and Vadim, shooting jackdaws in the garden, which destroyed the crop of beans, began to bake them in cucumber brine. An unusual recipe was borrowed from … Mikhail Yurievich Lermontov. Once they treated one of the French specialists to stewed “game”, he was indescribable delight: in their national cuisine, jackdaws, like frogs, are considered a delicacy…

Vadim leaves his collection of bows in the capital. Arriving at the Tver skete, every time he makes a new weapon – and exclusively with a flint saw, in the best traditions of the ancient master archers.

Read “Weapons of the Ancients (SI)” – Prusakov Andrey Anatolyevich – Page 47

– Today I will taste yours! Show your hands to everyone! She ordered. The Rorgis exposed the prisoners’ forearms. “Take this one too,” Osh-Ragn pointed to Erbin, “and into the slaughter hole.

There are three prisoners left.

– Well, did your morrons help you out? Kronir whispered viciously. Ulnar did not answer. Never in his life was he so bitter and scared, and not for himself.

– Are you his woman? – the witch again approached Dalmira. “Hmm, a woman warrior… I never saw them at the Arns’. What, there are no more men? She laughed. Dalmira was silent. She understood Morronka well — she spoke passable Arnian — and was afraid. Rumors about the cruelty of Osh-Ragn reached Arnir, and it is better to get into the Circle with the most terrible beast than be captured by her …

– That’s what, I want to see you in action, – Osh-Ragn looked at the girl appraisingly.- I haven’t had fun for a long time. Hey you, in a circle!

The Black Bands parted to reveal a dusty patch of ground. The prisoners looked at each other with dismay: what was she up to?

– You! – Osh-Ragn pointed to Kronir. – Give him a sword!

One of the Rorgs stuck a sword into the hand of the crazed warrior.

– You will fight her! – the witch pointed at Dalmira. – I give freedom and life to the winner!

– Here you go! – Osh-Ragn gave a spear to Dalmira. – Do you know how to own?

– Yes.

– Okay, – Osh-Ragn grinned and clapped her hands. – Get started!

– Sovereign, let me fight her! Ulnar lunged from the hands of the Rorgs.

The witch shook her head:

– No, I need you. Plus, you’ll kill her too quickly.

Ulnar looked at Dalmira, and the girl understood: if he stood in a circle with her, he would have let himself be killed. And I would like to leave – I would ask instead of her …

– Begin! The winner gets freedom.

Kronir looked at Dalmira.He weighed a sword in his hand. I took a step.

– Dalmira, defend yourself! – Ulnar’s shout brought her out of her stupor. Kronir was already close. After describing an arc, his sword tried to reach her shoulder, but the girl recoiled in time.

– Kronir, come to your senses, we must not …

Another blow. Dalmira dodged her spear and walked behind him. An excellent moment to strike, but the girl hesitated. Somewhere Osh-Ragn sighed in disappointment.

– Kronir! – he did not hear her. His eyes glittered with rage and fear.The warrior attacked, and Dalmira did not try to stop him. The fighters had no chain mail or helmets, so any missed blow, even a casual one, could lead to injury or death.

– Attack! – ordered the witch. Dalmira understood: she was right. Kronir imposed close combat, in which the spear lost to the sword, she needed to keep the enemy at a distance.

The blade on the shaft danced in deadly circles, stinging blows fell on Kronir, but he was nimble, only once Dalmira managed to hit him.

Rorgi watched the fight blankly.

Approaching, the girl made a sweep with a staff, and Kronir was on the ground, but managed to roll back, and the spear stung the ground. At that moment, Kronir hit the shaft and cut it. Dalmira recoiled. A piece of the shaft with a tip lay in the dust, and only a stick remained in the girl’s hands.

Ulnar lunged, hoping the guards weren’t expecting this – but the Rorgi held on tight. They knocked him down and pinned him to the ground. If he were in a circle, the chances would be equal.He knows how to defend himself against the sword with a stick, but Dalmira is not a warrior of the Brotherhood …

Kronir slowly got to his feet. Now you can take your time. The girl is already mine … Smiling, he went to Dalmira.

– Kronir, I will kill you! – gasping in the dust, Ulnar shouted, but he did not listen. Sweep – Dalmira bounced back. A piece of the shaft in her hands is longer than a sword, but it is dangerous to parry with it – one strong blow will deprive her of her last protection. The beast is only frightening in appearance, she thought, in battle it is easy with him, but with a man … She remembered what Allock had taught her: to be herself, to use her strengths.And don’t go against the force.

She was scared, but she had no choice. She waited for the next attack and, taking a quick step, parried the prick with a stick. Having torn through the clothes, the blade struck at the side, Dalmira felt pain, but finished the reception and, being behind the warrior’s back, pressed the shaft to his throat with both hands. Kronir wheezed. Grabbing a stick with one hand, with the other he struck Dalmira with a sword, but, not seeing the girl, he missed and lost balance. They fell. Dalmira screamed as Kronir slammed into her, but continued to squeeze her grip.

Kronir released his sword and, grasping the shaft with both hands, struck the back of the head with all his might. Dalmira screamed. The dastardly blow shattered her nose and lips, and her mouth filled with blood. Seizing the moment, Kronir broke free and grabbed the girl by the throat. The warrior’s strong hands gripped his neck, pain gripped, and it became difficult to breathe. Dalmira realized that she was about to die. But suddenly someone’s power filled the hands, and the body acted on its own!

She lunged, trying to get up. Kronir only grinned, pressing the girl to the ground with renewed vigor, but swinging the enemy, Dalmira brought her legs together and, resting them on the warrior’s chest, threw him over herself.

– Good! The witch nodded.

Kronir rushed to the fallen blade. Dalmira did not have time, but there, in the dust, lay a fragment of a spear … Kronir grabbed the sword and turned. Dalmira ran towards him. An unknown composure descended on her, and she was not afraid, knowing that she would do everything as it should … Baring his teeth, the warrior struck, but the girl went into a somersault, grabbed a spear and thrust it into Kronira’s thigh. He roared, struck with his sword and missed. Dalmira rolled to the side. Falling on his wounded leg, Kronir followed her.

Almost breathless, Ulnar watched the fight. When Dalmira struck and Kronir dropped to one knee with a cry, the warrior found hope. She can, he told himself, now she can!

Kronir cut wide, Dalmira retreated, trying not to be cornered by the enemy. She understood: time is working for her, with every step the enemy’s forces are concealing. Kronir understood this too. The warrior attacked sharply, Dalmira miraculously dodged the sword and, without looking, slashed with a fragment. Got it! Kronir grabbed his cut arm.The warrior felt that his strength was leaving him, each step was given with pain, and blood dripped onto the sand. Gathering his strength, he rushed to the attack. Dalmira did not have time to jump off and put the tip under the blow, barely holding it in her hands. By inertia, Kronir swooped down on her, and they fell again. Once on top, the warrior raised his sword, but Dalmira coldly struck him in the side. Sharp steel went under the ribs, Kronir screamed and fell on his side. He was dead.

Dalmira rose, not realizing that she had won. As if it was not she who was fighting for half a battle, but something was moving her hand.Probably the gods …

“Very good,” said Osh-Ragn. – I like you, red-haired. You have proven that women are superior to men, and I will give you life. You can go to your Arnir, my warriors will lead you to the river.

– I will not leave without friends, – the girl shook her head. – Free them too!

– I haven’t finished with your friends, – answered Osh-Ragn. – Do you want to stay in the horde. You fought well, I will make you a centurion, you will find yourself a husband, you will give birth to morrons …

Seeing the confused girl, Osh-Ragn burst out laughing.

– Think hard! Well, what to you Arnir and weak men. Here you will be what you were born with – a warrior and you will do what you are good at. You can achieve a lot, make up your mind!

– No. This is not what I want.

– As you know. I’m leaving, guard him, – Osh-Ragn nodded to Ulnar, turned and went to the tent.

It was hot in the tent. Small safs with all sorts of utensils were located along the wall, they gave off a suffocating smell of herbs and spices. It smelled of smoke and burnt bone.A stone hearth blazed in the middle of the tent, and the hearth was unusual: skillfully hewn stones were piled into a strange pattern, in the center of which a fire blazed.

Two people in black bandages covering their faces silently froze near the entrance, watching every movement of the prisoner. Shann sat down on the carpet and waited. His hands were free, the hostess was not afraid of the prisoner – and in vain. Shann looked at his gloves and grinned grimly: Osh-Ragn does not know that I can kill her at any moment. I will kill – and what next? Only God can get out of the camp and free friends.The Morrons are accustomed to blood and death, the death of the Sovereign will not frighten them, and they will quickly deal with us … But what are those sounds outside?

codex, weapons “Ant & K Club” Antiquaries and Collectors’ Club

One of the oldest weapons was the bow and arrow.

The Japanese yumi (or o-yumi) bow has retained its shape and size (from 180 to 220 cm) from ancient times to the present day. Its main feature is that the place where the arrow is superimposed is not located in the center, like most of the peoples of the world, but slightly lower.The bow itself was made from numerous wooden planks fastened together and wrapped with reed twine. This shape and design made it possible to achieve a greater firing range (up to 300-350 m!) And at the same time made it possible for a rider to shoot from a horse.

The arrows for the yumi were used differently, depending on the purpose. For each case (combat shooting at the enemy, hunting, competition, transmission of signals or messages), the warrior could choose a special arrow designed specifically for this case.The training arrows were equipped with tips made of horn, bone, or even bamboo. The arrowheads of the combat arrows were metal. A good warrior in a quiver necessarily had an arrow with a whistling tip, which announced the beginning of a battle, and an arrow with the owner’s name, which was fired at a particularly important target. By such a family arrow, then it was easy to find a winner. Arrows with flammable tips were also used where necessary.

There were several options for quivers.Wealthy warriors wore two: one small, made of willow branches – on the side, and the second – large, also made of willow or bamboo – on the back. Often they were still trimmed with fur on the outside and decorated with coats of arms or ornaments.

In addition to bows and arrows, the warriors were also armed with spears (short and long), which were called yari. Spear skill was valued as highly as bow or sword skill. Yari shafts were made of specially selected wood. The tips on the spears could be on both sides, and sometimes the main point was made with two or even three blades, hooks, or supplemented with popping out needles, often poisoned.The favorite weapon of the warrior monks was the naginata – a special kind of halberd, which they also wielded with amazing skill. The samurai also used flails – tigiriki, and iron clubs – dzitte, and some other types of weapons. The guns, which first appeared in the middle of the 16th century, stand apart in this row.

The sword was the greatest value for the samurai – both as a weapon of a professional warrior, defeating the enemy and protecting at the same time the life of its owner, and as a symbol of the class of warriors, an emblem of valor, honor, power and bravery, repeatedly sung in legends, stories, songs and poems.

Since ancient times, the sword was considered by the Japanese as a sacred weapon – a gift from the “solar goddess” to her grandson, whom she sent to rule the earth and use this sword to carry out a work of justice, eradicate evil and affirm good. That is why the sword became part of the Shinto cult, it adorned temples and sacred places; brought by believers as a donation to the gods, he himself was a shrine in honor of which temples were erected.

Literary sources mention that in the VIII century.Shinto priests themselves took part in the production of swords – they were engaged in their cleaning and polishing.

An ancient Japanese sword (tsurugi, or ken), often found during archaeological excavations in dolmens and tombs among other accompanying burial items, resembled ancient Chinese double-edged swords. It was characterized by a straight blade shape and double-sided sharpening. The warriors carried such a sword on their backs (obliquely), and when it needed to be used, they grabbed the handle with both hands.Subsequently, the blade began to be sharpened on one side. Around the 7th century. a new shape of the sword was created with a slight curvature at the back of the blade. Swords of this type later received the name “nihonto” – “Japanese sword” and have survived to our time without changing the form, which was considered ideal and characteristic only of Japanese swords.

The Japanese sword was always made by people belonging to the ruling class, and in feudal times was an expression in all respects of the privilege of this class.Swords were usually forged by relatives of samurai or courtiers.

With the onset of civil strife, the demand for swords increased sharply; powerful feudal lords began to patronize the famous armourers.

The forging of swords was given the appearance of a liturgical ceremony, during which a number of complex actions of a religious nature were performed. They were supposed to protect the sword and, accordingly, its future owner from the forces of evil.

Before the Japanese blacksmith (katana-kaji) got down to business, he performed a ritual act of purification of his body.In front of the altar, which had its permanent place in every smithy, the blacksmith mentally prepared himself for the work ahead in order to guarantee the success of the enterprise. At the appropriate moments of making a sword, he put on ceremonial clothes – kuge, and the workshop itself, after thorough cleaning, was hung with shime – ritual decorations woven from rice straw. Shime bundles were an attribute of Shinto shrines and symbolized purity and safety.

The technology for the production of swords was complicated.Weapon steel for them was obtained by smelting metal from magnetic iron ore and ferruginous sands. The blade itself was formed from many layers of iron strips with different carbon content, welded together in the process of melting and forging.

As a result of forging, pulling, multiple folding and new forging of metal strips, a thin bar was formed, consisting of a huge number of tightly connected thinnest layers of different-carbon steel. Some medieval samurai sword masters spent several years on the manufacture of one sword, superimposing one layer on top of another.

A low-carbon metal, combined with a high-carbon metal, acquired significant hardness and at the same time toughness. Subsequently, the blade was ground on several rough and thin grinding stones and hardened.

Such blades were not inferior in strength to Damascus ones and were considered the best in the entire Far East.

From the end of the 17th century. for the manufacture of swords, blacksmiths began to use metal brought to Japan from Europe. The Japanese called this material “nambantetsu”, that is.e. “imported metal” or “metal of the southern barbarians” (since the ships of the Portuguese came to Japan from the south).

The cutting qualities of the blade and the hardness of the samurai’s hand were usually tested on the corpses of opponents killed in battle or the corpses of criminals. With a good sword, a samurai could cut three corpses laid one on top of the other. In duels and in war, the bushi tried to strike with a sword so as to cut the enemy’s body from shoulder to waist or from shoulder to heart.

On many swords, forging masters applied symbolic drawings that had the meaning of magical formulas.The purpose of these drawings was to drive away all evil and invoke good, to put the owner of the sword under the influence of good forces and save him from the influence of bad ones. The paramount role was played by the images of heavenly bodies, which, in accordance with the views of Chinese mythology, could influence the earthly life of people.

During the reign of the Ashikaga Shoguns, the tradition of warriors carrying two swords was established, which became a common privilege of the samurai. By this time, swords had become an accessory not only to a military suit and equipment, but also to a civilian bushi dress and were worn by all the samurai class, from an ordinary soldier to a shogun.

Each of these items had a specific purpose. Daito or katana was the main weapon of war, wakizashi was convenient for cutting off the head of a defeated enemy or, in the opposite case, for seppuku. Kozuka (kogatana), which, like the kogai, was inserted into the sheath of a daito or hilt, was used in marching life as an ordinary household knife or, in extreme cases, as a throwing weapon. Kogai was used for eating, as well as for scratching out hieroglyphs, pulling up a horse harness, and was even useful as a hairpin.He was stuck in the head of a killed enemy, so that after the battle it was possible to determine from whose hand he fell, or they strengthened this head on the winner’s belt.

Daisho was the most important part of the samurai’s costume, his class certificate. Except for them, no one had the right to wear daish, and this law was sacredly observed and repeatedly confirmed by decrees of military leaders and shoguns. Corresponding was the attitude of the warriors towards daish. The samurai carefully monitored the condition of their weapons and never parted with them.

Initially, the second sword was considered a spare, but then this position was established as the custom of two-sword. Both swords were called “daisho no kosimono”, i.e. “big and small swords” worn (tucked in) behind a belt (abbr. – daisho) Daisho had two varieties: for armor and for everyday wear. A large sword (katana, or daito) was considered one that was longer than two shaku (length 1 , 0-1, 5 m), he was worn in a special scabbard on his left side, small (wakizashi, or shoto) – shorter than two shaku (up to 60 cm long), he just plugged his belt.The long sword was intended for warfare, the short one for cutting off the heads of the dead and hara-kiri. In addition to two swords, samurai sometimes wore a third – a tanto – a short dagger, similar in shape to a katana or wakizashi. A warrior, preparing for hostilities, usually stocked up on kozuka (or kogatan) and kogai knives. If the wearing of a large katana sword was allowed only to the wars of samurai and aristocrats, then wakazashi were allowed to be worn by both artisans and merchants.

Fighting swords of the samurai during the feudal wars (XII – XVII centuries.) were simple in execution, they were usually worn in a wooden sheath (saya). Both swords were usually made in pairs by the same master gunsmith. The auxiliary tools inserted into the sheath of swords were: a small knife – kozuka (this knife was named after the decorated part of the neck – a work of art skillfully performed by the master), or kogatana and kogai. Kozuka was used by samurai in the field life for auxiliary purposes. It was sometimes used as a throwing knife.The use of kogai was broader. It could serve as a hasi while eating, as an accessory for writing in the old days (for scratching out hieroglyphs), as a tool for pulling up a horse harness, etc., as a hairpin or a spoon for cleaning the ear; on the battlefield, the kogai was left stuck in the body or head of a killed enemy in order to establish then the name of the winner, the kogai was also used to strengthen the head of the killed enemy on the belt.

An essential part of the military sword was a round guard (tsuba) that protected the wrist.Over time, tsubas and sword decorations (hilts – tsuka, head of the handle – fuchigashira, menuki, etc.) began to be made by special armourers and turned into real works of art collected by collectors from many countries.

The length of the blades of samurai swords was not standard, it fluctuated quite significantly (from 63 to 80 cm). The struggle of the samurai, especially at the initial stage of feudal decentralization, was not yet a single battle of the army, but became more often a battle of loners, so each samurai ordered himself the weapon that was convenient for him and suited his tastes, brought his own ideas into the execution of the sword.

At the beginning of the 17th century, after the end of the internecine wars and the unification of the country under the Tokugawa rule, significant changes took place in the production of swords. This type of weapon is practically no longer used and becomes only a symbol of the class of warriors. “New swords” (Shinto) appear as opposed to “old swords”, collectively referred to as “koto”. Samurai began to impose increased demands on the decoration of swords of this period, the richness of decor, ornaments made of precious metals, spending huge sums on the purchase of some samples.A samurai, no matter how poor he was, could have a blade of good steel and an excellent setting, believing that it is better to suffer from hunger than not to have an emblem that emphasizes his class position. For the sake of the sword, a samurai could sacrifice both his own life and the lives of his family members. This attitude led to the fact that the usual worship of the sword grew into his cult. In his “will” (the code of laws governing the country of 1615), Tokugawa Ieyasu ordered (Art. 35): “Everyone who has the right to wear a long sword should remember that his sword should be considered as his soul, that he should separate from him only when he part with life.If he forgets about his sword, then he must be punished. “

The cult of the sword gave birth to the ethics of the sword and the strict laws related to it, the violation of which could only be washed off with blood. The peculiar language of the sword allowed to explain without words with utmost frankness, sometimes insolence. A samurai with a long sword in his belt could only enter the head of the clan (i.e. daimyo) or a bushi who was of a higher rank than the owner, and the person who entered was placed on a sword stand not far from the guest. could be regarded as an insult.The big sword was taken out from the belt and laid, kneeling for the usual greeting, on the right side of you. Thus, trust in the owner and benevolence were demonstrated, for it was difficult to pull the sword out of its scabbard with the necessary speed. If the owner held his sword on the floor to the left, this indicated his obvious hostility towards the intruder.

In friendly communication with the owner, the guest could leave his big sword in the next room or give it to the servant, who accepted the treasure with the greatest respect and, with outstretched hands in a silk scarf, carried it to the counter.The master’s sword (sometimes several swords) was also kept on the horizontal sword rack. During the conversation, the swords were placed so that the handles were facing the owner, and the blade in the scabbard was facing the interlocutor. The short sword most often remained in the belt. At an official meeting, putting the sword with the handle to the interlocutor meant to inflict a terrible insult on him – to doubt his swordsman’s abilities and to show complete disregard for his “lightning strike”. An even greater insult was an attempt to touch the sword without the permission of the owner, and even more so – to step on the sword or throw it away with his foot.

Equally strictly monitored was the exposure of the blade, which could be pulled out of the scabbard only when the owner of the sword or collection of swords wanted to show the blade to a friend. To praise the sword, looking at the blade half-drawn from its scabbard, meant spilling balm on the master’s soul, giving him the greatest pleasure. A naked sword (shiraha or hakujin) meant hostility and a break in friendship. If the owner of the sword still wanted to show the entire blade, then he gave the weapon to a friend so that he himself, with repeated apologies and compliments according to the proper etiquette, took the sword out of its scabbard.

In a tense atmosphere, touching the sword could have provoked an incident. If a samurai saw a neighbor stroking or turning the hilt of his sword, he immediately drew the blade. The same thing happened if in close quarters a neighbor rudely pushed aside the scabbard that interfered with him, that is, allowed inappropriate treatment of the shrine. The direct challenge to a duel was the rattling of the guard against the scabbard, for which it was necessary to slightly extend the blade and then release it. An absent-minded person who made such a gesture in a moment of thoughtfulness risked being cut into two halves without any warning.

The same was true for other edged weapons. Spears, for example, were supposed to be kept in cases, since weapons naked on the street (suyari) in the eyes of the Japanese were a mortal insult.

A lot of superstitions were associated with the sword, in some cases the word “sword” was not pronounced; weapons in this case were taboo. For example, the wakizashi short sword literally means “stuck on the side.”

The samurai never parted with his swords, they always occupied the most prominent places in his house: in a special niche (tokonoma) in the main corner of the room on a stand for swords, called “tachikake”, or “katanake”, At night swords were placed at the head at such a distance that they can be easily reached by hand.

During crossings across rivers and small lakes, the samurai handled their weapons extremely carefully: they tried, if possible, not to immerse them in water, put special covers on the handles of swords to protect them from moisture. This attitude towards the sword was preserved in the imperial army after the Meiji bourgeois revolution until the defeat of imperialist Japan in World War II.

The Tokugawa authorities zealously enforced the law on the right to carry swords (tayto-gomen).Only the court aristocracy of Kyoto, the military and civilian officials of the shogunate, and the samurai were allowed to carry two swords. Scientists, artisans and peasants were allowed to carry only a short sword and then only with special permission during major holidays or travel. Small shopkeepers, beggars and pariahs (eta) were strictly forbidden to carry any sword.

Despite the fact that the sword was presented by the samurai as a symbol of purity, goodness and justice, punishing evil, despite the condemnation of the bushido code for the indiscriminate use of weapons, the rules of which were considered dishonorable to offend the innocent and the weak, the sword throughout its history served as an instrument of violence, injustice and cruelty.

A striking example of the unjust and dishonorable use of the sword, in addition to its use in wars of conquest, is the brutal rite of trying a new sword – tameshi-giri, or tsuji-giri (literally, “murder at the crossroads”). The essence of the rite was that a new, unused sword had to be tested on a person. Often, beggars, helplessly lying on the side of the road, peasants returning late from the fields, became victims of temasi-giri, dying at the hands of villains who went out at dusk to their terrible business.

Local authorities, trying to prevent lawlessness, set up night posts on the streets and set up guard rooms at crossroads. However, the guards treated their duties carelessly, and therefore the number of passers-by and travelers killed by the samurai was numbered in the thousands. Samurai, who did not want to test the sword on innocent people, practiced a different method of temasi-giri. They gave their sword to the executioner so that he could test their weapon (for a fee) on a convicted criminal.

No less important than the sword, in the armament of the samurai was the longbow, which has retained its size and shape since ancient times.The most characteristic of the large Japanese bows was the location of the firing point, which was not located in the middle, but slightly below the center of the bow. Already in the most ancient bows, the upper part of them had 36 reed-wrapped sections, placed below the place that was taken by hand.

Unlike the bow, the quivers for arrows were quite varied. They were made of wood with cloth upholstery, woven from willow twigs or bamboo. In war, samurai wore two quivers: on the side – a small, woven from willow, and on the back – a large one.The dorsal quiver was attached at the back so that the arrows rose above the shoulder and could be easily grabbed. The most common was the quiver lined with fur on the outside – the ebier.

In the Gempei era and later, utsubo quivers, jug-shaped tsubo yanagui and flat hira yanagui quivers were also used. A roll with a spare bowstring (gen) for the bow was suspended from the carrying straps of the quiver. However, more often it was attached to the belt on which the sword was worn. The set also included a tomo leather armband, which protected the hand from the blow of the bowstring.

Arrows, depending on their purpose (military, hunting, training, signal), were given a variety of forms. The material for the tips was iron, copper, horn or bone, bamboo, etc. Combat arrows had steel tips, training arrows – horny (for shooting at straw targets) or wooden (for exercise in inuomono – chasing dogs).

Before the start of the battle, a whistling arrow with a deer antler (kaburai) attachment was launched into the air. She was shot to call and notify the enemy about the beginning of the battle.

The arrow spindle was made of willow or bamboo; plumage consisted of 2 – 4 eagle feathers.

In addition to ordinary arrows, each samurai had in his quiver a special “family arrow” with his own name, which was not used as a weapon. By this arrow, they recognized the killed on the battlefield, it was taken by the winner as a trophy.

Legends about arrows from a bow were made in Japan even in ancient times. They extolled the fighting qualities of Japanese bows and the art of marksmen.In feudal times, the bow became the main weapon of the samurai. Among the 28 types of martial arts of the 17th century. the art of archery took the first place, and the concepts of “war” and “bow and arrow” (yumiya) were considered equivalent. Even with the introduction of firearms, the bow did not lose its value, since it was faster and more reliable than the squeaky charging from the barrel.

Along with the vigilance of the eye, the archer must also have great strength and endurance. Endurance, strength and accuracy of shooters were usually tested during training, religious holidays and competitions of individual warriors.In this regard, the most indicative are the firing of Daihachi Wada, who fired 8133 arrows during the day in 1686, and Masatoki, who fired 10,050 arrows on May 19, 1852, 5383 of which reached the target.

In feudal medieval wars, horsemen and infantrymen also used spears (yari) – short for mounted samurai and long (about 4 – 6 m.) For ashikagu – and halberds. The latter were especially often used not only by samurai, but also by monks.

In 1543, fate threw the Portuguese to the shores of Japan on the island of Tanegashima.A local daimyo witnessed the Portuguese shooting ducks and bought both of their guns.

After 10 years, flintlock rifles (teppo) were produced throughout Japan, and by 1600 there were about 100,000 firearms in Japan. All private squads, each samurai army had units armed with guns.

Also from the 16th century. cannons spread among the troops of the feudal lords. However, these weapons for 300 years of existence did not undergo almost any change and until 1860.remained in the same performance as in the 16th century. At the same time, the bow and especially the sword were not supplanted by firearms and continued to be the main weapons in the samurai’s armament.

“Dual Weapons” and “Exploding Poles”. Bows and crossbows in combat

“Dual weapons” and “exploding shafts”

So, we already know that even at the end of the 16th century. the Anglo-Welsh longbow, a longbow, functioned both as a warbow, a military bow. Moreover, he was held in this position not out of grace and not in memory of the glorious past.

When did his military history come to an end?

From book to book the version wanders, as if the last time the British archers were like a full-fledged military man – and who fought! – the formation distinguished itself already under the command of … the Duke of Wellington: during the Battle of Waterloo. In order to understand that this is not so, it is enough to simply analyze the disposition at Waterloo and ask the question: where was this detachment, under what circumstances it entered the battle, or at least moved to the battlefield, in which documents it is mentioned and which of the contemporaries left about are these memories?

Answers in all cases will be “zero”.Nevertheless, this legend was not born from scratch: oddly enough, the Duke of Wellington did have something to do with the issue. And the era of the Napoleonic wars – too.

For now, let’s go back to the era of the Three Musketeers. D’Artagnan, preparing to fight the British at La Rochelle, hardly realized that the British army, seemingly (and even in fact) quite powerful, is in a systemic crisis. The most indicative here is not even the La Rochelle campaign, which ended unsuccessfully for the British, but a somewhat earlier attempt to “finish off” the traditional enemy, Spain.After the attack on Cadiz, undertaken from the sea, was shamefully repulsed, and small colonial battles did not bring noticeable success, one involuntarily had to think: why did what in the past century succeeded (to a certain extent – with the help of a combat bow) now ceased to work …

One of the answers was obvious: “betrayal” of the long bow in favor of firearms. Of course, the main reason for this was the change in the entire society: archers-snipers are possible only as a “percentage” from the “fixed capital” of numerous and fairly good shooters … and in the 16th century.the environment that generates such shooters is actually a thing of the past. As a matter of fact, they even stayed, especially in the English outback – for example, in the county of Nottingham (as you can see, it was not accidentally considered the birthplace of Robin Hood!): When in 1627 this county, at the request of royal officials, set up a detachment intended for a military expedition to France, it turned out that fifty Nottingham riflemen consisted of thirty-eight musketeers and twelve archers. But, as you can see, this was already precisely the “fixed capital”, so diminished in quantity and quality that there was no room for the sniper “percentage” there.Earl William Becher, in charge of manning the expeditionary force, concluded that archers were unnecessary in these troops, because (attention!) They would not be useful in siege battles.

As we remember, until recently the English archers had quite a place in such battles, but rather for battles in open space they gradually ceased to be used. But although the three-year sequel to the Hundred Years War and the set of Nottingham shooters are within the same human life – apparently, those archers, whose combat effectiveness was assessed by William Becher, could no longer conduct well-aimed and deadly shooting at a significantly greater distance than the Musketeers of their day.And without this, their still unattainably high, by musket standards, rate of fire lost their meaning …

Of course, this is not only a matter of the regression of archers as a military class. The improvement of firearms also left its mark: the loading system improved somewhat, the gun lock became more reliable (although the wick ignition system still prevailed among muskets: the wheel lock remained the property of pistols). In general, the musket, in comparison with the time of Henry VIII, to the first third of the XVII century.became not much more powerful, but a little more accurate and noticeably less moody. And most importantly, it is relatively inexpensive.

More importantly, such a musket did not require any special qualifications. Yes, at long distances even the best rifle shooter could not compete with an experienced archer, but the average shooter at an average distance showed confident results, quite suitable for the military tactics of the 17th century. And an archer, even an average one, still had to learn for a long time : “the course of a young fighter” is clearly insufficient here – regular training is needed from childhood …

Nevertheless, this stick, like the bow, is still about two ends.In the first third of the 17th century. on the territory of England (let’s talk about other British “subjects of the federation”), it turns out, there were still military-class archers. Let the royal official-count really had reasons (go and guess now if they were good enough!) To reject them, but the Nottingham authorities did not include archers in the rifle detachment on a par with the musketeers for a reason. They, the authorities, were not alone in this decision: in England, the opinion was ripening everywhere that since the bow as a military weapon still exists, it would be a sin not to take advantage of this fact.Moreover, muskets, having become simpler and cheaper, nevertheless remained quite complicated (especially for recruits from among yesterday’s peasants), unsafe to use and very expensive.

This English public opinion seems to have been supported by both “above” and “below”. From the province (in Norfolk, middle-ranking officers in 1626 signed a petition to fully support the art of archery, as well as the manufacture of bows and arrows – in accordance with current legislation [25]) to the capital (a year later, London aldermen turned to the Royal Council with a similar a request that looked particularly timely given the recent appeal from the Archery Fellowship addressed to the aldermen themselves, along with the Lord Mayor).And in 1629, King Charles I signed a document confirming and updating the decree of Henry VIII.

Strictly speaking, this royal interest was in tune with the trends of the era, not only because in England the longbow was still holding its position. Late 16th – early 17th century in many countries were held under the motto “Back to the bright past!”. This also applied to military tactics.

It was then that the works of the ancient classics and the recent “reconstructions” based on them began to be reprinted in large numbers.For example, the development of Nicolo Machiavelli, in which there were really interesting considerations about how to combine the “device” of a number of ancient infantry formations that have proven their effectiveness with modern (at the time of writing the treatise) achievements, including gunpowder weapons – still, however, not muskets. Or even closer: the English translation of Elian’s Tactics, published in 1616 and with a foreword by Captain John Bingham. This preface, like the Tactics itself, is dedicated by the captain to the heir to the English throne (that is, to Charles, at that time not yet king), but in addition to loyal feelings, it also contains specific military recommendations.In particular, an analysis of some battles in Holland, where John Bingham was able to compare the actions of archers and musketeers. The captain (at that time this is not a title, but a position, and in fact a general – so there is no doubt about his military experience) paid special attention to mounted archery, which could cause serious damage to the enemy – while muskets in such a situation were simply useless …

In general, military thought gradually began to perceive the pikemen (who had recently become the main force) as the heirs of the Macedonian phalanx, and the Rondashers, who “resurrected” the tactics of fighting with a shield and short sword, as the successors of the Roman legionnaires.The latter, probably, seemed to the British especially offensive: after all, in real clashes it was the Spanish rondashers that proved to be the best …

Walhausen archers: a synthesis of what the people of the 17th century. seemed to be ancient Roman tactics – and a much closer legacy.

Yes, “on the continent” this pseudo-return to the glorious past was perceived as a call to master ancient traditions. Around the same time, the famous theorist and practitioner of military affairs Johann Jacob von Walhausen, either seriously convinced that he was reconstructing the combat tactics of Julius Caesar and Alexander the Great at the same time, or imitating such confidence “for users” (rather the second: he knew the price of artillery and musket fire – and in the relevant chapters he paid tribute to them), created a major work on the military formation, movements on the battlefield, etc.n., which was really taken into account by the most diverse commanders [26]. Archery Walhausen actually ignores – it was indeed quoted by the Romans and the Macedonians only slightly higher than among the Germans of the first quarter of the 17th century – but once he still pays attention to it. This happens on the pages describing the training assault on the fortress (!), And the bows are suspiciously close to the English …

If this is so, then the British themselves should look for examples of the “bright past” in the models of military tactics from the times of Crécy and Poitiers.And the decree of Charles I, confirming the order of Henry VIII, turned out to be quite in the spirit of the times.

It must be said that in this law (in fact, as we can see, it was rather the 16th than the 17th century) there were such notes that it smacked not of the right to develop archery, but of making it a duty. What was once a living, natural phenomenon is now being forcibly reanimated over and over again with strict government measures. In fact, this means that the process of degradation of the combat bow has gone even further than it seemed to the kings and aldermen …

Nide as a “double-armed man”

But some of his enthusiastic contemporaries continued to believe that this was not the case.And then the time has come to name a person whose perseverance almost turned out to be stronger than the “productive forces” together with the “production relations”. This is William Nidet, author of The Man with Double Arms (1625).

* * *

As for the “double” weaponry, in reality it was “triple”: a bow, a pike (complete with a pikemen’s “half” armor) and a short sword-sword (also a standard accessory for pikemen). With this name, Nide sought to emphasize that at any moment of time a fighter would act in a hooed manner: these skills in England of those decades were highly valued even in relation to sword fencing.

There is a persistent tendency in arms research circles to regard Nida as a projector and “armchair researcher”, whose entire activity supposedly boiled down to writing the aforementioned treatise. This point of view is not true on all counts.

Let’s start with the fact that Nide successfully demonstrated his style in practice, and in front of a very authoritative committee. In 1624, a year before the publication of the treatise, in St. James’s Royal Park, in front of Charles himself, then still the heir to the throne (King James I was also present at the trials, but rather in the role of a “status” figure, he was to such questions indifferent), and selected by him three hundred spectators, among whom were experienced military leaders: Karl was already interested in military affairs to the detriment of all other occupations befitting the heir to the throne.After some time, the experiment was repeated, and more than once, and again before the authoritative “selection committee”. These repeated tests took place directly on the closed territory of the Artillery Yard, in fact a secret training ground, which clearly indicates the seriousness of the intentions.

As far as can be judged from the surviving documents, all these training exercises, combined with the actions required in the Pikiner formation, were crowned with complete success. The main character was Nide himself.Apparently, he acted as a “playing coach”: with a small team of trained shooters …

Unfortunately, we do not know the strength of the bows used, the shooting distance, the size of the targets and the number of hits. However, they were known to contemporaries – and did not seem to be something cosmetic.

Let’s try to make at least the most general estimates. If the bow size matches that shown in the illustration for “The Man with Dual Arms”, then Nida’s weapon is close to the lightest and weakest examples found on the “Mary Rose”.It is quite logical: after all, the archers of “Mary Rose” Nida are suitable at least as grandchildren, and all these decades, archery has been steadily striving to decline. This means that the force of combat tension is only 40-50 kg: the value is truly miserable for the shooters of the times of Crécy and Agincourt, but prohibitively high for a modern sports bow. However, some of the “traditionalists” (reenactors who purposefully practice with bows made according to old technologies) are quite capable of it; we are, of course, not talking about shooting with combat accuracy, but about the ability to draw a bow and shoot an arrow more or less in the direction of the target.And, of course, modern traditionalists do this not complete with a lance and without armor, even if it is “half”.

How did William Nide handle the lance and why did he need to combine the skills of an archer and a pikeman?

Here we come to the most interesting part. The fact is that the 1620s. – the time when pikemen still played an important role on the battlefield, but they had already ceased to bear the “main load”. A century, even half a century ago, the dense formations of numerous, disciplined and trained infantry with long pikes in their hands were the main offensive force, which sharply pressed the plate cavalry (however, at least the first ranks of the pikemen’s infantry were also dressed in armor – usually more complete than those of soldiers of Nida), and “field” detachments of shooters from all types of weapons [27].But by the time of the “Man with Double Arms”, the pikemen had long been “picked up the key” – and it turned out that on the battlefield this infantry formation was still quite vulnerable. This vulnerability was especially manifested when trying to go on the attack: a hail of long-range cannon and musket shots (the accuracy of an English bow was not required: it is difficult to miss such a target as a large detachment in close formation!) caracoli ”, when the riders, at close range, unloading their weapons at the pikemen, wrapped them up, letting the next row fire) … So now the foot spearmen for the most part had to hold the defense, and not for themselves, but for … the musketeers – of course, their own.This category of shooters successfully used pikemen as a living and, most importantly, a movable screen, behind which you can safely hide to reload weapons. And since it was necessary to hide mainly from the cavalry, such a living wall, exposing a picket fence to meet the horsemen, itself suffered serious damage from Reitars pistols.

William Nide offered an option that really looked optimal in those conditions. Its warriors with dual armament are not “lance archers”, but “pikemen with bows” – a barrier capable of at least some kind of shooting.Maybe not to the musket range (Nida himself and his closest associates, probably, could not do that – but after all, the main backbone of the formation was obviously supposed to consist of shooters, like those that William Becher rejected at one time) – but for sure further than the forces of the then cavalry pistols.

Why not “dilute” the line of pikemen with fighters with firearms, because this was done at the dawn of such constructions? That’s exactly what happened at the dawn: it soon became clear that such a “dilution” has too many disadvantages.Archer and will not be able to control simultaneously with the lance, so the Reiters will be met by a rather weakened spear wall, and even a rarefied liquid salvo, which may not be enough. Moreover, this salvo will be only one: it is absolutely impossible to reload a long-barreled weapon in such a formation.

Another factor could have worked in favor of the bow: the vulnerability of the horses. Horse reservation by the 17th century. already a thing of the past, only in some cases could an incomplete forehead or bib remained.The war horse was still a very serious beast, to knock him down with one arrow, even with several, was an extremely difficult task – however, a fatal hit was not required: on a wounded horse it is very difficult to carry out high-speed changes that are required for the Karakol.

Contemporaries, familiar with the results of gunshot and shooting wounds, noted: a horse not fatally wounded by a bullet becomes difficult to control mainly at the moment of injury – while after being hit by an arrow, it continues to rage after, as long as it has the body continues to stick out this arrow.Here, in addition, it should be noted that Reitars (“mass production”) were much worse riders than knights (“piece goods”), and their horses, for the same reason, were not always sufficiently accustomed to combat conditions as such. So the norms that were customary in the times of Osama ibn Munkiz, Babur or their European contemporaries did not work anymore.

Of course, if instead of the horsemen it was necessary to repulse the attack of the “colleagues” – pikemen (who do not have bows in their armament!), The shelling should also have an effect on them.Such infantry (by the 1620s, usually protected at best with half armor), before coming close to the enemy, would inevitably stay in the firing zone for a LONG time: each of the “twice armed” would have time to release at least a couple of dozen arrows … All that Nida did not expect to stop the enemy with archery alone: ​​at close range, the decisive factor was the wall of the peaks. In this case, the bow was supposed to be held together with the lance with a single grip: in addition, it was originally connected to the lance shaft by a short cable, which was attached to the central part of the bow and did not interfere with shooting.

Of course, for the transition from throwing combat to spear combat, the “double armed” had to master a set of specific techniques (related more to drill than to hand-to-hand combat), and in any case, their left hand had a very considerable load – but, apparently, she turned out to be within their power. In any case, all these combat and combat phases in detail were demonstrated to the royal commission – and she was quite satisfied with the result.

And if the enemy – weakened, wounded, diminished in number – still breaks through the bristles of exposed spears, it was supposed to meet with blades: short, comfortable for close combat.Actually, at this phase, the “double armed” already acted like traditional pikemen, as we know, who also had a bladed weapon for such a case.

Well, let’s once again present all their tactics in a complex. At a long distance – shelling, and the warrior stands to the enemy with his left side and at any moment is ready to use a thrusting weapon. When approaching – actions with this long thrusting weapon, which is held together with a bow (no longer shooting). In close combat, the left hand with a pike (or its fragment) allows you to keep some distance, and the right one draws out a piercing-cutting blade.

Before us is a prototype … of a bayonet fight. This is how the infantry acts when the musket finally acquires a bayonet (and this happened many decades later). Moreover, in all phases, including the last: up to the 2nd half of the 18th century. “Correct” bayonet fighting presupposed the presence of a sword in the right hand. Of course, quite often a musket with an attached bayonet was held not by “one left”, but by both hands – but it was “army consumer goods”, explained by the complete inaccessibility of blade fencing skills for the mass of soldiers.

“Continental” vision of what place the longbow of the English type could occupy in the wars of the 16th century. Of course, this is a purely theoretical model: such plate cavalry in an open field will instantly sweep away the formation of archers, not covered at least by portable fortifications

So, strange as it may seem, the tactics based on the revival of the English bow somewhat anticipated the combined-arms achievements the turn of the XVII-XVIII centuries. And this “foresight” turned out to be even more accurate than if it was based only on the evolution of the musket: after all, in the time of Charles I, the very idea that a musket could be used both for shooting and for thrusting would seem like an absolute fantasy …

Therefore, we found out: Nida’s ideas were not a project, they withstood the test of experiment and received the highest, royal approval.What is the cause?

Behind this it was: royal approval, as it turned out, is a dubious gift in the conditions of the then England. Almost two decades remained before the start of the English Revolution, but parliament had already begun to gradually block the king’s actions in various areas. First of all, in the military, where Charles I was very active.

In 1625, Nida’s draft was considered by the parliament – and not that it was rejected, no, it was even approved, but it was shelved. In 1633 g.the author of “The Man with Dual Arms”, without having achieved a sense, turned to the Royal Council with a request to finally accept his method, at least for the city militia. This time, he received an answer not after eight years, but just a month later. This answer was positive: the adopted resolution actually ordered the local authorities to start organizing such detachments. The general command of “people with dual weapons” was entrusted to Nida himself (he was called “lieutenant”, which at that time meant a fairly large military position), his son was to become his deputy, and assistants trained by them were to become junior commanders.

The city officials, who recently had most respectfully complained to the king about the lack of muskets and how expensive they were compared to the good old longbow, were supposed to seize the offer with both hands. And if we consider that at that time the decree of 1629 was already in force (confirming the law of Henry VIII), then no problems seemed to arise.

Nevertheless, two years later, another desperate appeal from Nida to the king follows, from which it becomes known that the military reform project is again drowned in a mass of petty quibbles and abuses, money is not allocated for the organization of detachments with “double weapons”, and the provincial authorities inspired by the “bad example of the London magistrate,” openly sabotage the royal order and refuse to hand out weapons even to those whom the lieutenant did manage to train.This appeal is followed by an encouraging response – but it seems that the matter has not gotten off the ground. In 1637 Charles I received a message not from Nida himself, but from the authorities of Nottingham and Newcastle, in which, among other issues, the topic of “double armament” was touched upon in passing. The point is that since during all this time it was not possible to carry out the reform, for reasons beyond the control of anyone, and at the moment the entire army of the new system still consists only of the lieutenant himself and several of his students – then, perhaps, His Majesty will agree to consider this event finally failed?

Apparently, his Majesty really had only to agree …

More about the project “Man with double arms” is not heard.We don’t even know if Nida or his disciples fought in the Battle of Powick Bridge (September 1642), one of the first battles that kicked off the English Revolution – and the only one that reliably used the English longbow as a warbow. The archers acted on the side of the royal forces, and this side won a decisive victory in that battle – but, in truth, not thanks to the archers, who remained in the background during the battle. As well as the units armed with muskets …

* * *

Almost simultaneously with Nida, another enthusiast, who remained anonymous, began to advocate for the revival of the combat longbow.We are talking about the author of the treatise “A New Invention of Shooting Fire-Shafts in Long Bowes”, that is, “A new way of shooting fire arrows from long bows” (1628). Bows as such were not very interested in this innovator: the main thing was the ammunition for them. At the same time, “Fire-Shaft” is not a synonym for the concept of “incendiary arrow” known from antiquity, but rather something like an “exploding shaft”. The name can also be translated as “Installation with bows” fire barrier “.

The shaft of the arrow was to include a tube of very thin sheet metal (“ten inches or so long”) filled with an explosive mixture of gunpowder, sulfur, saltpeter and camphor.It was ignited with a wick like a musket. The iron tip is equipped with teeth, which nevertheless indicates a direct relationship with the “previous” types of incendiary arrows, which were mainly intended for anchoring in roofs, wooden roof beams, window frames, etc. during distant, non-aiming mounted shooting at a besieged city or, at best, a field fortification.

The British also successfully used “traditional” incendiary arrows – including against fortifications defended with firearms

Yes, this type of ammunition did not disappear even after the appearance of fairly advanced forms of firearms.Absolutely in the same years, Robert Norton’s “Dialogue of the Gunners” was published, one of the sections of which is devoted to “arrows, which are equipped with an incendiary shell or carry a supply of explosives”; similar information is contained in the expanded illustrated work of the same author “The Cannoneer, or Complete Artillery Practice.” However, in both cases, the issue of “explosive arrows” is considered on the last pages devoted to … the device of fireworks on the occasion of victory. And in the treatise by Francis Malthus “The Art of Arranging Fireworks for War and Entertainment” we are talking not only about entertainment, but also about the combat use of “fireworks arrows” – only they should be fired exclusively from artillery barrels!

An unknown English supporter of “exploding shafts” is much more open-minded: “I am not trying to prove that a bow can replace a gun or cannon, but I argue that, when used together, they can bring more benefits.”In his opinion, the future belongs to gunpowder weapons; but should it only be a firearm? Isn’t it more expedient sometimes to use throwing weapons that shoot high-explosive ammunition, which can turn out to be just as dangerous for fortifications and for the armor of an individual soldier (“half” pikemen, “three-quarter” Reitars, and in some cases even full) as artillery shells?

It is curious that this anonymous author knows about Nida’s experiments, appreciates them highly, but one senses that the author of “The Man with Double Arms” is like “old Derzhavin” for him.Is it worth paying such attention to melee weapons , that is, a pike and a “traditional” bow arrow ?! This is not the 16th century, gentlemen: we live in an era of high technologies – and arrows from now on should only be exploding!

Maybe it was precisely in the calculation of the blasting-incendiary shaft that the author of the treatise did not pay special attention to the type of arrowheads that retain the shape intended for shelling fortifications, even in cases where it is supposed to shoot at enemy cavalry and infantry?

* * *

If, not forgetting about the high technologies of the 17th century., remember all the same about onions as such – it turns out that the British at that time were threatened by a real hunger for raw materials. Yew has been cut down for centuries much more thoughtlessly than oil is now being extracted; and now he has almost disappeared everywhere, both in Britain and on the European part of the continent! Moreover, we already know that the best material for English bows is the Spanish yew. It is just not completely mixed, but … After all, Spain is now a strategic enemy!

The famous “White Detachment” (more precisely, the “White Campaign”: a very specific stage in the Hundred Years War that took place in the 1360s.) A. Conan Doyle is just dedicated to the “Spanish games”: the main opponents of the English archers are not the French, but the knights of the Castilian king Enrique, while the war itself is to return to the Castilian throne the exiled ex-king Pedro, who received an affectionate nickname Cruel … And for the provision of this international assistance, the British expect a lot for themselves, in particular – unhindered supplies from Spain of strategic raw materials: yew rods …

However, the exploits of Francis Drake left the English archers sideways: after them the situation changed forever.For some time, the old stocks were still preserved, and the English yew is still suitable for making bows – but just then it came to naught. And ash, elm, beech were actively used by archery craftsmen throughout the rest of Europe, but the British used these breeds only as a last resort, out of despair: compared to yew, this is all nothing more than a semi-finished product. In addition, even such wood was usually imported, and from afar – in Western Europe its reserves were depleted for the same reasons for which the yew disappeared.

By the time of the “New method of shooting fire arrows …”. and the “Man with Dual Arms” need for archery wood has already significantly decreased, but still it continued to be a strategically important raw material, albeit not of primary importance. It is strange even to imagine such a thing, but a country that is quite close to the brink of the industrial revolution finds itself in a noticeable dependence not on coal or iron, but on THIS resource: in principle renewable, but requiring at least many decades for its renewal.In the meantime, this factor was “meant” by diplomatic and trade missions, scouts, explorers …

It is known that some aspects of relations with Austria and the Baltic interests of England took into account the presence of preserved yew groves in these parts. So, if the enthusiasts of the revival of the English bow had achieved their goal, the world might have looked different.

This is, of course, a joke, but there are some reasons for it.

This text is for informational purposes only.

Continuation for liters

90,000 Vladimir Ilyich Lenin – Mayakovsky. The full text of the poem – Vladimir Ilyich Lenin

I dedicate to the Russian Communist Party

Time –
I start
a story about Lenin.
But not because
because there is no more grief
,
time is
because
because the sharp melancholy
became a clear
conscious pain.
Time,
again
Lenin’s slogans are a whirlwind.
Should we
spread
like a puddle of tears, –
Lenin
and now
is more alive than all the living.
Our knowledge is
strength
and weapons.
People are boats.
Although on land.
You live
your
until
a lot of all sorts of
dirty shells

sticks
on our sides.
And then,
breaking through
an angry storm,
you sit down,
so that the sun is near,
and you clean off
algae
green beard
and jellyfish crimson mucus.
I
myself
I clean under Lenin,
to swim
into the revolution further.
I’m afraid of
of these thousand lines,
as a boy
I’m afraid of falsehood.
The crown will shine on my head,
I’m worried,
is not closed so that
is real,
is wise,
is human
Lenin’s
is a huge forehead.
I’m afraid
lest the processions
and mausoleums,
worship
the established statute
would not flood
with cloying oil
Lenin’s
simplicity.
I tremble for him,
as for the apple of my eye,
so that the candy
is not slandered by beauty
.
Votes the heart –
I am obliged to write
on the mandate of duty.
All Moscow.
The frozen ground
trembles with buzz.
Above the bonfires
frostbitten from the night.
What did he do?
Who is he
and where is he from?
Why
is he so honored?
Word bỳ word
dragging from memory,
will not say
to any one –
sit down.
How poor
the world has
words workshop!
Suitable
where to get it?
We have
seven days,
we have
hours – twelve.
Don’t live
yourself any longer.
Death
does not know how to apologize.
If
with the clock is bad,
is small
is a calendar measure,
we say –
“era”,
we say –
“era”.
We sleep

night.
In the daytime
we do things.
We love
our crush
water
in our mortar.
And if
for all
was able to direct
streams of phenomena,
we say –
“prophet”,
we say –
“genius”.
We have
no complaints, –
is not called –
we are not trying to get involved;
I like
my wife,
and then
are happy with it.
If well,
is merged in body and spirit,
rushes
unlike us,
spiers –
“regal appearance”,
we are surprised –
“gift of God.”
They will say so –
and
came out neither clever nor stupid.
The words
will hang and will float away like smoke.
Nothing
can be hammered out
from such shells.
Neither the hands of
nor the head are felt.
How can you measure Lenin

with such a yardstick!
After all, with the eyes of
I saw
everyone –
“era” this
passed through the door,
even
with its head
without touching the jamb.
Is it really
about Lenin too:
“the leader
by the grace of God”?
If
were he
regal and divine,
i b
did not save himself from rage
,
I would
become
in the midst of processions,
worship
and crowds across.
I b
found
words
curses of the thunderous one,
and while
is trampled
I
and my cry,
I would throw
into the sky
blasphemy,
across the Kremlin would be
bombs
metal:
down!
But firm
steps of Dzerzhinsky
at the coffin.
Today
could
Cheka leave the posts.
Through millions of eyes,
and I have
through both,
only icicles of tears,
frozen
to my cheeks.
God
honors from the state
are not new.
No!
Today
real pain
the heart is colder.
We
bury
of the most earthly
of all
people who passed
on earth.
He is earthly,
but not one of those
who with the eye of
rests
against their trough.
Earth
covering the entire
at once,
saw
then
that is closed by time.
He, like you
and I,
is exactly the same,
only,
maybe
at the very eyes
thoughts
more than ours
wrinkle their skin,
yes mocking
and harder lips,
than ours.
Not satrapya hardness,
triumphant carriage
crushing
you,
tugging at the reins.
He
to his comrade
swept
with human affection.
He
to the enemy
got up
iron harder.
He knew
weaknesses,
familiar with us,
like us,
overcame the disease.
Say,
billiards for me –
I grow my eyes,
chess to him –
they are more useful for leaders
.
And from chess
, passing
to the enemy in kind,
to people
bringing
yesterday’s pawns in line,
became
a worker – a human dictatorship
over the prison
capital tour.
And him
and
are the same for us.
Why,
standing at a distance from him
,
I would
my life,
dumber with delight,
for one b
his breath
gave up ?!
I’m not the only one!
Why am I better than
, or what ?!
Do not even call,
would only open your mouth –
which of you
from villages,
out of your skin,
from adits
will not step forward ?!
Rolling –
seemed to have sufficed
wine and too much grief –
instinctively
buried
tram network.
Who
now
would mourn
my death
in mourning
this
unlimited death!
They go with banners,
and so on.
It looks like
became
again
Russia is nomadic.
And the Hall of Columns
trembles,
is walked through.
Why?
Why
and why?
Telegraph
hoarse
from the funeral buzz.
Tears of snow
from the flags
reddened eyelids.
What did he do,
who is he
and from where –
this
the most humane person?
Short
and until the last moments
we know

Ulyanov’s life.
But the long life of Comrade Lenin’s

must be written
and described anew.
Long ago,
years in two hundred,
the first
about Lenin
go back to news.
Hear –
iron
and tinned,
cutting through
ancient centuries, –
voice
great-grandfather
Bromley and Goujon –
of the first steam engine?
Capital
His Majesty,
uncrowned,
unmarried,
proclaims
the subdued
power of a redneck.
The city robbed,
rowdy,
grabastal,
bumped
cash registers,
and at the machine tools
, a lean and humpbacked
got a
working class.
And already
was threatening,
lifting pipes to the sky:
– We
to the gold
bridge the way.
We will give birth, we will send
,
will come someday
people,
fighter,
punisher,
avenger! –
And already
mixed
clouds and smoke,
like
privates
of one regiment.
Heavens
become double,
smoke
clog the clouds.
Goods
are growing,
between the beggars is high.
Director,
bald devil,
clicked accounts,
grunted:
“crisis!”
and posted the word
“settlement”.
Krapilo
sweets
fly seed,
bread
And
grumbled near the slums in the womb,
covering
a child’s cape:
– For work,
for a rifle,
for –
both palms!
Come,
intercessor
and payer! –
Hey,
camel,
colonial discoverer!
Hey,
columns of steel ships!
March
in the desert
hotter fire!
Foam with foam
whiter paper!

start to patch with black
oases
palm neg.
Won
among
golden plantations
a black man who was spotted
was washed:
– Oo-oo-oo-oo-oo,
oo-oo-oo-oo!
Neil is mine, Neil!
Spit
and spit out
black days!
So that they were blacker,
than I was in a dream,
and fire, so that
of this blood is redder.
So that in all this coffee,
at once boiled,
to brew pot-bellied –
black and white.
Each
extracted
elephant tusk –
pump it into the meat,
pump it into the heart.
Though for great-grandchildren,
is not in vain so that
shed blood,
swim out,
patron of the sun.
I’m ending, –
the god of deaths
came and beckoned.
Remember
this spell,
Nile,
my Nile! –
In the snows of Russia,
in the delirium of Patagonia
placed
time
sweatshops.
Ivànov already has
near Voznesensk
stone carcasses
excite
cries of ditties:
“Oh, you are my plant, plant,
yellow eyes.
Time for the new is calling
Stenka Razin. ”
Grandchildren
will ask:
– What is a capitalist? –
As children
now:
– What is
g-o-r-o-d-o-o-o-th ?…. –
For the grandchildren of
I am writing
on one sheet
of capitalism
portrait of a clan.
Capitalism
in his young years
was nothing,
a business boy:
the first worked –
was not afraid then,
that he had
from work
greasy shirt front.
Feudal tights
it is too tight for him!
Lez
is not worse than
than they are climbing today.
Capitalism
revolutions
its spring
blossomed
and even
sang along with the “Marseillaise”.
He conceived and invented the car

.
People,
and those – to her!
He
in the universe
seemingly invisibly
workers bred
children.
He at once
and kingdoms
and counties chewed
with their crowns
and with eagles.
Knocked,
as the biblical cow
or ox,
licks its lips.
Language – Parliament.
Over the years
,
steel has weakened,
he acquired
and swelling,
is the same
over time
became,
like his ledger.
The palace was erected –
you will not see such a thing!
The artist
is not alone! –
fidgeted on the walls.
Empire floor,
Rocoque ceiling,
walls –
Louis XIV,
Catorza.
Around,
with a face,
which is equal to
to be both face
and buttock,
backwards
police.
And paint
and song
the soul is deaf,
like a cow
flowers
among the meadow.
Ethics, aesthetics
and other nonsense –
simply –
his
female servant.
His
and heaven
and the underworld –
sells
old women
holes
from the nails
of the cross of the Lord
and feather
of the tail
of the holy spirit.
Finally,
and he
outgrew himself,
for him
works as a slave.
Just making money,
eating
and sleeping,
capitalism swelled
and rickety.
Riddled
and laid down
in history on the way
to the world,
as to your bed.
It cannot be bypassed,
cannot be bypassed,
the only way out is to blow up
!
I know,
lyricist
grimaces bitterly,
critic
rushes to quilting
with a whip:
– And where is the soul ?!
Yes, this is
rhetoric!
Poetry where is it?
One journalism! –
Capitalism –
inelegant word,
sounds much more elegant –
“nightingale”,
but I will return
to it
again and again.
Line
with the propaganda slogan, vzvey.
I will write
and about that
and about that,
but now
is not the time for
love las.
I
all my
sonorous power of the poet
I give you,
attacking class.
Proletariat –
clumsily and narrowly
to
to whom
communism is a trap.
For us
this word is
mighty music,
capable of
dead
to fight to raise.
Floors
already
shuddered, trembling,
the cry of the basements
rises through the floors:
– We will break through the
heaven
into the open blue.
We will walk
through a stone well.
Will.
From these people
working son –
proletariat leader. –
They are
already
of the globe is not enough.
And with the hand
weighed down by
from the rings
stretches
the well-fed
carcass of capital
to grab
someone else’s throat.
They go,
with iron
clinking and lapel.
– Kill!
Two bourgeoisies are cramped! –
Each village –
mass grave,
cities –
prosthetic plant.
Ended –
tea tables
set.
Pie
victory on the table.
– Hear
ventriloquism graves,
castanets of crutches!
Again
we will see

in military reality.
This
time
will not forgive the guilt.
He will pay off,
he will come
and declare
you
and your war
war! –

grow on the ground
tears of the lake,
too
impassable
swamp blood.
And
lonely dreamers
leaned over the solution of
unthinkable utopias.
The head
about life
was smashed by philanthropists.
Is
paths to millions –
philanthropists paths?
And already
is powerless
the capitalist himself,
so
his
machine swung, –
his system
carries,
like a yellowed leaf,
crises
and strikes chaos.
– Into whose pocket
are
gold lava flowing?
Who to go with
and who to blame? –
The million-headed class
strains the eye –
understand itself.
Time
hours
Capital
stole,
beating
spotlights brightness.
Time
gave birth to
brother Karl –
older
Lenin’s brother
Marx.
Marx!
Appears to the eyes of
gray portrait frames.
How
his life
is far from ideas!
People
see
walled up in marble,
with plaster
cold old man.
But when
on the revolutionary path
the first
was making
workers
small steps,
oh, what an incredible
furnace
Marx’s heart
and his thought kindled!
As if
himself stood in the factory every
standing,
as if
grind each work
personally,
robbing
surplus value
by the hand
caught red-handed.
Where they trembled with a little body,
without raising their eyes
even
to the navel
a stock dealer,
Marx
led
to fight
with a class war
gold
to a bull
a grown calf.
It seemed to us –
into the communist backwaters
only
waves of the case
will throw
us
Julia.
Marx
revealed the laws of history
,
the proletariat put
at the helm.
Marx’s books
not a galley set,
not dry
digits columns –
Marks
worker
put
on his feet and led
columns
slimmer digits.
Conducted
and said: –
lie down fighting,
case –
proofreading
calculations of the mind.
He will come,
will come
great practitioner,
will lead
battlefields,
and not papers! –
With millstones dum
last grinding
and hand
adding
wax,
I know,
Marx
saw
vision of the Kremlin
and commune
flag
over red Moscow.
Ripe ripened,
ripened days,
like melons,
proletariat
matured
and grew out of children.
Kapitalovy
sheer strongholds
wash out
with a shaft and crush it.
In some
years
at a distance of
how many thunderstorms

buzzes from the build-ups.
Ends with
uprising
Rage increases,
grows
revolutions
after outbreaks of uprisings.
Krut
bourgeois
brutal disposition.
Torn to pieces by thieres,
howling and groaning,
shadows of great-grandfathers,
Parisian communards,
and now
screaming
like a Parisian wall:
– Listen, comrades!
Look, brothers!
Woe to loners –
learn from us!
Explode together!
Strike with the party!
With the fist
with one
, gathering
the working class.-
They will say:
“We are the leaders”,
and ourselves –
shakuns?
Behind the speeches
know how to recognize the skin
!
There will be a leader
such,
that little things are with us –
bread is easier,
rail is straighter.
With a mixture of classes,
verses,
estates
and adverbs
on wheels
rubles, the land moved.
Capital
a hedgehog of contradictions
grew at full speed
and crepe,
dumbfounded with bayonets.
Communism
ghost
prowled Europe,
left
and again
loomed in the distance …
That’s why
in the wilderness of Simbirsk

ordinary boy
Lenin was born.
I knew a worker.
He was illiterate.
Didn’t chew
even the alphabet of salt.
But he heard
as Lenin spoke,
and he knew
– everything.
I heard the
story of a
Siberian peasant.
They took it away,
defended it with
rifles and with paradise
they cut up the village.
They did not read
and did not hear Lenin,
but it was
Leninists.
I saw mountains –
on them
and the bush did not grow.
Only
clouds
fell flat on the rocks
.
And for a hundred versts
at the only highlander
rags
shone with a
Lenin badge.
They will say –
is
about the pins a’hi.
The young ladies
inject
out of flirty quirks.
Not a pin stuck in –
with a badge
burned shirts
heart,
full
love for Ilyich.
This
cannot be explained by
Church Slavic
hooks,
and not God
ordered him
–
be the chosen one!
With a human step,
with working hands,
with his own head
, he
passed this path.
Above
look
at Russia –
has turned blue like rivers,
is like

thousand rods have roamed,
is as if
is ripped with a whip.
But blue,
than water in spring,
bruises
Serf Russia.
You
from the sides
look at Russia –
and wherever
your eyes,
rests against the sky
against the sklyan
mountains,
penal servitude
and mines.
But penal servitude
was more painful
at factory machines
Kabbalah.
There were
richer countries,
saw more beautiful
and smarter.
But the land
with even greater pain
did not happen to see

for me.
Yes, not every
blow
will be erased from your cheek.
The cry grew stronger:
– Rise
for the land and freedom
you! –
And
rioters take on –
singles
for a bomb
and for a revolver.
Good
to drive the clip into the king
!
Well, what if you throw
just dust
at the wheel ?!
Preparer
regicide
caught
Ulyanov’s brother,
Narodnolets
Alexander.
You will kill one –
another
in all your ardor
by torturing
of the departed
to surpass it is pushing.
And Ulyanov
Alexander
was hanged
thousandth of the Shlisselburg residents.
And then
said
Ilyich seventeen-year-old –
this word
is stronger than the oaths of
soldier of a raised hand:
– Brother,
we are here
are ready to change you,
will win,
but we
will go the other way! –
Look around the monuments –
see
heroes are you kind?
Will become Gogol,
and you
make him great.
Not like that –
laborer,
daily feat
Ilyich put on his shoulders
.
He is together,
teaches in the forge’s mouth,
how to be,
so that
‘s salary grows into a nickel.
What to do,
if
the master fights.
How to be,
so that the owner of
would drink boiling water.
But not a trifle
with a goal at the end:
having won,
do not stand like that
over one
swept away puddle.
Socialism is the goal.
Capitalism is the enemy.
No broom –
rifle weapon.
Thousands of times
the same
he drives
into a tight ear,
and the next day
will put
hands in each other
who understood two.
Yesterday – four,
today – four hundred.
We hide,
and tomorrow
we will stand up in the open,
and these
four hundred
will grow into thousands.
Working people of the world
Let’s rise in insurrection.
We are already
no quieter than waters,
blades of grass below –
the anger of
workers
thickens in a cloud.
Cuts
with lightning
Ilyichev’s books.
Pours
hail of
proclamations and volleys.

fought against Lenin
dark class,
flowed
from him
into enlightenment,
and, obsessed with
by the force of
and the thoughts of the masses,
with a class of
grew
Lenin.
And already
turns into a reality
that
in which the youths
Lenin swore:
– We
are not alone,
we are
the union of the struggle
for the liberation of the
working class. –
Leninism goes
further and further
and more than
in breadth
disciples
Ilyichevoy reconciliation.
The blood
inscribed
heroism of the underground
in the dust
and in the slush
of the endless Volodymyrka.
Today
us
the globe of the earth is wrapped.
Even
we,
in the Kremlin armchairs, if –
how many
suddenly
because of the decrees Nerchinsk
shackles
will tangle in the armchair!

Again
I will remind you of the bird’s way.
Behind the spinning top –
trams
electric trot.
Who among you

lattice rods
did not scratch
and gnaw ?!
Forehead
smash
against a stone of the cramped wall –
behind you
washed off chamber
and swept it.
“You did not serve for long, but honestly
for the good of your native land.”
Lenin fell in love with
in which of the links
of this song
mourning power?
They said –
peasant
will go his own way,
will lead socialism

is ingenuous and simple.
No,
and Russia
from the pipes
becomes a guard.
City
overgrown with a smoky beard.
Do not ask for heaven –
please,
enter –
through the corpse of the bourgeoisie
communism step.
To one hundred million peasants.
The proletariat is the driver.
Lenin –
proletarian leader.
Promises a liberal
or a fast-moving Socialist-Revolutionary,
himself eager for workers’ necks, –
Lenin
phrases
from him
will cut him to the bone,
so that from
books
shines in noble nude.
And we are
already
not idle talk,
something like freedom,
that people are brothers, –
we are
in Marx’s armor
one
for the world
Bolshevik party.
America
you cross
in the express compartment,
you go Chukhloma –

pierces your eyes
now
RCP
and in brackets
a small “b”.
Now
on Mars
is hunted by Pulkovo,
is going through the
heavenly casket.
But to the world
, this
lowercase letter
is a hundred times redder,
is grander than
and brighter.
Words
we have
to the most important
become a habit,
decay like a dress.
I want to shine
to make it anew
the most magnificent word
“PARTY”.
Unit!
Who needs it ?!
The voice of a unit
is thinner than a squeak.
Who will hear her? –
Is it a wife!
And then
, if not in the market,
is close.
Party –
is
a single hurricane,
of the votes compressed
quiet and thin,
from it

fortifications of the enemy burst,
as in cannonade
from the cannon
membranes.
Bad for a man,
when he is alone.
Woe to one,
one is not a warrior –
every hefty
is his master,
and even the weak,
if there are two.
And if
small ones are gathered in the party
–
surrender, enemy,
freeze
and lie down!
Party –
million-fingered hand,
clenched
into one
smashing fist.
One is nonsense,
one is zero,
one is
even if
is very important –
will not lift
a simple
five-barrel log,
all the more so
is a five-story house.
Batch –
is
million shoulders,
to each other
pressed tightly.
By the party
of the construction site
we will lift up into the sky,
holding
and lifting each other up.
The lot is the
backbone of the working class.
Party –
immortality of our cause.
The party is the only thing,
that will not change me.
Today the clerk,
and tomorrow
of the kingdom I erase in the map.
The brain of the class,
is the case of the class,
is the strength of the class,
is the glory of the class –
is what the party is.
The Party and Lenin –
Twin brothers –
Who is more than
of Mother History valuable?
We say Lenin,
mean
party,
we say
party,
mean
Lenin.
Another
crowned heads
,
and bourgeois
blacken
like crows in winter,
but already
burning
working lava
along the crater of the party
is bursting out from under the ground.
Ninth January.
End of the Haponschina.
We fall,
kosima with the royal lead.
Nonsense
about the royal mercy
finished off
with the massacre of Mukden,
with a crash of Tsushima.
Enough!
We do not believe
conversations with strangers!
Themselves
with weapons
the Presnenets stood up.
It seemed –
now
will end the throne,
behind him
and the bourgeois
chair will crack.
Ilyich is already here.
He spends
every day
with
workers for the fifth year.
He is near
on each barricade,
leads
of the entire uprising course.
But soon
passed
crafty news –
“freedom”.
People put the bows on,
the tsar
went out to the balcony
with a manifesto.
And after
“free”
honey week
speech,
bows
and singing smooth
cannon roar
covers with bass:
on the blood of a worker
set sail
Tsar Admiral,
Punisher Dubasov.
Let’s spit in the face
of that white slush,
lisping
about the atrocities of the Chekà!
Look,
is like here,
tied his elbows,
workers were slapped to death
on the cheeks.
Reaction raged.
Intellectuals
left only
and ruined everything.
They locked themselves at home,
took out candles,
smoke incense –
God-seekers.
Comrade Plekhanov whined himself:
– Your fault,
confused, brothers!
So they let out
blood tubs!
There is nothing
in vain
to take up arms. –
Lenin
in this sickly whining
cut the voice of
vigorous and loud:
– No,
you need to take up arms
,
only more than
decisively and energetically.
New uprisings I see the day.
The working class will rise again.
Not defense –
attack
should become
the slogan of the masses. –
And this year
in the bloody foam
and these
wounds in the
workstation will seem like
school
of the first stage
in the thunderstorm and storm of
coming uprisings.
And Lenin
again
in his exile
prepares
us
before a new battle.
He teaches
and absorbs knowledge himself,
he again
collects the broken batch
.
Look –
strikes
raise the year,
more –
and you will be able to move towards an uprising.
But now
from the years
rises
terrible fourteenth,
So they write –
soldier-de
will light a pipe,
will go to spoil
about the campaigns of the ancients,
but this
world-wide meat grinder
to what equate
to Poltava? !
Imperialism
in all nakedness –
belly out,
with false teeth,
and a sea of ​​blood
up to his knees –
devours countries, heaving
with bayonets.
Around him
his sycophants –
patriots –
Vova adapted –
write,
having betrayed their hands:
– Worker,
fight
to the last blood! –
Earth –
a mountain of
scrap iron,
and in it
human
rags and rags,
Among
of the entire insane asylum
, the sober
stood
Zimmerwald alone.
Hence
Lenin
with a handful of comrades
stood over the world
and raised thoughts over

brighter than
any conflagration,
voice
louder than
all cannonade.
From there –
million
cannonade in the ears,
one hundred thousand-strong
cavalry running,
from here,
against
and sabers and guns, –
cheekbones
and bald
one person.
– Soldiers!
Bourgeois, having betrayed and sold
,
are sent to the Turks,
for Verdun,
for Dvina.
Enough!
Let’s turn the
war of the nations
into a civil war!
Enough
devastation,
deaths and injuries,
nations
have no
any guilt.
Against the
bourgeoisie of all countries
raise the
banner of the
civil war! –
I thought:
at once
the cannon-stove
will sneeze with fire
and blow it off with rot,
then go,
look for the little man,
go,
remember his name.
With the throat of guns,
hissing and howling,
to each other
countries
yelling –
on your knees!
They fought,
and now there are
no winners –
one won
Comrade Lenin.
Imperialism is breaking through!
We
have exhausted
angelic patience.
You
by the insurgent
Russia broke through
from Tabriz
to Arkhangelsk.
Empire –
this is not a couch for you!
Beaked eagle
with two-headed power.
And we,
, like a smoked cigarette butt,
just
spat out
by their dynasty.
Huge,
covered with bloody rust,
people,
hungry and bare-haired,
will go to the Soviets
or will
bourgeois
drag,
like in the old days,
chestnuts out of the fire?
– The people
tore
the shackles of the tsar,
Russia in a storm,
Russia in a thunderstorm, –
read
Vladimir Ilyich
in Switzerland,
trembling,
worrying
over a pile of newspapers.
But what do you recognize
from scraps of newspaper?
On an airplane
to break through to the sky,
there,
to help
to the insurgent workers, –
one desire,
one thought.
I went,
obedient to the party will,
in a German carriage,
a German seal.
Oh, if only
knew
then Hohenzollern,
that Lenin
and their monarchy is a bomb!
St. Petersburg residents
still
to everyone’s joy
kissed,
galloped as small kids,
but wearing a red ribbon,
slightly parading,
Nevsky
was already swarming with generals.
One step at a time –
and will reach the point,
will reach
and to the police whistle.
Already
start to show
claws
bourgeois
from their furry paws.
First a trifle –
like fry.
Then more mature –
from sprats to sprats.
Then Dardanelles,
nee Milyukov,
followed by
with coronation
rushing Mikhailchik.
Prime
no power –
satin stitching!
This is
to you
is not a rude Commissar.
Straight girl –
go and stroke her!
Rolls tantrums,
sings in tenor.
Another
did not get
us
and dewdrops
from these same
February freedoms,
and for the defencists –
already twigs –
“march, march to the front,
working people.”
And to top it off
of the glorious landscape,
betrayed us
and up to
and then,
around
by watchmen
SRs and Savinkovs,
Mensheviks –
by a learned cat.
And into the city,
already
floating fat,
suddenly from there,
from across the Neva,
from Finland Station
along Vyborgskaya
an armored car rumbled.
And again
the wind
fresh, strong
the shafts
of the revolution
lifted in foam.
Foundry
flooded
blouses and caps.
“Lenin is with us!
Long live Lenin! ”
– Comrades! –
and over the heads
of the first hundred
forward
the leading hand
put out. –
– Let’s drop
of the Escort
dilapidated rags.
Down with
the power of
compromisers and capitalists!
We are the
voice of the
will of the bottom,
of the working bottom
of the whole world.
Long live the
party,
building communism,
long live the
uprising
for the power of the Soviets! –
For the first time
in front of a crowd of stunned
here,
in front of you,
near,
stood up,
as a simple
thing being done,
unattainable word –
“socialism”.
Here,
because of the buzzing factories,
shining with the horizon
in the entire vault,
stood
tomorrow’s
commune of working people –
without the bourgeoisie,
without proletarians,
without slaves and masters.
To the thickness of
that circled
compromise ropes
Ilyich’s words
with blows of an ax.
And the speech
interrupted
with rock falls:
“That’s right, Lenin!
Right!
It’s time! ”
House
Kshesinskaya,
donated for the dragon
,
now –
working blouse.
Here flows
factory set,
here
is tempered
in Lenin’s smithy.
“Eat pineapples,
grouse chew,
your last day
comes, bourgeois.”

already climbs to
sitting in the master’s chair –
how do you live
but what are you chewing?
While trying on,
in July
touched the throat with
and the tummy.
The bourgeois teeth of the
grinned at once.
– The slave rebelled!
With scourges,
and into his blood! –
And the handle
Kerensky
is driven by order –
at the sight of Lenin!
To the Crosses of Zinoviev!
And the party
again went underground.
Ilyich on Razliv,
Ilyich in Finland.
But neither the attic,
nor the hut,
nor the leader’s field

will give
to their brutal gang.
Lenin is not visible,
but he is close.
By the fact that
the work moves like,
is visible
is the guide
Lenin’s thought,
is visible
is the leading
Lenin’s hand.
In the words of the Ilyichevs –
is the best soil:
are falling,
is now growing
,
and close to
already
with the shoulder of a worker –
shoulders of
million peasants.
And when
left
to go to the barricades,
day
having outlined
in a row of weeks,
Lenin
himself
came to St. Petersburg:
– Comrades,
is enough to pull the gimmick!
The oppression of capital,
ugly hunger,
wars of banditry,
the intervention of a thief –
will be! –
seem to be
whiter than moles
on the grandmother’s body,
of ancient history. –
And from there,
for the days
looking around these,
Lenin’s head

you see first.
This is
from slavery
ten millennia
to
centuries of commune
shining pass.

years will pass
of today’s hardships,
in the summer of the commune
will warm the summers,
and happiness
with the sweetness of
huge berries
will ripen
on red
October flowers.
And then
from those reading
Lenin’s decrees,
yellowed
decrees
turning over the sheets,

tears will come out,
disused,
and blood
with excitement
will hit the whiskey.
When I
summarize
what I have lived,
and rummage in days –
is the brightest where,
I remember
the same thing –
twenty-fifth,
is the first day.
Bayonets
poke
lightning strikes,
sailors
play bombs
like balls.
From buzz
trembles
excited Smolny.
There are machine gunners in the ammunition belts
at the bottom.
–
is calling you
Comrade Stalin.
To the right
third,
he
there. –
– Comrades,
do not stop!
What steel?
To armored cars
and to the post office! –
– By order of Comrade Trotsky
! –
– Yes! –
turned
and disappeared soon,
and only
on the tape
at the naval
under the lamp
flashed –
“Aurora”.
Who rushes with the order,
who are in a heap of arguing,
who clicked
the shutter
on the left knee.
Here
from that end of corridor
sideways
went
inconspicuous Lenin.
Already
Ilyich
fought in battle,
still
not knowing
from his portraits,
pushed,
shouted,
sharper than a razor
soldiers of each other
covered each other at the same time.
And in this coveted
iron storm
Ilyich,
, as if
was even asleep,
walked,
became
and his eyes, squinting,
thrust

hands behind his back.
Some guy
in windings,
shaggy,
set
without missing a beating eye,
as if
was exhausting heart
with words,
as if
was dragging soul
out of phrases.
And I knew
that all
was revealed and understood by
and with this
eye
would probably be caught –
and the cry of the peasant,
and the cries of the front,
and the will of the Nobel,
and the will of the Putilovets.
He was
in the skull of
with a hundred provinces,
people
wore
to one and a half billion.
He
weighed
world
during the night,
and in the morning:
– Everyone!
Everyone!
To all of this –
fronts,
drunk with blood,
slaves of all kinds
,
into slavery to
rich donated. –
Power to the Soviets!
Land for the peasants!
Peace to the peoples!
Bread for the hungry! –
Bourgeois
read
– wait, we will catch
. –
tummies turn back
with a compelling argument –
will show them
Dukhonin and Kornilov,
will show them
Guchkov and Kerensky.
But the front
without a fight
took these words –
village
and city
flooded with decrees,
and even
ignorant
burned heart.
We know,
is not for us, but
was shown to them,
what happens
“already”.

passed from close to neighbor,
from neighbor
to distant ones burst hearts:
“Peace to huts,
war,
war,
war to palaces!”

fought in any factory and workshop,
were shaken out of the cities with
peas,
and
behind
the October
stride marked the milestones of
burning
noble estates.
Land –
litter under their whips,
and suddenly
it,
like bread in a knot,
with all its streams
and its hillocks
the peasant took
and clamped it, zakoruzel.
With glasses
cuffs,
croaking angrily,
crawling there,
where the kingdom and the county.
Tablecloth path!
We and the cook
will learn
to govern the state every
!
We lived
until
by the production of rotations.
From the trenches
flew
into the German ears:
– It’s time to end!
Come out to fraternize! –
And the front
crawled
into the snails of teplushek.
Will you block such a
leak with a handful of
?
It seemed –
our little boat is lurching –
Wilhelm’s boots,
Nikolayev’s spurists,
will erase
Soviet borders.
The Social Revolutionaries went
in raincoats in a vest,
caught the fleeing
in their verbiage,
dragged
chivalrously
with a stupid skewer
beautifully
Slay
armored monsters!
Ilyich
to the cockerel
shouted:
– Not from a place!
Let the party
load
and this is a burden.
Let’s take
respite from obscene Brest.
Loss is space,
gain is time. –
So as not to take a break from
to us
in a respite,
to know –
will remember my blows,
themselves
not by drill –
with the consciousness of schooled,
are built in
rows of
of the Red Army.
Historians
with hydra will tear out posters
– why was this hydra,
why not? –
and we knew

this hydra
in its
natural size.
“We will bravely go into battle
for the power of the Soviets
and as one we will die
in the struggle for this!”
Denikin is coming.
Denikin will be thrown out,
brought down by a cannon
will raise the hearth.
Here Wrangel for you –
to replace Denikin.
Baron will be dropped –
already Kolchak.
We ate bark,
spent the night – a swamp,
but walked
million red stars,
and in each – Ilyich,
and
takes care of each at the
front eleven thousand versts.
Eleven thousand versts
circumference,
and how much
up and down!
After all, every house
needs to be attacked,
every
enemy
in the gateways of the coast.
Eser and the monarchist
spy sleeplessly –
where they sting with a snake,
where they cut from the shoulder.
Do you know
path
to the Michelson plant?
You will find
by blood
from Ilyich’s wounds.
SRs
aim
not very correctly –
with the other end
and
itself in the eyebrow.
But bombs are worse than
and revolver bullets
siege of famine,
siege of typhoid.
Look –
circling
over the crumbs of the fly,
are more satisfying for them,
than
for us in the eighteenth year, –
stood idle
because of the eighth
day
in the street
in the cold.
If you want to plant, if you want to poison
–
plant for potatoes –
to whom he is not sorry!
And 10-hull
shipbuilder
puffed
and screeched
over lighters.
And the kulaks have
and butter and crumpets.
Calculation of kulaks
simple and faithful –
harness bread
We know –
hunger
sweeps away cleanly,
needs a clamp,
and not the tenderness of wax,
and Lenin
gets up
to fight the kulaks
and food detachments
and surplus appropriation.
Is
at that time
the word “democrat”
will come across
what kind of foolish head ?!
If you beat,
so that under it the
panel was wet:
the key of victories –
in the iron dictatorship.
We won,
but we are
in holes:
the car became,
skin –
rags.
Shafts of debris!
Rags of wallpaper!
Go fill!
Take it and wash it off!
Where is the port?
Lighthouses
broke in the port,
we roll,
mast
waves christening!
We will be overturned –
on the starboard side
in one hundred million
cargo of peasants.
In delight, the enemies
are filled with howling,
but so
only Ilyich knew how and could –
he suddenly
turned
the steering wheel
at once
twenty points to the side.
And immediately silence,
even astonishing;
peasants
bring
grain to the pier.
Ordinary signboards
– purchase –
– sale –
– NEP.
Lenin narrowed his eyes:
– Do it for now, learn
yards,
you won’t learn –
is bad. –
Team
shook the shore
tired.
We’re used to the storm,
what’s the catch?
Bay
Ilyich
indicated deep
and point
of the bow-berth
found,
and smoothly
into the world,
construction in the docks,
entered
Soviet republics of the whopper.
And Lenin
himself
where there is iron,
where the tree
wore
to repair
the punctured place.
With steel sheets
lifted
and tried on
cooperatives,
shops
and trusts.
And again
becomes
Lenin navigator,
lights on the sides,
in front and behind.
Now
from the boarding and assault on
we will
go over to the labor siege
.
We retreated
, calculating
exactly.
Who decomposed –
ashore
for the gate.
Now forward!
The retreat is over.
RCP,
crew aboard!
The commune is centuries,
what is ten years for it?
Forward –
and in the past
Nepchik will hide.
We will move
a hundred times slower,
but
in a million
stronger and stronger.
This
petty-bourgeois element
still
sways
dead swell,
but, quiet
clouds
lightning out,
already –

growing worldwide thunderstorm.
Enemy
replaces
enemy thinned out,
but it will be –
over the world
will light the heavens
– but this
is already
more useful to do,
than to write about it
. –
Now,
if you drink
and if you eat,
if we go to the general plant

from lunch,
we know –
proletariat is the winner,
and Lenin –
organizer of victory.
From the Comintern
to ringing kopecks,
hammer and sickle
in new copper,
one
unwritten epic –
Ilyich’s steps
from victory to victory.
Revolution –
heavy things,
one cannot lift –
leg will bend.
But Lenin
between equals
was the first
in willpower,
mind leverage.
The countries are rising
one by one –
Ilyich’s hand
indicated correctly:
peoples –
black,
white
and color –
become
under the banner of the Comintern.
Pillars of imperialism
unyielding columns –
bourgeois
five parts of the world,
politely
lifting
top hats and crowns,
bowing
Ilyicheva republic of soviets.
We are not afraid of

nobody’s effort,
rushing
forward
with a steam locomotive of labor …
and suddenly
one-stop news –
with Ilyich
blow.
If
were to be exhibited in the museum
of a crying Bolshevik,
would be
in the museum
rotozei would stick out all day.
Of course –
you will not see such
even in centuries!
Five-pointed stars
were burned on our backs by
lord’s governors.
Alive,
to the head in the ground,
We were buried by the gangs of
Mamontov.
In the locomotive furnaces
the Japanese burned us,
our mouths were filled with lead and tin,
renounce! – roared,
but out of
burning sips
only three words:
– Long live communism! –
Armchair by armchair,
row in row
this steel,
iron
tumbled
on the twenty-second of January
into the five-story building
Congress of Soviets.
They sat down,
threw a grin,
solved
like
trifles of affairs.
It’s time to open!
Why are they hesitating?
What
presidium,
how cut down, thinned out?
Why
eyes are
redder than a lodge?
What’s wrong with Kalinin?
It barely holds.
Misfortune?
What?
It can’t be!
And if with him?
No!
Really?
Ceiling
on us
went down like a raven.
Lowered their heads –
bend down still!
Suddenly
trembled and
chandeliers of blurry lights turned black.
The
bells choked with an unnecessary click.
Overcame himself
and Kalinin stood up.
Tears cannot be squeezed
from mustaches and cheeks.
Issued.
Shine on the wedge at the beard.
Thoughts are confused,
is crumpled.
Blood in whiskey,
bubbling in vein:
– Yesterday
at six o’clock fifty minutes
Comrade Lenin died! –
This year has seen
,
of which will not be seen by a hundred.
Day
for centuries
will enter
into a dreary tradition.
Horror
from iron
squeezed a groan.
A sob passed over the Bolsheviks
.
Terrible gravity!
Themselves
dragged out
by dragging.
Find out –
when and how?
What are they concealing!
The
Bolshoi Theater floated to the streets of
and into the lanes of
in a hearse
.
Joy
crawls like a snail.
Grief has a frantic run.
Neither the sun,
nor an ice-floe of an ingot –
everything
through a newspaper sieve
black
sowed snow.
The news pounced on the worker
at the machine
.
Bullet in the mind.
And as if
tears dropped the glass
onto the instrument.
And the peasant,
battered,
death
in the eye
looked more than once,
turned away from the women,
but gave out
with his fist
rubbed dirt.
There were people – flint,
and these
bitten,
disfiguring the lip.
Old people
were angry children,
and, like children,
gray-bearded cried.
Wind
the whole earth
howled insomnia,
and in no way
of the rebellious
could not think of it to the end,
that here is the coffin
in the frosty
little room of Moscow
of the revolution
and son and father.
End,
End,
End.
Whom
to assure!
Glass –
and see under …
This is

it is carried from Paveletsky
through the city,
he took from the masters.
Street,
like a through wound –
hurts so much
and groans like that.
Here
each stone
of Lenin knows
on the trample of
of the first
October attacks.
Here is
everything,
that each banner
embroidered,
was conceived by him
and commanded by him.
Here
each tower
heard Lenin,
followed by
would go
into fire and smoke.
Here
Lenin
knows
every worker,
hearts to him
with branches of fir trees.
He led the battle,
prophesied victory,
and here is the
proletarian –
of the total ruler.
Here
each peasant
Lenin’s name
in the heart
inscribed
more lovingly than in the calendar.
He ordered
to be called his own,
that the grandfathers
in coffins,
spotted, were dreaming.
And communards
from-under the Red Square,
seemed to be
whispering:
– Beloved and dear!
Live,
and don’t need
more beautiful fate –
we will fight a hundred times
and lie down in our graves! –
Now
the
words of the miracle worker were sounded,
so that we die
and they will wake him up, –
the dam of the streets
will dissolve by surprise,
and with the song
people will rush to death
.
But there are no miracles,
and there is nothing to dream about.
There is Lenin,
coffin
and bent shoulders.
He was a man
until the end of mankind –
carry
and execute
with human anguish.
For ever
such
priceless cargo

still did not carry
our oceans,
like this red coffin,
to the House of Unions
floating
on the backs of sobs and marches.
Another
on guard
stood in the honorable
severe guard
of Lenin’s bearing,
and people
are already
waiting,
are imprinted in full length
and Tverskaya
and Dimitrovka.
In the seventeenth there was
–
in the queue of your daughter
for bread you can’t send –
I’ll eat tomorrow!
But in this
cold,
terrible line
with children and with
sick people all got up.
Villages
were built
next to the city.
That will cause sorrow by courage,
will cause it to be children.
Land of Labor
paraded –
alive
as a result of
Lenin’s life.
The yellow sun,
oblique and lacquered,
will rise,
rushes to the foot of the sun.
As if
downtrodden,
mourning hope,
bowing in grief,
are passing by the Chinese.
Came
nights
on the backs of days,
hours changing,
confusing dates.
As if
is not the night
and not the stars on it,
but
are crying over Lenin
Negroes from the States.
An unprecedented frost
toasted the soles.
And people
day
with a cramped crush.
Even
from the cold
no one dares to clap their hands
–
is impossible,
is inappropriate.
Frost grabs
and drags,
seems to be torturing
,
how tempered in love.
Bursts into crowds.
Confused into the crush,
enters
along with the crowd behind the columns.
Steps grow,
grow into a reef.
But now
stops breathing and singing,
and it’s scary to step –
a cliff under your feet –
a bottomless cliff
in four steps.
Breakage
from slavery in a hundred generations,
where they know
only gold resonant reason.
The cliff
and the edge –
is the coffin and Lenin,
and further –
commune
across the entire horizon.
What will you see ?!
Only his forehead̀ only,
and Nadezhda Konstantinovna
in the fog
for …
Maybe
in the eyes without tears
you can see more.
Not in such
I
looked eyes.
Banners
floating
silk bows
with the last
honor given:
“Farewell, comrade,
you honestly walked
your valiant path, noble.”
Fear.
Close your eyes
and don’t look –
as if
are walking
along the wire.
As if
minutes
one on one
remained
with a huge
the only truth.
I’m happy.
Ringing march water
carries
my weightless body.
I know –
from now on
and forever
in me
minute
this is the one.
I am happy,
that I am
of this power particle,
that general
even tears from my eyes.
Stronger than
and purer than
you cannot partake of
great feeling
by name –
class!
Banners
again
wings bow,
so that tomorrow
again
rise into battle –
“We ourselves, dear, closed your eagle eyes
.”
Just not to fall,
shoulder to shoulder,
blackening flags
and aley eyelids,
on the last
farewell to Ilyich
walked
and hesitated at the mausoleum.
Ceremony is performed.
Speeches were made.
They say – and okay.
Woe behold,
that the duration of a minute
is short –
unless
the whole
will you embrace the beloved!
Pass
and up
look with apprehension,
at the black,
snow-covered circle.
How furiously
gallop
arrows on Spasskaya.
Per minute –
to the last four jump.
Freeze
minutes
from this news!
Stop,
motion and life!
Raised hammer,
freeze in place.
Earth, freeze,
lie down and lie down!
Silence.
The greatest path is over.
They fired from a cannon,
or maybe from a thousand.
And this
firing
seemed no louder,
than a trifle,
strumming in your pocket –
in a beggar.
Painfully
, revealing
poor eyesight,
almost frozen,
standing still.
Rises
before me
at the banners in the illumination
dark
earthly
motionless ball.
A coffin is over the world,
is motionless and dumb.
At the coffin –
we,
representatives of people,
so that a storm of uprisings,
deeds and poems
multiply that
that we saw today.
But here is
from afar,
from there,
from scarlet
in frost,
our silenced guard on guard,
someone’s voice –
as if Muralova –
“Step march”.
This order
is not even needed –
less often,
smoother,
breathing harder,
with difficulty
tearing off
body-gravity,
from the area
down
we drive a step.
Each banner
with firm hands
again
over the head
is lifted up.
Stomp flood,
force in circles,
expanding,
diverges
to the world in thought.
General thought
put together
workers,
peasants
and a soldier-grunt:
– It is difficult
will be
for a republic without Lenin.
We need to replace him –
with whom?
How?
Enough
roll around
on the bedbug’s feather bed!
Comrade Secretary!
For you –
here –
ask you to assign
to the yerkapova cell
at once,
collectively,
the whole plant … –
Watching
bourgeois,
rattling eyes,
trembling
from the stamping of strong legs.
Four hundred thousand
from the machine
hot –
to Lenin
the first
party wreath.
– Comrade secretary,
take a pen …
They say – we will replace …
We must, they say …
I’m already old –
take your granddaughter,
is not lagging behind –
give the Komsomol. –
Fleet sponsored,
raise anchors,
at sea
it’s time for
underwater moles.
“By the seas,
by the seas,
here today,
there tomorrow.”
Above the sun!
You will be a witness –
rather
smooth the mourning at the mouth.
Children enter the leg of
adults
–
tra-ta-ta-ta-ta
ta-ta-ta-ta.
“One,
two,
three!
We are pioneers.
We are not afraid of fascists,
will go to bayonets. ”
In vain
Europa’s fist is raised.
We cover them with a crash.
Back!
Don’t you dare!
Became
the greatest
communist organizer
even

Ilyichev’s death itself.
Already
over the pipes
of the monstrous grove,
hands
million
folded into the staff,
with the red banner
Red Square
up
rises
with a terrible jerk.
From this banner,
from each fold
again
alive
Lenin calls out:
– Proletarians,
line up
for the last battle!
Slaves,
unbend
backs and knees!
Army of the proletarians,
Rise slim!
Long live the revolution,
joyful and fast!
This is
the only
great war
of all
which history has known.

Glaive

Since the XIV century, among the Italian, Saxon and Burgundian infantry, a new type of chopping infantry cold weapon – the glaive (glevia) – has become widespread, which was considered a fairly universal combat tool and made it possible to successfully fight in conditions of a closed or disintegrating system.

When using glaives in close formation, stabbing and chopping blows from top to bottom were mainly applied, and when free space for maneuver appeared, the warrior was able to use a huge arsenal of fighting techniques (attacking and defensive). Among other things, it was possible to strike blows with the middle (on the neck) or lower (on the legs) part of the shaft – the bottom of the glaive often had an additional striking element in the form of a hook (“flow” or “heel” – in the stowed position had the function of a counterweight).The design of the weapon also made it possible to capture or withdraw enemy weapons. The double-bladed version of the glaive is extremely rare, with blades at each end of the shaft.

There were a colossal number of tips for this type of cold weapon (there were about a hundred modifications), and even if the shaft broke, the tip with a fragment of the handle still represented a very formidable force. In the root part of the glaive’s tip, there was a spike parallel or beveled at a slight angle to the blade, intended for protective functions when repelling blows from above, and to increase the effectiveness of thrusting blows (the tip itself was used mainly for chopping blows).

As with any long-tree weapon, a warrior armed with a glaive had a weak point – a possible reflection of his attack with an opponent’s shield, or the capture of the weapon by hand, which left the warrior practically defenseless. Until the 18th century, the glaive was part of the armament of the palace guards, and now it is equipped with the Swiss guards guarding the Vatican. According to some encyclopedias of edged weapons, the glaive refers to the halberds.