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Rated / maximum engine power with Boost: 508/558 hpwith.

Transmission: 16 x 2 Full PowerShift

Hydraulic system: 216 l / min

TECHNICAL DATA:

• ENGINE
  Model: FPT Cursor 13 / Tier II
  Displacement: 12.9 liters
  Rated power without boost: 508 hp (373 kW)
  Rated power with Boost: 548 hp (403 kW)
  Maximum power with Boost: 558 hp (410 kW)
  Max Torque: 2374 Nm
  Fuel System Type: Unit Injection
  Fuel Tank Capacity: 1170 L
  
• UNDERWORK
  Wheel configuration: four-wheel drive (4WD), turning by longitudinal fracture of the frame
  Transmission type: full power shift (Full PowerShift)
  Number of gearboxes: 16 forward / 2 reverse
  Maximum travel speed: 40 km / hour
  Front wheel size: double 710 / 70R42
  Rear wheel size: double 710 / 70R42
  
• AUXILIARY WORKING SYSTEMS
  Number of pairs of external equipment hydraulic system outlets: 6 pairs, return line
  Hydraulic system capacity: 216 l / min
  Rear linkage category: without three-point hitch, drawbar cat. IVN
  Maximum permissible load on the drawbar: vertical up to 4983 kg, traction up to 22453 kg
  RPM RPM: Without PTO
  
• DIMENSIONS, WEIGHT
  Length / width / height 7.6 / 4.6 / 4.1 m
  Weight: (excluding ballast weight) 19885 kg.

________________________________________________________________________

State of technology: requires intervention in the engine control unit, loss of power during operation.Seasonal maintenance is required.

Owner: Brody Agro.

Specifications

Acquisition date

2012

Mileage (km)

6159 m / y

Blackjack Lighting STX-28P-SN-3C Staxx 3-Tier LED Cone Pendant Light, pendant light, price

Green products use energy efficient technologies or sustainable manufacturing processes to provide a product that saves operating costs while also making a more responsible environmental choice.Eco Friendly products include compact fluorescent lamps, LED lamps and items that use environmentally friendly materials such as …

Detailed Description

Green products use energy efficient technologies or sustainable manufacturing processes to provide a product that saves operating costs while also making a more responsible environmental choice. Eco Friendly products include compact fluorescent lamps, LED lamps and items that use environmentally friendly materials such as bamboo or post-consumer recycled materials.With charming rings and bright lighting, the 3-Tier LED Staxx Cone Pendant Light from Blackjack Lighting will inspire any interior restorer to new heights of creativity. The forming conical shape is represented by rings of different sizes with backlighting. Together, these celestial halos emit a welcoming radiance that is perfect for setting sound over a dining table. This pendant also comes with an adjustable 12ft aircraft cable and grips to eliminate the need for splicing or cutting.Blackjack Lighting, founded in 2013 in the suburbs of Chicago, manufactures modern and contemporary LED lighting fixtures. Their geometric creations combine stunning designs, advanced technology and quality materials. Blackjack Lighting has won numerous awards and accolades, including the Lighting for Tomorrow Grand Prix and the SSL Next Generation Lighting Design Contest, with a wide range of products ranging from minimalist table lamps to sleek, shimmering chandeliers.

Lamps from Europe and America wholesale – Lighting Engineering Workshop LLC. Experienced specialists will answer all technical and commercial questions. We offer you to buy the Blackjack Lighting STX-28P-SN-3C Staxx 3-Tier LED Cone Pendant Light, a pendant lamp at the lowest price – we are waiting for your inquiry to calculate the size of the discount.

Features:
-Design / Year: Stephen Blackman / 2017
-Can be dimmed with a 0-10V dimmer (sold separately)
-Warranty: Limited 1 Year
-Manufactured In: China

Ratings:
-Location Rating : ETL Listed

Specifications:
-Steel
-Frosted Laser Cut Acrylic shade

Lighting:
-88 Watt (5950 Lumens) 120 Volt / 277 Volt Integrated LED: CRI: 90 Color Temp: 3000K

Dimensions:
– Fixture: H 8.9 in, Dia 27.5 in

Pumps for organic fertilizers

Cornell offers over 60 heavy duty slurry pump models for very dense slurry applications. With three unique centrifugal pump types (Closed, Semi-Open, and DeltaTM types) available, Cornell can provide a model to suit your needs.

Material of manufacture

Cornell Organic Fertilizer Pumps are constructed from steel or nodular cast iron with reinforced sealant alloy for longer weld life.

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP OPTIONS

Cornell offers three unique types of centrifugal pumps for handling liquid organic fertilizers. The DELTATM centrifugal pump is ideal for handling straw, twisty stems and coarse slurry where pressure requirements range from low to medium. Cornell’s two- and three-way closed-loop centrifugal pumps are designed to handle large volumes of solids that require high efficiency and high head.The three- or four-vane, semi-open centrifugal pump has a cutting ability to handle the worst slurry at high head.

CUTTING PLATE OPTIONS

As a new product in 2012, Cornell offers inserts for solids handling units as well as closed centrifugal pump models.

When used in conjunction with a high-performance closed-loop centrifugal pump, a hardened rotary cutter ring (Rockwell ‘C’ 55-60) and a stationary cutting insert work in tandem to pre-cut solids as they enter the pump impeller blade space and break up blockages with minimal consumption energy.Cutting components are tuned for maximum performance over the life of the product. The cutting section can also be reconfigured for the Cornell pump in use.

The DuraSubTM, manufactured by Cornell, uses a high power pump end and support structure for direct connection to a hydraulic drive motor. The DuraSub’sTM collector fits most standard Cornell pump ends.Suitable for a variety of motor configurations of heavy duty drive / carrier assembly, improved immersion end type for efficient power reduction applications. High power pump ends for long life and reliable performance.

The Cornell horizontal self-priming centrifugal pump line is equipped with a semi-open impeller for handling solid liquids during shutdown. These pumps can operate satisfactorily with liquids containing air or dissolved gases.Various materials of manufacture are available for self priming pumps: full black metal, full stainless steel, full bronze, matching stainless steel and matching bronze.

REDI-PRIME

Cornell’s Redi-Prime® pump is engineered with increased suction power for higher flow, less mechanical loss and higher suction lift. The feeding system has been designed with the environment in mind. By using a positive float value, the diaphragm vacuum pump does not pollute the water and the environment.

With suction heights up to 28 feet and heads up to 470 feet, fluid flow rates in excess of 20,000 gpm, most Cornell pumps are easily compatible with the Redi-Prime® system.

POSITION CONFIGURATION

Cornell Irrigation Pumps are available in a variety of layouts, including horizontal and vertical closed pumping, vertical and horizontal pumping, and pumps with SAE protective cap directly to the engine.

CYCLOSEAL

Ideal for water and wastewater applications, CornellCycloseal® patented self-adjusting single mechanical seal with concave backplate. This configuration does not require an external water supply and eliminates the need for a water piping line.

Cycloseal® uses a stationary stabilizer deflector in the pump backplate together with a modulated rotary pump, rear vane and concave backplate to create a head gradient that moves solids and exhaust vapor away from the seal face.The Cycloseal® mechanical seal can last 10 times longer than a conventional mechanical seal.

RUN-DRY SYSTEM

Cornell’s Run-Dry System consists of an optional seal and oil reservoir that retains the seal in the lubricant and prevents the seal surface from dry running during feed, re-feed, or standby. The Run-Dry seal is connected to the grease reservoir through the inlet and outlet line through the rotation of the shaft to provide continuous rotation and cooling of the grease on the seal surface.With the Run-Dry System, your pump can run dry for many hours without damaging the mechanical seal.

Tractor Case IH Steiger

Tractors of the Case IH Steiger series are designed to work in difficult conditions with wide-reach implements. To successfully complete tasks of this level of complexity in the shortest possible time, Steiger tractors are equipped with a heavy-duty FPT Cursor 13 engine and are equipped with high quality reinforced components.

Working with large working widths places special demands on the tractor system. That is why they are equipped with a high-performance hydraulic system, a powerful drawbar and prepared for the installation of a GPS navigation system.

The Steiger cab boasts the best soundproofing performance in the industry, intuitively located controls, and unobstructed 360 ° visibility.

Case IH Steiger and Quadtrac tractors are heavy duty tractors equipped with a unique track system.Quadtrac is powered by four independent track motors for unrivaled traction, smooth ride and versatility. It is the use of four tracks instead of two that allows the full use of the entire traction potential of the tractor and at the same time avoids excessive soil compaction.

The heart of the most powerful tractor in the industry

Used in every Steiger tractor, from 400 hp row-crop tractors.with. to the market leading 600 hp model. This proven design was first used on Steiger tractors in 2006 and subsequently introduced to Case IH Axial-Flow® combines. Steiger tractors from 400 to 500 hp have 12.9 liter single-stage turbocharged engines that perfectly match engine performance with the required power. Steiger models, 550 and 600 hp. characterized by the presence of a two-tier turbocharger system: a small turbocharger for operation at low rpm and a second, large turbocharger for maximum performance at high rpm.

Calculation of the cost of the work done

Regardless of the required tractor power, the entire new Steiger and Quadtrac range offers improved fuel efficiency, with up to 9% fuel savings. New Case IH engine technology improves horsepower, engine output, fuel efficiency and engine reliability for unconditional benefits for the farmer. Plus, you’ll get additional savings over years of high efficiency through minimal downtime, extended maintenance intervals, and the ease and speed of routine maintenance.

Hydraulics and GDP for maximum yield

A configuration option with the ability to use up to eight remote hydraulic valves, with a fluid flow rate of up to 428 liters per minute. This hydraulic flow covers the needs of even the most powerful seeding equipment in the industry. New flow compensated quick-connect valves improve productivity by maintaining accurate flow and pressure, even under the most challenging conditions.Customize the system as you see fit and it will adapt to changing operating conditions throughout the day.

Parallelism – Identity – Repeatability

These are the performance you would expect from an automatic steering system. And you will receive them. The system allows you to eliminate gaps between aisles. This can help reduce the number of end-of-row turns and overlaps. This system maintains perfectly straight passages thanks to the precision of the RTK system, which monitors traffic patterns and reduces soil compaction – benefits that increase yields.It all boils down to reducing stress and fatigue at the end of the day, so you go to work the next day fresher and more collected.

Specifications

Musiland monitor 03 us

Musiland Monitor 03 US

Inexpensive sound card with USB interface on TI PCM1798 with headphone amplifier TI TPA6120A2 After preparing the material “Creative Sound Blaster X-Fi HD vs.Asus Xonar U7: two USB sound cards with high-quality DACs ”we were very unhappy with the products we tested. Sound cards Creative and Asus were announced by manufacturers as high-quality devices, but in reality they are raw products with unrealized potential, or, if you prefer, with significant errors in software and hardware. But the problem is not even that, but the strange sound of these cards, not inherent in the applied converters.

So, until the manufacturers eliminate the problems, the mentioned Creative and Asus cards are more likely to be suitable for not the most demanding user.Our readers demanded to find some healthy alternative among the $ 100 USB devices. This led us to purchase and test a product from a little-known Chinese developer, Musiland. Although the products of this manufacturer are not sold in Russian stores, in the modern world this confuses very few people. There is ebay, there are numerous Asian online stores with free shipping to Russia. The device cost us exactly $ 140, which allows us to compare it with previous test participants: Creative X-Fi, Asus U7 and E-MU 0204.

Why did we choose Musiland Monitor 03 US? The card is interesting because, at a low price, it has a very unusual filling and a philosophy close to us “remove all marketoid nonsense from the product, leave us 2 output channels and a powerful amplifier”. TI PCM1798 DAC and TI TPA6120A2 Headphone Amplifier – Powerful Bundle! And the USB 3.0 connector is used for bus power and more current of 900mA versus a maximum of 500mA from USB 2.0. Although the CY7C68013A bus controller used in the card only supports USB 2.0, that is, the card does not require a USB 3.0 connection, but it undoubtedly benefits from such a connection. The card does not have a separate crystal oscillator for 44.1 kHz and multiples of it – frequencies are synthesized in its DSP. According to measurements on the Internet, the synthesizer jitter is less than 100 ps.

Instead of cheap general-purpose processors, a programmable Xilinx chip is used, which allows you to implement what is not supported in universal sound processors and even increase the card’s functions in firmware.For example, the updates added new formats up to 32 bit 384 kHz. Special emphasis is placed on ASIO support – the control panel has a separate ASIO pickmeter and its own volume control. MME and ASIO work in parallel without any problems (hello, E-MU 0204!). There is also a powerful user-switched headphone output. A simple equalizer is also implemented in the control panel, but one cannot immediately tell whether it is software or hardware.

There is also a 03 US Dragon modification released in the Year of the Dragon.It features an additional DC / DC converter that improves the analog signal-to-noise ratio by a few dB by increasing the supply voltage. There is not much sense in this, the card already has quite high parameters, but many are pleased by this.

Proprietary Mulink digital connector allows output of 2-channel signal up to 32-bit 384 kHz from DSP to compatible external DACs. This interface was conceived to create an entire ecosystem of manufacturer’s modular devices. In the updated, second version of this protocol, the manufacturer promises support for the transmission of DSD 64 and 128.Rather, it is a technical demonstration of the manufacturer’s potential, reserved for other products of the company. By the way, special experiments on the Internet on decoding the I2S signal show that 32 bits are successfully supplied to the DAC chip!

But PCM1798 only takes 24 bits of them to play. But 384 kHz, according to some reports, the DAC chip still supports, despite the absence in the official specifications! This support was discovered by accident by the DIY community. An oscilloscope can be used to confirm this, and we did some small experiments with a sinusoidal signal with a frequency of more than 192 kHz.Unfortunately, we did not see confirmation on the oscilloscope screen that such a signal was reproduced correctly. Perhaps the matter is in the drivers or in a specific instance of the card.

The manufacturer himself explained the strange choice of op-amp (I / V converter and line buffer), 4-channel operational amplifier microcircuit MC33079, with a lower constant component (0.15 mV).

Measurements in RMAA

For testing this card, we have prepared a special version of RMAA 6.4.0 with support for 352/384 kHz.And here is the ASIO driver report:

Device: Musiland Monitor Series (USB) Features: Input channels: 0 Output channels: 2 Input latency: 951 Output latency: 895 Min buffer size: 88 Max buffer size: 4400 Preferred buffer size: 880 Granularity: 8 ASIOOutputReady – supported Sample rate: 8000 Hz – not supported 11025 Hz – not supported 16000 Hz – not supported 22050 Hz – not supported 32000 Hz – not supported 44100 Hz – supported 48000 Hz – supported 88200 Hz – supported 96000 Hz – supported 176400 Hz – supported 192000 Hz – supported 352800 Hz – supported 384000 Hz – supported Input channels: Output channels: channel: 0 (Left) – Int32LSB channel: 1 (Right) – Int32LSB

Why use higher frequencies? For example, to play DSD through the DSD-PCM plugin for the foobar player. Support for 352800 Hz format is available there.

But this is all, of course, the lot of enthusiasts. The main thing for us is high-quality support for the most popular 16-bit 44 kHz format.

What do the measurements say?

Detailed report 24 bit 44 kHz

The distortion graph is a concern.Although the amount of distortion is 0.005% (exactly according to the passport of the card!), The spectrum distribution graph itself raises questions. Impact of strange op amp choices?

On the Toslink digital optical interface, the RMAA test numbers are ideal, 0. 0000% distortion, there are no harmonics on the graph. This means that the hardware digital mixer has no errors.

For sound comparison, we used Adam S2.5A and Adam ARTist 5 monitors. Double blind testing and instant switching between sound cards were used.

Since Musiland Monitor 03 US demonstrated high-quality sound, high-end cards, familiar to our readers, were selected for comparison: E-MU 1616M, E-MU 0204 USB, Asus Essence STX. These are very serious competitors. We did not include Creative ZxR, X-Fi HD, Asus U7 in the comparison, but we also keep them in mind.

E-MU 1616M and Asus Essence STX lead by margin in the selected group. The Asus STX sounds more audiophile, while the 1616M has a more solid and professional sound.Musiland Monitor 03 US and E-MU 0204 USB tied for second place. The lag behind more eminent leaders is very small, even on our expensive monitors. This is a very significant achievement for the unnamed Chinese people of Musiland. Recall that the budget cards Creative X-Fi HD and Asus U7 failed to catch up with the E-MU 0204 USB in terms of quality.

The sound of the Musiland Monitor 03 US interface is generally very good, there are no obvious complaints. Only with the instantaneous switching is the difference recorded, which can be described as “a little undershot”.How can you explain the difference? Probably the lack of dedicated crystal for 44 kHz mode, as in higher-end products, plus a slightly odd choice of quad op-amp. Recall that optically, the Musiland interface gives ideal numbers in tests, so the DSP cards do not introduce any processing.

But what Musiland surpasses the same Asus Essence STX is in the ability to adjust the volume when playing via ASIO. Although this adjustment is digital, it is better than the constant 100% volume from Asus – it is completely incomprehensible how to listen to music with headphones at maximum level.

Sound in headphones is the strong point of the Musiland card. Affected by the use of the most powerful amplifier TI TPA6120A2. The power reserve is very decent, despite the lack of external power supply! The manufacturer is especially proud that the card is able to draw up to 90% of the current from the USB 3.0 bus and, thus, squeeze the maximum out of the TI amplifier. High-impedance headphones do not present any problems for the card, the stock is quite enough. The card plays in headphones and is louder and better than the E-MU 0204 USB.Moreover, on those computers where the E-MU 0204 USB drivers refused to work at all, the Musiland card worked correctly, although it also used FPGA Xilinx and its own unusual custom drivers. This is a great result for a Chinese no-name manufacturer! For some reason, the built-in effect processor of the card only works for the MME interface. The quality of the equalizer is quite normal, in reality it is applicable for selective equalization of speakers or headphones. If there was still a filter Q-factor setting and a graphic illustration, it would be very good.

Conclusions

At a time when the market leaders, large companies Asus and Creative, are resting on their laurels and making vague products in the budget category “for everyone at once, but it is not clear for whom exactly”, small Chinese manufacturers offer quite a healthy alternative. Let the considered Musiland solution have its controversial points, but in comparison with the completely mediocre marketoid attempts of competitors, the external interface of Monitor 03 US looks very decent.

The strengths of Musiland Monitor 03 US are its excellent filling (at the level of much more expensive devices) and a unique, very high-quality software part.The product is conceptually correct and has its own understandable audience. The downsides are the lack of sales on our market (you can buy only in Asian online stores) and the complete lack of support: the official website is only in Chinese, new drivers have not been released recently, and Musiland does not answer letters with questions. To release an inexpensive and high-quality product to the Chinese market is the maximum that the manufacturer has been enough for so far.

Musiland Monitor 01 USD

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congatec COM Express module based on AMD Ryzen ™ processor for industrial temperature range

Extremely robust computer module with quad-core processor The leading supplier of embedded computing technologies – congatec presents the new conga-TR4 COM Express Type 6 module, based on AMD Ryzen ™ Embedded V1000 series processors and designed for operation in the industrial operating temperature range of –40… + 85 ° С.It is also available with optional thermal cycling for maximum reliability. From AMD Zen microarchitecture in an extremely robust design in an ultra-rugged form, with four processing cores, eight threads and eight GPU processing units for high video processing performance, demanding graphics and compute workloads are maximized. TDP of the offered modules is scalable in the range of 12-25 W, which allows you to create truly unique designs with 4K UHD video, and with passive cooling.Typical applications for new industrial COM Express modules can be found in high-performance computer systems with embedded machine vision and artificial intelligence, autonomous vehicles, railway rolling stock applications, in oil and gas equipment for outdoor use, mobile ambulance equipment, mobile broadcast stations, or in the field of security and video surveillance , as well as in the equipment of base stations for cellular communication of 5G technology, to name just a few of the possible options. The maximum performance of the new conga-TR4 COM Express Type 6 module is dependent on environmental conditions and is set with turbo mode in the 1.6-2.8 GHz processor clock frequency range in the subzero temperature range and in the 2-3.6 GHz range in positive temperatures … The high performance of the conga-TR4 heavy-duty Computer-on-Modules is built with real-time availability and real-time hypervisor support for virtual machine deployments and workload consolidation in edge computing scenarios. … Basic functionality of the modules The new conga-TR4 high performance COM Express Type 6 computer module is based on the latest AMD Ryzen ™ Embedded V1404I multi-core processor and is designed to operate in an industrial operating temperature range. It supports up to 32GB of energy-efficient and fast DDR4 dual-channel memory at up to 2400 MT / s and is optionally equipped with ECC for maximum data security.Integrated AMD Radeon ™ Vega graphics with eight compute units provide a state-of-the-art integrated graphics platform. The module supports up to four independent displays with resolutions up to 4k UHD and 10-bit HDR, as well as DirectX 12 and OpenGL 4.4 for 3D graphics. The built-in video processor provides hardware-accelerated streaming of HEVC (H.265) video in both directions. With HSA and OpenCL 2.0 support, the GPU can be assigned deep learning workloads.In security-critical applications Embedded AMD Secure Processor helps perform hardware accelerated RSA, SHA and AES encryption and decryption. Congatec’s new conga-TR4 module enables full onboard USB-C implementation, including USB 3.1 Gen 2 with 10 Gbps, Power Delivery and DisplayPort 1.4, required for, for example, connecting external touch screens with a single cable. Other performance-oriented interfaces contain 1 × PEG 3.0 x8, 4 × PCIe Gen 3 and 4 × PCIe Gen 2, 3 × USB 3.1 Gen 2, 1 × USB 3.1 Gen 1, 8 × USB 2.0, 2 × SATA Gen 3 and 1 × Gbit Ethernet. In addition, the new conga-TR4 module with COM Express Type 6 pin has I / O for SD, SPI, LPC, I²C, as well as two legacy UARTs from CPU and High Definition Audio, which complement the range of interfaces. Supported operating systems are Linux, Yocto 2.0 and Microsoft Windows 10 or optionally Windows 7. The conga-TR4 COM Express type 6 computer modules can be ordered in the following delivery variants, configurations are also available for the standard Processor Cores / Threads Clock [GHz] (Base / Boost) L2 / L3 Cache (MB) GPU Compute Units TDP [W] New: AMD Ryzen Embedded V1404I 4/4 2.0 / 3.6 (<0 ° C: 1.6 / 2.8) 2/4 8 12 – 25 AMD Ryzen Embedded V1807B 4/8 3. 35 / 3.75 2/4 11 35 – 54 AMD Ryzen Embedded V1756B 4/8 3.25 / 3.60 2/4 8 35 – 54 AMD Ryzen Embedded V1605B 4/8 2.0 / 3.6 2/4 8 12 – 25 AMD Ryzen Embedded V1202B 2/4 2.5 / 3.4 1/2 3 12 – 25 More information about the new conga-TR4 high-performance COM Express Type 6 computer on the module can be obtained from the link: http://www.congatec.com/en/products/com-express-type6/conga-tr4.html

Often, messages about the fight for the environment, the development of alternative energy sources slip through the network.Sometimes they even report how a solar power plant was made in an abandoned village so that local residents could enjoy the benefits of civilization not two or three hours a day while the generator is running, but constantly.

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But this is all somehow far from our life, so I decided to show and tell by my example how a solar power plant for a private house is arranged and how it works.

I’ll tell you about all the stages: from the idea to the inclusion of all devices, as well as share my operating experience. The article will turn out to be rather big, so those who don’t like a lot of letters can watch the video. There I tried to tell the same thing, but it will be seen how I collect all this myself.

Initial data: a private house with an area of ​​about 200 m² is connected to the electricity grid. Three-phase input, with a total power of 15 kW. The house has a standard set of electrical appliances: refrigerator, televisions, computers, washing machines and dishwashers, and so on.

The stability of the power grid does not differ: the record I recorded was a shutdown for six days in a row for a period of two to eight hours.

What you want to get: forget about power outages and use electricity, no matter what.

What bonuses can there be: to use the energy of the sun as much as possible, so that the house is fed with solar energy as a priority, and the deficiency is taken from the network. As a bonus, after the adoption of the law on the sale of electricity to the grid by individuals, begin to compensate for part of their costs by selling surplus generation to the general grid.

Where to start

There are always at least two ways to solve any problem: study yourself or entrust the solution of the problem to someone else.The first option involves studying theoretical materials, reading forums, communicating with the owners of solar power plants, fighting internally a toad and, finally, buying equipment, and then installing.

The second option: call a specialized company, where they will ask many questions, select and sell the necessary equipment, or they can install it for some money.

I decided to combine these two methods. Partly because I’m interested in it, and partly in order not to run into sellers who just need to earn money by selling not quite what I need. Now it’s time for theory to understand how I made the choice.

The photo shows an example of “spending” money on the construction of a solar power plant.Please note that the solar panels are installed behind the tree – so no light falls on them, and they simply do not work.

Types of solar power plants

Immediately, I note that I will not talk about industrial solutions and not about super-powerful systems, but about an ordinary consumer solar power plant for a small house.I’m not an oligarch to waste money, but I adhere to the principle of reasonableness.

That is, I do not want to heat the pool with “solar” electricity or charge an electric car, which I do not have, but I want all devices in my house to work constantly, without looking back at the power grid.

Now I’ll tell you about the types of solar power plants for a private house.By and large, there are only three of them, but there are variations. I will rank according to the growth in the cost of each system

On-grid solar power plant – this type of power plant combines low cost and maximum ease of use. Consists of only two elements: solar panels and a grid inverter. Electricity from solar panels is directly converted to 220V or 380V in the home and consumed by home power systems.

But there is a significant drawback: for the operation of the SSE, a backbone is required. In the event of an external power outage, the solar panels will turn into a “pumpkin” and stop supplying electricity, since the grid inverter needs a backbone to function, that is, the very presence of electricity.

In addition, with the existing power grid infrastructure, the operation of a grid inverter is not very profitable.Example: you have a solar power plant with 3 kW, and the house consumes 1 kW. Surplus will “flow” into the network, and ordinary meters count the energy “modulo”, that is, the energy supplied to the network will be counted by the meter as consumed, and it will still have to be paid for.

The question logically fits here: what to do with excess energy and how to avoid it? Let’s move on to the second type of solar power plants.

Hybrid solar power plant – this type of power plant combines the advantages of network and autonomous power plants. Consists of four elements: solar panels, solar controller, batteries and hybrid inverter.

The basis of everything is a hybrid inverter, which is able to mix the energy generated by solar panels into the energy consumed from the external network. Moreover, good inverters have the ability to customize the prioritization of power consumption.

Ideally, the house should first consume energy from solar panels and only if there is a lack of it – get it from the external network. In the event of the disappearance of the external network, the inverter goes into autonomous operation and uses energy from solar panels and energy stored in batteries.

Thus, even if the electricity is cut off for a long time and there is a cloudy day (or the electricity is cut off at night), everything in the house will function. But what if there is no electricity at all, but you need to live somehow? Here I turn to the third type of power plant.

Autonomous solar power plant – this type of power plant allows you to live completely independently of external power grids.It can include more than four standard elements: solar panels, solar controller, battery, inverter.

In addition to this, and sometimes instead of solar panels, a low-power hydroelectric power plant, a wind farm, a generator (diesel, gas or gasoline) can be installed. As a rule, there is a generator at such objects, since there may be no sun and wind, and the energy reserve in the batteries is not infinite – in this case, the generator starts and provides energy to the entire object, simultaneously charging the battery.

Such a power plant can be easily transformed into a hybrid when connected to the external mains, if the inverter has these functions. The main difference between an autonomous inverter and a hybrid one is that it does not know how to mix energy from solar panels with energy from the external network.

At the same time, the hybrid inverter, on the contrary, can work as an autonomous one if the external network is disconnected.As a rule, hybrid inverters are commensurate with the price of fully autonomous ones, and if they differ, then it is insignificant.

What is solar controller

All types of solar power plants have a solar controller.Even in the grid solar power plant, it is, it is simply included in the grid inverter. And many hybrid inverters come with solar controllers on board.

What is it and what is it for? I will talk about hybrid and autonomous solar power plants, since this is just my case, and I can acquaint you with the network inverter device in more detail in the comments if you have any questions.

A solar controller is a device that converts the energy received from solar panels into energy digested by an inverter. For example, solar panels are made with a voltage of multiples of 12 V. And batteries are made at multiples of 12 V, it just so happened.

Simple systems for 1–2 kW of power operate from 12 V. High-performance systems for 2-3 kW already operate from 24 V, and powerful systems for 4-5 kW or more operate at 48 V. Now I will only consider “home” systems, because I know that there are inverters operating on voltages in several hundred volts, but this is already dangerous for the house.

So, let’s say we have a 48 V system and 36 V solar panels (the panel is assembled in multiples of 3 x 12 V).How to get the required 48V for the inverter to work? Of course, 48V batteries are connected to the inverter, and these batteries are connected to the solar controller on one side and solar panels on the other.

Solar panels are assembled at an obviously higher voltage in order to be able to charge the battery. The solar controller, knowingly receiving a higher voltage from the solar panels, transforms this voltage to the desired value and transfers it to the battery.It’s oversimplified.

There are controllers that can reduce batteries to 12 V from solar panels from 150-200 V, but very high currents flow here, and the controller works with the worst efficiency. Ideal when the voltage from the solar panels is twice the voltage on the battery.

There are two types of solar controllers: PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) and MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking).

The fundamental difference between them is that the PWM controller can only work with panel assemblies that do not exceed the battery voltage. The MPPT controller can operate with a noticeable overvoltage relative to the battery. In addition, MPPT controllers have a noticeably higher efficiency, but they are also more expensive.

How to choose solar panels

At first glance, all solar panels are the same: the cells of the solar cells are interconnected by busbars, and on the back there are two wires: plus and minus.

But there are a lot of nuances in this matter. Solar panels are made of different elements: amorphous, polycrystalline, monocrystalline. I will not campaign for this or that type of element. I’ll just say that I myself prefer monocrystalline solar panels.

But that’s not all.Each solar cell is a four-layer cake: glass, transparent EVA film, solar cell, sealing film. And here each stage is extremely important.

Glass is not suitable for any, but with a special texture, which reduces the reflection of light and refracts the light incident at an angle so that the elements are maximally illuminated, because the amount of generated energy depends on the amount of light.

The transparency of the EVA-film determines how much energy gets to the element and how much energy the panel will generate. If the film turns out to be defective and becomes cloudy over time, then the production will drop noticeably.

Next are the elements themselves, and they are divided into types depending on the quality: Grade A, B, C, D and so on.Of course, it is better to have quality A elements and good soldering, because if the contact is poor, the element will heat up and fail faster.

Well, the finishing film must also be of high quality and provide good sealing. In case of depressurization of the panels, moisture will get onto the elements very quickly, corrosion will begin, and the panel will fail.

How to choose the right solar panel? The main manufacturer for our country is China, although Russian manufacturers are also present on the market.There are a lot of OEM factories that will stick any ordered nameplate and send the panels to the customer.

And there are factories that provide a full production cycle and are able to control the quality of products at all stages of production. How to find out about such factories and brands? There are a couple of reputable laboratories that independently test solar panels and publicly publish the results of those tests.

Before buying, you can drive in the name and model of the solar panel and find out how the solar panel meets the declared characteristics. The first laboratory is the California Energy Commission and the second European laboratory is the TUV.

If there is no panel manufacturer in these lists, then you should think about quality.This does not mean that the panel is bad. It’s just that the brand can be OEM, and the manufacturer produces other panels. In any case, the presence of these laboratories on the lists already indicates that you are not buying solar panels from a one-day manufacturer.

My choice of solar power plant

Before buying, you should outline the range of tasks that are set for a solar power plant, so as not to pay for unnecessary and not overpay for unused.Here I will move on to practice, as and what I did myself.

Purpose and baseline: the village periodically cuts off the electricity for a period of half an hour to eight hours. Outages are possible just once a month or several days in a row. Objective: to provide the house with electricity around the clock with some limitation of consumption for the period of disconnection of the external network.

At the same time, the main security and life support systems must function, that is: a pumping station, a video surveillance and alarm system, a router, a server and the entire network infrastructure, lighting and computers, a refrigerator must work.

Secondary: TVs, entertainment systems, power tools (lawn mower, trimmer, pump for watering the garden). You can turn off: a boiler, an electric kettle, an iron and other heating and consuming devices, the work of which is not momentarily important. You can boil the kettle on the gas stove and iron it later.

As a rule, a solar power plant can be bought in one place.Solar panel sellers sell all the related equipment, so I started looking for solar panels.

One of the reputable brands is TopRay Solar. There are good reviews about it and real operating experience in Russia, in particular, in the Krasnodar Territory, where they know a lot about the sun. In the Russian Federation there is an official distributor and dealers by region, on the above-mentioned sites with laboratories for testing solar panels, this brand is present, and far from being in the last places, that is, you can take it.

In addition, TopRay, the seller of solar panels, is also engaged in its own production of controllers and electronics for road infrastructure: traffic management systems, LED traffic lights, flashing signs, solar controllers and more. For the sake of curiosity, I even asked for their production – it is quite technological and there are even girls who know which side to approach the soldering iron from.Happens!

With my wishlist list, I turned to them and asked them to assemble a couple of complete sets for me: more expensive and cheaper for my house. I was asked a number of clarifying questions about the reserved power, availability of consumers, maximum and constant power consumption.

The latter was generally unexpected for me: the house is in the energy-saving mode, when only video surveillance systems, security systems, communication with the Internet and network infrastructure are working, consumes 300-350 watts.That is, even if no one uses electricity at home, up to 215 kWh per month are spent on internal needs.

This is where you think about conducting an energy audit. And you will start to turn off the charging, TVs and set-top boxes from the sockets, which consume a little bit in standby mode, but run on decently.

I will not torment, I stopped at a cheaper system, since often up to half of the amount for a power plant can be occupied by the cost of batteries.The list of equipment turned out as follows:

Additionally, I was offered to buy a professional system for attaching solar panels to the roof, but after looking at the photos, I decided to do with homemade mounts and also save money.

But I decided to assemble the system myself and spared no effort and time, and the installers work with these systems constantly and guarantee a quick and high-quality result.So decide for yourself: working with factory mounts is much more pleasant and easier, and my solution is simply cheaper.

What does the solar power plant

This kit can deliver up to 5 kW of power in autonomous mode – this is the power I chose for a single-phase inverter.If you buy the same inverter and the interface module for it, you can increase the power up to 5 kW + 5 kW = 10 kW per phase. Or you can make a three-phase system, but for now I am content with this.

The inverter is high-frequency, and therefore rather lightweight (about 15 kg) and takes up little space – it can be easily mounted on the wall. It already has 2 MPPT controllers with a power of 2.5 kW built in, that is, I can add as many more panels without buying additional equipment.

solar panels for 2520 W according to the nameplate, but due to the non-optimal installation angle, they give out less – the maximum I saw is 2400 W. The optimal angle is perpendicular to the sun, which in our latitudes is about 45 degrees to the horizon. My panels are set at 30 degrees.

The battery assembly is 100 Ah 48 V, that is, 4.8 kWh is stored, but it is highly undesirable to take energy completely, since then their resource is noticeably reduced.It is advisable to discharge such batteries by no more than 50%. This lithium iron phosphate or lithium titanate can be charged and discharged deeply and with large currents, and lead-acid, whether liquid, gel or AGM, is better not to be raped.

So, I have half the capacity, and this is 2.4 kWh, that is, about eight hours in a completely autonomous mode without the sun. This is enough for the night of operation of all systems, and there will still be half the battery capacity for emergency operation.

In the morning the sun will already rise and will begin to charge the battery, while simultaneously providing the house with energy. That is, the house can function autonomously in this mode, if energy consumption is reduced and the weather is good. For full autonomy, more batteries and a generator could be added. After all, in winter there is very little sun, and you will not be able to do without a generator.

I start collecting

Before purchasing and assembling, it is necessary to calculate the entire system in order not to make a mistake with the location of all systems and the laying of cables.I have about 25-30 meters from solar panels to the inverter, and I laid two flexible wires with a cross-section of 6 mm² in advance, since they will transmit voltage up to 100 V and current 25-30 A.

This cross-sectional margin was chosen to minimize wire losses and maximize energy delivery to the devices. I mounted the solar panels themselves on self-made guides made of aluminum corners and attracted them with self-made fasteners.

To prevent the panel from sliding down, a pair of 30 mm bolts look up on the aluminum corner opposite each panel, they are a kind of “hook” for the panels. After installation, they are not visible, but they continue to carry the load.

The solar panels were assembled into three blocks of three panels each.In the blocks, the panels are connected in series – so the voltage was raised to 115 V without load and the current was reduced, which means that you can choose wires of a smaller cross-section.

The blocks are connected in parallel with each other by special connectors that provide good contact and tightness of the connection – called MC4. I used them to connect the wires to the solar controller, as they provide reliable contact and quick closing and opening of the circuit for maintenance.

Next, we move on to installation in the house. The batteries are pre-charged with a smart car charger to equalize the voltage and are wired in series to provide 48V. Then they are connected to the inverter with a 25 mm² cable.

By the way, during the first connection of the battery to the inverter, there will be a noticeable spark on the contacts.If you have not confused the polarity, then everything is fine – quite capacious capacitors are installed in the inverter, and they begin to charge at the moment of connecting to the batteries.

The maximum power of the inverter is 5000 W, which means that the current that can pass through the wire from the battery will be 100-110 A. The selected cable is enough for safe operation. After connecting the battery, you can connect the external network and the load at home.Wires cling to the terminal blocks: phase, zero, ground. Everything is simple and clear here, but if it is not safe for you to repair the outlet, then it is better to entrust the connection of this system to experienced electricians.

Well, the last element I connect to solar panels: here, too, you need to be careful not to mix up the polarity. With a power of 2.5 kW and an incorrect connection, the solar controller will burn out instantly.But what can I say: with such power from solar panels, you can weld directly, without a welding inverter.

This will not add health to solar panels, but the power of the sun is really great. Since I additionally use MC4 connectors, it is simply impossible to reverse the polarity during the initial correct installation.

Everything is connected, one click of the switch – and the inverter goes into the setting mode: here you need to set the battery type, operating mode, charging currents, etc.There is a completely understandable instruction for this, and if you can cope with setting up the router, then setting up the inverter will not be very difficult either. You just need to know the parameters of the battery and configure them correctly so that they serve as long as possible. After that, hmm. After that comes the fun part.

Operation of the hybrid solar power plant

After the launch of the solar power plant, my family and I revisited many of our habits. For example, if before the washing or the dishwasher started after 23 hours, when the night tariff was working in the power grids, now these energy-intensive work has been postponed to the day, because the washing machine consumes 500-2100 W during operation, the dishwasher consumes 400-2100 W.

Why such a spread? Because pumps and motors consume little, but water heaters are extremely gluttonous.Ironing turned out to be also “more profitable” and more pleasant during the day: the room is much brighter, and the energy of the sun completely covers the consumption of the iron.

The screenshot shows a graph of solar power generation. The morning peak is clearly visible, when the washing machine was working and consuming a lot of energy – this energy was generated by solar panels.

During the first days, I went to the inverter several times to look at the output and consumption screen.After that, I installed the utility on the home server, which in real time displays the operating mode of the inverter and all the parameters of the power grid. For example, the screenshot shows that the house consumes more than 2 kW of energy (item AC output active power) and all this energy is borrowed from solar panels (item PV1 input power).

That is, the inverter, operating in a hybrid mode with solar power priority, fully covers the energy consumption of the devices from the sun.Isn’t this happiness? Every day, a new column of energy production appeared in the table, and this could not but rejoice. And when the electricity was cut off in the whole village, I found out about it only by the squeak of the inverter, which announced the work in autonomous mode. For the whole house, this meant only one thing: we live as before, while the neighbors go to fetch water with buckets.

But there is a solar power plant house and nuances:

1.I began to notice that birds love solar panels and, flying over them, cannot help but be happy with the technological equipment in the village. That is, sometimes solar panels still need to be washed from traces and dust. I think that when installed at 45 degrees, all traces would simply be washed away by rains.

Generation from several bird tracks does not drop at all, but if part of the panel is shaded, then the drop in production becomes noticeable.I noticed this when the sun went down and the shadow from the roof began to cover the panels one by one. That is, it is better to place the panels away from all structures that can shade them. But even in the evening, in diffused light, the panels produced several hundred watts.

2. With high power solar panels and pumping from 700 watts or more, the inverter turns on the fans more actively, and they become audible if the door to the technical room is open.Here, either close the door, or mount the inverter to the wall through damping pads. In principle, nothing unexpected: any electronics heats up during operation. You just need to take into account that the inverter should not be hung where it can interfere with the sound of its work.

3. The proprietary application is able to send notifications by e-mail or SMS if an event has occurred: turning on and off the external network, battery discharge, and the like.But the application works on the unprotected SMTP port 25, and all modern mail services like Gmail or Mail.ru work on the secure port 465. That is, now, in fact, notifications are not received by mail, but I would like to.

Not to say that these points are somehow upsetting, because you always have to strive for perfection, but the existing energy independence is worth it.

Conclusion

I believe that this is not my last story about my own solar power plant. The operating experience in different modes and at different times of the year will definitely differ, but I know for sure that even if the electricity is cut off in the New Year, it will be light in my house.Based on the results of the operation of the installed solar power plant, I can say that it was worth it.

Several external network outages went unnoticed. I found out about a few only from the calls from neighbors with the question “You also have no light?”. The running numbers of electricity generation are immensely pleasing, and the ability to remove UPS from the computer, knowing that even with a power outage, everything will continue to work, is a pleasure.

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