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US Regular Mens

Brand Size	UK Size	Europe	Heel to toe (in)
7	6	40	9. 7
7.5	6.5	40.5	9.8
8	7	41	9.9
8.5	7.5	42	10.1
9	8	42.5	10.2
9.5	8.5	43	10.4
10	9	44	10.6
10.5	9.5	44.5	10.8
11	10	45	10.9
11.5	10.5	45.5	11.1
12	11	46	11.2
12.5	11.5	47	11.5
13	12	47.5	11.7
13.5	12.5	48	11.8
14	13	48.5	12
14.5	13.5	49	12.2
15	14	49.5	12.2
15.5	14.5	50	13.1
16	15	50. 5	13.2

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artist guide, part 1 – Gamedev on DTF

What parts does plate armor consist of? How is it attached to the knight’s body? How are the elements connected to each other? We understand together with experts-reenactors.

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Plate armor – protective equipment that first covered the most vulnerable parts of the knight’s body, and from the 14th century – the entire body.

Knightly armor primarily refers to the protective equipment of the military class in Europe in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Armor of the period of Antiquity, Modern times or made in Asia (outside Europe) does not apply to them.

This article is the first in a series about knightly armor. Here we will talk about the mounts, the general device and the order of putting on, and in the following we will talk about individual elements.

Many thanks to Igor Vinogradov, Timur Velikotrav and Anatoly Zverev for advice, expertise and assistance in preparing the material.

General composition of armor and order of dressing

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Usually the armor consisted of several elements that were put on under armor clothes, fastened together and performed a protective function. Therefore, the armor has many non-obvious nuances that should be taken into account.

In the Middle Ages, not only knights could wear armor and fight, because mercenaries and ordinary soldiers also wore different armor and protection. However, the armor was very expensive and people from the lower classes could not afford a complete set of equipment, managing only separate parts like a simple chain mail or a helmet.

Knightly armor was often defined by era, geography and standard of living. The high cost was due to the fact that the uniforms were created individually, and the masters repelled from the anatomical features of the customer and adjusted the armor to the figure.

At the same time, warriors and knights could wear protective equipment from other countries and regions. A Russian warrior from the south could wear a Mongolian kuyak, and a soldier from the western part of the country could wear a European brigandine. This was due to trade relations, fashion, the development of metallurgy, armor crafts and the conditions of warfare. The knight did not assemble his armor from different parts like a Lego constructor, but rather adapted to the situation and historical context.

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In general, the armor consists of under-armor clothing, body protection, helmet, shoulder protection (shoulder pads), elbow protection (elbow pads), arm protection (bracers), hand protection, leg protection (sabatons, knee pads, greaves) and, sometimes, over-armor clothing .

All parts of the armor do not hang in the air and do not stick to the figure of the wearer. They are attached to underarmored clothing with laces and straps or tightened tightly on the body.

The image shows how the elements of the armor are attached to the underarm clothing. Source

Underarmor clothing

First, the knight put on an underarmour, the most popular type of which was a quilted jacket (doublet, jacques, aketon or any other variety).

On the left is a quilted underarmor of the 16th century. On the right – an image of an archer in a jacket (a fragment of the shrine of St. Ursula by Hans Memling)

Sometimes it was made from several layers of dense fabric with soft stuffing, then stitched. In some cases, they were stuffed with old rags, cotton wool, hemp or tow, and the upper layers were impregnated with wax for strength.

At times, a thick quilt was worn not as an underarmour, but as a full body protection. In this case, pieces of chain mail, small plates of metal or whalebone could be sewn into it. With a successful combination of circumstances, the quilting could stop the arrow, protect it from a cut or a glancing blow.

Aketon of Charles VI. Source

Contrary to popular belief, chain mail did not replace quilts. Light armor made of woven metal rings appeared in the days of Ancient Rome.

Chain mail was often used as the main protection, but it was also often used as an underarmor, worn over ordinary clothes. Often there was such a combination: quilted, on top – chain mail, on top – plate armor.

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The advantage of multi-layer protection was that it could cover the surface of the body much better and save in case of breaking through the upper layer, the disadvantage is the restriction of the knight’s movements and heavy weight.

Sometimes chain mail was not worn on purpose to make the knight more mobile. In this case, special chain mail inserts were worn on vulnerable places – armpits, hips, elbows, throat.

Source

Plate armor

After quilting or chain mail, the knight put on a full-fledged armor made of large metal plates of various designs.

Illustration by Graham Turner. Source

Full armor consisted of a cuirass, pauldrons, helmet, bracers, gauntlets, legguards, greaves and sabaton boots. We will talk more specifically about them in future articles.

In the era of the Crusades, knights often used overarmours – clothing that was worn over armor and protected from heat, wind and sand.

Source

Sometimes an ordinary quilted jacket was worn, but more often – a surcoat (a long thick raincoat). It was sewn from dense fabric, decorated with the coats of arms of the owners or their overlords.

Ways of attaching armor

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As we have already mentioned, any plate armor was attached to underarmor clothing or chain mail. European medieval plate pauldrons were equipped with special leather tongues with two holes. With their help, the pauldron could be tightly tied to the shoulder with thin leather or fabric laces that came out of the underarmor. The plate hips were fastened in the same way.

Source

At first, the plate protection of the hands consisted of separate elements, but later they began to connect it with plates using belts riveted from the inside, and then they began to connect it with movable rivets. So the structure became stronger.

However, the variants of separate wearing of hand protection elements gave greater mobility and continued to be used.

Variant with riveted straps and rivets. Source

Armor was pulled to the body by straps. They tried to adjust the protection to the figure of the owner, and often people with different builds could not wear the same armor.

Cuirasses (armor made of chest and back plates), for example, can be roughly divided into two types:

Connected with straps. Straps on the shoulders and sides connected the chest plate to the back.

Source

Connected by a combination of metal loops and straps.

Image courtesy of Igor Vinogradov

To fit the cuirass to the body, it could be pulled off in the belt area with a special thin strap. Brigandins (a type of cuirass) and early armor could be fastened on the back.

An example of a breastplate that opened from the side (left) and an example of a cuirass tied with a belt (right). Image courtesy of Timur Velikotrav

For a long time there was a type of fastening “belt-buckle-belt”, but in the last decades of the Middle Ages, a type of fastening with a protruding rivet appeared (a superimposed plate was attached to it).

In the image on the left – the type of fastening with a belt, and on the right – with a rivet

Rivets were used on late legplates (as well as on bracers and gauntlets). However, this type of fastening did not last long, as the plate protection of the legs gradually began to disappear.

Image courtesy of Timur Velikotrav

Rivets were also used to fasten sabaton boots. Contrary to popular belief, combat boots were not worn like modern socks, but only covered the upper part of the foot, laced up to the toe of ordinary shoes, and then tightened with straps.

Source

Having put on almost all the armor, the knight put on a helmet and steel gloves.

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Lance Hook and Cod

Also, the armor had small but important details like a support (hook) for a spear and a codpiece.

The hook allowed the use of heavy spears and powerful blows.

Hook for a spear. The round element above is a rondel. We will talk about it in more detail in other parts. Source

So the spear did not slip through the hollow under the shoulder, and the rider could transfer all the energy to the tip to make a more accurate blow.

Source

Codpiece came from the everyday men’s clothing of the XIV century. Then the men wore stockings (chausses), which were laced up to linen. Later, the chausses began to be sewn together from above, and the crotch in front began to be closed with a separate valve – a codpiece.

Codpiece. Image courtesy of Igor Vinogradov

In the 16th century, the codpiece began to be used as a steel protective element. In armor, the codpiece was tied with straps as a separate plate with a dense lining and attached to the bottom edge of the shirt. Not all armor was equipped with this element.

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