B good wellesley. Wellesley Business Updates: B.Good Closure, Call and Haul Service, and Local Mortgage Hire

Why has B.Good closed its Wellesley Square location. How can Call and Haul help with decluttering and moving. Who is the new mortgage loan officer at Washington Trust Mortgage.

Table of Contents

B.Good Closes Its Doors in Wellesley Square

The Wellesley Square landscape is changing once again as B.Good, the health-focused restaurant chain, shutters its location next to the fire station. After serving the community for over four years, the establishment known for its nutritious offerings ranging from salads to smoothies and burgers has decided to close its doors.

The closure comes as a surprise to many loyal customers, who were not given a personalized farewell. Instead, a standard corporate notice adorns the restaurant’s doors, directing patrons to other nearby B.Good locations or suggesting online ordering options.

Impact on Central Plaza

This closure further exacerbates the empty storefront situation in Wellesley Square, particularly in Central Plaza. The plaza now faces a challenging scenario with nearly as many vacant spaces as occupied ones. Earlier this year, The Gap also vacated its premises at the opposite end of the plaza, leaving the area bookended by empty storefronts.

The business community and local residents are hopeful that new tenants will soon occupy these spaces, revitalizing the area and maintaining the vibrant atmosphere of Wellesley Square.

Call and Haul: Wellesley’s Solution to Clutter and Moving Challenges

For Wellesley residents grappling with accumulated belongings or facing moving challenges, a local solution has emerged. Call and Haul, owned and operated by Wellesley resident John O’Toole, offers a comprehensive service to address various needs related to decluttering, moving, and junk removal.

Services Offered by Call and Haul

Clean-outs
Recycling and junk removal
Deliveries and moving assistance
Pickups

The company prides itself on providing free estimates and employing a “contact-free” approach to ensure safety and efficiency. Their commitment to quality service extends to post-job cleanliness, with workers wiping down surfaces and vacuuming the work area upon completion.

Quality Assurance and Customer Satisfaction

Call and Haul emphasizes customer satisfaction by implementing a walk-through policy. Payment is only accepted after the client has inspected and approved the completed work, ensuring that all expectations are met.

Operating from their Route 9 location near Great Wok, Call and Haul serves dozens of Massachusetts towns. Their services extend beyond residential homes to second homes, apartments, charities, and off-site storage spaces, offering a versatile solution for various moving and decluttering needs.

Washington Trust Mortgage Welcomes New Mortgage Loan Officer

The financial sector in Wellesley sees a new addition as Washington Trust Mortgage announces the hiring of Roger Lack as a mortgage loan officer. Lack, a Wellesley resident, brings a wealth of experience to the company’s Walnut Street office.

Roger Lack’s Professional Background

Over 8 years of experience as a licensed loan officer
More than 30 years in sales
Previously served as an executive mortgage banker at William Raveis Real Estate

Lack’s extensive experience in the field positions him well to serve the mortgage needs of the Wellesley community and beyond. His local roots and professional expertise make him a valuable addition to the Washington Trust Mortgage team.

Community Involvement

Beyond his professional accomplishments, Lack demonstrates a commitment to community service. For several years, he has been an active volunteer with Rebuilding Together ® Boston, contributing his time and skills to renovate and revitalize homes for residents unable to afford necessary repairs and upkeep.

This dedication to community service aligns well with Washington Trust Mortgage’s values and strengthens the company’s connection to the local area.

The Changing Face of Wellesley Square: Challenges and Opportunities

The closure of B.Good and the earlier departure of The Gap from Central Plaza highlight the ongoing challenges faced by brick-and-mortar businesses in Wellesley Square. These changes raise important questions about the future of local commerce and the strategies needed to maintain a thriving business district.

Factors Contributing to Business Closures

Shifting consumer preferences
Increased competition from online retailers
Economic pressures exacerbated by recent global events
Changes in local demographics and shopping habits

Despite these challenges, the vacancies also present opportunities for new businesses to enter the market and potentially revitalize the area. Local officials and business leaders may need to collaborate on initiatives to attract diverse and sustainable businesses that can thrive in the current economic climate.

The Rise of Specialized Local Services: A Closer Look at Call and Haul

The success of Call and Haul in Wellesley demonstrates the growing demand for specialized, locally-operated services. In an era where convenience and efficiency are highly valued, businesses that cater to specific community needs can find a strong foothold.

Key Factors in Call and Haul’s Success

Local ownership and operation
Diverse range of services addressing common household needs
Emphasis on safety and cleanliness
Flexible service area covering multiple Massachusetts towns
Customer-centric approach with free estimates and post-job walkthroughs

The business model of Call and Haul could serve as an inspiration for other entrepreneurs looking to establish services that address gaps in the local market. By focusing on customer needs and maintaining high standards of service, such businesses can build strong relationships within the community and thrive even in challenging economic times.

The Importance of Community Involvement in Local Business

The hiring of Roger Lack by Washington Trust Mortgage underscores the value of community connections in local business operations. Lack’s involvement with Rebuilding Together ® Boston demonstrates how professionals can contribute to their communities beyond their primary roles.

Benefits of Community Engagement for Businesses

Enhanced reputation and trust within the local area
Deeper understanding of community needs and values
Opportunities for networking and relationship-building
Potential for increased customer loyalty and word-of-mouth referrals

Businesses that encourage and support their employees’ community involvement can create a positive feedback loop, strengthening their position in the local market while contributing to the overall well-being of the community.

Adapting to Change: Lessons from Wellesley’s Business Landscape

The recent changes in Wellesley’s business landscape offer valuable insights for both established and emerging businesses. The closure of B.Good, the success of Call and Haul, and the strategic hiring practices of Washington Trust Mortgage each provide lessons in adaptability and community focus.

Strategies for Business Resilience

Diversification of services to meet evolving customer needs
Emphasis on local connections and community involvement
Adoption of flexible business models that can withstand economic fluctuations
Investment in customer service and satisfaction
Leveraging technology to enhance efficiency and reach

As the business environment continues to evolve, companies that remain agile and attuned to local needs are more likely to thrive. The experiences of Wellesley businesses highlight the importance of building strong community ties, offering unique value propositions, and being prepared to adapt to changing market conditions.

The Future of Wellesley Square: Balancing Tradition and Innovation

As Wellesley Square faces the challenge of vacant storefronts, there’s an opportunity to reimagine the area’s future while preserving its cherished character. The community and local leadership face the task of attracting businesses that can contribute to a vibrant and sustainable local economy.

Potential Strategies for Revitalization

Encouraging a mix of retail, dining, and service-oriented businesses
Promoting pop-up shops or temporary installations to animate vacant spaces
Organizing community events to draw foot traffic to the area
Collaborating with property owners to offer flexible leasing options for new businesses
Investing in infrastructure and aesthetics to enhance the area’s appeal

The future of Wellesley Square may lie in striking a balance between preserving its historic charm and embracing innovative business concepts that can thrive in the modern retail landscape. By fostering an environment that supports both established businesses and entrepreneurial ventures, Wellesley can work towards maintaining a dynamic and resilient town center.

Embracing Digital Transformation in Local Business

The closure of B.Good and the success of Call and Haul highlight the increasing importance of digital strategies in local business operations. Even traditional brick-and-mortar establishments must consider how to integrate online elements into their business models to remain competitive.

Digital Strategies for Local Businesses

Developing user-friendly websites with online ordering capabilities
Utilizing social media for marketing and customer engagement
Implementing digital payment solutions for convenience
Offering virtual consultations or services where applicable
Using data analytics to understand customer preferences and optimize operations

For businesses like Call and Haul, a strong online presence can be crucial for attracting customers and streamlining operations. Similarly, financial institutions like Washington Trust Mortgage can leverage digital tools to enhance customer service and simplify the mortgage application process.

As Wellesley’s business landscape continues to evolve, embracing digital transformation while maintaining a strong local presence may be key to long-term success. This hybrid approach can help businesses adapt to changing consumer behaviors while preserving the personal touch that is often valued in community-oriented settings.

Wellesley Business Buzz: B. Good B. Gone; Call and Haul can take it all; local hired as mortgage loan officer

Our roundup of the latest Wellesley MA business news:

B. Good closed in Wellesley Square

B. Good, the restaurant chain that boasts of healthy offerings from salads to smoothies to burgers, is closing its Wellesley Square location next to the fire station after 4-plus years in the spot. Previously, it was home to Boloco.

You’d think maybe 4 years in town might warrant a fond farewell to customers. Rather, a standard-issue corporate notice on the doors of the restaurant invite you to visit other local B. Good sites or order online.

The Central Plaza stretch is emblematic of the empty storefront dilemma in the Square, as it now has about as many empty spaces as occupied ones. The Gap cleared out earlier this year at the other end of the plaza. Let’s hope it won’t be long before newcomers arrive.

Central Plaza is now bookended with empty storefronts

Call and Haul can take it all

If during the past year (or even the past decade) you somehow accumulated a lot of stuff that now just has to go, Call and Haul, a Wellesley-based service owned and operated by Wellesley resident John O’Toole is ready to help. Besides clean-outs, Cal and Haul takes care of recycling/junk removal; deliveries and moving; and pickups. The company provides free estimates. From there, the company will remove, recycle, deliver, or pick up your items in a “contact-free” environment and as safely and efficiently as possible. As part of their internal quality control program, workers always wipe down surrounding surfaces and sweep and/or vacuum the immediate work area when the job is completed. Payment is not accepted until after a walk-though with the client.

Call and Haul’s route 9 location (near Great Wok) is a jumping-off point for the service. They cover dozens of Massachusetts towns, cleaning out, picking up, and delivering to your home, second homes, your kid’s apartment, your preferred charity, your off-site storage space, and more.

Washington Trust Mortgage announces local hire

Roger Lack

The Washington Trust Mortgage has announced that Roger Lack of Wellesley has been hired as a mortgage loan officer at the company’s Walnut Street office. Lack joins the firm with more than 8 years of experience as a licensed loan officer, and more than 30 years total in sales. Most recently, he was an executive mortgage banker at William Raveis Real Estate.

For several years, Lack has been a regular volunteer for Rebuilding Together ® Boston, working on projects to renovate and revitalize the homes of residents who are unable to afford necessary repairs and upkeep.

B.GOOD menu – Wellesley MA 02482

Avocado & Lime Salad

$11. 55

Good Greens, avocado, black bean & corn salsa, quinoa, cherry tomatoes, pickled onions, cheddar cheese, lime wedge, cilantro lime dressing

Chicken Caesar Salad

$8. 80

Antibiotic-free chicken breast, romaine lettuce, parmesan, croutons, Caesar vinaigrette

Buffalo Chicken Salad

$10. 45

Antibiotic-free chicken breast, good greens, cherry tomatoes, cucumber, Buffalo sauce, blue cheese, blue cheese dressing

Cobb Chicken Salad

$12.65

Antibiotic-free chicken breast, romaine, bacon, egg, avocado, cherry tomato, cheddar cheese, cucumbers, chipotle ranch dressing

Berry Pecan Salad

$8. 25

Good greens, strawberry, blueberries, pickled red onions, cheddar cheese, pecans, Honey-Balsamic dressing

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b.good – Gluten Free Follow Me

110 Albany Turnpike, Canton Connecticut 06019

Mon-Sat 11am-9pm
Sun 11am-8pm

Stats

Gluten free

menu: NO

Gluten free

bread: YES

Gluten free

pizza: NO

Gluten free

pasta: NO

Gluten Free Options

GF buns available upon request.

Bowls

spicy avocado & lime bowl with kale, sauteed veggies, avocado, black bean & corn salsa, tomato, queso fresco, lime, cilantro, chipotle puree, red pepper vinaigrette
power ball with kale, sesame carrots, Brussels sprouts, crunchy chickpeas, sunflower seeds, local egg, tomato vinaigrette
apple & bacon bowl with kale, quinoa, slab bacon, apple, avocado, dried cranberries, scallions, sunflower seeds, red wine vinegar, olive oil
can add grilled chicken, organic tofu, or local egg to any bowl

Salads

Southwest chicken salad with arcadian greens, avocado, toasted corn, tomatoes, black bean & corn salsa, chipotle puree, balsamic vinaigrette
harvest kale salad with kale, Brussels sprouts, cheddar cheese, sunflower seeds, beets, acorn squash, garbanzos, sherry vinaigrette
chicken Caesar salad with romaine, parmesan, whole grain croutons, lemon-caesar vinaigrette (request without croutons)
sweet potato & bacon salad with baby spinach, slab bacon, apple, roasted sweet potato, Brussels sprouts, cranberries, sunflower seeds, oil and cider vinegar dressing
roasted butternut squash salad with mixed greens, roasted butternut squash, cheddar cheese, apple, dried cranberries, pumpkin seeds, maple mustard vinaigrette
can add grilled chicken, organic tofu, or local egg to any salad

Burgers & Sandwiches

request GF buns for burger, turkey burger, & chicken sandwich
note that veggie burger is not GF

Dessert

black bean brownie with black beans, eggs, chocolate chips, sunflower oil, sugar, butter, cocoa powder, coffee, vanilla extract, kosher salt

Drinks

smoothies
vanilla milkshake
chocolate milkshake

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B.GOOD

Preview6 hours ago Specialties: The culinary landscape at P.F. Chang’s stretches across Asia with diverse, culturally inspired recipes. Our restaurant menu offers a variety of Asian and Chinese food dishes like hand-rolled sushi and traditional Chinese dim sum. Signature dishes include Chicken Lettuce Wraps, Chicken Pad Thai, Signature Lo Mein, Fried Rice, Mongolian Beef, Chang’s Spicy Chicken and Pork and

I woke up this morning to a beautiful sunrise on the Atlantic. My second-to-last morning of kids’ spring break. Six days in. I’m finally refreshed and rejuvenated. Amazing what fresh Florida beach front air, warmth, sunshine and a little distance from stress can do for one’s outlook. I am not looking for sympathy here… I’m blessed to have any time on a beach, with family, removed from New England’s often harsh spring weather for a week.

But there’s still reality. When you own and run a company, reality doesn’t care where you are or if you think you are relaxing. And so, along with the beautiful sunrise, I also woke to this short series of tweets (lesson… don’t put your damn phone in your bedroom… ever). And as the tweeters honestly share, with seeming regret, Boloco really isn’t what it used to be — both real and perceived.

On the perception side, better messaging and branding to show that what Boloco does behind the scenes is as good or better than our far better-resourced nouveau, cooler-than-everyone-except-the-next-new-competitor competitors. We still source ingredients carefully, give a shit about the environment, and take better care of our people than almost anyone else in the business. We can’t assume people know what’s truly inside our bowls and burritos, or our culture and vision, if we don’t explicitly say so. And we still haven’t mastered the professional picture of a perfectly crafted bowl placed on a marble countertop with the camera angle coming in from nearly directly above — that alone could put us back on top, or so social media experts claim.

It’s the subtle differences and changes, however, that are the most dangerous threat to our future. The most precarious of all of them? Our own outlook on our own future. How we view ourselves versus our new neighbors. How we stack ourselves up against the “Jones’s” of food and restaurants. You don’t go through four years of business hell, of no less than weekly seeing the abyss where complete failure seems imminent, without having some scars and remaining open wounds as a result. Fear is powerful, and even a business that once thrived can let fear creep in and take over, starting at the top.

For what seemed an eternity (the last 22 months) I would too often wake up to a negative bank balance, at the lowest of times having to beg our teams to make an extra deposit early in the morning to climb back to zero so the bank wouldn’t bounce checks. Too many wire transfers from a once impressive but quickly diminishing personal bank account. A thankless existence. I was not appreciating beautiful sunrises, be assured. You could see the sun rising and setting and the moon too, but you couldn’t feel any of it. Numbness only.

Survival is a different kind of challenge than growth. It requires a different mindset than the one that prevailed from 2001, or so to 2013 (2000-2001 were very much survival years, 1997-1999 were just moronic, know-nothing years). In survival mode, I’ve always strangely been more comfortable. I find it easier, ironically. The options on what to do next are fewer, and therefore decisions are more straightforward. But you don’t really get anywhere interesting. You get back to where you were, if you are lucky. You are frequently reminded that you are either treading water or just under the surface breathing through a straw — often feeling like someone or something(s) (usually a few bad landlords, big banks and unforgiving governmental bureaucracy) is(are) pushing you under and simultaneously pinching the straw. But at least its real. And its clear. You know you have to survive. You know you might drown. You know you have to get air, at least I do.

I moved quickly, at the time of the transaction and in the months that followed. During the first 180 days, we went from over $3,000,000 in vendor payables to less than $1,000,000. The few who worked with us (ie. forgave a portion of what was owed due to the extreme circumstances) we will always be indebted to… the others, well, I suppose they justify their firm stance and demand for full payment as “it’s just business.”

A month prior, had I not retaken the reins, they may well have been begging for 10 cents on the dollar in bankruptcy court. I assumed they would know they had been “saved” by my irrational commitment and willingness to assume such risk, and that they would perhaps act accordingly, with some consideration and perhaps even a little gratitude for the magically improved scenario related to monies owed to them. I was mostly wrong. Regardless, we remember — at least I remember — how people and businesses treated us when we needed help most. I think we all do, as businesses and as individuals. We know who was there for us when we asked for a hand — we know who wasn’t.

With our affairs in order and personal and business risk at nosebleed levels as a result, in December 2015, we turned to our team. While minimum wages in Massachusetts and other states were notably on the rise, they still didn’t come close to what MIT considers a livable wage. Having used that MIT benchmark as our compass — our true north — perhaps naively at times, we made a team decision to increase wages across the board by over 10 percent. Just as we were getting out of the woods from a vendor debt standpoint, we were betting the company on the time-tested Boloco strategy that going big on behalf of our people would put us back in the black. If our people know they are taken care of, they will be that much more motivated to delight and dazzle our guests… sales would rise. And voila, turn-around complete.

We lost control of the business — the cost side of the business. Sales did increase for a time through the first half of 2016, but we ran a horrible business. And we lost a LOT of money quickly. As bank account balances typically stay positive starting on Red Sox opening day through early November, I had anticipated a calming of the nerves, a period of relative relaxation, so to speak. A chance to consider next steps before the brutal months of winter took their toll once again on our bank account balances. Could we be like the most responsible of squirrels and store enough nuts away for the winter of 2016-2017?

It took me a few weeks to admit it to myself, but I knew we couldn’t stop the bleeding fast enough to get enough of those nuts stored away for winter. So on June 18, I brought the dilemma to the team. We could act like nothing was wrong, sail through summer (which doesn’t take much skill… you have to try hard to lose money in summer months) and then face the music in the fall. Or, we could take action now and try to right size the company by selling some assets, paying off debt, and fully shutting down any corporate activities that aren’t directly related to restaurant operations. Yes — that meant our beloved offices overlooking the Boston Common were going to have to go. Yes — that meant sucking up our pride and putting some of our best locations on the block.

The story of how and why our friends at B.Good purchased five of our restaurants is better left for another time or by reading here. But just when it needed to happen, we completed the sale of Northeastern (2000-2016), Natick (2007-2016), Burlington VT (2008-2016), Concord NH (2008-2016) and Wellesley (2012-2016). We also closed our offices for good and through natural attrition have not one person on a “corporate staff” other than, of course, yours truly. My job covers the gamut, these days — I am still CEO (which simply means the buck stops with me), CFO and Controller, CMO and Social Media intern, HR admin backup, and whatever else comes my way… essentially Chief Fire Fighter.

So while we are still working our way out of a jam, fighting for a life beyond 2016 and now into 2017, we are enjoying each other and living in a world where we trust each other as good-hearted, hard-working human beings each and every day. Never before have I believed in a team like I do ours at Boloco today. We are not, mind you, the most talented team of individuals in the restaurant business. We don’t have smooth talkers or P&L experts or any of the traditional proficiencies most companies require. Instead, we are a team with the right mindset, where we all go into the game every day with a mindset of serving others at all costs, dazzling our guests and each other, and doing what’s right for those around us. I sometimes think of the 1980 US Olympic Hockey Team — the right team for this specific job at the right time. That’s our turnaround strategy

And, as a final point, this part of the turnaround strategy at long last seems to be working. In the typically brutal quarter ended March 31 (because weather in New England is horrible and sales suffer accordingly), for the first time in 15 years, the company was profitable, and that’s despite sales continuing to slump versus year ago. Our most recent balance sheet, while hardly something to brag about, is much improved. We remembered — finally — how to run our businesses responsibly without the benefit of investor money or constantly increasing sales masking our flaws and mistakes. We took “controlling costs” more seriously than ever… which is very, very different than the yo-yo pattern of “cutting costs” on food quality, wages, whatever, which we simply will not do.

As we enter the spring of 2017, the trees are still mostly bare. And Boloco mostly feels that way, too. It reminds me of Neil Young’s “Old Man” at times. We have a number of suitors (the well-funded, mostly cool kind, and most of whom I respect immensely) circling our locations, and perhaps that will be the right call in the end, given that one can only sustain so much risk for so long before something has to give. But if we are lucky, and start letting our own outlook on ourselves catch up with our evolving and improving reality, and if — a very, very big if — our most loyal customers continue to visit us and love us for who we are today — blemishes, imperfections,and all — and grab a few others to join the club, we may be soon (2018?) talking about how to build back our mojo and set our sights beyond survival.

This paper aims to review the history of great victories on land and at sea by Admiral Nelson and the Duke of Wellington. Many historians and writers have always been interested in the life of these famous people. Among them, V.G. Trukhanovsky stands out. Admiral Nelson and Aldington R. Wellington. Duke ”, they describe in detail the moments of the heroes’ lives, from birth to death. The main part of these books, of course, is military service. Entry into the service, the first successes, great victories forever remained in the minds of millions of people, but few people know at the cost of what efforts these victories were achieved.

The history of the life of two military leaders is of interest to society in our time. Their military battles will forever remain one of the most exciting events in English history.And just the purpose of this work is to consider the biographies of Admiral Nelson and the Duke of Wellington. A detailed description of their lives, private, military, state, great victories in battles and battles, battle tactics, which left behind many questions requiring comprehensive analysis.

Horatio Nelson was born with poor health, but this did not prevent him from entering the naval service. He quickly climbed the career ladder, although not without the help of his uncle. Early in his career, Nelson met his love and soon got married.The first glory came to him after the battle of St. Vicente, when the future admiral, without the permission of the commander-in-chief, left the battle formation and began to act according to his own considerations. According to the law of the sea, this was punishable by death. The next victories were the battles of Abukir and Trafalgar, which became Nelson’s last victory.

Arthur Wellington quickly began his career, early received his first baptism of fire. In addition to military activities, he also led political activities. The Portuguese and Spanish companies have once again shown his high professionalism.He applied new tactics of combat, which later became widespread. The peak of his fame was the battle of Waterloo, after which he received many awards for this battle.

September 1758 in the family of a parish priest of the forgotten by God and people of Burnham Thorpe, in Norfolk County in the extreme north-east of England, a boy was born, for whom fate has prepared the most incredible feats and world fame.The born boy was named Horatio, and he was the sixth child in the family. The child’s father, the Rev. Edmund Nelson, served as a priest in the neighboring town of Hilborough. The Nelson family has been theological since ancient times. Three generations of men in this family have served as priests. As for the Reverend Edmund, he sincerely believed in God, loved order in everything, was distinguished by severity and prudence. Children, and the priest had eleven of them, he brought up extremely strictly. Their children were born weak and sick.Three of them died in very early childhood.

He attended two schools: Downham Market Elementary and Paston and Norwich High School. By the time he graduated from school, Nelson had already studied Shakespeare and knew the basics of Latin, but showed no inclination for science.This meant that the path to respected professions had been barred from him. Horace also did not show zeal in studying the Law of God. Edmund Nelson did not have the means to buy his son a patent for an officer’s rank, which was then very common in England. The last thing remained – the navy. However, Horatio’s poor health caused understandable fears in his father. Moreover, on one of his visits to Burnham Thorpe, Captain Maurice Suckling promised to help arrange for the fleet of one of his nephews who expressed a desire for this.

It was early spring 1771, and Horatio Nelson was only a full twelve years old. Captain Rathbourne was planning to go to the West Indies, and such a voyage could be an excellent school for a novice sailor. It was on this year-long voyage on a merchant brig that young Nelson received his first practical knowledge of maritime affairs. At the same time, Rathbourne always kept the boy with him, paying close attention to his upbringing and training. However, he did it taking into account his own life experience.Subsequently, Nelson recalled his first voyage to the West Indies: “If I did not succeed in my education, then, in any case, I acquired a lot of practical skills, an aversion to the Royal Navy and learned the motto popular among sailors:“ In the fight for awards and glory ahead, brave sailor! ” It took a long time before I could somehow get used to the battleship, the prejudice was so deeply rooted. Why, the efforts made to poison the young mind were no small ones! ”

In November 1773, the Seahorse brig left the Spithead Raid with the frigate Salisbury, which flew Hughes’ rear admiral’s flag.Swimming was going well. When the ships passed the Cape of Good Hope, Nelson had already passed the exam for an l-class sailor. Now he learned to keep logs and navigational logs. During the cruise, the Seahorse collided with a pirate ship, exchanged cannon volleys with it, and both ships continued on their way safely. For all its insignificance, it was this episode that became the first baptism of fire for young Nelson.

In January 1775, Hughes’ detachment arrived in Madras. There the ships took on board eighty-nine boxes of local precious stones, which were to be transported to England, guarded by Salisbury’s cannons.Freight further enriched the already fabulously wealthy Rear Admiral. Nelson spent almost a year sailing the Indian Ocean. During this time, the frail midshipman has matured, stretched out and got stronger. However, the climate turned out to be harmful for Horatio, and at the end of 1775 he was overthrown by a fever. Every day the condition of the young midshipman worsened. The medical council, which examined Nelson, made a decision on his immediate sending to the metropolis. The sick midshipman was taken to the ship “Dolphin”, which was leaving with cargo to England.

In the spring of 1777, Horatio Nelson arrived in London to sit examinations for the rank of lieutenant.According to the established rules for running for ranks, the examination committee was to consist of three experienced captains. The Admiralty Council Commission, which was to take Nelson’s exams, was headed by his beloved Uncle Maurice. Thus for Horatio Nelson adolescence ended and the time of maturity began.

Already in December of the next, 1778, he became a commander and was appointed captain of the Badger brig, which was assigned to protect the settlers who settled on the eastern coast of Latin America from attacks by American pirates. The commander is not even a full twenty years old, and he is full of hopes for a brilliant future. So, having only twenty years of age, Nelson became a captain.But soon he fell ill again and retired from marine affairs for a long time.

It began with the fact that Nelson was asked to take a passing flight to the island of Barbados Miss Perry Herbert, niece of the head of the island of Nevis John Herbert. As a true gentleman, Nelson could not refuse the lady. Upon arrival in Nevis, Perry Herbert invited Nelson to visit. And there Nelson saw the one with which he fell in love at the same moment. This was the second niece of John Herbert, the young widow Francis Nisbet, who lived with her uncle.Relatives, as is customary, called her in the home circle more affectionately: Fanny. It was under this family name that Francis Nisbet made history. On March 11, 1787, Nelson and Lady Fanny’s long-awaited wedding took place. The priest of the local church married the young people.

Suddenly, the Agamemnon came across a 74-gun French battleship Saira, which was lagging behind its fleet.A fierce battle ensued, which lasted two days. The forces were approximately equal, and the opponents could not defeat each other for a long time. As for the French, a weak wind prevented them from leaving the battlefield. Soon, Nelson, with aimed fire, deprived the French battleship of the ability to move, and then from the Saira they noticed an approaching British squadron and the captain considered it best to lower the flag. The surrendered enemy ship was taken over by Lieutenant Andrews. The capture of the Saira was Nelson’s first major naval victory, of which he could justly be proud.

In February 1797, as the Axis expected, Spain officially declared war on England. On February 14, Valentine’s Day, the patron saint of all lovers, there was a rare fog in the area of Cape São Vicente (in the English pronunciation of Saint Vincent), in the far southwest of Portugal. When the wind dispersed it, it turned out that the English and Spanish fleets were half the range of visibility from each other. The British marched in a single wake column. The Spaniards in two: the first – in eighteen ships and the second – in eight.At the same time, the distance between the columns was recklessly large.

Finding that the British were much larger than expected, Admiral Cordova was at a loss. It was too late to leave, and he ordered to build a traditional battle wake column, hoping that, with more firepower, he would still be able to keep Jervis at a respectful distance, and then gradually break away from him. Cordova did not even think about attacking himself. Of course, he expected the same formation from the British – in the best traditions of the old Anglo-Dutch wars.

However, Jervis decided otherwise. He ordered to raise a signal according to which his ships, following the same wake column, were to turn towards the Spaniards and, crossing their course at an acute angle, gradually dismember the enemy fleet into several separate groups, surround them and destroy them. Seeing that the British were beginning to decisively descend on his battle line, Cordova gave the order to reduce the distance between the ships as much as possible in order to prevent the British from cutting through their formation.Nelson’s Captain was third in the British column. Realizing Cordova’s intention in time, Nelson makes a desperate decision to thwart him. To do this, it was necessary to get out of the general system as quickly as possible and attack the Spaniards. Every minute was precious, and there was no time to wait for signals from the flagship. And Nelson decided to do as he saw fit in this situation. To understand the adventure that Nelson decided on, it is enough to recall that, according to the naval regulations, any violation by the captain of the established order of battle was punishable by death.”Captain” sharply turns its stem away from the enemy and sets up all the sails. From a distance, it looks like an escape. But, catching the wind, Nelson’s battleship immediately turns around and picking up speed, rushes straight into the middle of the Spanish fleet, whose ships have just begun to close their ranks. A quarter of an hour later, Nelson was already among the Spaniards. Seven Spanish ships of the line were now close to the Captain and immediately opened fierce fire. The Santissima-Trinidad fired the most energetic of all from the huge cannons. Hundreds of cannonballs fell on the Captain in an instant, and if the Spanish gunners had shot more accurately, Nelson would have had a bad time. For some time, his battleship alone withstood the onslaught of a good third of the enemy ships. However, it was clear that this could not last long. All hope was that Jervis would understand Nelson’s maneuver and come to his aid. And he understood it! The Commander-in-Chief immediately ordered the Captain’s rear neighboring ship, the Excellence, to support Nelson in whatever way it could. Vigorously firing from the cannons, the Excellence, under the command of an old and faithful friend of Captain Collingwood, made its way to the Captain, followed by two more battleships.

According to official reports of the battle, the Excelent’s cannons fired at the enemy at intervals of half a minute, while the Spaniards could only respond once every five minutes. Thus, for one Spanish core, the British answered with ten! Even taking into account the numerical superiority of the Spaniards, the situation was not in their favor. Among other things, the English ships, skillfully maneuvering, entered the stern of the Spaniards and now literally cleaned their decks with merciless longitudinal fire. Unable to withstand such a frantic pressure, two Spanish ships of the line soon lowered their flags.But that was only the beginning of the rout. Nelson then boarded two more Spanish ships one by one. However, the British did not succeed in achieving a complete victory.

Having lost four ships of the line, the rest of the Spanish fleet still managed to break away from the enemy and go to their ports. The British ships were so badly beaten in the battle that there was no question of serious pursuit of the Spaniards. The victory at St. Vincent was needed by England like air. The country had just received two slaps in the face: Toulon and the expulsion of the fleet from the Mediterranean.The anti-French coalition created with such difficulty burst. The islands fearfully awaited the invasion of the French, who had already gathered forces in the Dutch Texel. Victory at St. Vincent brought down a veritable waterfall of awards on Nelson. A week later, he was already rear admiral of the blue flag with the simultaneous appointment of a junior flagship of the Mediterranean fleet and a knight of the Order of the Bath, and therefore a nobleman. But most of all, Nelson was delighted with the large gold medal on the massive chain, which was received by all senior officers who participated in the Battle of St. Vincent.He immediately hung the medal around his neck and almost never parted with it.

Keeping a course in the Aboukir Bay, Nelson decided to attack first of all the vanguard and the center of the French fleet. Approaching the bay, Nelson assessed the disposition of the French. The entire French fleet, built in a single mile-long line, was at anchor. Four frigates were located closer to the coast. A small coastal battery covered the defenders from the right wing. The water area around the French fleet was surrounded by sandbanks that did not allow ships to approach the coast closer than three miles. It is believed that the total side salvo of the French squadron was 1186 guns, and from the British – 1030 guns. Finding the approach of the British, Brues ordered to deliver people from the shore to the ships as soon as possible.But it was already too late, most of them were not able to get to their combat posts until the end of the battle and only witnessed a grandiose battle.

Two brigs “Alert” and “Reiler” rushed towards the British squadron. They were supposed to lead the leading British battleships aground by false maneuver. The captain of the “Alert” acted especially desperately: he almost came close to the “Goliath”, then boldly turned right in front of him and, setting all sails, rushed straight to the stone reef. “Alert” was lucky, and thanks to its shallow draft, miraculously slipped through the reef unharmed.In the French navy, they watched with bated breath: whether the British would peck or not. The British did not bite! Nelson quickly figured out this simple trick and ordered his captains not to be distracted by such things.

And the day was slowly waning. And hope again! Noticing that the British ships were drifting, Brues decided that Nelson, apparently, had postponed his attack until the next morning: who was attacking at dusk! If everything is so, then during the night he will be in time to prepare his fleet for defense and even then in the morning the British will be in trouble! However, what was clear to the French admirals was just as obvious to Nelson, and therefore he did not want to postpone his attack, and at six o’clock in the evening the movement of the English squadron was continued.Now it was finally clear to Vice Admiral Brues that the battle would follow immediately, as soon as the British ships came close to the range of a salvo. There can be no postponements until tomorrow! Now, with their last strength, in a hurry, the French straightened their battle line, put in additional anchors so that there was at least some opportunity to turn sideways towards the enemy during the battle. However, in a hurry and amid general confusion, far from everything was done.

Meanwhile, the leading Goliath and Zilies had already proceeded past the French coastal battery on the island of Aboukir.They fired at the British from the shore, but without much success. Then, approaching the leading French battleship “Guerrier”, the British ships removed all sails, except for the cruiser, the battle began. “Conkeran” and “Spartan” discharged their starboard guns at the British, but their cannonballs lay on the water. “Goliath” has already managed to slip through the affected area, but “Zilies” has not yet reached it. While the French were reloading the cannons, the Zilies slipped past them safely. “Gerrier” did not fire a single shot at all. As it turned out, such an illiterate shooting of the leading French battleships was explained by the absence of the vanguard commander in his place.Rear Admiral Blanke-Duchaila at this time hurried to his ships on a boat from the “Orient”, where he received the last instructions for the battle. Had the French admiral arrived on his ship some ten minutes earlier, or had delayed the attack of Nelson at least a little, the Aboukir battle would have begun with heavy losses for the British, but God was clearly on their side that day!

In the meantime, the rest of the squadron pulled up behind the two leading British ships, and immediately several ships unleashed a flurry of their fire on the unfortunate forward “Guerrier”.Finally the French came to their senses. Goliath received its first batch of cannonballs from them. The rigging was immediately broken on it. I had to give up the anchor and, having settled down from the coast between the second and third French battleships, engage them in battle. Not far from the Goliath, the Zilies dropped anchor as well: it was easier to fight the French together. Once again, the British could not get enough of the fact that the French fire was so weak.

By this time, the main part of the British squadron had already approached the French line close and began to bypass it from the sea, thereby taking the enemy in two fires.At six o’clock forty minutes in the evening Nelson’s flagship “Vanguard”, having dropped anchor opposite the “Spartan” and “Aquilon”, opened furious fire on both ships. On the shortest path reached their places of battle “Odasiez” and “Theseus”. The Odasiez positioned itself between the mutilated Guerrier and the Conkeran and immediately began firing at them almost point-blank. Meanwhile, from the sea side the French were already bypassed by the third ship – it was “Orion”. Discharging his guns in passing into the long-suffering “Guerrier”, Somarets moved on to complete the encirclement of the French avant-garde.Having described a large circle, he walked along the starboard side of the “Theseus”, which by that time was already in full swing with the French “Spartan”. During this maneuver, Orion was bravely attacked by the small frigate Sares, whose captain bravely rushed to rescue his battleships.

In complete darkness, the battle subsided somewhat, only in some places the firing did not stop. However, with the first ray of the sun, it was continued again, and with even greater ferocity. At about six o’clock in the morning, the Zilies, Goliath and Theseus weighed anchor. Obeying Nelson’s signal, they attacked the French ships again. Soon the French battleship Mercury ran aground and raised a white flag.

At eleven o’clock in the morning the battleships Generte, Wilhelm Tell and Timoleon, the frigates Justik and Diana, which had practically not participated in the battle before, raised all their sails and rushed to the exit from the bay.The last battleship “Timoleon”, being under the wind, was unable to leave the bay and threw itself ashore. The fleeing French tried to pursue the “Zilies”, but was returned to the squadron by order of Nelson. The commander did not want to take any more risks, since the deed was already done, and it was done brilliantly.

Of the thirteen French ships of the line, one was blown up and eight were captured, two battleships and two frigates fled, and the wrecked ships of the line “Timoleon” and the brave “Tonnant” were not far from the English squadron, unable to give a move.On the Tonnanta, the sailors, following the order of their deceased commander, nailed the flag to the mast. But Nelson no longer had the strength to attack. In such an uncertain situation, the opponents spent the rest of the day and all night. Only in the morning of July 23, Theseus and Leander weighed anchor and approached the Tonnant. He could no longer fight back. The few surviving members of the French crew blew up their ship and crossed over to the shore.

Vice Admiral Nelson’s flag has flown over the 104-gun Victory for two years now. According to the memoirs of contemporaries, by August 1805, Nelson was on the verge of complete nervous exhaustion. He needed at least a short rest. Despite the complexity of the situation, the Lords of the Admiralty decided to give Nelson a break.Soon he was already opening the package with the message that Vice Admiral of the Red Flag Nelson, in the order of seniority, had been promoted to the rank of Vice Admiral of the White Flag, the highest rank among vice admirals. This was a major promotion, followed by the rank of full admiral. At the same time, in a letter to Nelson, it was suggested that he go on vacation to improve his health. Nelson, of course, did not force himself to persuade. At this time, he once again missed Villeneuve, who took refuge in Toulon.

And in the early morning of October 21, as Nelson began to line up his fleet, maneuvering west of the enemy abeam Spanish Cape Trafalgar, lookouts reported that they could see many sails on the horizon. It was Villeneuve’s fleet, marching in a crescent-shaped formation.Nelson looked at his watch: it was exactly five-thirty. The wind was weak. The allies marched in five columns, of which two to twelve ships were led by the Spanish admiral Gravine.

Meanwhile, Neptune was firing at Victory, and soon it hits the bow of the flagship with a full-fledged side salvo. However, Nelson, not paying attention to this, stubbornly makes his way to the selected “Redutable”. Coming together, both ships drift slowly. Realizing that the commander of “Redoubt” did not intend to give way to him, Nelson ordered to lead “Victory” to the wind and, giving his ship backward, decided to board the “Redoubt” side to side.

From the Redoubt’s masts, the English commander in his star-shining uniform could be seen pacing the deck.Several shots from the guns, and Nelson suddenly falls to his knees, his arm extended forward. They immediately pick him up. The fatal shot, according to a number of British historians, was fired by one of the Redoubt’s sailors. Subsequently, this was allegedly determined in the direction of the entrance of the bullet. At the same time, it was suggested that the shooter was not aiming at Nelson. During the shot, the vice admiral walked on the left side and was out of sight of the enemy riflemen on the Redoubt by Captain Hardy, who was much taller and thicker than Nelson.Therefore, the French shooter most likely aimed at Captain Hardy as a more significant target. However, unexpectedly for the shooter, Nelson turned around and was hit by his bullet instead of Captain Hardy.

His Lordship replied, “That’s good, but I was counting on twenty.” Then he said insistently, “Drop anchor, Hardy, drop anchor.” To which the captain replied, “I believe, my lord, now Admiral Collingwood will take command.” “As long as I’m alive – no!” Nelson exclaimed. He even tried with the last of his strength to rise.”No,” he repeated, “drop anchor, Hardy.” Then Nelson confessed to the captain: he feels that in a few minutes he will be gone, and added quietly: “Don’t throw me overboard, Hardy.” – “No way!” – assured that. Then the delirium began again. Nelson kept repeating: – Drink, drink, drink! Fan it, fan it! Rub my chest, rub!

At seventeen thirty the battle was over. The allies lost 18 ships, one of which was sunk and the rest were captured. Only the French vanguard managed to escape from the inferno of Trafalgar, part of which was intercepted and captured by another British squadron a few days later. Despite heavy losses, the Spanish admiral Gravina managed to escape from the Trafalgar hell, who, taking advantage of the reigning confusion, managed to break through to Cadiz.

The losses of the French and Spaniards amounted to up to seven thousand people.The British retained all their ships, although they were thoroughly destroyed. Their losses amounted to more than two thousand people. The position of the winners was rather difficult. The fresh wind that had begun threatened to turn into a storm, which the damaged ships could hardly withstand. This was used by Gravine, who a few days later managed to recapture several Spanish ships from the British.

It is truly impossible to overestimate the importance of Trafalgar to England’s future. This battle finally undermined the French naval power. Never again was France an equal competitor to England in the struggle for the ocean. Trafalgar also saved England from the immediate threat of Napoleon’s invasion, which, without a doubt, would have been the collapse of the entire English colonial empire.

Trafalgar is the most instructive in terms of tactics. Nelson, developing a battle plan, clearly formulated the idea of naval combat, the idea of an attack and its support. Nelson’s ambition was to attack part of the enemy’s forces, opposing them with the superior forces of the attacking party.He is anxious to have the maximum advantage in the direction of his main attack. At the same time, he takes on the most difficult task of supporting the attack (confronting nineteen enemy ships with his eleven ships!).

Nelson’s example is also indicative of the fact that throughout the entire battle he did not raise a single clarifying signal to his captains.Everyone knew what they should do. Nelson’s maneuvers aimed at cutting through the formation should be compared with his desire to attack the ships of the enemy’s commanding admirals in order to disorganize the enemy, disrupt his organizational integrity and deprive him of leadership.

It is also noteworthy that Nelson believed in himself and in his victory. This confidence permeates all his actions both before the battle and in the battle itself. This belief was shared by all his subordinates. Nelson’s will completely dominated Villeneuve’s will even before the battle began.All this predetermined the result of Trafalgar, which was a crushing defeat for some and a great victory for others.

Arthur Wellesley Wellington was born in Dublin, Ireland, to a noble but impoverished family. Son of Lord Garrett Colley, Earl of Mornington. He was brought up in aristocratic Eton, after which he chose a military career for himself. He graduated from the Angersk military school, graduated with valor. Already in 1787 he entered the royal military service, immediately becoming an officer in an infantry regiment.

Wellington advanced rapidly in service – by the age of 25 he was already a lieutenant colonel and commander of the 33rd Infantry Regiment. Received the baptism of fire in 1794, participating in hostilities against the troops of Republican France in the Netherlands. When British troops left the territory of this country in the autumn of the same year, Wellington commanded the rearguard and managed to ensure the British had an unhindered retreat.

Arthur Wellesley Wellington won his first victories in India. In 1799, he defeated Sultan Misora and distinguished himself in the assault on the city of Seringapatama. Four years later, with a detachment of 7 thousand people with 22 guns, he inflicted a complete defeat on the Maratha army of 40 thousand soldiers with a large number of long-obsolete guns.Wellington’s troops captured the large Indian cities of Pune and Ahmadnagar, which stood at the crossroads of strategically important roads.

French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte decided to complete the conquest of the Iberian Peninsula.Now, two of his armies of approximately equal numbers acted on this territory – 65 thousand people each. The Portuguese army was commanded by one of the best Napoleonic commanders, Marshal Andre Massena, the Andalusian – by Marshal Nicola Soult. The British commander had an army of 32,000, which consisted of 18,000 British and 14,000 Portuguese allies.

Marshal Massena launched an attack on Portugal. On September 27, the Battle of Bussaco took place, in which the British army retreating to the Atlantic coast repelled all French attacks.Lieutenant General Arthur Wellington withdrew his troops to the fortified line Torres – Vedras (or otherwise Torij – Vedriz). Marshal André Massena, who had approached her, soon also withdrew his army back, since it began to experience great difficulties with the supply of provisions and was met with openly hostile attitude of the local population.

During the harsh winter of 1810-1811, the so-called border war was going on. Both sides sought to establish control over the mountain passes of Ciudad Rodrigo and Badajoz.British troops besieged the city of Almeide, and Marshal Massena moved to the rescue of the French garrison. On May 5, 1811, the Battle of Fuente de Onoro took place. The British infantry squares successfully repelled the attacks of the enemy cavalry, and the battle did not give the desired result to either side, although the losses of the French were greater.

Wellington won several big victories in the Iberian Peninsula. Among them – the defeat of the French marshal Eugene at Vimieira, the capture of the Portuguese city of Oporto in the north of this country, forcing the troops of one of the best Napoleonic marshals Soult to retreat, capturing the fortress city of Badajoz and forcing the enemy to retreat to Madrid. There were also victories over the French troops at Talavera de la Reina, Salamanca (where he defeated the army of Marshal Marmont).On August 12, 1812, Wellington’s army took the Spanish capital Madrid, where it captured 180 guns as booty.

9000 On June 8, 1813, the Battle of Vittoria took place. With 90,000 soldiers and 90 guns under his command, Arthur Wellesley Wellington decisively attacked the positions of the French army of King Joseph Bonaparte with four columns. They attacked at such a distance from each other that they could provide mutual support in the attack. During the battle, the center of the enemy position was defeated, and its flanks retreated.After Wellington’s left column reached the Bayonne road, the French wavered and fled to Pamplona.

The Battle of Vittoria turned out to be decisive in the war in the Pyrenees. The French army of King Joseph Bonaparte lost 7 thousand people and 143 guns, the winners got the royal treasury (5 million pounds) and a significant amount of ammunition. From Vittoria Wellington began pursuing the enemy army, pushing it towards the Pyrenees. The last battles on Spanish territory took place at Sororen and near the city of San Sebastian.The British won victories in them.

Remnants of the French troops left the Iberian Peninsula. The British Royal Army in November 1813, crossing the Bidasoa River, entered the territory of France. Under Orthez, Wellington’s troops fought the French commanded by Marshal Nicola Soult, after which the defeated retreated to the city of Toulouse. On April 10, 1814, Wellington’s troops launched an assault on Toulouse and knocked out the enemy, who lost 6.7 thousand people, while the losses of the British amounted to 4 thousand people.

Through the scorched earth tactics of the Iberian Peninsula, Wellington learned to maneuver his troops well.He often took the French to those Spanish regions where it was difficult for them to find provisions. He himself reliably covered all the ways to the port cities, from where his troops received everything they needed from the British Isles. Napoleonic marshals were deprived of such supplies and the ability to receive reinforcements.

In the north of France and in Belgium, hostilities began again.Only this time Napoleon no longer had such a huge and experienced army, and many of his marshals were not next to him. The decisive battle of the opponents took place on June 18, 1815 at Waterloo in central Belgium. Wellington, together with the approaching Prussian army under the command of Gebhard Leberecht von Blucher, inflicted a complete defeat on the Napoleonic army. The “Winner of Europe” fulfilled the parting words of the Russian Emperor Alexander I: “You have to save the world.”

Initially, the battle was not in favor of the allies.At noon, Napoleon, with an army of 72,000 under his command, was the first to attack the 67,000th army of the Duke of Wellington. At first, the French pushed the British along the entire front. When the French cavalry, led by Marshal Nei, fearlessly attacked the British infantry, which had lined up in squares, Napoleon did not support it with an attack from his imperial guard, which was in reserve. Thus, the moment for the defeat of the center of the allied Anglo-Dutch army was lost.

The troops of Field Marshal Blucher entered the battlefield at Waterloo in the midst of the battle.General Georges Lobo’s French corps attacked the Prussians. Napoleon made his last attempts to break through the center of the Anglo-Dutch army, but with the appearance of the main forces of Blucher’s army, he sent a reserve imperial guard against the Prussians. But the one, deprived of cavalry support, was unable to develop the attack that had begun with success. The retreat of the Napoleonic Guard, which suffered heavy losses from cannon fire, from the position of the Prussian army was for Field Marshal Wellington the signal to start a counter-offensive by all means.Napoleon’s army began to retreat hastily, and then fled.

After the victory at Waterloo, the allied armies invaded the already defeated France and again occupied its capital Paris, from where the finally defeated Napoleon fled to the seaside city of Rochefort. The French Chamber of Deputies issues an ultimatum to the Emperor Napoleon: abdicate or be deposed.He surrendered to the British and on board the royal brig “Bellerophon” went into exile to the small rocky island of St. Helena, lost in the South Atlantic, where he was to spend the last days of his life and die in 1821. On November 20, 1815, the Second Paris Peace was concluded, which finally drew a line under the anti-French wars throughout Europe. Defeated France returned to the borders of 1790 and pledged to pay the victorious countries a huge indemnity. Field Marshal Wellington remained commander-in-chief of the Allied forces in France until the end of its occupation.

The illustrious English commander was involved in various state affairs. The “Iron Duke” took part in the work of the Congress of Vienna in 1814-1815, when the European monarchs divided the huge Napoleonic empire among themselves.Represented Great Britain at the Holy Alliance conventions in 1813 in Aachen and in 1822 in Verona. He was sent to Russia to congratulate Emperor Nicholas I on his accession to the throne.

Something in me probably made him think that I was an important person, because he left the room for a minute, apparently to ask the secretary who I was. He returned as a completely different person – both externally and internally.What I called inside of myself a buffoonery disappeared, and he very intelligently started talking about the state of the country and the development of events on the continent. He displayed such knowledge of affairs in England and abroad that it surprised me as much (but more pleasantly) as the first part of our acquaintance. As a matter of fact, he reasoned like a military and statesman. The minister made us wait a long time, and I can swear that in the last 30 or 45 minutes our conversation was so interesting that I can’t remember another one. By the way, if the minister had been more punctual and received Lord Nelson in the first quarter of an hour, I would have had the impression of frivolity and banality that others had.But luckily, I spoke to him long enough to make sure that he is truly a great man. However, I have never seen such a sudden and complete metamorphosis before. ”

In July 1808 he was sent to Portugal, and his career as a military leader began here. His expedition, which was destined to play such an important role, consisted of a small force, allocated by the main group, which launched fruitless attacks on the Scheldt River. This expedition was equipped by the English government mainly in the hope of saving Portugal. Castlerie
, who took on the difficult task of justifying this expedition, was supported by Wellesley, who stated that if the Portuguese army and militia were reinforced by twenty thousand British soldiers, then the French would need one hundred thousand people to capture Portugal – an amount that France would not be able to allocate if Spain will continue to fight.Part of these forces Napoleon
would have to be redeployed from Austria, where at that time the main theater of military operations was located.

In April 1809 Wellesley was appointed commander-in-chief of the combined Anglo-Portuguese forces. In April 1809 he landed in Lisbon with an army of twenty-six thousand men. Due to the Spanish uprising and partly due to the impact of J. Moore
over Burgos and its subsequent retreat to La Coruña, French troops were scattered throughout the peninsula. Ney tried unsuccessfully to conquer Galicia in the northwestern part of the peninsula. South of Ney’s troops
in the northern part of Portugal, in the Oporto region, Soult operated
, whose army was scattered in separate detachments.In the area of Merida was Victor, covering the approaches to Portugal from the south.

Taking advantage of the favorable opportunities of the landing site and taking into account the dispersal of enemy forces, Wellesley immediately on arrival in Spain moved north against Soult
. Although he did not manage to cut off, as he hoped, the detached units located to the south of Soult
, he still managed to catch him by surprise. Before Soult could concentrate his forces, Wellesley disrupted the disposition of his troops by crossing the Douro River upstream and cutting off Soult’s escape route. Wellesley
suppressed enemy resistance before Soult
managed to concentrate his forces. As a result of Soult’s forced retreat through the mountains, his army suffered significant losses not so much from the actions of the British as from exhaustion.

Due to the indecisive actions of Cuesta and the difficulties in supplying his troops, Wellesley was not able to drag Victor into the battle.During this time, Victor was reinforced with reinforcements from Madrid sent by Joseph Bonaparte
. Wellesley began a retreat, but on July 27-28, going over to a counterattack, he successfully withstood the onslaught of the French at Talavera de la Reina, and if Cuesta had not refused to support him, he himself would have launched a counteroffensive. However, at the same time Soult
began to press on Wellesley’s rear from the west. Cut off from the escape routes to the west, Wellesley escaped defeat, as he managed to slip south across the River Tagus.Suffering heavy losses, demoralized and exhausted by the retreat, Wellesley’s troops took refuge beyond the Portuguese border. The lack of food prevented the French from organizing the pursuit of Wellesley in Portuguese territory. This ended the campaign of 1809, which convinced Wellesley of the weakness of the Spanish regular forces.

Then Wellington
withdrew to the fortified line of Torres-Vedras, which for Massena
was completely unexpected. The Torres-Vedras line was built across the mountainous peninsula between the Tagus River and the coast to cover Lisbon. Unable to break through these lines, Massena stood in front of them for about a month, until famine forced him to retreat 50 km to the Tagus River. Wellington did not pursue him or impose a battle, but limited himself to pinning Masséna’s army in a small area, preventing the supply of food to his troops.

Wellington continued to adhere to his strategic plan despite the possibility of a change in policy in England and the direct threat posed by Soult’s advance south through Badajoz in order to lift the blockade ring in which the troops were located Massena
. Wellington resisted all attempts by Masséna, who wanted to force him to attack, but in March he was forced to withdraw. When the remnants of Massena’s hungry army crossed the Portuguese border again, he lost twenty-five thousand men, of which only two thousand were in action.

Wellington now re-focused his efforts on the siege of Badajoz, although he had no siege weapons at his disposal. However, the siege had to be lifted, since in a southerly direction he was moving to join with Soult, who replaced Massena Marmont
. Both French generals developed a plan for a general offensive at Wellington.
.But disagreements arose between them. At the same time, Soult, alarmed by the outbreak of a new partisan war in Andalusia, returned there with part of his army, entrusting the command of the remaining troops to Marmont. Due to Marmont’s excessive caution, the military campaign of 1811 gradually died down.

1811.the best of the French troops were recalled from Spain to participate in the Russian campaign. Compared to 1810, the number of French troops in Spain has decreased by seventy thousand people. Of the troops remaining in Spain, at least ninety thousand were scattered from Tarragona (on the Mediterranean coast) to Oviedo (on the Atlantic coast) to protect communications with France from partisan attacks. Before concentrating his forces against Portugal, Napoleon decided to first completely conquer Valencia and Andalusia.

In the presence of weak opposition from the enemy, Wellington took advantage of his freedom of action and, suddenly attacking Ciudad Rodrigo, took it by storm. Troop Gill
covered the strategic flank and rear of Wellington during the assault. Marmont could neither stop Gill nor recapture the fortress, since his siege park was also captured. Nor was Marmont able to follow Wellington through a food-deprived country.

Taking advantage of this, Wellington slipped south and took Badajoz by storm, although he had very little time to prepare the assault.In Badajoz, Wellington took over the pontoon park. By destroying a pontoon bridge built by the French over the Tagus River in the Alu Maraz area, he achieved a certain strategic advantage, since now the armies of Marmont and Soult were cut off from each other and could only cross the river over the bridge in Toledo, at a distance of about 500 km from the mouth of the river Salamanca.

Soult was firmly attached to Andalusia, because he felt an urgent need for food and feared the Spanish partisans.This allowed Wellington to concentrate two-thirds of his troops for an attack on Marmont in Salamanca. But Marmont was able to unravel Wellington’s plan and withdrew to his bases and sources of reinforcements. After that, Marmont cut Wellington’s communications without worrying about his communications, which he actually did not have.

Wellington left Madrid without enemy pressure and headed for Burgos, threatening the lines of communication with France. But the French power system, at the expense of local resources, deprived this threat of real significance. However, Wellington’s successes in and after Salamanca forced the French to abandon their plans in Spain to concentrate all their forces against Wellington.He managed to retreat in time and, after joining with Gill, give the French a new battle at Salamanca, on the terrain of his own choosing. After that, he again went to Ciudad Rodrigo. With his arrival there, the campaign of 1812. in Spain is over.

The French, more demoralized by continuous guerrilla warfare than by military defeats, were almost immediately forced to retreat across the Ebro River and tried only to keep the northern part of Spain. But even such a task they could not accomplish due to the continuous pressure of the partisans on their rear from the Bay of Biscay and the Pyrenees. This forced the French to withdraw from the front four divisions from their limited forces to organize a resistance.

By an allied treaty on November 20, 1815, Wellington was entrusted with command of all the allied forces assigned to the occupation of France. In this post, Wellington retained his characteristic dispassionate course of action and generally refrained from interfering in politics. However, he opposed Blucher’s proposal to shoot Napoleon and in agreement with 90,015 Emperor Alexander I
prevented the dismemberment of France and the prolonged occupation of its territory, which the Prussians so sought.Despite this, Wellington’s order to return to their places the works of art captured by the French during the Napoleonic Wars caused such discontent against him in Paris that several attempts were made on his life. At the Aachen Congress of 1818, Wellington raised the issue of the withdrawal of the occupying forces from France and contributed to a favorable settlement of the issue of indemnity for her.

In January 1828 Wellington was instructed to draw up a ministry. By his political convictions, he belonged to the extreme Tories, and when in 1830, under the influence of the July revolution in England, aspirations to reform the electoral law arose in England, Wellington, as a vivid opponent of this bill, had to cede power to the Whigs. Public opinion was so strongly agitated against Wellington that the London mob broke the windows in his palace.However, this attitude towards him lasted only a short time, and after that Wellington twice (1834-1835 and 1841-1846) was part of the Ministry of Beale. His political career ended only in 1846

He crossed the hall, went into his bedroom, and, taking off his coat, slowly pulled on his dark green silk pajamas. Then he lit a cigar and poured brandy into the glass. Not knowing what else to do, he paced aimlessly around the room, puffing on a cigar and sipping brandy. When the glass was empty, Miles refilled it, then forced himself to sit down and relax. An hour had passed since he left the bride, and, in his opinion, she had enough time to prepare for his visit.

By the time Wellesley brought the three battalions to a halt, the sun had long since sunk below the horizon, though the sky in the west was still rosy with the glow of a bygone day, and in this pale glow the battalion regrouped. Two battalions of sepoys were waiting a quarter of a mile behind him. The sparkling rocket tails grew brighter, they climbed higher and higher into the cloudless twilight sky, on which the first stars had already appeared.The shells whistled through the darkness, and the smoky streaks that followed them seemed even more ominous because of the hissing flames. Dozens of iron pipes lay on the ground, winking with withering lights. An impressive weapon, but so inaccurate that even beginners were not intimidated by it. Fear, however, had not yet died when suddenly bright sparks flashed on the ledge of the aqueduct. They were immediately covered by a cloud of gunpowder smoke, due to which, after a few seconds, the sound of a rifle volley flew, but the distance was too great, and the bullets did not reach the target.

Shots crackled in the night, the first bullets whistled. Tipu’s men fired from the embankment of the aqueduct, and the flashes were clearly visible against the dark background of the grove. The line of the attackers began to break down, stretch out, and the closing corporals barely managed to maintain order of battle.It was dark, but the line of trees stood out quite clearly against the sky. Looking around, Lieutenant Fitzgerald saw that the horizon in the west was still smoldering, which meant that the advancing company was visible to the enemy at a glance. It was too late to retreat, however. He added a step, hurrying to be the first to reach the embankment. Wellesley was in the back, and the lieutenant wanted to make a good impression on the colonel.

Another volley followed from the aqueduct; bright spots flashed and instantly extinguished, but the fire was not very accurate, because the battalion was moving in a darker valley, covered by night shadows, and the riflemen were hampered by the smoke of their own muskets.In the distance, to the left, other battalions stormed the northern section of the embankment, and from there they could already hear triumphant shouts. Assessing the situation, Captain West gave the order to attack, and the two flanking companies, as if breaking off the leash, noisily rushed to the attack.

The bullets hit their target this time. The aqueduct was no more than ten paces wide, and from such a distance it was difficult to miss. The Mysore infantry was hitting almost point blank. To the right and left of the lieutenant, people groaned and silently fell to the ground. Someone fell off the embankment. For a few seconds no one knew what to do. A soldier with a leg torn off a rocket crawled with a wheeze into a canal overgrown with grass, and dark circles of blood spread across the water. Some of the redcoats, without waiting for an order, opened fire in return, but they fired blindly, seeing nothing and no one.The wounded crawled down the embankment, the dead littered the ground, and the rest, stunned by the shooting, shouts, groans and whistling of rockets, froze in complete confusion. Captain Morris stared blankly into the darkness. It had never occurred to him that the company would have to cross the aqueduct. For some reason, he believed that the grove was on this side of the canal, and now he was in a state close to panic. The first to make the decision was Lieutenant Fitzgerald. Jumping into the canal, he found himself waist-deep in water.

After making sure that the two flank companies were finally out of their stupor and moved forward, Wellesley dispatched an adjutant to Major Shi. Meanwhile, the rifle fire in the grove did not stop, the shots followed one after the other, and each one for a moment tore out of the darkness a mist of powder smoke spreading between the trees.It seemed as if hell descended on the earth: bursts of flame ripping through the darkness, the crash, the hissing arrows of missiles, the heartbreaking groans of the dying and the screams of the wounded. Some of the sergeants in vain called for close ranks, someone desperately called for help from their comrades. Fitzgerald encouraged the people, drawing them forward, but the enemy pressed, forcing the British to retreat, to press against the embankment. It was only now that Wellesley realized that everything had gone wrong. Instead of two flanking companies, the entire battalion had to be thrown onto the aqueduct.Admitting the mistake was not easy. He proudly considered himself a true professional, but what good is a professional if he is unable to knock the enemy infantry out of a small line? At some point, the colonel almost decided to spur Diomedes, slip through the aqueduct and disappear into powder smoke, but he held back the impulse, realizing that he would then lose contact with the rest of the units, and above all with Major Shi, whose eight companies were so needed here now to support the offensive. If necessary, the colonel could have summoned two battalions of sepoys for reinforcements, but he had no doubt that his own forces would be sufficient for victory, and therefore, turning his horse, galloped to the battalion.

Moving to the other side of the canal, Hakeswill hid in the shadows between the trees. In his left hand he held a musket, in his right a halberd. Hiding behind the barrel, the sergeant looked around carefully, trying to understand what was happening around. He saw the flashes of shots; the bright flame briefly illuminated the swirling clouds of smoke and the leaves trembling on the branches. He heard screams and the crackling of branches. Several soldiers from his company were standing nearby, but Hakeswill did not know what to say to them. Then on the left, very close, there was suddenly a terrible cry, and the sergeant, turning, saw people running towards him in striped tunics resembling the skin of a tiger.Screaming in panic, he fired with one hand, at random, and, throwing his musket, rushed into the thick of the forest. Some of the British followed his example, others, not so agile, remained in place and were swept away. Their cries died out under the blows of bayonets. Realizing that the same fate awaits him, Hakeswill rushed to the edge of the grove. Somewhere nearby, Captain Morris’s bewildered voice was heard calling him to him.

Vickers Wellington (eng. Vickers Wellington ) – British twin-engine bomber, was widely used in the first two years of World War II, after which it was replaced by larger four-engine aircraft such as the Avro Lancaster, and was used mainly in transport operations.He was widely known as Wimpy (eng. the Wimpy ), so named after J. Wellington Wimpy (eng. J. Wellington Wimpy ), the cartoon character “Popeye”.

In October 1932, the Ministry of Aviation issued the B.9 / 32 specification for the creation of a daytime twin-engine bomber, with a bomb load of 450 kg (1000 lb) and a range of 1150 km (720 miles), while the weight of an empty aircraft should not exceed 2 900 kg (6,300 lb) in accordance with the Geneva Convention on Disarmament.In 1934, when it became clear that the adoption of the convention was futile, the weight limitation requirement was dropped. The initial weight limitation forced the use of low-power engines of lower power, but it was optionally proposed to install Rolls-Royce Goshawk engines with a capacity of about 600 hp on the aircraft, on which the Ministry of Aviation had high hopes at that time.

Vickers The Type 271 was developed at Vickers-Armstrong Aviation Works in Weybridge, chief designer of which was Reginald Pearson and chief engineer Barnes Neville Wallis. The main feature of the aircraft was the design of the fuselage and wing – a spatial frame made of diagonal duralumin beams, covered with fabric sheathing.This design was developed by Barnes Wallis, who was previously involved in the creation of airships and patented by him under the name “geodesic”. The Type 271 was first flown on June 15, 1936 by Vickers-Armstrong chief pilot, Captain Joseph Summers, and after numerous modifications was adopted on August 15, 1936. The aircraft was named Wellington – in honor of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, as well as another plane of the firm of “geodetic” construction – “Wellesley”. The names of these aircraft also begin with W – the first letter of Barnes Wallis’ surname.

The aircraft is a mid-wing monoplane. The basis of the steel frame of the fuselage consisted of 8 power frames, connected by 4 tubular stringers. To them were attached numerous diagonally located light thin profiles, forming a shape and giving the structure lightness and at the same time strength.On top of the geodetic set, non-power wooden stringers were attached, onto which the linen sheathing was stretched. This design gave the aircraft extraordinary survivability, since each element of the geodetic set could perceive the load of other elements, including from the opposite side of the fuselage. Therefore, the Wellingtons could return from combat missions with huge damage, fatal to other types of aircraft. At the same time, the geodetic set provides a large internal space and a low weight of the entire structure, which made it possible to carry out unhindered passage along the entire fuselage and to increase the internal bomb load many times over compared to the original project.

Two-spar wing, also geodesic structure with linen sheathing. Consisted of a center section and two detachable consoles. The large internal wing volume provided plenty of room for fuel tanks. 12 fuel tanks were located in the center section outside the engine nacelles – 6 each on the left and right between the leading edge of the wing and the spars, 2 more tanks – in the upper half of the rear of the engine nacelles. The total capacity was 3408 liters; instead of bombs, additional tanks with a capacity of up to 2523 liters could be hung in the bomb compartment.The fuel tanks were protected, there was a system for filling them with carbon dioxide.

: 4 Mk IA aircraft converted into minesweepers. To influence non-contact sea mines, a magnetic field was induced in an induction coil in the form of a ring with a diameter of 15 m, located under the fuselage.An auxiliary gasoline engine and an electric generator are installed to generate power. The letters DWI in the designation mean ( Directional Wireless Installation ) – directional wireless installation, to keep the real purpose of the inductor secret.

K September 3, 1939160 Wellingtons were in service with 10 squadrons of the RAF in Europe. The Wellingtons made their first sortie on the second day of the war. On September 4, 14 aircraft of modification Mk I of the 9th and 149th squadrons, together with 15 Blenims, bombed German ships at the Brunsbüttel base, five Wellingtons lost during the raid became the first downed aircraft on the Western Front. During the Strange War, only ships were bombed, the crews were forbidden to drop bombs on ground targets in Germany, the first strike on coastal structures was struck only in March 1940.

On December 18, during a raid on ships in Wilhelmshaven, Luftwaffe fighters shot down 10 of 22 Wellingtons of the 9th, 37th and 149th squadrons participating in the raid, 3 more aircraft reached England, but were heavily damaged and were not subject recovery. This episode finally showed the vulnerability of bombers to encounter fighters during daytime raids, forcing the Wellingtons, Hempdens and Wheatleys to be used only for night raids. Since then, for 5 years until the end of the war, the onslaught of British night attacks on Germany has steadily increased, while the main load, until the appearance of heavy four-engine bombers, fell on pre-war twin-engine aircraft.Experience has shown that Wellington was the best of them all, faster than Wheatley and longer range at equal bomb load than Hempden, which prompted an increase in industry orders for Wellingtons.

With the end of the Strange War on May 10, 1940, Bomber Command began unrestricted hostilities with full force. In the midst of the Battle of Britain, on the night of August 26, 14 Wheatleys, 12 Hempdens and 9 Wellingtons launched the first bombing strike on Berlin during the Second World War (in June, a single French plane dropped several bombs).On the night of April 1, 1941, a bomb with a caliber of 1814 kg was used for the first time, dropping it on Emden.

Vickers Wellington Mk IA serial number N2980 on display at the Brookland Motorsports and Aviation Museum in Brooklands, Surrey – This aircraft failed during a training flight in 1940 and crashed into Loch Ness.In the accident, the tail gunner died, whose parachute did not open. In 1985, the plane was raised from the bottom of the lake and restored, except for the propellers, which remained damaged in memory of the deceased gunner.

As a sickly and timid boy, as a child, he could indulge in dreams for a long time, but pictures of military glory never excited his imagination. At Eton, Arthur did not learn anything, filling all his free time with playing the violin.When his father asked him what he wanted to do, he just shrugged his shoulders … The family had only one thing to do: buy him a place in the army in the hope that over time he would take a certain position there.

However, when the empire really needed his sword, Arthur did not hesitate to put himself at the disposal of the War Office.His talent as a leader was revealed not only on the battlefields. Wellington was one of those military leaders who understood the importance of high technology and technical innovation. One of the earliest British generals, he used Shrapnel’s canister grenades and Congreve rockets, although he was disappointed with the inaccuracy of the latter. A specially hired decryptor helped him read the intercepted French messages. Like Napoleon, he paid close attention to the issues of providing for the army.

He did not pretend to be a great commander, but simply did his job, sincerely keeping in mind not only the interests of the British crown, but also the establishment of a lasting peace on the continent. He was called “a conqueror without ambition.”At the end of his life he himself wrote: “I served my people and the crown … No one ever suspected me of plans to become king of Spain or Portugal, like Joseph – Napoleon’s brother or his marshals.”

In his declining years, Wellington admitted that the historical writers who turned to him for help in writing a book about the Battle of Waterloo annoyed him. It is reported that he sharply advised one of them to quit this business: “You must understand that you can never write a decent work.” Wellington discouraged another historian by saying that the history of the battle could not be described with more success than the history of the dance.

Being a brave and cold-blooded man, he, as a general, considered it necessary to cool the inappropriate ardor of his subordinates. And he did it sometimes in two or three words. Once, during the war with the French in Spain, he was introduced to new recruits – a group of young officers, still unfired and inexperienced, but extremely hot and eager to fight.
“I don’t know what impression they will make on the enemy,” Wellington remarked dryly, “but they frighten me.

Looting in the English army was punishable by death, and Wellington was rarely lenient with the guilty. But sometimes he still allowed himself to be merciful. There was a case when Wellington met a soldier in the Pyrenees who was dragging a beehive stolen from a local beekeeper. The commander shouted sternly at the marauder:
– Where did you get the hive?
But the one, with his eyes closed, fighting off the bees, did not make out who was in front of him, and only waved his hand:
– There, over the hill, and, I swear by Jesus, if you do not hurry up, everyone will be carried away.
Wellington could hear such laughter that, contrary to his custom, he did not even arrest the soldier.

Once at the Vienna Opera Wellington was listening to Beethoven. The “Battle of Vitoria” (one of the battles given by the British to the French in Spain in 1813) was performed, which the great composer adorned with sounds imitating the roar of guns and the noise of battle. After the concert, the Russian envoy asked Wellington if the music was like a real battle.
– My God, of course not, – answered the duke, – otherwise I would have escaped first.

The fate of the general’s biography / Publ. [entry Art. and notes.] V. Bezotosny // Russian Archive: History of the Fatherland in evidence and documents of the 18th — 20th centuries: Almanac. – M .: Studio TRITE: Ros. Archive, 1996. – P. 11-40. – From the content.: Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky A. Biography of Prince Alexander Ivanovich Chernyshev: From 1801 to 1815. – S. 13-38. – [T.] VII.

In historical literature until the end of the 19th century. there was no complete biography of a participant in the Napoleonic wars, later Minister of War Alexander Ivanovich Chernyshev. Its appearance was largely hindered by the sensational story of 1812 in Paris. Then the still young aide-de-camp of the Emperor, Colonel Chernyshev, was involved in bribery of Michel, an employee of the French Ministry of War, who supplied Russian intelligence with strategically important information.Throughout almost the entire 19th century. not only Russian, but also French historians tactfully avoided this incident, only a few casually mentioned it. With the publication of V. Timiryazev’s work, written in the wake of A. Vandal’s articles devoted to this episode, the taboo was lifted *. In 1902 he began to publish chapters of the biography of N.K. Shilder Chernyshev, but his death interrupted the publication. Finally, in 1905, a little-noticed description of Chernyshev’s life appeared in volume 122 of the Collection of the Russian Historical Society.The biography was printed without an introductory article, at the end it was indicated that its author was A. Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky. However, the biography of Chernyshev was not listed among the unpublished works of the historian. If we compare Schilder’s publication with the work of Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky, which appeared half a century later, we find page-by-page textual coincidences. Only here and there the pathetic tone of the narrative of the first half of the 19th century was changed to the restrained academic style of the end of the century, the volume of work was increased by citing sources already published by that time.Schilder was for a long time the only biographer of Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky, a publisher of memoirs and a collector; he received a significant part of the materials from the archives of the historian.

At the turn of the century, the editors of the Russian Historical Society instructed Schilder to prepare for publication a set of Chernyshev’s documents received from the heirs and from the state archives. After the death of Schilder, GF Shtedman was appointed editor of the volume, and after the death of the latter – IV Golitsyn, who published the “Life” without any accompanying text.The editor of the volume had reasons not to publish the introductory article due to the unclear origin of the biography of Chernyshev, brought to 1852, while the alleged author, Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky, died in 1848. The discrepancy in the dates between the death of the historian and the chronological framework of the events described prompted the editors to be careful. Indeed, this circumstance casts doubt on the authorship of Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky. But the name of the venerable historian did not appear in the publication by chance.From 1845 Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky was the editor of the “Military Gallery of the Winter Palace”, which published essays about the generals who fought in 1812-1815. But in terms of structure and volume, Zhizneopisanie sharply differs from the editions of the Gallery. It can be assumed that Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky himself decided to describe the life of Chernyshev, but it is more likely that the minister ordered the historian to compile his official biography. The performer died on September 9, 1848, and a few days before his death, on the initiative of Chernyshev, a commission was created to parse the historian’s papers, which the Minister of War himself supervised, so the “Life” was not included in the inventory.Work on it was continued by the assistants of Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky. Most likely, the work was completed by 1857, when Chernyshev died, which is why it remained unprinted in his archive. Additional light on the history of writing a biography is shed by a clerk’s copy of the first two chapters of the Life Description found in the collection of the famous bibliographer S.D. the first two chapters were compiled, and it is very likely that the rest of the text of Chernyshev’s biography was written without his participation.These chapters have been preserved in the clerk’s copy, bound in two notebooks. On the cover, with the first hand of Poltoratsky, the inscription is made: “Chernyshev (Prince Alexander Ivan.) His biography 1801-1815. composed. Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky (Moscow. Sunday, December 3, 1850) “. The text is edited in pencil. The manuscript is published taking into account this revision and preserving the peculiarities of the language of the middle of the 19th century.

During this memorable fifteen years, when Napoleon tried to prevail over Europe, and Alexander persisted in preserving the rights consecrated by centuries, men of war and council, the engines of the era, appeared in every State. Some distinguished themselves in war, others in relations with foreign powers, and still others on the path of civil activity. But few were destined to celebrate themselves in all these three, one from different different fields, few were given to successfully accomplish military exploits, negotiate the fate of kingdoms, then lead important branches of internal government.Prince Alexander Ivanovich Chernyshev belongs to a small number of such statesmen. Long covered with European glory, his deeds merged into a community of enormous events, but his life is so closely connected with the events of our century that its depiction is necessary to explain them. Without presenting a detailed account of the ministry of those who acted in a high circle under Alexander and Napoleon, who were the trustees of their innermost thoughts, History itself will remain dark in many places, and circumstances will perish for future generations as curious as they are important, having direct, direct impact on business.With this goal in mind, we undertake to present the biography of Prince Alexander Ivanovich Chernyshev, as an addition to the story about that loud time that amazed contemporaries and posterity will seem fabulous.

Alexander Ivanovich Chernyshev was born in 17862, lost his parent early, deserved, wounded in the wars of the Lieutenant-General3, and with two sisters remained in the care of a tender mother4. She tried to give him the most excellent education, and, under her supervision, entrusted his education to the famous Abbot Perrin.The upbringing was not yet completely over when an accident called Chernyshev from his parents’ house into the field of light. Alexander was the first to decide His lot. The next incident introduced Him to Chernyshev.

During the coronation of His Majesty in 1801, there was a ball in Moscow with Prince Kurakin5, later an ambassador to Napoleon. Angel of beauty and goodness, twenty-four-year-old Emperor Alexander danced “Ecossaise” dance, where men stood on one side, and girls on the other. The place beside the Emperor was occupied by a young man, barely emerging from his adolescence, in a provincial uniform.The Emperor started a speech with him. The conversation lasted more than an hour while Ecossaise danced. The young man, who had a short acquaintance with Moscow, called the Tsar the names of those who were present at the ball, deftly and naturally answered all His questions. This young man was Chernyshev.

The next day, Ivan Varfolomeevich Lamb, President of the Military Collegium, or Minister of War, who was once favored by her husband, came to his mother’s house. Having told him about the attention shown on the eve by the Sovereign to her son, she asked Lamb to identify him as an officer in the guard.Lamb reported to the Sovereign and received in response that His Majesty could not deviate from his rules and would welcome him as an officer of the Guards who had not served as a cadet, but instead offered Chernyshev the title of Kamer-Juncker, then very flattering, because the rank of the State Councilor was mated with him. Chernyshev not only was not delighted with such a special favor from the Sovereign, but decisively announced that he did not want to be a Kamer-Juncker, wishing to devote himself to military service, when Lamb reported this to the Emperor, His Majesty said that he ordered Chernyshev to be identified as a Kamer-Page as a means sooner get an officer’s rank.The offer was accepted with admiration. Chernyshev went to Petersburg, where the transformation of the Page Corps soon followed. According to the new position, Chernyshev was faced with one of two things: he would immediately be assigned to the guard as a cornet or an ensign, or enter the corps and, at the end of the course of science, be released as a lieutenant of the guard. He preferred the first and in 1802 entered the Cavalry Regiment as a cornet. Two years later, he was promoted to lieutenant and in this rank, being the Chief Adjutant of General Uvarov, he made the first campaign with the Guards in 1805.The guards came to the theater of war when Napoleon had already filled the Austrian army, near Ulm, occupied Vienna and entered Moravia.

Uvarov commanded a dragoon division, and with her Chernyshev was for the first time in the Fire in the vanguard business near Vishau. The battle of Austerlitz soon took place. At the beginning of the battle, Chernyshev participated in two successful cavalry attacks, and in the third, which was repulsed. With a report of these actions, he was sent to the Emperor, at two o’clock in the afternoon. He found the Emperor in the center, under cannonballs and bullets.After hearing the report, the Emperor left Chernyshev with him, because none of the adjutants was with His Majesty, and sent him with various orders to the fighting troops. At the end of the battle, the Emperor went to the village of Godiezhits and impatiently waited for Kutuzov, wishing to agree with him on further measures.

Not seeing the Commander-in-Chief, the Emperor said to Chernyshev: “Serve me the last service, and find Kutuzov” – a difficult assignment, in the dark and with the general retreat of the army. Leaving Galich, Chernyshev saw three roads in front of him, leading in different directions.Luck was to decide the choice of the path. Chernyshev drove along the middle road and after two versts he met Kutuzov, extremely delighted with his appearance, because he himself was looking for the Emperor. Chernyshev took him to the Emperor, and received gratitude for the prompt execution of the order. We deliberately mention this circumstance, wishing to show how from the first step of service Chernyshev was favored by happiness, which, later we will see many examples, never left him in the war. For the Battle of Austerlitz, Chernyshev was awarded the Vladimir Cross of the 4th degree with a bow, a special distinction, because then this cross was given only to guards colonels.Arriving in St. Petersburg, the Tsar began to show Chernyshev the most flattering attention, and personally introduced him to both Empresses.

In 1806, Chernyshev was promoted to the Headquarters of Captain. At the beginning of the next 1807, he set out with the guards in Prussia, still being an adjutant under General Uvarov. On February 19th he was in business at Launau, May 24th, at Scharnik and the next day at Achendorf and Deppen. For which he was awarded a gold sword with the inscription “For bravery.” When Bennigsen led the army to a fortified position at Gelsberg, Chernyshev took part in the arrieguard case at Walldorf on May 26, and three days later in the Battle of Geisberg.On June 2nd, the Battle of Friedland took place. Here Chernyshev celebrated himself with a wonderful feat. Among the disastrous retreat of our army along the burning bridges on the Alla River, he found a brot and a significant part of the troops crossed and saved themselves. The reward for the feat was the Cross of St. George9. The Battle of Friedland concluded a stubborn war, in which Chernyshev had the opportunity to acquire so much information and experience that a few months later, as we will see below, he was already able to talk with Napoleon himself about military operations.In mid-June, he saw Napoleon for the first time, when he met with Emperor Alexander on the Neman, and then seeing him every day in Tilsit, he was used to looking at the conqueror without the timidity that he inspired with his gaze in many contemporaries.

After the conclusion of the Tilsit Peace Treaty, Chernyshev returned to St. Petersburg and spent the winter there. Emperor Alexander honored him on every occasion with a greeting word, a gracious look, or a smile. Those who had the good fortune to know Alexander, of course, have retained in their hearts the memory of how inimitable, charming He was when he made someone happy with his attention! At that time, they were equipping the embassy of Count Tolstago10 in Paris, and trying to give it the possible splendor, they appointed, in addition to diplomatic officials, to be attached to After three officers, the cavalry guard Chernyshev, Leib Gusarsky Naryshkin and Infantry Benckendorff, this assumption, however, was canceled by the Chernys, and the Czar “Don’t regret Paris; I’ll give you a chance to see him. “The opportunity presented itself soon.

In February 1808, at the court ball, the Emperor, talking with Chernyshev about the dances that took place at the ball, suddenly asked him: “Won’t it ruin your fun if I remove you from St. Petersburg for a while?” Chernyshev at first took these words as a joke, but the Emperor, assuming an important air, continued: “I am not joking.” – Of course, the answer was an expression of perfect readiness to fulfill the Highest will. “Come to me tomorrow,” said the Emperor. Appearing at the Palace the next morning, Chernyshev was summoned to the Tsar’s office.His Majesty said to him: “Go to Paris and give our Ambassador Count Tolstoy this letter, which contains another, to Napoleon.”

Upon arrival in Paris11, Chernyshev handed the letter to Count Tolstoy. Then the alliance between Russia and France, concluded in Tilsit, existed in full force, and Napoleon tried by all possible means to distinguish Ruski from other foreigners. His caresses and greetings fell on them, on them he mostly exhausted his methods, full of courtesy, true charm! Count Tolstoy notified the Chief of Ceremonies, Count Segur12, once an ambassador to Empress Catherine, about Chernyshev’s arrival and asked to set a day when he might have the honor of introducing him to Napoleon.It is necessary to know that the performances of foreigners who came to Paris took place only once every two weeks, and therefore Count Tolstoy believed that Chernyshev, like everyone else, would be invited to the Tuileries Palace on a general reception day for foreigners, something else happened. A few hours after sending his letter to Segur, Count Tolstoy received an answer from him, informing him that Napoleon would receive him the next day.

At the hour appointed by Segur, Count Tolstoy went with Chernyshev to Tuileries. First, our Ambassador was brought into the Napoleon’s office, after a few minutes Chernyshev was called there.Here he appeared for the first time before the conqueror! Napoleon began by asking about his service and after learning that he had participated in the last wars against the French, he started talking about the campaign of 1807, and it was about the Launau case. Not in the least embarrassed, Chernyshev answered questions; explained the details of the various movements of our army, made an objection to Napoleon, even comments on some of his actions. Napoleon liked the young officer’s judgment and sincerity to such an extent that he prolonged the conversation with him for more than an hour.

Count Tolstoy was amazed at Chernyshev’s unconstrained treatment of Napoleon, especially in his determination to enter into a competition about military affairs with the great commander. Leaving the Cabinet, Count Tolstoy asked him: “Are you in full mind?” After the audience, without any official duties, Chernyshev hoped to spend a few pleasant weeks in noisy and luxurious Paris, but did not enjoy its charms for long. Ten days later, Count Tolstoy sent him to Petersburg with a letter from Napoleon to the Tsar.At the end of his letter, Napoleon said that he was pleased to meet Chernyshev, and asked the Emperor to send him to Paris whenever His Majesty pleased to send someone there with errands.

Soon after Chernyshev’s return to St. Petersburg, the Emperor sent him in April again with a letter to Napoleon, who was in Bayonne. The letter contained a notice of the entry of Russian troops into Finland and the prohibitive measures taken in Russia against British trade. Chernyshev stayed in Paris for only a day and continued on his way to Bayonne, where he lived for four days in the castle Marak occupied by Napoleon.Napoleon was so merciful to him that he invited him to his dinner, an honor bestowed on him by a very few. With all the extreme attention of Napoleon to him, French spies watched him vigilantly. In order to follow Chernyshev’s every step more conveniently, the head of the Secret Police, General Savari13, invited him to live with him in the place, under the pretext that Marak Castle was very small and there was no extra room in it. On the fifth day, Napoleon sent Chernyshev to St. Petersburg, with a letter to the Emperor, informing His Majesty of his intention to elevate his brother Joseph14 to the Spanish throne.In this letter, hitherto known to someone, the following expression is remarkable: “Je ne m’approprie pas l’Espagne: elle ne fait que changer de Souverain” *.

Driving through Bordeaux, where the inhabitants were very indignant at Napoleon for the cessation of trade and the introduction of the continental system, Chernyshev managed to find out the real state of affairs in Spain, which the French government kept in the greatest secrecy. He learned about the movements and the number of Napoleon’s troops who were on the other side of the Pyrenees, about the reinforcements that were marching towards them, about the beginning of the French failures, about the readiness of the unanimous revolt of the Spaniards, and was in such a hurry to inform the Emperor about these important circumstances that on the seventeenth day he made it to Petersburg.His entire trip to Bayonne and back almost from one end of Europe to the other, was made in 34 days. The Tsar was perfectly pleased with the prompt execution of the order and, asking Chernyshev about the details of his stay with Napoleon, he asked, probably wishing to find out if he had guessed about Napoleon’s true views regarding Spain, which no one else except the Tsar could know about: “Whom do you think Napoleon will leave the King Spanish, Charles IV, or his son? “15 – Chernyshev replied:” I think that he will not give Spain to either one, but will take it for himself. “

Letting go of Chernyshev, the Emperor said to him: “From now on, consider yourself Wing an adjutant, but I will not order you to give about your appointment as an order: I must first get rid of some of the problems.” Delighted with the words of the Tsar, Chernyshev, however, waited a long time for an order. Envy, everywhere and always inseparable from those who are beginning to be distinguished by the Monarchs, arose against Chernyshev. They raised various slanders about his alleged immodesty regarding the assignments entrusted to him to Napoleon. These rumors were brought to the attention of the Emperor on purpose.His Majesty believed them, and for a long time treated Chernyshev coldly. Finally, almost a year later, in May 1809, the Emperor ordered to call Chernyshev to his place at seven o’clock in the morning, and told him: “Go to Napoleon and give him this letter. No matter how hard I tried to prevent a war with Austria, to my extreme regret, I did not succeed in my insistence. I believe that military action has already begun. I do not know where Napoleon is, in France or with one of his armies in Italy or in German soil. On the way you will inquire about the place of his stay.Before leaving, visit Count Rumyantsov16. You love the craft of war, and I will give you a wonderful opportunity to improve in it, because you will be on the whole campaign under Napoleon; I place you at his complete disposal. ” Having bowed to the Emperor, Chernyshev went to Count Rumyantsov and asked him what should be the duty under Napoleon? Count Rumyantsov did not provide him with any special instruction, but only said that it was necessary to deliver the Tsar’s letter to Napoleon as soon as possible and then be with him.

On the same day, Chernyshev departed from St. Petersburg. In Konigsberg he learned that hostilities had already opened between the French and the Austrians. In Berlin, he received the most detailed news about this, and in Leipzig they told him that it was impossible to go to Napoleon on the Danube by a straight road, because on it one could meet the Austrians, with whom we then had a break. Chernyshev hurried from Leipzig to Frankfurt am Main and from there turned after the French army, witnessed all the frenzies committed by the French in the rear of the corps, and came to Napoleon at St. Pölten.The joy of Napoleon at the sight of Chernyshev was indescribable, because the letter he brought from Emperor Alexander contained the assurances of His Majesty’s indispensable intention to fulfill the Treaty of Erfurt17 and send a corps against the Austrians, and the order given to Chernyshev to be on a campaign under Napoleon was in the eyes of Europe desirable for Napoleon proof of the indissolubility of his alliance with Russia.

Therefore, Napoleon received Chernyshev extremely graciously, ordered to assign him an apartment near him and give him his own horses.After this, it is easy to imagine: what caresses Chernyshev was showered with by all of Napoleon’s close associates. A bulletin was immediately printed, and it said: “The adjutant of the Russian Emperor, Colonel Count Chernyshev, has arrived to His Majesty.” With these exaggerated titles, Napoleon wanted to give the greatest brilliance in the eyes of Europe and the French army to the arrival of Chernyshev, as an obvious evidence of Russia’s friendship with France. After reading the bulletin, Chernyshev expressed surprise to his favorite Napoleon Duroc19 that he was credited with a rank that he did not have, that he was not an adjutant of the Emperor, not a colonel or a count.Duroc reported this to Napoleon, and on his orders advised Chernyshev not to pay attention to the expression of the bulletin.

On the same day, Napoleon set off on horseback from St. Pelten, accompanied by Chernyshev. On the way, I ceaselessly talked to him, and on my way very soon, in the evening I arrived at Vienna, where I myself set up the batteries. On the same night, three thousand bombs flew from them. Without stopping in Vienna, Napoleon made his famous crossing of the Danube. The battle of Aspern soon took place. When it ended, Napoleon entrusted Marshal Massena20 with the troops remaining on the left side, and he himself went back to move to the right bank of the Danube as soon as possible.On the boat that carried Napoleon there were Marshals Berthier, Generals Savary, Duroc and Chernyshov.

Chernyshev was extremely embarrassed by Napoleon’s order. He never wrote to the Emperor Alexander, and how could he write when he was in the undoubted confidence that before leaving for Petersburg, his letter would certainly be opened and read by Napoleon and his minister? However, it was necessary to obey.Chernyshev had no paper, no pens, not even his own seal, which he left in his carriage, behind the army. He went to Champagny, who already knew about the command given to him by Napoleon. As soon as Chernyshev entered his room, Champagny said to him: “My courier is ready for Petersburg, and I only expect your letter to be sent. Here is a table, paper and all that is needed. It is safer for you to write here than anywhere else, in the midst of the noise of the main apartment. ”

Thus, it was necessary for a twenty-three year old boy, who had not yet been skilled in diplomatic correspondence, to inform the Emperor about the most important event of his time – the defeat of the French army, and to draw up a report in front of the eyes of the Minister of Foreign Affairs Napoleon, who in an hour was supposed to have in his hands the report being drawn up.With a reluctance of heart, Chernyshev began his letter to the Tsar outlining everything that had happened since his arrival in San Pölten, saying that being permanently under the Emperor Napoleon, he considered himself the happiest of the military, using the daily instructions of the greatest commander. Describing the favors with which Napoleon constantly showered him, Chernyshev depicted the Battle of Aspern and the details of the destruction of bridges on the Danube. The most difficult thing was how to notify the Tsar about the disadvantageous position of the French army after the destruction of the bridges.To this end, he resorted to an extremely skillful turn and said in the conclusion of the letter: “If at that time Napoleon commanded the Austrians, then the complete death of the French was inevitable.”

Having finished the letter, which contained eight pages, Chernyshev sealed it with the seal of Champagne and handed it to this Minister, who meanwhile walked up and down the room. After fulfilling Napoleon’s will, Chernyshev was in anxious anticipation of how Napoleon and the Emperor Alexander would accept his letter. He was then far from thinking that it was being made one of the main reasons for the power of attorney that Alexander had awarded him, who for the first time saw from this report that the officer he used to send to Napoleon not only behaved like a clever and hasty young man, but he still knew how to portray things excellently on paper – an ability which the Emperor had not had the opportunity to know in Chernyshev until then.

It was a strange order, but it had to be fulfilled. After spending several days in Vienna, Chernyshev returned to Napoleon, told him that in the capital they knew nothing about the true position of the belligerent armies, and when they saw the torn bridges on the Danube, after which the French army had to retreat to the right bank, they said: “The best General there is a general Danube in the Austrian army ”. This expression made Napoleon laugh and liked it so much that he ordered it to be placed in the newsletter printed the next day.The sharp word was all the more pleasant to Napoleon, that due to the then inaction, during which the French were building bridges on the Danube, Napoleon did not know how to fill the ballots.

During several weeks of preparations for the crossing, Napoleon’s headquarters was in Schönbrunn. Chernyshev lived in the castle, over its rooms Napoleon made daily surveys and always invited Chernyshev with him. When Napoleon went out on reconnaissance in a carriage, he sat in the first carriage with Marshal Berthier, and in the second Chernyshev with the Adjutant General on Duty.But when on horseback Napoleon inspected the troops and work on the Danube, Chernyshev was always near him. In such cases, each time Napoleon turned to Chernyshev and told him about his orders and further plans against the Archduke Karl23. Like all great minds, Napoleon was not offended by objections and listened to them not only patiently, but even with pleasure, of course, when opinions were good. Approved by Napoleon’s affection for him, Chernyshev often allowed himself during his trips with him, and frankly presented his judgments, even refutations, to him.With approving affection, Napoleon entered into a state with the cavalry headquarters captain, explained to him the reasons for his orders and assumptions, the consequences that should have come from his plans. Listening to the great commander, Chernyshev drew from his conversations those basic rules that later gave him constant victory over all the enemies with whom he fought in Russia, Germany and France.

At the beginning of June the bridges on the Danube were built. Napoleon crossed to the left bank and won a victory at Wagram, where Chernyshev did not leave him for a minute.The day after the battle, Napoleon awarded him the Order of the Golden Eagle24, and said to him: “I am pleased to tell you good news for you. A courier from St. Petersburg came to me. Colencourt25 notifies that the Emperor Alexander has appointed you his adjutant and sent a courier to you, who will bring you official news of this. ” Thus, Napoleon was the first to congratulate Chernyshev as an aide-de-camp, the title in which the Emperor bestowed upon him after reading his letter from Ebersdorf about the Battle of Aspern.However, Alexander did not limit his favors to Chernyshev. Then He ordered the Chancellor Count Rumyantsov to go to his mother and explain to her how much His Majesty was pleased with her son. Soon afterwards, in the middle of June, Napoleon sent Chernyshev to Petersburg, who met the courier on the way, carrying him an order to grant him an adjutant wing.

Six weeks later, at the beginning of August 1809, when, after the Battle of Wagram, negotiations began between the Austrians and the French, Emperor Alexander sent Chernyshev to the headquarters of Emperor Franz and Napoleon with letters intended to expedite the conclusion of peace.The fulfillment of an important assignment required great discretion at every step. It was necessary to assure Austria of our friendship, outwardly hostile to Russia, and not arouse the suspicions of Napoleon, our ally.

August 10th Chernyshev departed from St. Petersburg, and in the evening of the 20th, came to Napoleon in Schönbrunn. At 7 o’clock the next morning, Napoleon summoned him and talked to him for more than half an hour, asking about the health of Emperor Alexander, especially about the bruised leg of His Majesty, adding that he was extremely uneasy upon learning of this adventure.Then he assured him of friendship and loyalty to the Emperor, told Chernyshev that he saw with pleasure his return, invited him to go with him for a divorce and then to breakfast, where the Vice King of Italy27, Marshals Berthier, Massena, Davout and Oudinot28 were staying. An hour later, Chernyshev set off from Schönbrunn to the Dotis castle near Comorne, the seat of Emperor Franz29.

Changing horses in Altenburg, where they were negotiating for peace, Chernyshev went to the French Minister of Foreign Affairs of Champagne, who showered him with courtesies, begged him to take various food on the road, and no matter how much Chernyshev dissuaded, he gave him a convoy to accompany him to the Austrian front line chains 30.In Altenburg, Chernyshev also wanted to visit the Austrian plenipotentiary Count Metternich, 31 but carefully avoiding the suspicions of the French, he deliberately asked Champagny if he advised him to see Count Meternich? Taking the question as a sign of sincerity on our part, Champagny tried to reject him from visiting. Chernyshev abandoned his intention, not wanting to go against Napoleon’s Minister, and while realizing that in any case he could not have spent enough time with Count Meternich to find out the real state of the negotiations at the Congress.

August 23rd Chernyshev arrived in Dotis. His appearance made the greatest impression in the Austrian headquarters. Joy was written on all faces, at the sight of the first Ruskago and especially the aide-de-camp of the Emperor Alexander, who had come to the Austrians since they declared war on Napoleon. Emperor Franz immediately called Chernyshev to him and said to him: “I have never recognized and will not recognize the enemy in Emperor Alexander. I am too convinced that it is disgusting for his benefits to allow Austria, the only barrier between Russia and France, to fall.I know that you were on the last campaign under the Emperor Napoleon, and therefore you know that many mistakes were made in my army, but at the same time you were a witness to the bravery of my troops and the great losses of the enemy? ” In conclusion, Emperor Franz said to Chernyshev: “Since you need to return to Schönbrunn this day, I will send an answer to Emperor Alexander to the commander of your troops in Galicia, Prince Golitsyn.” And he added: “I wish I could invite you to my table. The empress received news of her brother’s death, she fell ill and I must dine with her.Come to me in the evening to say goodbye. ” At a vacation audience, Emperor Franz told Chernyshev: “I am ready to make peace with Napoleon and I will make some donations, pitying my subjects, who cost Millions every day of the French army’s stay in Austria, but the conditions offered by Napoleon are so humiliating for me that I cannot accept them dishonestly. myself. If he does not soften the demands, I will continue the war. I’ll try to write again to Napoleon. He does not foresee danger for himself, driving the peoples to despair! It is strange that the examples of Spain and Tyrol cannot bring him to his senses! Tell Emperor Alexander that I have always been sure of his friendship, and never for a moment doubted it.All my desires are to save some strength, and thus be able to be useful to Russia someday. ” During the day spent by Chernyshev in Dotis, he had lengthy conversations with two of the most important persons there, Prince John of Lichtenstein33 and Count of Diamonds34. The first took over the leadership of the army instead of Archduke Charles, the second was the most trusted person of Emperor Franz, who often sent him to Napoleon. From both, Chernyshev learned the details of Napoleon’s heavy demands, Austria’s answers, her further intentions, in a word: he got acquainted with the real state of affairs.

In the evening of August 24th, Chernyshev returned to Shenbur. The next morning he went to divorce. The French generals, ardently wanting peace, showered him with questions about what was happening in Dotis, what did the Austrians want to do? At the divorce, Napoleon made several greetings to Chernyshev, and at the end invited him to his office. “In what location,” he asked him, “did you find Emperor Franz? what does he think of the world? ”

“Why is he hesitating for so long?” objected Napoleon. “What kind of proclamation did he write to his army, the day after the congress of our plenipotentiaries? It sounds more like an explanation for the war than a desire to be reconciled. ” Taking a translation of the Austrian proclamation out of his pocket, Napoleon read it aloud, making explanations for each article. “Austria,” he continued, “must see its benefits in the fast world; her daily costs of maintaining my army are terrible. I demand from her concessions in several areas, wanting to give her a little lesson, to show the whole world that I am not broken, and that they would not think that I would have no other way to get out of Vienna, as by making peace with the Austrians? I don’t care if Bavaria will have 50,000 inhabitants more or less.I want peace for the good of humanity. Blood and all blood! Have we spilled a little of it? Besides, I’m tired of all this; I am in a hurry to return to Paris as soon as possible. Do you know what keeps Emperor Franz from signing the peace? The landing of the British in Zealand, on the island of Vanhern35, which I will order the Governor to cut off his head. Emperor Franz can be sure that this landing has no effect on local affairs. I wrote to Paris that I would not go to the aid of France, I would not send a single person from here. Let them defend themselves as best they can.France has already assembled three corps of the National Guard, a total of 100,000; I entrusted them to Marshals Bernadotte36, Monsey37 and Bessier38. You send a courier to St. Petersburg; wait to send it, until I speak with Count of Diamonds; he must be here this day. ”

Count of Diamonds arrived in Schönbrunn on August 28th, had a long audience with Napoleon and informed Chernyshev that Napoleon was softening the conditions. Reporting to the Chancellor Graf Rumyantsov for a report to the Emperor on the state of affairs in Dotis and Schönbrunn, Chernyshev also presented a list of the state of the Austrian and French armies, a plan of defensive war drawn by Napoleon, in case the peace negotiations had not been brought to the desired end.This plan, hitherto unknown to anyone, was chosen by Napoleon because the Austrians outnumbered him twice, and consisted in the following: Napoleon fortified Presburg, Rab, the entire course of the Danube between the island of Lobau and Nussdorf. On this space he built a chain of fortifications, bridges on ships and piles at Spitsa and Nussdorf, covering them with bridge fortifications. He also strengthened his positions near Znaim39 and Brunn, Passau and Lindau in Bavaria.

Seeing such a formidable defensive position of its enemy, and concluding that the continuation of the war would inflict countless burdens on the inhabitants, the Austrian government showed more pliability to peace.Meanwhile, Count of Diamonds traveled incessantly with errands from Emperor Franz to Napoleon and back. Chernyshev informed the Tsar about the progress of the negotiations and the continuation of Napoleon’s special disposition towards him. Repeatedly Napoleon called him to himself and talked to him alone. Once he asked him: “What part of Austrian Galicia does Russia want?”

In response to Chernyshev’s answer that he did not know the intentions of Emperor Alexander in this regard, Napoleon said: “It seems there are residents there who profess the Greek Faith? I want to give Russia Lemberg and something else.Several times I asked Emperor Alexander to send Count Rumyantsov here; negotiations with the Austrians would have ended sooner, but he was delayed by the Friedrichsgam Congress. ” In September, the Treaty of Schönbrunn was signed and Napoleon sent Chernyshev to St. Petersburg.

Arrival in Paris. – Cooling Napoleon to Ruski. – Report on the plans of Napoleon against Russia.- Conversation with Marshal Bernadotte. – Conversation with Napoleon at the ball in Fontainebleau. – Audience with Napoleon on October 23rd. – Return to Petersburg. – Departure from St. Petersburg to Sweden. – Instruction of Emperor Alexander. – Stay in Stockholm. – Conversation with the Crown Prince of Sweden. – Return from Stockholm to Paris. – Audience with Napoleon on December 23rd. – Report on Napoleon’s enmity, the state of France and the need to end the Turkish War.

From 1810, a new career began for Chernyshev, because he was appointed permanently under Napoleon, to whom Emperor Alexander sent him in January 1810.He arrived in Paris not long before Napoleon’s marriage to Marie Louise40 and attended all the wedding celebrations, at the deplorable ball of Prince Schwarzenberg41, when the ballroom suddenly caught fire and many people died42, Chernyshev saved the lives of the spouses of Marshal Ney43, Duroc, and Senator Beauharnais44 Josephine 45.

The marriage to the Archduchess was the first reason for Napoleon’s cooling to Russia. Ruski ceased to be distinguished at the Court, they did not show them the special former disposition, they were excluded from the society of the Sisters of Napoleon and his relatives.Only the change did not affect Chernyshev; he alone was not influenced by the anger that had sunk into Napoleon’s soul towards Ruski, Napoleon showered him with caresses on all occasions, even invited him to dine at Saint-Cloud, the honor of which was honored by rare foreigners. Talleyrand46, Berthier, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Champagne, Duroc, Savary, all those close to Napoleon vied with each other to invite him to dinner. At the beloved sister of Napoleon, Princess Borghese47, and the Queen of Naples48, he visited in the closest domestic circle. Here he learned all the details of the new Tullerians court, conversations, thoughts, Napoleon’s treatment of his young wife.The easier he found out all the secrets that Napoleon’s sisters were annoyed against the new Empress. Offended pride often led them to extremely entertaining frankness.

The charm of the chosen society did not prevent Chernyshev from observing carefully the actions of Napoleon and his policies. With extensive reports, sometimes 20 sheets of paper, he informed the Emperor about everything concerning Napoleon, wrote about his travels, about the secrets of the war in Spain and Portugal, the reinforcements sent there, about the Poles who lived in Paris, the general opinion in Paris and in France.Having managed to establish secret contacts in the Ministry of War49, he sent to Petersburg monthly the most detailed list of the troops of Napoleon and his Allies, indicating their locations. At that time, Chernyshev guessed the futility of the hopes fed by all of Europe that Napoleon’s marriage to Marie Louise would tame his warlike, restless spirit, and that he would begin to live in peace. Chernyshev reported that “after marriage, Napoleon’s former passion: to destroy and create remained incurable, and his plans against Russia began to unfold.”Here is one of the greatest services rendered by Chernyshev to Emperor Alexander. Despite the enchanting caresses of Napoleon, which not many could resist, despite the secrecy of Napoleon, Chernyshev – then a 25-year-old youth – was the first to notify Emperor Alexander of the danger that threatened Russia, and since then he has watched even more closely the arms and actions of the conqueror.

In August 1810, an incident happened in which Chernyshev showed the Tsar a new and great service. Sudden death befell the Heir to the Swedish throne, Prince of Augustenberk50.The Stockholm mob rebelled, killed Count Forsen51, who is considered to be the culprit of the Prince’s death; the whole of Sweden was in an alarming state, and Europe was eagerly awaiting to know: Who would take the place of the deceased Prince? Suddenly, and against any possibility, the Swedish State Officials elected the French Marshal Bernadotte as Heir. Unanimously and everywhere accepted this election as an action of Napoleon’s policy and its types against Russia. It was plausible that by agreeing to the election of the Members, Napoleon wanted to have one of his best generals on the Swedish throne as an assistant, so that in the war with us, the Swedes would help him, acting on Petersburg.It was a guess, but at first no one doubted it.

It is easy to imagine how important it was for Emperor Alexander to ascertain the true mindset of the new Heir to the Swedish Throne. Chernyshev warned the Emperor’s desire. The year before that he had won the special favor of Marshal Bernadotte, often used his frank conversation, and when Bernadotte was elected, he found an opportunity to learn from him his very intentions. “You know, my dear friend,” he said to Chernyshev, “everything that happened to me.Choosing me as crown princes surprised me as much as if the tiles fell on my head. At first I wanted to refuse the honor offered to me, but then I judged differently: if, I thought, the Swedes believe in me enough talents and firmness to rule a brave people, then I will act cowardly, not agreeing to their desire. I will add frankly that the pride and superbly merciful behavior with me in this case of the Emperor Napoleon greatly contributed to my decision. I know all the responsibility that lies ahead of me when I am King.I also know that the Swedes, people of kind and good qualities, are a little restless, but I went through the entire French revolution, gained experience, and I hope to protect the Swedes from delusions. I will tell you with the same frankness that I will be your good neighbor. If a military man, with some means, draws his sword, with a firm will of conquest, he may sooner or later achieve his goal, but I do not respect the good of the people in a larger or smaller area of the earth. My only concern will be the improvement of all branches of government, maritime and land forces, in order to patronize trade and protect the State.I am not blinded by my position and I foresee all the dangers that await me. These are my rules, dear friend, they are not changed. Moreover, I am French, I love my country and owe a lot to the Emperor Napoleon. ”

Having finished the conversation, the Crown Prince asked Chernyshev to accept as a token of friendship the last copy of the report that he had given to the Consuls of the French Republic during his management of his Ministry of War. He also invited Chernyshev to visit him in Paris before his departure to Sweden, although at that time he almost did not accept anyone, avoiding Napoleon’s suspicious mind.In conclusion, he asked Chernyshev to visit him in Stockholm.

A month after this conversation, on October 21st, during Napoleon’s stay in Fontainebleau, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Champagne told Chernyshev that Napoleon wanted to talk with him about an important matter, and invites him to spend a few days with the Court in Fontainebleau. The next day there was a ball. Napoleon called Chernyshev over to him, stood with him at the window and began like this:

“I want to send you with a letter to Emperor Alexander, but you cannot develop all your thoughts in a letter, and therefore I instruct you to convey my words to the Emperor.Knowing you, I am sure that you will retell everything in its real form. I am very pleased with you about which I am also writing to the Emperor. I ask you to hurry back to Paris; you are one of those whom I am pleased to see around me. Do you have any correct news of the Turkish War?

I think that now you have already taken Ruschuk. His surrender should be an indispensable consequence of the Batinsk battle. I believe that you will make peace in three months. The Turks will be pleased that they could resist you for some time, and having lost hope for the help of other Powers, they will be forced to cede Moldova and Wallachia to you.It is your fault if the Turks showed more firmness and resistance in this war. Your crossing of the Danube has frightened and set them on fire. I don’t understand what you went for across the Danube? If they wanted to take Constantinople, then this is fraught with great difficulties, both from the Turks and from other Powers. To do this, you need to be a Commander-in-Chief with extensive military and political abilities. I do not regard Count of Kamensky52 as a great politician. He is a good General; I approve of all his actions, except for the Ruschuk attack.This failure could have disastrous consequences. Fortunately, the battle of Batinskoye fixed everything. The Turks and my scouts seem to have exaggerated your loss at Ruschuk; I assumed it was always between 2x and 3,000. In my opinion, you should have had four divisions on the left bank of the Danube in order to overturn the Turks every time they attempted to go over to your side, but you had nothing to enter Bulgaria for. With this image of war, that is, remaining on the left bank of the Danube, the Turks, seeing the futility of their assassination attempts to regain Moldova and Wallachia, and knowing about the good consent of the main European States, would involuntarily conclude peace on the conditions you desire.Fighting like this, you would not have ignited the Turks and would have lost less people and money. Instead of all going forward, you moved away from your warehouses, made losses, were exposed to dangers. After all, discordant crowds can win. You can see examples in Spain. They often interfere with my movements and disorganize my plans. Your actions across the Danube were of great concern to Austria. She explained to me about this and asked: what were the secret articles of the Erfurt Treaty? I reassured Austria, answering that you only want Moldavia and Wallachia, that I did not promise you anything more. “

“You’re right,” Napoleon said. – “I did everything I could, persuading the Turks to peace and demanded concessions by you. In vain they accuse me that I did not act frankly. From the fact that Count Rumyantsov believes such rumors, believing that I want to encourage the Turks and continue this war, there has been some cooling between us.I am too strong to resort to such measures. Such a policy is characteristic of weak States, for example, Prussia. I assure you that if I didn’t want Finland, Moldavia and Wallachia to join Russia, I would have announced my will solemnly and supported it with all my might. The Russians are brave and fight well, but that would not prevent me from starting a new war with you. Taking Moldavia and Wallachia, you will be dangerous for Austria and will make her mistrust you. But this is your business, not mine, I do not need it before (mon cou ne va pas jusque la).This question concerns Austria, not France. If Emperor Alexander continues to follow the rules he has accepted, His reign will be the most glorious and splendid that Russia has never seen. Finland and the Danube border will complete the fate of Russia (Vous accomplissez le roman de la Russie). Moreover, there is hope for a common peace, and we will soon conclude it if we decide on firm measures, exterminating all smuggling and trade fraud. The British are beginning to endure embarrassment in business. It depends on the Emperor Alexander to take them to the extreme, banning 600 English ships from entering the Russian harbors, which are now on the Baltic Sea.London is alarmed by your confiscation of 50 Tenerife ships, and by the strict measures I have taken in France, Holland, Italy and the German Land. The execution of the continental system by Prusius also harms the British a lot. For four months in England they loudly demanded the continuation of the war, and now everyone wants peace. ”

Then Napoleon assured with strong expressions of his friendship and affection for the Emperor Alexander. “Russia,” he said, “by its geographical position is a friend of France, staying in sympathy with her, it expands its borders and can contribute to the speedy conclusion of a common peace, regardless of the whims of England, which is close to falling.If Russia changes its present policy, war with me is inevitable, but this war will be harmful to both the victor and the vanquished. Your rate is falling, but the reason for this is not the war with the British, but the ever-present mismanagement of your finances and the huge amount of paper money. Your course will rise a little if you make up even now with the British. The best means for this: the intention of the Emperor Alexander to sell State property and reduce the number of banknotes. This measure is much more decisive than the one chosen by the Austrians.The course will rise when you make peace with the Turks. Wars with Porto and Sweden are not profitable; They cost you a lot of money. ”

Two days later, on October 23rd, Napoleon called Chernyshev into his office and said to him: “Assure Emperor Alexander that my affection for Him and my feelings for Russia remain unchanged, despite all the rumors about our imminent rupture.These rumors are also unfounded, as the news of the arrival of the Emperor of Austria in Fanteneblo, as my intention to put Archduke Charles or the Prince of Austria on the Spanish throne. It would be nice if my policy was to give Spain to strangers after three years of bloody war! Especially in German soil such absurdities are spread. I refuted them several times in Monitere55, but it is not in my power to destroy them; the best thing is to ignore them. Unfortunately, however, I must admit that for some time there has been a coldness between us; our relationship is not as friendly and frank as it should be.The reason for this is the proposed convention on Poland. You wanted to force me to sign an act contrary to my honor. I can promise not to contribute to the restoration of Poland, but without reading in the future, I cannot foresee what will happen in the future, nor can I guarantee that Poland will never be restored. Without disgracing myself, I cannot declare myself an enemy of the people, who gave me so much evidence of friendship and loyalty. However, I am pleased to hear that you have ceased to attach importance to this convention, which in itself would not serve anything.Frankly speaking, I regret that I annexed Galicia to the Duchy of Warsaw. This cooled the Emperor Alexander to me, and, moreover, it was committed against my policy, but the circumstance forced me to do so. If in the campaign of 1809 you acted strongly and took Galicia, I would not have been forced to annex it to the Duchy, which I did, wishing to save many landowners who in Galicia declared themselves in my favor. If I were then in your place, fearing nothing from the Turks, I would convert 100,000 Rus from the Danube to Hungary, and would prescribe peace to France and Austria.I am not telling you as a reproach. You yourself were with me in the last war with the Austrians and never heard my complaints. Emperor Alexander could not participate at all in this war and even declare himself against me, which would have made me extremely difficult. I am speaking only to explain the events. Then Austria offered to cede all of Galicia to me in exchange for Illyria, but I did not accept the offer, fearing to incur Russian suspicion.

Regarding the choice of Bernadotte as the heir to Sweden, tell Emperor Alexander that I had no part in this.In his letter, the King of Sweden informed me of the appointment of the Prince of Augustinburg as heir, 56 and then I was extremely surprised when Bernadotte told me about the proposals made to him. At first I did not want to agree to his election; I didn’t like it in many ways. I soon received a second and convincing letter from the King. He informed that all the Swedish people unanimously desire Bernadotte, and I bowed down to his prospect. Assure the Emperor that if Prince Kurakin formally demanded from me not to approve the election of Bernadotte, then I would have complied with his demands.Maybe Bernadotte would have left secretly, but in any case, it is more profitable for me that Sweden fulfills the Continental system correctly and remains as it is, than to see a French Marshal on her throne, who is not even my kin. His election will make all my marshals dizzy: they will imagine that they have rights to thrones. All France’s wishes for the North are for Sweden to be united with Denmark. In general, it is better to handle business in Paris than in Petersburg. Send Prince Kurakin full of power.Paris is the center of Europe; here all the news reaches quickly, but it is late to Petersburg. ”

Referring to the letter sent from Chernyshev to Emperor Alexander about increasing severity against trade with the British, Napoleon said: “It depends on Emperor Alexander England to ask for peace. The measures I have taken against her are so effective that all the hope of the British is directed only to the Baltic Sea, where they have 600 ships. Therefore, it is necessary, for the benefit of solid land and the acceleration of universal peace, for Russia to lock its harbors with them, and, what would be even more decisive, to let them into the harbors and then confiscate them in favor of the Government.You will receive millions from that. Prussia has done very well in relation to English trade since Hardenberg57 has been in charge of business. He does not love me, but having a sound mind, he understands the position of Prussia, forcing her to follow my system. Then we will only get the desired fruits from the continental system, when we will enforce the measures in the most rigorous way, not allowing exemptions.

I cannot reproach myself with anything in relation to Russia. I assure you that there is no secret treaty between me and Austria.Austria is deceiving by claiming the opposite. Rather, France alone will declare war on Russia than united with Austria. The last of these cases is impossible. Plus, I don’t rely much on alliances, ”with these words alluding to the 1809 campaign. “Since the time of the Peace of Tilsit, I have communicated to Emperor Alexander all the treaties I have concluded with foreign Powers. I also informed him of the negotiations with the British at Morlais, where I wanted to exchange prisoners. The British are real savages. It is impossible to talk to them about anything, even about the exchange of prisoners.I suggested that they hand over three allies, that is, an Englishman, a Spaniard and a Portuguese, for two Frenchmen. They repeat one thing: we will exchange the British for the French, to which I could not agree. I have 18,000 British captives, and they have 56,000 French.

Rejoicing at the annexation of Finland, Moldavia and Wallachia to Russia, I honor these areas Ruskimi. In vain they accused me of wanting to conclude an alliance with the Turks. – In the Legislative Assembly I announced a solemnly opposite opinion, in the next session of the Assembly I will repeat what I said.My policy is unchanged. Only two cases can upset me with Emperor Alexander: firstly, if He concludes a separate peace with England; secondly, if contrary to the Erfurt Treaty, he will take the region beyond the Danube from the Turks. In these cases I will declare war on you. Turkey’s existence is too important for the balance of Europe; I will not tolerate its fragmentation. In vain they also blame me for wanting to continue your war with the Turks. I am too strong to be cunning. I will explain to you what my policy is. Thinking only about the welfare of France, I say to myself: If huge Russia is enlarged by Moldavia and Wallachia, which will provide her with countless means, then on the other hand, I gain by the fact that Austria will be your enemy.I confess that I agreed to establish the Principality for you also out of my hatred of Austria.

Count Rumyantsov has little respect for me and is greatly mistaken in not acting frankly with me. Offering peace to Porte through the Prusian Envoy in Petersburg, and secretly from me he acted contrary to sound policy. Thus He removes your peace with the Turks and frightened Prussia about the position in which she would find herself when there would be a break between you and me. Prussia itself informed me of these negotiations, fearing to offend me with their silence.By using Prussia for your relations with the Turks, you make Porto believe that a cooling has occurred between Emperor Alexander and me and a war will soon arise. This will encourage the Turks to continue fighting with you. It would be more appropriate to entrust the negotiations to me, your best friend and ally. By doing so, we would prove to the Turks the indissolubility of our ties and force them to offer peace themselves.

Politics and my benefits make me want peace with Russia. In all cases, I turned to her first. So I asked the Emperor Alexander for the hand of the Grand Duchess58.The Empress Dowager did not agree to my request; The answer to Caulaincourt was delayed for so long that I turned to Austria, not knowing whether the Emperor Alexander would want to speak to his mother like a monarch. The Austrians agreed in a few hours. Count Rumyantsov is mistaken in thinking that I was simultaneously negotiating with both courts. I am not capable of such actions. I regret that I could not marry the Grand Duchess, although, however, now there is nothing to grieve about. I like my wife, you know and have seen her. But as with the monarchs the first thing is a politician, then, I confess, an alliance with you would be more pleasant to me.I had the opportunity to take advantage of the favorable impression (de profiter du premier engoument) made in Austria by my marriage, and the anxieties in Vienna about your successes across the Danube and the views of Turkey, in order to induce her to declare war on you and fight against you with me, but I I did not, knowing that in spite of Austria’s kinship with France, the Austrians hate me. It could not be otherwise: I took away many areas from them and caused them too much harm. Russia and France did not take anything away from each other, we must live in peace and love.

Throughout Europe, Emperor Alexander was the first and one who comprehended me, and therefore I hope that he will agree to my request regarding the English trade. Discard all half measures; they will last uselessly for a year or two, and no doubt will end soon. On the contrary, we will soon conclude a common peace, if the Emperor Alexander remains firm, will not heed the complaints and cries of merchants, which are everywhere in the soul of the British. It is also necessary for Russia to force Sweden to fulfill all its obligations on the account of trade.Until now, I am unhappy with Sweden. In its harbors the British are engaged in water and firewood. I hope that her actions will continue to be more prudent; now she is almost without beginning. If Bernadotte does not keep the promise given to me on his departure, if in the coming spring the Swedes do not block the harbors of the British and meet them with guns, I will take Pomerania and invite Emperor Alexander to join me against Sweden. She laughs at me, thinking that I can’t reach her.

“Be calm on this side,” Napoleon said: “I will not go to the Polish ice or the Ukrainian steppes.Alexander Ma Kedonsky could have dared to do this, but not me. I have a naval war in my heart; I wish one thing: to have great sea power. Let Emperor Alexander, without fear of anything, turn more war against the Turks and do not recruit recruits, I will not have recruits this year either. ” – That was the end of Cher nyshev’s audience at Fontainebleau. In conclusion, Napoleon asked him to come back to Paris as soon as possible.

Upon Chernyshev’s return to St. Petersburg, Emperor Alexander asked him for a long time about all the details of his stay in Paris, about Napoleon, and his Court, the then focus of European politics.Expressing all his gratitude to Chernyshev, the Emperor promoted him, on November 10th, to the rank of colonel, and ordered him to be ready to return to Napoleon. At the same time, He entrusted him with another mission of extraordinary importance: to go from Petersburg first to Stockholm, and from there continue on to Paris. The reason for sending Chernyshev to Stockholm was as follows. Although, when he was elected to the successor to the Swedish throne, Bernadotte secretly told Chernyshev in Paris about his intention to maintain friendship with Russia, although upon his arrival in Stockholm, he confirmed in writing to Emperor Alexander about his peacefulness, but the Emperor wanted even more and undoubtedly to be confident in the real his feelings.Of all the Ruska, only Chernyshev was briefly acquainted in Paris with Marshal Bernadotte, who gave him a special power of attorney, did not even hide his displeasure with Napoleon from him. Announced in detail about these frank connections, Emperor Alexander could not hesitate in choosing: whom to entrust with the assignment to have the most positive information about Bernadotte’s species, and ordered Chernyshev to spend several days in Stockholm on his way to Paris.

In the instructions given to Chernyshev by the Chancellor Count Rumyantsov, approved by the signature of the Sovereign, he was ordered to inform the Prince: 1.That after the Friedrichsgam peace and the annexation of Finland to Russia, all our former relations with Sweden have changed, the causes of age-old strife have disappeared, a new order of things has come, and the time has come when both Northern Powers have no other benefits than to maintain mutual peace. 2. That the Emperor Alexander solemnly declares his intention to live in harmony with Sweden and not interfere in her internal affairs, invites the Crown Prince not to hide anything from the Sovereign and to act in relation to Him with the greatest frankness.In the middle of November, Chernyshev left Petersburg for Sweden via Abo and the Aland Islands. On the Gulf of Bothnia, a terrible storm overtook him. Now he went out to the islands and made his way on foot on thin ice, then, at the slightest opportunity, got on a boat, until finally, he was thrown by a hurricane on the extreme Aland Archipelago, Signalsner Island. Here, in anticipation of a fair wind, he lived for three and a half days, in the only fishing hut, located on the Signalsner. On the fourth day, using a strip of favorable wind, he went to the Swedish coast, and at night, from the 1st to the 2nd of December, he arrived in Stockholm.On the same day, the Crown Prince ordered him to express through the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Engestrem61, his joy about his arrival in Stockholm, about the desire to see him and learn from him the real disposition of Emperor Alexander. At the same time, the Prince expressed extreme regret about the impossibility of breaking etiquette and accepting it before presenting it to the King.

The performance followed the next day. The king expressed his sincere desire to Chernyshev to get even closer to Russia, and for half an hour he repeated about his intention of good neighboring consent.From the King, Chernyshev went to the Crown Prince. Seeing him, the Prince went to meet him and hugged him several times. During his five-day stay in Stockholm, Chernyshev had three long meetings alone with the prince, who caressed him to such an extent that he even asked the King for permission to invite him to dinner together, contrary to the constitution prohibiting the Heirs of the Swedish Throne from inviting foreigners to dinner. In these confidential conversations, explaining the peaceful views of Emperor Alexander, Chernyshev received the most positive and repeated assurances from the Prince that all his desires, the entire goal of his policy would be aimed at winning the favor and patronage of Emperor Alexander.“Report to His Majesty,” said the Prince, “that I pledge by my word of honor to keep our mutual relations in the greatest secret, in no case will I do anything displeasing to Him. Let the troops of Ruski go wherever they want, to Constantinople, Warsaw or Vienna. Sweden will not move, without Russia’s will it will never draw a sword. I’ll give you a signature, if not enough of my word of honor. As for Finland, the loss of it is heavy in the opinion of the Swedish People, but I am sure that if, by coincidence of some circumstances, I could conquer it back, this region will be a burden for Sweden.Suppose I will keep it during my life, but in Finland I will leave my son the reason for endless wars with Russia and great misfortunes for him, even the deprivation of the throne. A common sense says that the struggle between Russia and Sweden, 40,000,000 with two and a half, is unequal! The present border at Tourneo and the Gulf of Bothnia ceases our disputes forever. Since my arrival here, I calmly discussed the state of affairs, renounced France and ask Emperor Alexander to see his faithful front-line leader with Sweden ”*.

In stating his intentions about relations with Russia, the Crown Prince complained to Chernyshev about Napoleon and his impudent demands from Sweden regarding her declaration of war on England and the strict implementation of the Continental system. The prince was extremely irritated by the actions of Napoleon, and said to Chernyshev: “I would rather die with weapons in my hands than humiliate the State that chose me to rule it. Yes, and what can Napoleon do to Sweden if we are secured by Russia. He will find a second Spain here. “

Saying goodbye, the Prince repeated many times to Chernyshev all the sincerity of his feelings for Russia, deep devotion to the Emperor and at the same time asked him to render a great service to Sweden, explaining in detail to Napoleon her plight, which stemmed from the break with England, having no means of waging a war with it does without its trade. Moreover, he instructed Chernyshev to deliver a letter from him to Napoleon and his sister, Princess Borghese, with whom the Prince was very friendly and poured out his spiritual sorrows to her.The French Minister in Stockholm, Baron Alquier63, had lengthy consultations with Chernyshev, and asked him to convey to Napoleon many remarks about Swedish policy64.

Departing from Stockholm, Chernyshev presented to the Emperor Alexander his own handwritten report on sixteen pages about the situation in Sweden, conversations with the King, Crown Prince, Ministers, and the Diplomatic Corps. From everything he had seen and heard in Stockholm, he concluded that having informed the Crown Prince about the peaceful views of Emperor Alexander, he received in return the most sincere answers, in the sincerity of which there was not the slightest doubt, and he was given his word of honor: “all relations with To keep Russia in deep secrecy. “After the Prince’s explanations with Chernyshev, a trusted correspondence began between His Highness and Emperor Alexander, which lasted for many years. Thus, Chernyshev laid the foundation for the closest friendship between Russia and Sweden, a friendship whose beneficial consequences for us in the Patriotic War cannot be counted.

December 7th, Chernyshev left Stockholm. At Gelsingborb he met the wife of the Swedish heir to the Prince on her way from France to Stockholm65. She asked Chernyshev to take the letter to her Sister66, wife of Joseph Napoleon, then King of Spain. Having received the letter, Chernyshev crossed the Belt in the sight of the English squadron, which was hostile to us, and without stopping in Copenhagen, continued on his way to Paris, where he arrived in the morning of December 23rd.

On the same day he went to the Palais de Tuliers.Napoleon was in the Council of State. The meeting lasted from the second to the fifth and a half hours. Immediately upon his return from the Council to the office, Napoleon ordered to call Chernyshev to his place, and talked with him for an hour and a half. After answering the usual questions about the health of Emperor Alexander, Chernyshev handed Napoleon the Tsar’s handwritten letter, and said that His Majesty was very pleased with everything that Napoleon instructed Chernyshev to bring to the attention of His Majesty when he left Paris in October.Napoleon replied: “At any time, the Emperor Alexander can be sure of my desires for the possible benefit of Him and Russia.” Then he suddenly began to offer many questions about the internal affairs of Sweden and its Crown Prince. In response, Chernyshev handed Napoleon a letter from the Crown Prince and, according to his prose, depicted the plight of Sweden, in which she was involved in the political system of France. After listening attentively to Chernyshev, Napoleon objected: “I predicted to the Crown Prince the troubles that awaited him in Sweden if he did not manage to destroy the constitutions.You should not reign when your hands are tied, when you need to be a slave of a restless people. Freedom of printing is completely contrary to the Monarchy, especially in Sweden, and among peoples where minds are in ferment, and people themselves do not know what they want. Does the Crown Prince hope to rule smarter than the king: when will this one die? ”

In his reply, Chernyshev detailed to Napoleon the commercial and political state of Sweden, as well as the remarks communicated to him by the French ambassador in Stockholm, Baron Alquier.“I agree,” objected Napoleon, “that Sweden is in a miserable situation, but she must endure, because now everyone is suffering,” and suddenly, in a quiet voice and with noticeable displeasure, added: “If the British hold on for a while, I don’t know what will, and what to do? ” Raising his voice, he asked Chernyshev about the Stockholm Court, about those surrounding the Crown Prince, does he know how to behave like a royal, what is the Palace like, does the King spend a lot of money?

Satisfying Napoleon’s curiosity, Chernyshev told him about the desire of Emperor Alexander to unite even more closely with France, and about the command of His Majesty to assure Napoleon that the Sovereign (will) adhere to the Continental system, as evidenced by the many ships confiscated from us.Napoleon answered without anger and in cold blood: “From the dispatches I received from my ambassador in St. Petersburg and from the messages of Prince Kurakin to my Minister of Foreign Affairs, I see that Emperor Alexander does not look at my proposals in the same way as me. I wrote to the Emperor about the only means to destroy the British, but since the Emperor considers this means harmful for Russia, which may be true, I no longer insisted. I sincerely wish to keep the peace – with Russia, and I vouch for it, if you do not break it yourself.There is no benefit to me to fight. Probably, Ruski would like to come to Paris more than me to Petersburg. Peace with the Turks will sooner fix your finances than peace with England, and I think you will soon make peace with Porto. It was in vain that your army crossed over to the left bank of the Danube, leaving only three divisions to winter on the right bank. By this the Turks became proud and became more accessible to the suggestions of the British, Austrians, Swedes, Poles, who never cease to spread rumors about a close breakup of Russia with France, in which they see benefits for themselves.It is not difficult for you to wage war with the Turks, except in terms of finances, especially if you limit yourself to defending the left bank of the Danube, which does not require a lot of troops. The destruction of your finances comes from the fact that Emperor Alexander always acts honestly, like a knight, paying pennies for all military expenses. I am an articulate man (je suis homme de calcul), acting differently, and then only need money when my generals are in command of the armies. They pay for everything, but when I am in command myself, I find the means to dodge at the expense of the enemies.Things would have gone differently if Emperor Alexander had agreed in Tilsit with my opinion. I suggested that he split the light in half between us. Then you would have had a lot of money and troops. ”

Napoleon concluded. Chernyshev told him that while passing through Copenhagen he learned about the annexation of Galteyskiy cities67 to France and about the recruitment of recruits commanded in France in the coming year 1811, although when he left Paris for St. Petersburg, Napoleon instructed him to report to the Emperor that there would be no recruitment. Slightly mentioning the annexation of Hamburg, Bremen and Lubeck, Napoleon replied: “Indeed, I did not want to recruit recruits, but having lost a lot of people in Spain, I had to recruit so many, and no more, to replenish the loss in Spain.I assure you that I do not want to fight with you. The movements of Davout’s corps in German soil have no other purpose than the occupation of the Hanseatic cities. I promise you will not strengthen Davout; besides, there are a lot of vacation pay in his building ”.

Napoleon spoke about the grave illness of King George III of England and his imminent death. “Georg,” he said, “harbored an irreconcilable hatred for me, and it interfered with my peace with England; after his death, I hope to get closer to the British as soon as possible. Then Napoleon praised Count Kamensky very much, spoke favorably about Adjutant General Uvarov69, and wanted to know all the details of his Ambassador’s stay in St. Petersburg, Colincourt: are his balls magnificent, how does he keep his house, whom he drags after, and how was he received by the Petersburg public? In conclusion, Napoleon congratulated Chernyshev on the rank of colonel, said a lot of flattering things to him, and said that he was very glad to see him again in Paris.

The face, under which Napoleon concealed his plans against Russia, did not deceive Chernyshev. He penetrated the soul of the Conqueror. Reporting to the Emperor about every word that Napoleon said at this long audience, Chernyshev wrote: “Napoleon’s speeches are peaceful, his actions are hostile to us. The violent seizure of many lands, abrupt measures to multiply the army, its assumption of establishing 300 thousand national guards, horrify Europe. He established his power on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and touches the Baltic.This last circumstance reveals the limitlessness of his ambition. In a short time of my absence from Paris, I found a great change here: everyone’s faces are embarrassed and long, their hearts are squeezed with grief and fear – everyone is waiting in deep silence for the end of their troubles. The reasons for this state of affairs are numerous. First, the setbacks in Spain and Portugal, where fresh troops and money are constantly being sent. No one foresees an end to affairs on the Iberian Peninsula. Secondly, there is little money in circulation; merchants and industrialists declare themselves bankrupt by the minute.Trading has stopped. Officials of various departments act arbitrarily and unfairly. The tyranny of Napoleon, depriving everyone of the power of attorney to him, is fulfilled by the conviction that he acts only out of his personal gains and exorbitant ambition. Resentment is widespread and public, but it cannot change the state of affairs, because the fear and powers instilled in Napoleon cover his actions, and give him the means to act arbitrarily.

In Russia, Europe sees the only original State that did not fall under the general slavery, under which all other lands groan, and the only obstacle to the destructive plans of Napoleon, for which there is nothing sacred, which does not hold any respect.Russia can justify the hopes placed on it and successfully get out of any unexpected circumstances only when it is not busy with another war, and concentrates all its forces.

Therefore, every loyal subject of Your Majesty must sincerely wish the soonest end to the Turkish war and the conclusion of peace with the Porte on whatever conditions. Any donation from this side will be too rewarded with a powerful position, into which Russia will then be led. In peacetime, Your Majesty will have a strong preponderance in affairs, and if you break with France, you will get the opportunity to warn Napoleon and strike him a strong blow, suddenly invading the Duchy of Warsaw, declaring himself King of Poland, and then turning against Napoleon himself, which he is preparing in Poland means against us.For full success in such an enterprise, it is only necessary to agree with Austria and Sweden, promising the first of them Galicia, the second long desired Norway, the Poles groan under the heavy yoke of Napoleon and endure his despotism only in the hope of regaining their independence. If Your Majesty decides to fulfill their hopes, then no doubt the Poles will turn to you, knowing from experience that Napoleon’s government does not respect either laws or property, while Your Majesty, sacredly respecting the rights of your subjects, will be a guarantee of her welfare for Poland.By occupying the Duchy of Warsaw, we will strengthen our western provinces, depriving the enemy of huge military means, for example: 20,000 light cavalry, formed there by Napoleon. Such a loss will be cruel to him because, in need of light cavalry, he hopes to oppose us with these 20,000. The eyes of all Europe are turned to Your Majesty. ”

65 Bernadotte’s wife – Eugene Bernardine Desiree, née Clari (1774-1860).In her youth, she was the first love of Napoleon Bonaparte. Chernyshev, in a letter to Alexander I dated April 9/21, 1811, described this meeting as follows: “I was passing Belsingborg at the time when the city was giving a holiday to the Crown Princess of Sweden, who sent me a letter to be handed over to her sister, the Queen of Spain …” (see .: Collection of RIO.Vol. 21.P. 49).

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