What is the American Journal of Epidemiology. How to properly format citations for this journal. What are the key elements of AJE’s citation style. How to cite different types of sources in AJE format. What tools can help with citation management for AJE submissions.
Understanding the American Journal of Epidemiology
The American Journal of Epidemiology (AJE) is a prestigious scholarly publication focusing on epidemiological research. Established in 1920, it serves as a critical platform for disseminating cutting-edge studies in the field of epidemiology. With an impact factor of 4.897, AJE holds significant influence in shaping public health policies and practices worldwide.
Key details about the journal include:
- Full title: American Journal of Epidemiology
- Abbreviation: Am. J. Epidemiol.
- Print ISSN: 0002-9262
- Online ISSN: 1476-6256
- Primary focus: Epidemiology and related disciplines
Mastering AJE Citation Style: Essential Guidelines
Adhering to the American Journal of Epidemiology’s citation style is crucial for successful manuscript submission. The journal follows a specific format that ensures consistency and clarity in referencing sources. How does AJE’s citation style differ from other common formats? Unlike APA or MLA, AJE uses a numbered system for in-text citations and a unique structure for the reference list.
In-Text Citations
In-text citations in AJE format use sequential numbers in parentheses. For example:
- Single reference: This study demonstrates a correlation between diet and heart disease (1).
- Multiple references: Previous research has shown conflicting results (1,2).
- Range of references: Meta-analyses have provided comprehensive insights (1-4).
Reference List Formatting
The reference list should be organized numerically, corresponding to the order of citations in the text. Each entry should provide comprehensive information about the source, following specific formatting guidelines based on the type of publication.
Citing Journal Articles in AJE Format
Journal articles form the backbone of epidemiological research, making their proper citation crucial. How should you format journal article citations for AJE submissions? The basic structure includes the authors’ names, article title, journal name, publication year, volume, issue (if applicable), and page range or article identifier.
Single Author
For a journal article with one author, use the following format:
1. Hurles M. Are 100,000 “SNPs” useless? Science. 2002;298(5598):1509; author reply 1509.
Multiple Authors
When citing articles with multiple authors, AJE uses different formats based on the number of contributors:
- Two authors: List both names separated by a comma.
- Three authors: Include all three names.
- Four or more authors: List the first three authors followed by “et al.”
Examples:
1. Dekel E, Alon U. Optimality and evolutionary tuning of the expression level of a protein. Nature. 2005;436(7050):588–592.
2. Clutton-Brock TH, Coulson T, Milner JM. Red deer stocks in the Highlands of Scotland. Nature. 2004;429(6989):261–262.
3. Schneider R, Ferrara A, Salvaterra R, et al. Low-mass relics of early star formation. Nature. 2003;422(6934):869–871.
Book and Book Chapter Citations in AJE Style
Books and book chapters often provide comprehensive overviews of epidemiological concepts and methodologies. How do you properly cite these sources in AJE format? The citation structure varies slightly depending on whether you’re referencing an entire book or a specific chapter.
Authored Books
For a book with a single author or set of authors, use the following format:
1. Raymond SU. Recession, Recovery, and Renewal: Long-Term Nonprofit Strategies for Rapid Economic Change. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2013.
Edited Books
When citing an edited book, include the editors’ names followed by “eds.” to indicate their role:
1. Amir A, Parida L, eds. Combinatorial Pattern Matching: 21st Annual Symposium, CPM 2010, New York, NY, USA, June 21-23, 2010. Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2010 XIII, 362 p. 84 illus p.
Book Chapters
For a chapter within an edited book, provide details for both the specific chapter and the book itself:
1. Merkulovs D, Dekhtyar Y, Vilitis O, et al. Cylindrical Cell-Based Refractometers to Analyse Biomedical Liquids. In: Jobbágy Á, ed. First European Biomedical Engineering Conference for Young Investigators: ENCY2015, Budapest, May 28 – 30, 2015. Singapore: Springer; 2015:16–19.
Navigating Online Source Citations for AJE
In the digital age, online sources play an increasingly important role in epidemiological research. How should you approach citing web-based resources in AJE format? The journal provides guidelines for various types of online content, including websites, blog posts, and online reports.
Website Citations
AJE often recommends incorporating website references directly into the text rather than listing them in the bibliography. Always consult the journal’s instructions to authors for specific guidance on web citations.
Blog Post Citations
For blog posts, include the author’s name, post title, blog name, publication year, URL, and access date:
1. Taub B. A New Type Of Phantom Memory Has Been Found In The Human Brain. IFLScience. 2016;(https://www.iflscience.com/brain/new-type-phantom-memory-found-human-brain/). (Accessed October 30, 2018)
Online Reports
Government and scientific reports available online should be cited with the issuing organization as the author:
1. Government Accountability Office. Federal Research: Observations on the Small Business Innovation Research Program. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2005.
Citing Theses, Dissertations, and Newspaper Articles in AJE Format
Academic works such as theses and dissertations, as well as newspaper articles, can provide valuable insights for epidemiological research. How do you properly cite these sources in AJE style? The format varies depending on the specific type of document.
Theses and Dissertations
For doctoral dissertations, master’s theses, or bachelor’s theses, include the author’s name, title, type of work, institution, and year:
1. Sanford R. Framing Human Trafficking: A Content Analysis of Newspaper Articles from 2012 and 2013 [Doctoral dissertation]. Washington, DC: George Washington University; 2015.
Newspaper Articles
When citing newspaper articles, provide the author’s name, article title, newspaper name, publication date, and page number:
1. Otis J. Her Peers Made School Look Easy. With Hard Work, She’s Catching Up. New York Times. 2017;A17.
Leveraging Reference Management Software for AJE Submissions
Managing citations for a scholarly article can be a complex task. How can researchers streamline this process for AJE submissions? Reference management software offers a solution by automating citation formatting and bibliography generation.
Popular Reference Management Tools
Several software options are available to assist with AJE-style citations:
- Paperpile: Offers built-in AJE citation style, accessible through settings in Google Docs.
- EndNote: Provides a downloadable output style file for AJE formatting.
- Mendeley, Zotero, and Papers: Support AJE style through built-in options or downloadable CSL files.
- BibTeX: Often included in LaTeX templates, which may be offered by the publisher for AJE submissions.
Benefits of Using Reference Management Software
Utilizing these tools can significantly enhance the citation process by:
- Automatically formatting citations and bibliographies in AJE style
- Reducing errors and inconsistencies in reference lists
- Saving time during the manuscript preparation process
- Facilitating easy updates and modifications to citations
- Enabling seamless collaboration among multiple authors
By leveraging these software solutions, researchers can ensure their manuscripts adhere to AJE’s strict citation guidelines while streamlining their workflow.
American Journal of Epidemiology citation style [Update May 2023]
This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for American Journal of Epidemiology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal’s instructions to authors.
Using reference management software
Typically you don’t format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:
| Paperpile | The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs. |
|---|---|
| EndNote | Download the output style file |
| Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others | The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs. |
| BibTeX | BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal. |
Journal articles
Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.
Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it’s safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.
A journal article with 1 author
1.
Hurles M. Are 100,000 “SNPs” useless? Science. 2002;298(5598):1509; author reply 1509.
A journal article with 2 authors
1.
Dekel E, Alon U. Optimality and evolutionary tuning of the expression level of a protein. Nature. 2005;436(7050):588–592.
A journal article with 3 authors
1.
Clutton-Brock TH, Coulson T, Milner JM. Red deer stocks in the Highlands of Scotland. Nature. 2004;429(6989):261–262.
A journal article with 4 or more authors
1.
Schneider R, Ferrara A, Salvaterra R, et al. Low-mass relics of early star formation. Nature. 2003;422(6934):869–871.
Books and book chapters
Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.
An authored book
1.
Raymond SU. Recession, Recovery, and Renewal: Long-Term Nonprofit Strategies for Rapid Economic Change. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2013.
An edited book
1.
Amir A, Parida L, eds. Combinatorial Pattern Matching: 21st Annual Symposium, CPM 2010, New York, NY, USA, June 21-23, 2010. Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2010 XIII, 362 p. 84 illus p.
A chapter in an edited book
1.
Merkulovs D, Dekhtyar Y, Vilitis O, et al. Cylindrical Cell-Based Refractometers to Analyse Biomedical Liquids. In: Jobbágy Á, ed. First European Biomedical Engineering Conference for Young Investigators: ENCY2015, Budapest, May 28 – 30, 2015. Singapore: Springer; 2015:16–19.
Web sites
Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for American Journal of Epidemiology.
Blog post
1.
Taub B. A New Type Of Phantom Memory Has Been Found In The Human Brain. IFLScience. 2016;(https://www.iflscience.com/brain/new-type-phantom-memory-found-human-brain/). (Accessed October 30, 2018)
Reports
This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can’t locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like “U. S. Food and Drug Administration” or “National Cancer Institute”.
Government report
1.
Government Accountability Office. Federal Research: Observations on the Small Business Innovation Research Program.
Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2005.
Theses and dissertations
Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master’s theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.
Doctoral dissertation
1.
Sanford R. Framing Human Trafficking: A Content Analysis of Newspaper Articles from 2012 and 2013 [Doctoral dissertation]. Washington, DC: George Washington University; 2015.
News paper articles
Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.
New York Times article
1.
Otis J. Her Peers Made School Look Easy. With Hard Work, She’s Catching Up. New York Times. 2017;A17.
In-text citations
References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in parentheses:
This sentence cites one reference (1).
This sentence cites two references (1,2).
This sentence cites four references (1–4).
About the journal
| Full journal title | American Journal of Epidemiology |
|---|---|
| Abbreviation | Am. J. Epidemiol. |
| ISSN (print) | 0002-9262 |
| ISSN (online) | 1476-6256 |
| Scope | Epidemiology |
Other styles
American Journal of Epidemiology – SCI Journal
American Journal of Epidemiology
Overview
Impact Factor
4.897
H Index
267
Impact Factor
3.103
I. Basic Journal Info
Country
United Kingdom
Journal ISSN: 00029262, 14766256
Publisher:
Oxford University Press
History: 1921-1934, 1936-ongoing
Journal Hompage:
Link
How to Get Published:
Find out more
Research Categories
Medicine
American Journal of Epidemiology
Impact Factor by Web of Science
Index
SCIE/SSCI
Impact Factor
4.
897
by WOS
Ranking
2081
by WOS
American Journal of Epidemiology
SJR, SJR Impact Factor and H Index
H Index
267
SJR
2.33
Scopus Impact Factor
3.103
American Journal of Epidemiology
SJR Impact Factor 2-year, 3-year, 4-year
2-year
Impact Factor
3.103
3-year
Impact Factor
3.68
4-year
Impact Factor
3.103
Scope/Description:
The American Journal of Epidemiology is the premier epidemiological journal devoted to the publication of empirical research findings, methodological developments in the field of epidemiological research, and opinion pieces.
It is aimed at both fellow epidemiologists and those who use epidemiological data, including public health workers and clinicians.
II. Science Citation Report (SCR)
American Journal of Epidemiology
SCR Impact Factor
American Journal of Epidemiology
SCR Journal Ranking
American Journal of Epidemiology
SCImago SJR Rank
SCImago Journal Rank (SJR indicator) is a measure of scientific influence
of scholarly journals that accounts for both the number of citations
received by a journal and the importance or prestige of the journals where
such citations come from.
2.33
American Journal of Epidemiology
Scopus 2-Year Impact Factor Trend
Note: impact factor data for reference only
American Journal of Epidemiology
Scopus 3-Year Impact Factor Trend
Note: impact factor data for reference only
American Journal of Epidemiology
Scopus 4-Year Impact Factor Trend
Note: impact factor data for reference only
American Journal of Epidemiology
Impact Factor History
2-year
3-year
4-year
How to Find SCIE Indexed Journals? | WoS | iLovePhD
2021 Impact Factor
3.103
3.68
4.2162020 Impact Factor
3.357
3.839
3.9382019 Impact Factor
3.575
3.76
3.7842018 Impact Factor
3.273
3.414
3.7682017 Impact Factor
3.32
3.788
4.2542016 Impact Factor
3.72
4.208
4.
4882015 Impact Factor
4.098
4.551
4.6252014 Impact Factor
4.464
NA
NA2013 Impact Factor
4.422
NA
NA2012 Impact Factor
4.451
NA
NA2011 Impact Factor
4.84
NA
NA2010 Impact Factor
5.059
NA
NA2009 Impact Factor
4.98
NA
NA2008 Impact Factor
4.609
NA
NA2007 Impact Factor
4.88
NA
NA2006 Impact Factor
5.325
NA
NA2005 Impact Factor
4.92
NA
NA2004 Impact Factor
4.786
NA
NA2003 Impact Factor
4.193
NA
NA2002 Impact Factor
3.661
NA
NA2001 Impact Factor
3.455
NA
NA2000 Impact Factor
3.302
NA
NA
488Note: impact factor data for reference only
Impact Factor
Impact factor (IF) is a scientometric factor based on the yearly average number of citations on articles published by a particular journal in the last two years.
A journal impact factor is frequently used as a proxy for the relative importance of a journal within its field. Find out more: What is a good impact factor?
III. Other Science Influence Indicators
Any impact factor or scientometric indicator alone will not give you the full picture of a science journal. There are also other factors such as H-Index, Self-Citation Ratio, SJR, SNIP, etc. Researchers may also consider the practical aspect of a journal such as publication fees, acceptance rate, review speed. (Learn More)
American Journal of Epidemiology
H-Index
The h-index is an author-level metric that attempts to measure both
the productivity and citation impact of the publications of a
scientist or scholar. The index is based on the set of the scientist’s
most cited papers and the number of citations that they have received
in other publications
267
American Journal of Epidemiology
H-Index History
Leishmaniasis
Leishmaniasis
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- Leishmaniasis
M.
Saeedi
Two young girls and a boy with scars on their faces, caused by Leishmaniasis
©
Photo
Basic Facts
- There are three main forms of leishmaniasis: visceral (the most serious form, almost always fatal if left untreated), cutaneous (the most common form, usually causing skin ulcers), and mucocutaneous ( affects the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth and larynx).
- Leishmaniasis is caused by the parasitic protozoan Leishmania, which is transmitted by biting infected female mosquitoes.
- This disease affects the world’s poorest people and is often associated with malnutrition, population displacement, poor housing, weakened immune systems and financial insecurity.
- An estimated 700,000 to 1 million new cases occur each year.
- Only a small proportion of people infected with Leishmania parasites develop the disease.
General information
The causative agent of leishmaniasis is a parasitic protozoan of the genus Leishmania , which has more than 20 species.
It has been established that more than 90 species of mosquitoes can be carriers of parasites Leishmania . There are three main forms
diseases:
- Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar, which is 95% fatal if left untreated. This form is characterized by irregular bouts of fever, weight loss, enlargement of the spleen, and
liver and anemia. Most cases occur in Brazil, East Africa and India. It is estimated that between 50,000 and 90,000 new cases of VL occur each year worldwide, but only 25–45% of such cases are reported to WHO. This form
diseases can lead to outbreaks and deaths. - Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is the most common form of leishmaniasis and is associated with skin lesions, mainly ulcers, on exposed areas of the body. Lesions can leave permanent scars, cause severe
disability and lead to stigmatization of survivors. About 95% of CL cases are observed in the Americas, the Mediterranean basin, the Middle East and Central Asia. The annual number of new cases of this form of the disease
estimated to range from 600,000 to 1 million, but only about 200,000 cases are reported to WHO. - Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis leads to partial or complete destruction of the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth and larynx. More than 90% of cases of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis occur in Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Ethiopia
and Peru.
The annual number of new cases of this form of the diseaseMechanism of transmission
Leishmania parasites are transmitted by the bites of infected female mosquitoes that feed on blood to lay eggs. The natural reservoirs of parasites Leishmania can be about 70 species of animals, including humans.
Epidemiology of the disease in different WHO regions
WHO African Region
Algeria is a highly endemic area for cutaneous leishmaniasis; There are no sufficient epidemiological data for West African countries. In West Africa, all forms of leishmaniasis are endemic and outbreaks occur frequently.
visceral form of the disease.
WHO Region of the Americas
The main form of the disease is cutaneous leishmaniasis, characterized by a complex epidemiology; reservoirs of the disease may be several animals, and in each geographical area there may be a number of different mosquitoes and several
species Leishmania . Brazil is the main VL endemic country in the region.
WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
This region accounts for 80% of all reported cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis worldwide. Visceral leishmaniasis is highly endemic in Iraq, Somalia, Sudan and Yemen.
WHO European Region
This region is endemic for cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. It often registers imported cases, mainly from Africa and America.
WHO South-East Asia Region
The most common form of the disease is visceral leishmaniasis, but the region is also endemic for cutaneous leishmaniasis.
Post-kala-azar cutaneous leishmaniasis (PCCL)
Post-kala-azar cutaneous leishmaniasis (PCCL) is usually a consequence of visceral leishmaniasis and presents as a macular, papular, or nodular rash, most commonly on the face, shoulders, and torso.
This clinical form of the disease is characteristic of
East Africa (mainly Sudan) and the Indian subcontinent, where it occurs in 5–10% of patients with kala-azar leishmaniasis. It has also been reported, although infrequently, in Brazil, as well as in patients with VL caused by L. infantum ,
against the background of co-infection with HIV. Skin rashes usually appear within six months to one or more years after the disappearance of signs of past visceral leishmaniasis, but it can occur earlier. It is believed that patients with PCCL
may be a source of infection Leishmania .
Leishmania-HIV coinfection
Leishmania-HIV co-infection is more likely to develop a pronounced clinical form of the disease, relapse of the disease and high mortality. Antiretroviral therapy delays the progression of the disease, delays the onset of relapses, and increases
survival of these patients. As of 2021, cases of Leishmania and HIV coinfection have been reported in 45 countries.
High rates of coinfection have been reported in Brazil, Ethiopia and the Indian state of Bihar. In 2022, WHO published new recommendations for the treatment of patients with Leishmania and HIV coinfection in East Africa and Southeast Asia.
Main risk factors
Socio-economic conditions
Poverty is a risk factor for leishmaniasis. Poor housing conditions and household unsanitary conditions (lack of waste disposal systems and open sewers) can increase the number of habitats and breeding mosquitoes, increasing their
closeness to the person. Mosquitoes are attracted to crowded living conditions favorable for feeding on human blood. Behavioral characteristics of people, such as the habit of sleeping outdoors or on the ground, can increase the risk of infection.
Malnutrition
Protein-energy malnutrition and dietary iron, vitamin A, and zinc deficiencies increase the risk of clinical disease in the event of infection.
Population movements
Leishmaniasis epidemics often involve the movement of non-immune people into areas of active transmission.
Environmental and climate change
Leishmaniasis can be caused by urbanization, deforestation and increased forest management.
Climate change is affecting the spread of leishmaniasis through changes in temperature and precipitation patterns, which in turn affect the size and geographical distribution of mosquito populations. Droughts, floods and famine also contribute to
migration of the population to areas with a high intensity of transmission of the parasite.
Diagnosis and treatment
If visceral leishmaniasis is suspected, medical attention should be sought immediately. Diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis is made on the basis of the clinical picture in combination with parasitological or serological studies.
(for example, rapid testing). For the diagnosis of cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, serological tests are of little value; in these cases, the diagnosis is made on the basis of the clinical picture and the results of parasitological
research.
The choice of treatment for leishmaniasis depends on a number of factors such as clinical presentation, presence of comorbidities, parasite species and geographic area. Leishmaniasis is amenable to drug therapy and is completely curable, but the effectiveness of drugs
drugs depends on the state of the patient’s immune system, and with a weakened immune system, relapses are not ruled out. All patients diagnosed with visceral leishmaniasis are shown an immediate appointment of a full course of treatment. Detailed information
about treatment tactics can be found in issue number 949 “Control of leishmaniasis” WHO technical report series, recently published guidelines
for HIV-VL in East Africa and South-East Asia and treatment guidelines for leishmaniasis in the Americas.
Prevention and control
Prevention and control of the spread of leishmaniasis is a complex task requiring a number of measures. The main strategies are listed below.
- Early diagnosis and effective treatment promptly help to reduce the prevalence of the disease and prevent disability and death of patients. This helps to reduce transmission and monitor
spread and burden of the disease. There are highly effective and safe drugs for the treatment of leishmaniasis, especially the visceral form, although their use can be difficult. These drugs have become much more affordable.
thanks to WHO’s price harmonization efforts and the WHO-brokered drug donation programme. - vector control helps reduce disease or interrupt transmission by reducing mosquito populations. Insecticide sprays treated with insecticide are used for vector control
nets, environmental engineering measures and personal protective equipment. - Effective surveillance is essential to enable rapid monitoring and action during epidemics and high mortality in patients on treatment.
- Population control of reservoir animals requires a complex set of measures and must be carried out taking into account local conditions.
- Social mobilization and strengthening partnerships : Mobilizing and educating local communities and implementing effective behavior change interventions must always be locally tailored.
Partnership and collaboration with various stakeholders and programs to control other vector-borne diseases is critical.
This helps to reduce transmission and monitor
WHO activities
WHO’s work on leishmaniasis control includes:
- technical and financial assistance to national leishmaniasis control programs to update recommendations, ensure access to quality-assured medicines, develop disease control plans , creating systems
surveillance, and epidemic preparedness and response systems; - monitoring epidemiological indicators and evaluating the effectiveness of disease control measures through the online global surveillance system, which will help raise awareness and conduct advocacy
work on the global burden of leishmaniasis, as well as ensuring equitable access to health care; - development of evidence-based strategies and standards for the prevention and control of leishmaniasis, including dissemination of knowledge about them, in particular through online courses on neglected tropical diseases (openwho. org);
- strengthening collaboration and coordination between partners and stakeholders;
- promoting research, including the search for safe, effective and affordable drugs, diagnostics and vaccines; and
- providing support to the South-East Asia Region, the only region that has launched an initiative to eliminate visceral leishmaniasis as a public health problem for 2022–2026; elimination is determined
less than one case per 10,000 population at the district level in Nepal and at the subdistrict level in Bangladesh and India. By the end of 2023, countries plan to receive confirmation from WHO that the disease has been eliminated. The region started
Regional Strategic Framework to Accelerate and Consolidate the Elimination of Kala-azar in Southeast Asia 2022-2026
org);Q&A: Neglected Tropical Diseases
World Neglected Tropical Disease Day
Rospotrebnadzor recalls the prevention of poliomyelitis
For 20 years, Russia has maintained and maintained the status of a country free from poliomyelitis due to the high vaccination coverage of children against this dangerous and incurable infectious disease.
On June 21, 2002, the World Health Organization certified the European Region and the Russian Federation within it as free from poliomyelitis.
The last case of poliomyelitis caused by wild poliovirus was registered in Russia in 2010 during the importation of wild poliovirus type 1 from the Republic of Tajikistan, where an outbreak of this infection was registered.
In the pre-vaccination period, the spread of poliomyelitis was widespread and pronounced epidemic. In 1988, when WHO joined the Global Polio Eradication Initiative, the disease caused irreversible paralysis in 10 children every 15 minutes and occurred in almost every country in the world. A significant reduction in the incidence of poliomyelitis was achieved after the introduction of mass immunization against this infection worldwide.
The use of an oral poliovirus vaccine (Sabin’s live vaccine) developed by virologist Albert Sabin resulted in a reduction of more than 99% in cases. Five WHO regions have been certified as polio free (American in 1994, Western Pacific in 2000, European including the Russian Federation in 2002, Southeast Asia in 2014).
, African in 2020), certified global eradication of wild poliovirus types 2 and 3.
However, to date, transmission of wild poliovirus type 1, which can cause irreversible paralysis, persists in some countries. Considering the high rates of migration of the population in the world, there remains a risk of importation of poliovirus from polio-prone countries to the territory of the Russian Federation.
What is poliomyelitis?
Poliomyelitis is a highly contagious (highly contagious) infectious disease caused by poliovirus. Poliovirus infects the central nervous system, can cause paralysis and even death.
The source of infection is a person: a sick or asymptomatic carrier.
Ways of transmission – household, water, food.
The natural susceptibility of humans is high, but there are 100 to 1000 asymptomatic carriers of poliovirus per clinically significant case.
Children who have not been vaccinated against polio or who have received an incomplete course of vaccination against this infection are sick.
Polio symptoms
The incubation period lasts 4-30 days, most often 6-21 days. The first symptoms are not specific: fever, catarrhal phenomena, fatigue, headache, vomiting, malaise. This is followed by the development of paralysis (usually the muscles of the limbs).
Consequences of poliomyelitis
Poliomyelitis is a debilitating disease. Paralysis in poliomyelitis is irreversible. In addition, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), 5%-10% of patients develop paralysis of the respiratory muscles, which leads to death.
There is no etiotropic treatment, but specific polio prophylaxis (vaccination) is available for everyone and prevents the onset of the disease when receiving a full course of vaccinations.
In the Russian Federation, immunization against poliomyelitis is carried out in accordance with the national immunization schedule and the immunization schedule for epidemic indications (Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation dated 06.
