How do players make decisions in games with incomplete information. What is the Bayes-equivalent of a game with incomplete information. How does John Harsanyi’s model analyze games where players are uncertain about key parameters.
The Foundations of Bayesian Game Theory
John Harsanyi’s seminal 1967 paper introduced a groundbreaking approach to analyzing games where players lack complete information about critical aspects of the game. This work laid the foundations for what is now known as Bayesian game theory.
In traditional game theory, all players are assumed to have full knowledge of the game’s structure, payoffs, and other players’ strategies. However, real-world strategic interactions often involve significant uncertainty. Harsanyi’s model provides a framework for examining games where players are unsure about:
- Payoff functions
- Available strategies
- Other players’ information about the game
- Various other parameters that define the game situation
Subjective Probability Distributions in Incomplete Information Games
How do players make decisions when faced with incomplete information? In Harsanyi’s model, each player forms a subjective probability distribution over the possible game parameters they are uncertain about. These distributions represent the players’ beliefs about the likelihood of different game scenarios.
A key assumption in much of Harsanyi’s analysis is that these subjective probability distributions are “mutually consistent.” This means they can all be derived from a single underlying “basic probability distribution” over the unknown parameters. However, Harsanyi also extends the theory to cases where this consistency assumption does not hold.
The Bayes-Equivalent Game: Transforming Incomplete to Complete Information
What is the Bayes-equivalent of a game with incomplete information? Harsanyi introduces the concept of a Bayes-equivalent game to transform games with incomplete information into games with complete information that can be analyzed using existing game theory techniques.
In the Bayes-equivalent game:
- Nature conducts an initial lottery based on the basic probability distribution
- The lottery outcome determines the actual values of the unknown parameters
- Players receive partial information about the lottery outcome and parameter values
- All players know the basic probability distribution governing the lottery
This transformation creates a game of complete information where players’ uncertainty is captured by the initial random move by nature. The Nash equilibria of this Bayes-equivalent game correspond to “Bayesian equilibria” in the original incomplete information game.
Interpreting the Basic Model of Bayesian Games
How can we interpret Harsanyi’s model in practical terms? The basic model offers several intuitive interpretations that help connect the mathematical formulation to real-world strategic situations:
1. Incomplete information as lack of common knowledge: Players may have private information about their own characteristics or payoffs, but are uncertain about others’ private information.
2. Uncertainty about the game’s rules: Players may be unsure about the exact structure or parameters of the game they are playing.
3. Rationality with limited information: The model captures how rational players make decisions based on their beliefs when they lack complete information.
4. Learning and updating beliefs: The framework can be extended to model how players update their beliefs as they gather more information during the game.
Bayesian Equilibrium: A New Solution Concept
What is a Bayesian equilibrium and how does it differ from a Nash equilibrium? A Bayesian equilibrium is the solution concept Harsanyi introduces for games with incomplete information. It extends the idea of Nash equilibrium to account for players’ uncertainty:
- Each player chooses a strategy that maximizes their expected payoff given their beliefs about the unknown parameters and other players’ strategies
- Players’ beliefs are consistent with the basic probability distribution and the information they receive
- In equilibrium, no player can increase their expected payoff by unilaterally changing their strategy
Bayesian equilibria in the original incomplete information game correspond to Nash equilibria in the Bayes-equivalent complete information game. This connection allows researchers to apply existing game-theoretic tools to analyze a broader class of strategic interactions.
Applications and Impact of Harsanyi’s Model
How has Bayesian game theory influenced economics and other fields? Harsanyi’s framework has had a profound impact on game theory and its applications:
1. Auction theory: Modeling bidders with private valuations in various auction formats
2. Industrial organization: Analyzing markets with asymmetric information between firms and consumers
3. Mechanism design: Developing optimal rules for allocation and decision-making with private information
4. Political science: Studying electoral competition and international relations under uncertainty
5. Computer science: Informing the design of multi-agent systems and artificial intelligence
The ability to model incomplete information has greatly expanded the range of real-world situations that can be analyzed using game-theoretic tools.
Challenges and Extensions of Bayesian Game Theory
What are some limitations and areas for further development in Bayesian game theory? While Harsanyi’s model provides a powerful framework, researchers have identified several challenges and potential extensions:
1. Common prior assumption: The requirement that all players’ beliefs be derived from a common basic probability distribution has been debated and relaxed in some models.
2. Computational complexity: Solving for Bayesian equilibria can be computationally challenging, especially in games with many players or complex information structures.
3. Higher-order beliefs: Modeling players’ beliefs about other players’ beliefs (and so on) can lead to infinitely nested hierarchies of beliefs.
4. Learning and dynamics: Extending the static model to capture how players learn and update their beliefs over time remains an active area of research.
5. Bounded rationality: Incorporating cognitive limitations and heuristic decision-making into Bayesian games is an ongoing challenge.
The Legacy of Harsanyi’s Contribution
John Harsanyi’s work on games with incomplete information earned him a share of the 1994 Nobel Prize in Economics, along with John Nash and Reinhard Selten. His model has become a cornerstone of modern game theory, providing a rigorous framework for analyzing strategic interactions under uncertainty.
The impact of Bayesian game theory extends far beyond economics, influencing fields such as:
- Political science
- Computer science
- Biology
- Psychology
- Engineering
By bridging the gap between the idealized complete information settings of classical game theory and the messy, uncertain realities of real-world decision-making, Harsanyi’s work has greatly enhanced the practical applicability of game-theoretic analysis.
Future Directions in Bayesian Game Theory
As researchers continue to build upon Harsanyi’s foundational work, several promising avenues for future development have emerged:
1. Integration with machine learning: Combining Bayesian game theory with modern machine learning techniques to model complex belief formation and decision processes.
2. Experimental validation: Conducting behavioral experiments to test the predictions of Bayesian game theory and refine models based on observed human behavior.
3. Dynamic games: Extending the framework to better capture repeated interactions and evolving information structures.
4. Robust mechanism design: Developing allocation and decision rules that perform well even when players’ beliefs deviate from the common prior assumption.
5. Applications to emerging technologies: Applying Bayesian game theory to analyze strategic interactions in areas such as cryptocurrency markets, social media platforms, and autonomous systems.
Key Concepts in Bayesian Game Theory
To fully appreciate Harsanyi’s contribution, it’s important to understand several key concepts that underpin Bayesian game theory:
Type Spaces
What is a player’s type in a Bayesian game? A player’s type represents their private information and determines their payoff function. The set of all possible types for a player is called their type space. Types can represent various characteristics, such as:
- A buyer’s willingness to pay in an auction
- A firm’s production costs in a market competition game
- A voter’s policy preferences in a political game
Belief Hierarchies
How do players reason about each other’s information in Bayesian games? Players form beliefs not only about the game’s parameters but also about other players’ beliefs. This leads to belief hierarchies:
- First-order beliefs: Beliefs about the game’s parameters
- Second-order beliefs: Beliefs about other players’ first-order beliefs
- Third-order beliefs: Beliefs about other players’ second-order beliefs
- And so on…
Harsanyi’s formulation elegantly captures these potentially infinite hierarchies through the basic probability distribution and the structure of the Bayes-equivalent game.
Interim and Ex-ante Analysis
What different perspectives can we take when analyzing Bayesian games? Harsanyi’s model allows for two main analytical approaches:
1. Interim analysis: Examining the game from the perspective of players after they have learned their own types but before the game is played.
2. Ex-ante analysis: Studying the game from the viewpoint of an outside observer (or the players themselves) before any private information is revealed.
These different perspectives can yield insights into various aspects of strategic behavior under uncertainty.
The Common Prior Assumption
Why is the common prior assumption important in Bayesian game theory? The assumption that all players’ beliefs can be derived from a common basic probability distribution is central to much of Harsanyi’s analysis. It ensures that differences in players’ beliefs arise solely from differences in their information, rather than from fundamental disagreements about the nature of the world.
While this assumption has been challenged and relaxed in subsequent work, it provides a powerful simplification that enables many of the key results in Bayesian game theory.
Practical Applications of Bayesian Game Theory
How is Bayesian game theory applied to real-world problems? The framework has found applications in numerous fields, informing both theoretical analysis and practical decision-making:
Auction Design
Bayesian game theory has revolutionized the study and design of auctions. It allows researchers to model scenarios where bidders have private information about their valuations for the items being auctioned. This has led to insights on optimal auction formats and bidding strategies in various settings, including:
- Online advertising auctions
- Spectrum license auctions
- Art and antique auctions
Market Microstructure
In financial economics, Bayesian games have been used to study the behavior of traders in markets with asymmetric information. This has yielded insights into phenomena such as:
- Insider trading
- Market making
- Information aggregation in prices
Bargaining and Negotiation
The framework has been applied to analyze bargaining situations where parties have private information about their valuations or outside options. This has implications for:
- Labor negotiations
- International trade agreements
- Legal settlements
Cybersecurity
Bayesian game theory provides a framework for analyzing the strategic interactions between defenders and attackers in cybersecurity contexts. This can inform the design of security protocols and resource allocation strategies.
Social Networks
Researchers have used Bayesian games to model information diffusion and strategic behavior in social networks, with applications to:
- Viral marketing
- Political campaigning
- Fake news propagation
These diverse applications demonstrate the broad relevance of Harsanyi’s framework for understanding and addressing complex real-world problems involving strategic interaction under uncertainty.
Essential Information For Players 2021-22
Information for Players on Disciplinary Procedures
The FA has created some helpful guidance to address all the essentials that a player will need to be aware of during the 2021-22 Season.
This guidance is available in both booklet and app versions in 7 different languages. The app includes exclusive FATV video content (all video content is in English).
These app and booklets cover the following topics and more:
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How many yellow cards can I receive before being automatically suspended?
What am I allowed to say in post match interviews or on social media?
How does the drug testing process work and how do I submit my whereabouts?
Who is authorised to act as a player agent?
What are The FA’s rules on betting and match fixing?
How do I report discrimination?
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FA Player Essentials – Android version
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This guidance does not alter or replace the actual FA Rules and Regulations which should be referred to for the full provisions relating to disciplinary matters.
In the event of any inconsistency between this guidance and the Rules and Regulations, the Rules and Regulations shall take precedence.
Download these guides from the resources section below.
Games with Incomplete Information Played by “Bayesian” Players, I-III Part I. The Basic Model
John Harsanyi
Management Science, 1967, vol. 14, issue 3, 159-182
Abstract:
The paper develops a new theory for the analysis of games with incomplete information where the players are uncertain about some important parameters of the game situation, such as the payoff functions, the strategies available to various players, the information other players have about the game, etc.
However, each player has a subjective probability distribution over the alternative possibilities. In most of the paper it is assumed that these probability distributions entertained by the different players are mutually “consistent”, in the sense that they can be regarded as conditional probability distributions derived from a certain “basic probability distribution” over the parameters unknown to the various players. But later the theory is extended also to cases where the different players’ subjective probability distributions fail to satisfy this consistency assumption. In cases where the consistency assumption holds, the original game can be replaced by a game where nature first conducts a lottery in accordance with the basic probability distribution, and the outcome of this lottery will decide which particular subgame will be played, i.e., what the actual values of the relevant parameters will be in the game. Yet, each player will receive only partial information about the outcome of the lottery, and about the values of these parameters.
However, every player will know the “basic probability distribution” governing the lottery. Thus, technically, the resulting game will be a game with complete information. It is called the Bayes-equivalent of the original game. Part I of the paper describes the basic model and discusses various intuitive interpretations for the latter. Part II shows that the Nash equilibrium points of the Bayes-equivalent game yield “Bayesian equilibrium points” for the original game. Finally, Part III considers the main properties of the “basic probability distribution”.
Date: 1967
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2021 Citi Open Tournament Field: Schedule, players, times, how to watch
The 2021 Citi Open will once again bring some of the world’s best tennis stars to the nation’s capital. As has become the norm in the District, another strong class of ATP stars is set to square off in late July for a tournament title. But, for the first time in a decade, the WTA will not be participating in the event.
As a part of the U.S. Open series, the Citi Open is a hard-court tournament that serves as a warm-up event for the major in Flushing Meadows, NY. It is a 500-level ATP event for the men’s side, two tiers below a major. This will be the 52nd year with the event held in D.C.
During the pandemic, the managing owner of the WTA sanction decided to pull the event away from the District. Typically, the Citi Open was classified as an “International Level” Tournament by the old standards. That would be one step lower than the 500-level in the ATP and host 16 fewer players.
In the women’s tournament place, the Citi Open will host a four-player exhibition.
Continuing its recent tradition of drawing top players, the 2021 Citi Open field is loaded once again. The headliner is 20-time major champion Rafael Nadal who will be making his return to the tour in D.C. It is the highest-profile player the tournament has ever hosted.
Four of the eight Wimbledon quarterfinalists highlight the men’s field as well. 17 of the top 40 men’s players in the world also make up the field. Past champions Kei Nishikori (2015) and Nick Kyrgios (2019) are also in the field. Two-time runner-up John Isner is one of four top-50 American males also descending into D.C. this summer.
Local talent Frances Tiafoe returns for his fifth entrance into the main field, building off back-to-back Round of 16 results.
Three of the top five American women will be participating in the women’s exhibition. That includes 2019 singles champion Jessica Pegula and 2019 doubles champion Coco Gauff.
The third-ranked American Jen Brady also join the pair.
Who is in the 2021 Citi Open Field?
The 2021 Citi Open will have players from only the ATP World Tour for 2021 in a competitive format. Aside from qualifying, there will be two draws: the ATP Men’s Singles and the ATP Men’s Doubles. Without the WTA event, four women will participate in an exhibition.
2021 Citi Open Men’s Singles Field (48 slots):
Player, country (ATP world ranking)
– Rafael Nadal, Spain (No. 3) – Wild Card
– Denis Shapovalov, Canada (No. 10)
– Hubert Hurkacz, Poland (No. 12)
– Felix Auger-Aliassime, Canada (No. 15)
– Alex de Minaur, Australia (No. 18)
– Grigor Dimitrov, Bulgaria (No. 21)
– Milos Raonic, Canada (No. 22)
– Jannik Sinner, Italy (No. 23)
– Aslan Karatsev, Russia (No. 24)
– Karen Khachanov, Russia (No. 25)
– Daniel Evans, Great Britain (No. 27)
– Cam Norrie, Great Britain (No.
29)
– John Isner, United States (No. 35)
– Reilly Opelka, United States (No. 36)
– Alexander Bublik, Kazakhstan (No. 39)
– Taylor Fritz, United States (No. 42)
– Albert Ramos-Vinolas, Spain (No. 43)
– John Millman, Australia (No. 44)
– Sebastian Korda, United States (No. 47)
– Benoit Paire, France (No. 49)
– Lloyd Harris, South Africa (No. 51)
– Miomir Kecmanovic, Serbia (No. 52)
– Frances Tiafoe, United States (No. 54)
– Tommy Paul, United States (No. 56)
– Yoshihito Nishioka, Japan (No. 57)
– Nick Kyrgios, Australia (No. 58)
– Dominik Koepfer, Germany (No. 59)
– Vasek Pospisil, Canada (No. 62)
– Marcos Giron, United States (No. 65)
– Jaume Munar, Spain (No. 67)
– Kei Nishikori, Japan (No. 69)
– Sam Querrey, United States (No. 70)
– Soonwoo Kwon, Korea (No. 72)
– Alexei Popyrin, Australia (No. 73)
– Kevin Anderson, South Africa (No.
75) – Wild Card
– Guido Pella, Argentina (No. 76)
– Tennys Sandgren, United States (No. 82)
– Feliciano Lopez, Spain (No. 89) – Wild Card
– Denis Kudla, United States (No. 103) – Wild Card
– Brandon Nakashima, United States (No. 115) – Wild Card
2021 Citi Open Men’s Draw:
2021 Citi Open Men’s Singles Draw
The complete draw can be seen here.
Champion: No. 5 Jannik Sinner (ITA)
2021 Citi Open Men’s Doubles Draw
The complete draw can be seen here.
Champions: No. 4 Raven Klaasen (RSA)-Ben McLachlan (JPN)
2021 Citi Open Women’s Exhibition (4 slots):
Player, country, (WTA world ranking)
– Jen Brady, United States (No. 14)
– Victoria Azarenka, Belarus (No. 15)
– Coco Gauff, United States (No. 25)
– Jessica Pegula, United States (No. 28)
**All world rankings are as of the Aug.
2 rankings update.
What is the 2021 Citi Open Schedule:
The 2021 Citi Open runs from Saturday, July 31 to Sunday, Aug. 8.
Qualifying for the tournament is on July 31 and Aug. 1 from 12-6 pm
The main draws for the event begin on Monday, Aug. 2.
The women’s doubles exhibition matches will be played on Thursday, Aug. 5 from 2-11:30 p.m. The singles matches will be played on Friday, Aug. 6 from 2-6 p.m.
The ATP Quarterfinals will be on Friday, Aug. 6 from 2-6 pm and 7-11:30 pm. The Semifinals will follow on Saturday, Aug. 7 from 2-6 p.m. and 6-11 p.m.
The women’s singles final will be on Aug. 7 between 6-11 p.m.
The ATP singles and doubles Finals will be at 2 p.m. & 5 p.m. on Sunday, Aug. 8.
Where is the 2021 Citi Open?
The 2021 Citi Open will be held at the Rock Creek Park Tennis Center: 16th & Kennedy Streets, NW, Washington, D.C. 20011
How to Watch the 2021 Citi Open Tournament?
Select matches of the 2021 Citi Open will be shown on Tennis Channel.
All matches though can be seen at the Rock Creek Tennis Center in Northern D.C.
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3Kolyvanov: Zenit players will be heroes if they leave the Champions League group – Gazeta.Ru
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Former Russian national football team player Igor Kolyvanov shared his opinion on the prospects of Zenit St.
Petersburg in the group stage of the Champions League .
“Worthy competitors, worthy teams. Malmo are probably not the brightest team we know. But the Swedes have always been different, like the Vikings, in that they have powerful and tall guys. It was always difficult to play with the Swedes.
Chelsea have strengthened this year – Lukaku has come. They already had a very powerful team, they won the Champions League, everyone wiped their noses that year. Probably, no one expected this from them, but, in fact, they show fast football, of the European level, there are many individually strong players with whom it will be extremely difficult to play.
Juventus – I would not say that it is one of the European leaders right now. But they constantly make it to the quarterfinals and semi-finals – this is a team that knows how to play. We all know that the Italians are very good on the defensive, they try to play accurately and carefully, they try to prevent the opponent from taking the ball and running away. ”
What can I say about Zenit? Of course, not an easy group, a difficult one. The band was much easier that year and they did not perform well. Now the group is more difficult, and if they leave it, they will be heroes, and if they do not leave, then, I think, no one will throw a stone into their garden.In any case, you can play with everyone. Zenit has a good selection of players who have played in Europe, in various tournaments. They should play without fear – why should they be afraid? You need to try to make a result in every match. It is clear that this will not be easy. “The teams are serious,” Kolyvanov told Gazeta.Ru.
Kolyvanov also discussed how the possible departure of Cristiano Ronaldo from Juventus will affect Zenit’s chances in the matches with the old lady.
“Ronaldo, as far as I understand, is leaving Juventus – if that’s true.It’s not clear yet. But with the arrival of a new head coach, who returned to the team, Juventus has a more team-oriented game. And Ronaldo still loves when the team plays for him and he completes attacks. I think that they will not mind getting rid of him and playing the kind of football that the coach likes. It is clear that if Ronaldo is in good shape, then it is difficult to keep him, unrealistically difficult. A person knows how to score from any position. But in any case, now it is impossible to focus on Ronaldo alone at Juventus.Now the team has renewed itself, sets itself the task of winning the Italian championship – because that year they performed very poorly, having great players available, ”he added.
Players with expiring contracts – AZERTAC
Baku, July 20, AZERTAC
The European Championship is in full swing. The entire continent of football is awaiting playoff matches that will no doubt be interesting, intriguing and dramatic. But next week another, no less significant event will take place – the opening of the summer transfer market.Several high-profile signatures have already taken place, for example, Hakan Chalhanoglu moved from Milan to Inter. But the most interesting is yet to come. Next, let’s take a closer look at the players who can be signed for free in a few days.
As reported by AZERTAC with reference to Gazeta.ru, Mario Mandzhukic – Since July 1, Mandzhukic’s contract with Milan expired. The Rossoneri had the option to renew the agreement with the footballer, but they did not activate it. This decision was announced by the “red-blacks” at the end of last season.Return of Mario to Europe after Qatar turned out, to put it mildly, unsuccessful. Horvat took part in 11 matches of Milan in all tournaments (287 minutes in total) and did not distinguish himself with any effective action. The experienced striker did nothing to help the Rossoneri. But this is how the circumstances developed. Experience and skills from Mandzhukich have not gone anywhere. Perhaps the forward will be more fortunate in another club. So far, the 35-year-old footballer has not announced plans to end his career, so we will still be able to see him on the field.
Stevan Jovetic – Another experienced striker who will become a free agent in a few days. The footballer’s contract with AS Monaco expires and will not be extended. The departure of the Montenegrin is a logical decision. Last season in Ligue 1, Jovetic took part in 29 matches, but spent an average of only 27 minutes on the field per match. This is his worst performance in his career. Stevan is 31 years old – a normal age for a forward. It is quite possible that in the near future the footballer will be in some strong team.According to media reports, Lazio is interested in the Montenegrin. Jovetic has experience in Serie A, where he played for Inter and Fiorentina, so the return of the striker to Italy seems quite likely.
Jerome Boateng – Boateng spent 10 wonderful years at Bayern Munich. Together with the “record master”, the footballer won absolutely everything, having also become the world champion in the German national team. Jerome was interested in extending the contract, but the Munich club decided not to offer the player a new agreement.Now the 32-year-old center-back will be looking for a new challenge. Boateng is associated with many clubs: Gerta, Lazio, Roma, Barcelona, Juventus – the German has plenty of options. The footballer himself previously announced his desire to play in the United States, but Jérôme is probably still too early to go overseas. Age, strength and skill allow the defender to spend several more years in Europe at a high level.
Elseid Husai – Throughout the past season, the Italian media predicted the fate of Husai – he stays in Napoli, then he leaves.Apparently, the Albanian will still leave the Neapolitan club. The contract expires in a few days, and the parties have not yet agreed on a new agreement. Lazio and Milan are showing interest in the 27-year-old fullback. Both clubs are ready to sign the player as a free agent. Earlier, it was even mentioned about the interest in the player from PSG. So far, there is no specifics about the future of Husai, but it is highly likely that from July 1 he will become a free agent. The Albanian has enough options for continuing his career.
Nikola Maksimovich – Another Napoli representative who may soon leave the club as a free agent. The contract of the 29-year-old center-back with the Neapolitans expires next week. Apparently, there is no agreement between the parties. At the end of last year, it became known about the interest in the player from Milan, Inter, Marseille and Valencia. All these clubs are ready to sign a football player for free. It is likely that the Serb will remain in Italy, given his extensive experience in Serie A.A strong defender won’t hurt anyone, so Maksimovich has every chance to be in some good team after leaving Napoli.
Sergio Ramos – Ramos will certainly be one of the most coveted players in the transfer market. Despite turning 35 in March, the Spaniard remains one of the best defenders in Europe. It is already officially known that the expiring contract of the footballer with Real Madrid will not be extended. Sergio will leave Blancos after 16 glorious years at the Royal Club.There is no doubt that Ramos will have enough offers to pursue a career. They want to see an experienced defender in England and France. Most often, the media send the Spaniard to PSG, but that doesn’t mean anything. Lately, many eminent players have been associated with the Parisians. The footballer himself speaks as reservedly as possible about his future. He still cannot believe that he is leaving the club where he wanted to end his career.
Gianluigi Donnarumma – Donnarumma’s departure from Milan was big news.Not only was the Rossoneri pupil demanding more and more money, but he also left his home club with nothing. In a few days, Gigi will leave the Red-Blacks as a free agent. In Italy, they write that the transfer of the 22-year-old goalkeeper to PSG is practically a settled issue. The parties are going to sign an agreement by June 2026. But the French have not yet officially announced the transfer of the Italian, so anything else can happen. There have been cases when deals were canceled after a medical examination or right before the signing of a contract.Donnarumma may surprise, so in his case it is better to wait for the official information.
Lionel Messi – Messi’s future at Barcelona is a topic that worries not only fans of the Catalan club, but all football fans. It is difficult to imagine Lionel not in a blue garnet uniform. According to media reports, the Argentinean agreed with Barcelona to extend the contract, but there is no official confirmation of this information. Moreover, the president of the Catalan club, Joan Laporta, restrainedly comments on the situation with the team leader, maintaining a cautious positive.During last season, Messi was associated with PSG and Manchester City, but the Argentine is unlikely to negotiate with anyone other than the blue garnet. The likelihood that Leo will renew his contract with Barcelona is still high. But, on the other hand, on July 1, he may become a free agent, and who knows how the situation will turn out there.
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Key players in the bast crops industry unite in an influential union – News
Union of Producers and Processors
bast crops “Ruslenkonoplya” and the National Association of Producers and Processors
cannabis “Russian hemp” agreed to merge into a single sectoral non-profit
organization – “Union of flax and hemp”, reported by the company “Russian flax”.
New
organization headquartered in the Moscow Hemp House on Nikitsky Boulevard
consolidates the market participants of bast crops and sets a goal worthy
represent and defend the interests of the industry in dialogue with suppliers, customers
and the state.
Lots
centuries Russia was the leader in the cultivation of flax and hemp and the main exporter
these crops. Now we are completely dependent on imports,
we use synthetic materials instead of natural ones, and export of bast
cultures have completely disappeared.
Linen
and hemp are used in textile and non-woven, composite and construction
materials, in the pulp and paper, cosmetic and food industries, for
production of gunpowder and PPE, as well as twisted products (ropes, ropes, twines). The priority
the task of the new union will be to develop a modern concept of development
production and processing of bast crops in our country to return to Russia
leadership in flax and hemp.
Today
Ruslenkonoplya Union is represented by the largest producers and processors
flax in Russia, as well as the information and educational Internet portal Roslenkonoplya.rf. Enterprises “Russian flax”, “Bryansk flax” and “Tverskaya APK”
produce more than 4 thousand tons of long fiber, 6 thousand tons of short fiber and
2.6 thousand tons of cottonine per year.
V
2020 the company “Russian flax”, for the first time in 30 years, built a new
modern flax processing complex in the industrial park “Safonovo”
Smolensk region.
Association
Russian Hemp was established in 2011 and is the first and largest
Association for technical hemp in Russia.Association representatives hosted
participation in a meeting of the State Anti-Drug Committee, explaining
advantages of using technical hemp in all areas of activity.
“Russian
hemp “unites over 70% of cannabis growers in terms of hemp production
(hemp fiber), as well as in terms of seed production and hemp cultivation
in Russia (Republic of Mordovia, Nizhny Novgorod, Ivanovskaya, Kursk,
Kaliningrad and other regions). The Association includes such industry leaders,
as “Mordovian hemp plants”, “Agrofirma” Yuzhnaya “, SmartHemp,” Nizhegorodskie
hemp fibers “and others, the trade magazine” PRO Konoplya “, manufacturers
equipment, including the innovative domestic NPO Shock-Wave
technologies ”, as well as companies from Kazakhstan and Ukraine.
“House
hemp “is the first showroom of products made of technical hemp in Russia,
store of hemp food, textiles, clothing and cosmetics.
V
The Union of Flax and Hemp has assembled a unique team:
- General
Union Director – Elena Uvarova, General Director of the House of Hemp Company; - Co-Chair
in the direction of “flax” – Konstantin Klyuka, founder and owner of the company “Russian
linen”; - Co-Chair
in the direction of “hemp” – Alexander Kuchinsky, director of the company “Mordovskie
hemp plants “.
Legal
and the actual address of the union: Moscow, Nikitsky Boulevard, 17.
Official
website: www.flaxhemp.org.
Image courtesy of the Flax and Hemp Union.
Another player in the information security market for critical facilities
Almost a month ago, I wrote that the Government of the Russian Federation replied to me regarding PP-861 about the rules for informing the subjects of the fuel and energy complex about threats or acts of unlawful interference at the fuel and energy complex.I was interested in the question of how to carry out PP-861 in the context of information security incidents. At first they sent me to the FSB, and along the way to the FSTEC and the Department of Culture of the Government. And yesterday I received the long-awaited answer from the FSB … I thought for a long time. Either I forgot to put a question mark in my initial letter, or something else, but the FSB’s answer made me doubt the ability of the regulator to adequately deal with the information security of critical facilities in general.
So, let me remind you.I asked from the regulator:
- Should every antivirus response at fuel and energy facilities be considered a trigger by which regulators should be notified?
- How to automate the process?
And this is the answer I get:
Here’s how you can answer a QUESTION the way they answered me? What data did I provide in the appeal in order to take them into account in operational and service activities? My home address? Although, judging by the signature, I already began to suspect that people with a sense of humor work in the respected regulator.And how else can it be if the document is signed by the “boss” 🙂 It’s good that not the “boss” 🙂
But most of all I was “pleased” with the source of the answer. It was not the 8th Center, and not even the CIB, as I assumed at first. This is a completely different department within the FSB:
I fully admit that it is this department within the structure of the FSB that is responsible for critical objects in general and objects of the fuel and energy complex in particular, but the objects of the fuel and energy complex are clearly not aware of this.All this closeness (even from those who should know) reminds the classics of Soviet comedy:
Information security. New big players will not appear
According to Positive Technologies estimates, new large players aimed at withdrawing money from bank accounts will not appear, and we should not expect them to appear in 2021.
Attacks on small banks do not bring much profit, even compared to targeted ransomware attacks, and they are much more difficult to implement: criminals need to understand banking processes and be able to work with specialized software.
“Most likely, we should expect attacks from well-known groups that can change their penetration and anchorage techniques to conceal attacks, improve malware, change attack regions,” said Maxim Kostikov, head of the security research group for banking systems at Positive Technologies, during a speech on press conference “Cybersecurity 2020-2021: Trends and Forecasts.”
According to his forecasts, an increase in the number of ransomware attacks on banks is possible: this business generates significant income for criminals and does not require special expenses, moreover, it is put on stream.
“To spread malware, cybercriminals will continue to look for known vulnerabilities at the perimeter: the results of penetration tests carried out in financial institutions indicate a low level of security – in seven out of eight companies, an external attacker could penetrate the local network from the Internet,” the expert explained.
At the same time, Positive Technologies recorded more than 100 attacks on financial companies in 2020, which exceeds the total number of attacks in 2019 (there were 92 of them).During this period, 64% of attacks used phishing: this is the main method of penetrating the local network of financial institutions; another 15% of cases involved hacking (exploitation of vulnerabilities and security flaws). Malicious software was used in 66% of attacks. For the most part, these were spyware (34% of attacks using malware), ransomware (27%) and banking Trojans (17%). Note that the number of ransomware attacks against financial institutions has grown, as in other industries.
According to the Positive Technologies security expert center, throughout the year the RTM group continued to attack financial institutions using malicious mailings, and in the first half of the year, phishing mailings by the Cobalt group were recorded.The European Association for Secure Transactions (EAST) reports an increase in the number of logical attacks on ATMs in Europe, with all attacks recorded in the first half of the year being black box.
Avtomobilist accused the media of a “planned information attack” on the club
https://rsport.ria.ru/20181108/1145627116.html
Avtomobilist accused the media of a “planned information attack” on the club
Avtomobilist “accused the media of a” planned information attack “on the club – RIA Novosti Sport, 06.12.2018
Avtomobilist accused the media of a “planned informational attack” on the club materials.
2018-11-08T16: 25
2018-11-08T16: 25
2018-12-06T06: 49
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sports
khl
motorist
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MOSCOW, November 8 – RIA Novosti. The leader of the KHL regular championship Avtomobilist from Yekaterinburg made a statement on its official website in which it claims that the club is undergoing an information attack by publishing a series of biased materials in the media. On Wednesday, Sport Express published the salaries of all Avtomobilist hockey players for the season -2018/19. The Yekaterinburg club has won 25 of the 26 matches of the KHL season and is ranked first in the league table.Forward of the Yekaterinburg club Anatoly Golyshev told RIA Novosti that by disclosing the salaries of all the players of the club from Yekaterinburg, “someone probably wants to influence the atmosphere in the team.” “. This publication, without any official links to sources, published inaccurate data on the income of hockey players, while allowing inaccurate, disparaging statements about individual players and leaders of our team”, & ndash; noted in the release text.It follows from the text of the statement that Avtomobilist’s legal service is already assessing the possible damage to the players and the club, which reserves the right to appeal to the KHL disciplinary authorities and state judicial authorities in case of establishing the facts of damage. The Kontinental Hockey League, including the media accredited in the KHL, respect our club and its players, be guided in their activities by the rules of regulations and elementary human ethics “, & ndash; said in a statement.
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hockey, sports, continental hockey league (
16), motorist : 25 08.11.2018 (updated: 06:49 06.12.2018)
The leader of the KHL regular championship Avtomobilist Yekaterinburg made a statement on its official website, in which he claims that an information attack is being conducted against the club by publishing a series of biased materials in the media.
MOSCOW, November 8 – RIA Novosti. The leader of the KHL regular championship Avtomobilist from Yekaterinburg made a statement on its official website, in which it claims that an information attack is being carried out on the club by publishing a series of biased materials in the media.
“We note with indignation that in recent days, pressure on the Avtomobilist hockey club, which has nothing to do with sports, has sharply increased, a planned information attack is being carried out against our club these days. We are witnessing a whole series of biased materials, quite possibly of a custom nature. “, – said in a message on the official website of” Avtomobilist “.
On Wednesday, Sport-Express published the salaries of all Avtomobilist hockey players for the 2018/19 season. The Yekaterinburg club has won 25 of the 26 matches of the KHL season and is ranked first in the league table. Forward of the Yekaterinburg club, Anatoly Golyshev, told RIA Novosti that by disclosing the salaries of all the club’s players from Yekaterinburg, “someone probably wants to influence the atmosphere in the team.”
“Most of these materials were published in print, electronic and video versions of Sport-Express.”This publication, without any official links to sources, published inaccurate data on the income of hockey players, while allowing inaccurate, disparaging statements about individual players and leaders of our team, “- the release notes.
From the text of the statement it follows that the legal service” The motorist “is already assessing the possible damage to the players and the club, which reserves the right to appeal to the disciplinary authorities of the KHL and to the state judicial authorities in case of establishing the facts of damage.
