How much does a lacrosse stick cost. What factors influence the price of lacrosse sticks. Where can you find custom lacrosse sticks. How do different positions affect lacrosse stick prices. What are the benefits of customizing a lacrosse stick.
The Average Cost of Lacrosse Sticks
Lacrosse sticks are a crucial piece of equipment for any player, but their cost can vary significantly based on several factors. Understanding the average prices can help players and parents budget appropriately for this essential gear.
Beginner Lacrosse Stick Prices
For those just starting out in the sport, complete beginner lacrosse sticks are available at more affordable price points:
- Average cost of a complete beginner lacrosse stick: $99
- Attack/Midfielder beginner stick: $83
- Defense beginner stick: $104
- Goalie beginner stick: $111
Custom Lacrosse Stick Prices
As players advance and seek more personalized equipment, custom lacrosse sticks become an attractive option. The average cost of a custom lacrosse stick is $229, but this can vary by position:
- Midfielder/Attack custom stick: $215
- Defensive custom stick: $260
- Goalie custom stick: $213
Factors Affecting Lacrosse Stick Prices
Several key factors influence the cost of lacrosse sticks, making it important for buyers to understand what drives these price differences.
Position-Specific Stick Designs
Each lacrosse position requires a specific type of stick, tailored to the player’s role on the field. How does this affect pricing? Defensive sticks tend to be more expensive due to their longer shafts and durability requirements. Goalie sticks, while specialized, fall in the mid-range of pricing. Attack and midfielder sticks are often the most affordable, as they are in highest demand and produced in larger quantities.
Customization Level
The degree of customization significantly impacts the price of a lacrosse stick. Custom sticks allow players to select specific components:
- Custom head: $81-$82
- Custom pocket: $30
- Custom shaft: $101-$149
Why opt for customization? It allows players to fine-tune their stick to their playing style, potentially improving performance and comfort on the field.
Product Quality and Materials
The materials used in lacrosse sticks play a crucial role in determining their cost. High-end sticks often feature advanced materials like carbon fiber or titanium, which increase durability and performance but also drive up the price. Entry-level sticks typically use more affordable materials like aluminum or basic plastics, keeping costs lower for beginners.
The Rise of Custom Mini Lacrosse Sticks
An interesting trend in the lacrosse community is the growing popularity of custom mini lacrosse sticks. These smaller, decorative versions of full-size sticks serve various purposes beyond gameplay.
Uses for Mini Lacrosse Sticks
Mini lacrosse sticks have found a niche in the sport’s culture. How are they being used?
- Awards and trophies for players
- Graduation gifts for senior team members
- Commemorative items for tournaments or seasons
- Decorative pieces for lacrosse enthusiasts
Customization Options for Mini Sticks
The appeal of mini lacrosse sticks lies largely in their customization potential. What options are available for personalizing these items?
- Laser engraving of names, dates, or achievements
- Custom color schemes to match team colors
- Choice of materials (wood or plastic)
- Addition of team logos or emblems
Choosing Between Ready-Made and Custom Lacrosse Sticks
When deciding between a ready-made lacrosse stick and a custom option, players must weigh several factors.
Advantages of Ready-Made Sticks
- More affordable, especially for beginners
- Immediately available for use
- Often come pre-strung and game-ready
- Suitable for players still developing their playing style
Benefits of Custom Lacrosse Sticks
- Tailored to individual playing preferences
- Higher quality materials and construction
- Ability to fine-tune performance characteristics
- Potential for improved play and comfort
Is the extra cost of a custom stick worth it? For serious players who understand their needs and playing style, the investment in a custom stick can lead to improved performance and satisfaction on the field.
Where to Find Custom Lacrosse Sticks
For players interested in custom lacrosse sticks, several options are available.
Specialty Lacrosse Retailers
Many specialty lacrosse shops offer customization services, allowing players to select components and build their ideal stick. These retailers often have knowledgeable staff who can guide players through the customization process.
Online Customization Platforms
Several lacrosse equipment manufacturers provide online platforms where players can design their custom sticks. These tools typically offer a wide range of options for heads, shafts, and stringing patterns.
Local Lacrosse Pro Shops
Some local pro shops specializing in lacrosse equipment offer custom stick building services. This option allows players to work directly with experienced stick makers to create their perfect setup.
Maintaining Your Lacrosse Stick to Protect Your Investment
Regardless of whether you choose a ready-made or custom lacrosse stick, proper maintenance is crucial to protect your investment and ensure optimal performance.
Regular Cleaning and Inspection
How often should you clean your lacrosse stick? It’s recommended to clean your stick after every practice or game. This involves wiping down the shaft and head with a damp cloth and checking for any loose strings or damage.
Proper Storage
Storing your lacrosse stick correctly can significantly extend its lifespan. Keep it in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and extreme temperatures. Avoid leaving it in a car trunk or other areas where it might be exposed to heat or moisture.
Restringing and Repairs
Over time, the pocket of your lacrosse stick will wear out and need restringing. How often this needs to be done depends on how frequently you play and the quality of the original stringing. Many players learn to restring their own sticks, while others rely on professional services offered by lacrosse shops.
The Future of Lacrosse Stick Technology
As lacrosse continues to grow in popularity, manufacturers are investing in new technologies to improve stick performance and durability.
Advanced Materials
What new materials are being developed for lacrosse sticks? Researchers are exploring ultra-lightweight yet durable composites that could revolutionize stick design. These materials promise to offer improved strength-to-weight ratios, potentially enhancing player performance.
Smart Stick Technology
The integration of smart technology into lacrosse sticks is an emerging trend. These innovations could include sensors that track metrics like shot speed and accuracy, providing players with data to improve their game.
Eco-Friendly Options
With growing environmental awareness, some manufacturers are exploring sustainable materials for lacrosse stick production. This includes biodegradable plastics for heads and responsibly sourced wood or bamboo for shafts.
As the sport of lacrosse continues to evolve, so too will the equipment used to play it. Whether opting for a beginner-friendly ready-made stick or a fully customized setup, players have more options than ever to find the perfect lacrosse stick to suit their needs and budget. By understanding the factors that influence pricing and the benefits of different types of sticks, players can make informed decisions that will enhance their enjoyment and performance in this dynamic sport.
Wood Mini Lacrosse Sticks Wooden
MINI LACROSSE STICKS
Handcrafted mini wood lacrosse sticks! Choose from either an unprinted mini wood lacrosse stick or a custom engraved mini wood lacrosse stick. These mini lacrosse sticks make excellent lacrosse gifts, and are a popular choice for lacrosse awards. Lacrosse leagues, School lacrosse teams, and lacrosse players love these! Each mini lacrosse stick is hand crafted, and a mini lacrosse stick can be engraved with your choice of personalization. Lacrosse is a team sport and wood mini lacrosse sticks make wonderful lacrosse souvenirs or lacrosse awards. Mini lacrosse sticks are individually made of wood and hand laced. The popularity of mini lacrosse sticks has increased over the past few years. Many schools and universities use engraved mini lacrosse sticks as gifts for their graduating seniors. Many lacrosse leagues are using the mini lacrosse sticks for individual player awards.
Traditional wood mini lacrosse sticks are very popular and not too easily found; but, we have them here!! These traditional style wooden mini lacrosse sticks are sold both blank and engraved.
Custom engraved mini lacrosse sticks make such a special gift for any lacrosse player. A lacrosse players name can be laser engraved into the wood. If appropriate, add some extra words for the “lacrosse team captain”, “school lacrosse team name”, “MVP for a lacrosse tournament”. What a unique and memorable lacrosse gift.
Mini lacrosse sticks are one of the most treasured lacrosse gifts for any lacrosse player. Lacrosse tournaments, leagues, schools, and lacrosse coaches use our lacrosse sticks as participation gifts and awards. Traditional style plastic mini lacrosse sticks are sold both blank and printed. We’ll even string them in your team colors! These lacrosse sticks aren’t meant to be played with; they are for display with lacrosse trophies and as a lacrosse keepsake.
A mini lacrosse stick can be engraved with a line of text to commemorate the organization. Engrave your team name, year, season, and player name; on the shaft of a mini lacrosse stick; guaranteed a special keepsake!
Please provide details! We’d love to help you.
Average Lacrosse Stick Cost (+31 Real Price Examples) – Lacrosse Pack
The lacrosse stick is the main cornerstone of all the lacrosse gear. It is crucial to the quality of the player experience to have a reliable lacrosse stick. One of the very first questions that potential lacrosse athletes and parents ask is “How much does a lacrosse stick cost?” This is essential information for prospective lacrosse players and parents to know prior to investing in lacrosse equipment.
There is just one problem. Nowadays, there is such a vast selection of lacrosse sticks it is challenging to get an accurate gauge of the price of a lacrosse stick. Having to sift through all of the prices on the different parts of a lacrosse stick is a challenging task in itself.
Seeing this glaring problem, I decided to take it upon myself to make an easy to follow, illustrated guide for the average cost of a lacrosse stick. I personally collected price data from a variety of major lacrosse companies and compounded the data into infographics and tables for you.
The summary of all of my findings are found in the sections below.
Average Cost of a Lacrosse Stick
Average Cost of Complete Beginner Lacrosse Stick: $99
| Average Cost of Complete Attack/Midfielder Beginner Lacrosse Stick | Average Cost of Complete Defense Beginner Lacrosse Stick | Average Cost of Complete Beginner Goalie Lacrosse Stick |
| $83 | $104 | $111 |
Average Cost of Custom Lacrosse Stick: $229
| Average Cost of Midfielder/Attack Lacrosse Stick | Average Cost of Defensive Lacrosse Stick | Average Cost of Lacrosse Goalie Lacrosse Stick | |
| Custom Head | $81 | $81 | $82 |
| Custom Pocket | $30 | $30 | $30 |
| Custom Shaft | $104 | $149 | $101 |
| Total Average Cost of Custom Lacrosse Stick | $215 | $260 | $213 |
So what does all of this mean?
The average cost of a completely game ready beginner lacrosse stick is $99.
The average cost of a game ready custom lacrosse stick is $229. These prices of lacrosse sticks vary depending on position, level of customization, and product quality.
Lacrosse Stick Pricing Factors
Now, that we have an idea of the average cost of a lacrosse stick, let us analyze the various factors that affect the price of a lacrosse stick. We will dive into how position, level of customization, and product quality impact the price points of lacrosse sticks.
Position
If you are completely new to the game of lacrosse, there are different types of lacrosse sticks suited to each lacrosse position. There is a distinct type of stick for the midfielder and attack position, a distinct type of stick for the defense position, and a distinct type of stick for the goalie.
Consequently, each different type of stick has their own individual price point. As opposed to looking at the average price of a lacrosse stick, it is more beneficial to look at the average price of a lacrosse stick in terms of player position.
The amount of material needed for production varies for these different types of position specific lacrosse sticks. For instance, the lacrosse stick for attack and midfield players is 40 to 42 inches in length. The lacrosse stick for defensive players is anywhere between 52 and 72 inches in length.
The additional length of defensive lacrosse sticks requires additional material to produce. For this reason, defensive lacrosse sticks are priced higher than attack and midfield lacrosse sticks on average.
Level of Customization
Level of customization is another key factor in the pricing of lacrosse sticks.
There are multiple parts that make up a lacrosse stick. If you are unfamiliar with the specific parts of the lacrosse stick, I included an image below for your benefit.
The lacrosse head is the plastic portion at the top of the lacrosse stick. The lacrosse pocket is the stringed portion that is attached to the lacrosse head where the ball sits.
The lacrosse shaft is the long, narrow pole where players keep their hands during gameplay.
Players are able to purchase all of these parts fully assembled and game ready as a complete lacrosse stick. All of these separate lacrosse parts do not have to be fixed together however.
The lacrosse head, lacrosse pocket and lacrosse shaft can all be bought separately. This allows lacrosse players to mix and match to create their own individualized lacrosse stick that is tailored exactly to their playing style. For certain players, this additional customizability can have a tremendous impact on their gameplay.
This higher level of customization comes at a higher price. Customized lacrosse heads, lacrosse pockets, and lacrosse shafts are much more expensive on average as compared to complete lacrosse sticks.
For lacrosse newcomers, purchasing a lacrosse stick in its complete form is the standard route to go. For the more intermediate and advanced players, customized lacrosse sticks are more of a commonality.
Product Quality
Generally, the higher caliber lacrosse sticks are more expensive. The idea is that the more durable, more impactful lacrosse equipment comes at a greater cost.
Of course, this is not always the case. There are numerous inexpensive options that complement some of the best lacrosse players in the world perfectly. So do not fall into the trap of believing that you need a more expensive lacrosse stick to take your game to the next level.
As the old lacrosse adage goes…
It’s the wizard, not the wand.
Average Cost of Complete Beginner Lacrosse Stick
As aforementioned, lacrosse sticks vary in structure and price depending on player position. For this reason, the average prices of the subsequent complete beginner lacrosse sticks will be broken down by position.
Attack/Midfielder
I recorded the specific costs of 15 different complete attack/midfielder beginner lacrosse sticks from an assortment of major lacrosse companies.
These lacrosse companies were sportstop.com, Universal Lacrosse, Modell’s Sporting Goods, laxzone.com, Amazon, Lacrosse Monkey, and lax.com.
I compiled all of the data findings into an easy to follow infographic below:
The lowest priced complete beginner lacrosse short stick is $25. On the other end of the spectrum, the highest priced complete beginner lacrosse short stick is $150.
According to the data, the average cost of the complete beginner lacrosse short stick is approximately $83.
I compiled these conclusions into the data table below:
| Lowest Cost of Complete Beginner Lacrosse Short Stick | $25 |
| Highest Cost of Complete Beginner Lacrosse Short Stick | $150 |
| Average Cost of Complete Beginner Lacrosse Short Stick | $83 |
Defenseman
I applied this same strategy to the complete defensive lacrosse sticks.
I recorded the specific costs of 10 different complete defensive beginner lacrosse sticks from an assortment of major lacrosse companies. These lacrosse companies were Lacrosse Monkey, sportstop.com, Modell’s Sporting Goods, lax.com and Lacrosse Unlimited.
Only 10 different costs were recorded for this data set since the defensive stick selection is far more limited relative to the attack/midfield stick selection.
I compiled all of the data findings into an easy to follow infographic below:
The lowest priced complete beginner lacrosse long stick is $25. The highest priced complete beginner lacrosse long stick is $210.
The data indicates the average cost of the complete beginner lacrosse long stick to be around $104.
These findings are summarized in the following table:
| Lowest Cost of Complete Beginner Lacrosse Long Stick | $25 |
| Highest Cost of Complete Beginner Lacrosse Long Stick | $210 |
| Average Cost of Complete Beginner Lacrosse Long Stick | $104 |
Goalie
I recorded the specific costs of 6 different complete beginner goalie sticks from a multitude of major lacrosse companies.
These lacrosse companies were sportstop.com, Amazon, Lacrosse Monkey and lax.com
Goalies play with unconventional lacrosse sticks. The price varies with goalie lacrosse sticks. Furthermore, there is far less selection in the area of lacrosse goalie sticks given that there is far greater demand for field position lacrosse sticks. Thus, I only recorded 6 different costs for this data set since the goalie stick selection is extremely limited.
I compiled all of the data findings into an easy to follow infographic below:
The lowest priced complete beginner goalie stick is $70. The highest priced complete beginner goalie stick is $160.
The data indicates that the average cost of a complete beginner lacrosse goalie stick is about $111.
The information listed above is organized in the following table:
| Lowest Cost of Complete Beginner Lacrosse Goalie Stick | $70 |
| Highest Cost of Complete Beginner Lacrosse Goalie Stick | $160 |
| Average Cost of Complete Beginner Lacrosse Goalie Stick | $111 |
Average Cost of a Custom Lacrosse Head
I gathered price data on 15 distinct lacrosse heads from several lacrosse companies.
These lacrosse retailers were Lacrosse Monkey, lax.com, Universal Lacrosse, and Unlimited Lacrosse.
The prices were organized into the following infographic:
The most inexpensive unstrung custom lacrosse head came in at $40. The most expensive unstrung custom lacrosse head came in at $120.
The results of the data suggest that the average cost of a custom unstrung lacrosse head to be approximately $81.
| Lowest Cost of Custom Lacrosse Head | $40 |
| Highest Cost of Custom Lacrosse Head | $120 |
| Average Cost of Custom Lacrosse Head | $81 |
Average Cost of a Custom Lacrosse Goalie Head
I gathered the prices of six different custom lacrosse goalie from four high end lacrosse companies. These companies were sportstop.com, Lacrosse Monkey, lax.com, and lacrossefanatic.com.
I laid out the data into the following infographic:
The lowest priced custom lacrosse goalie head is $70.
The highest priced custom lacrosse goalie head is $100.
According to the data, the average cost of a custom lacrosse goalie head is right around $82.
| Lowest Cost of Custom Lacrosse Goalie Head | $70 |
| Highest Cost of Custom Lacrosse Goalie Head | $100 |
| Average Cost of Custom Lacrosse Goalie Head | $82 |
Average Cost of a Custom Lacrosse Pocket
Lacrosse pockets are the primary determinant of how a lacrosse stick will throw. A poorly strung lacrosse stick will prevent a lacrosse player from reaching their peak performance on the lacrosse field. Consequently, there is a wide range of price points on custom lacrosse pocket stringing services.
A few prices from some of the most prominent lacrosse string services are listed below.
Stylin Stringing Service Prices
Stylin Stringing is a renowned stringing service in the lacrosse community.
As far as how much their services cost, their work ranges from $29 at its low end to $55 at its high end. These prices depend on the specific type of pocket being strung as well as the quality of stringing materials used.
Lax.com Stringing Service Prices
Lax.com is another reliable stringing service in the lacrosse community. The exact prices of their stringing service are listed in the following table:
| Factory Stringing Service (Tier 1) | $10 |
| Personalized Stringing Service (Tier 2) | $20 – 30 |
| Premier Stringing Service (Tier 3) | $80 |
As you climb to higher customizable tiers, the average cost of their stringing service goes up as well.
Average Cost of a Custom Lacrosse Attack Shaft
From various online lacrosse retailers, I documented the prices of 15 different lacrosse attack shafts. These online lacrosse retailers were Lacrosse Monkey, Dick’s Sporting Goods, lax.
com, sportstop.com and Universal Lacrosse.
The data findings are presented in the following infographic:
The lowest priced custom attack shaft is $60. The highest prices custom attack shaft is $150.
After crunching the numbers, the data suggests that the average cost of a custom lacrosse attack shaft is roughly $104.
| Lowest Cost of Custom Lacrosse Attack Shaft | $60 |
| Highest Cost of Custom Lacrosse Attack Shaft | $150 |
| Average Cost of Custom Lacrosse Attack Shaft | $104 |
Average Cost of a Custom Lacrosse Defense Shaft
I applied this same data collecting method to the defensive lacrosse shafts, using the same online lacrosse retailers as before.
This infographic displays all of the price data on defensive lacrosse shafts. I gathered:
The lowest priced custom defensive lacrosse shaft is $35.
The highest priced custom defensive lacrosse shaft is $220.
The data collected indicates the average price of a custom defensive lacrosse shaft to be about $149.
| Lowest Cost of Custom Lacrosse Defense Shaft | $35 |
| Highest Cost of Custom Lacrosse Defense Shaft | $220 |
| Average Cost of Custom Lacrosse Defense Shaft | $149 |
Average Cost of a Custom Lacrosse Goalie Shaft
Finally, I researched the prices of various lacrosse goalie shafts. Drawing data from lax.com, sportstop.com, Lacrosse Monkey, and Lacrosse Unlimited, I put together the following infographic:
The most inexpensive lacrosse goalie shaft came in at $75. The most expensive lacrosse goalie shaft came in at $120.
The statistical data indicates the average cost of a custom lacrosse goalie shaft to be approximately $101.
| Lowest Cost of Custom Lacrosse Goalie Shaft | $75 |
| Highest Cost of Custom Lacrosse Goalie Shaft | $120 |
| Average Cost of Custom Lacrosse Goalie Shaft | $101 |
Is It Possible To Get A Good Lacrosse Stick at an Inexpensive Cost?
So if you are like me, you are probably pondering this question to yourself.
As I mentioned before, it is absolutely possible to find a reliable lacrosse stick at a cheap cost.
More and more lacrosse companies are bursting onto the scene and releasing what are perceived as “newer and better products” every lacrosse season. These new, high caliber products definitely lie on the higher end of the price range when they first come out.
What most people overlook is the fact that the release of these newer products plummet the price of lacrosse stick equipment from years prior!
For this reason, you can find so many top notch lacrosse products that are marked for clearance at a variety of major lacrosse retailers. You just have to know what you are looking for and not get duped into buying into whatever lacrosse stick has the most buzz at the time.
The metaphor I typically use as a basis of comparison is the frequent release of new iPhones year after year. The newest iPhone may seem like the best and brightest there ever was when it first comes out.
When you take a step back and look at it from an outside perspective however, you may find that the previous iPhone models stack up pretty well against the newest version.
The bottom line is to just do your own research and dig to find out what type of lacrosse stick works best for you and your budget. Reach out to lacrosse coaches and teammates and ask for their recommendations. Try out your buddies’ lacrosse sticks and explore what sort of products you like. All of these methods will eventually lead you to getting the most bang out of your buck.
Is Investing in a More Expensive Lacrosse Stick Worth It?
This answer depends on a number of factors. Available budget, level of player experience, and future lacrosse plans all have a significant impact on whether a more expensive lacrosse stick is worth the price.
Available Budget
The available budget that you are working with is one of the more crucial factors to consider when determining the value of investing into a higher priced lacrosses stick.
As aforementioned, there are plenty of high caliber lacrosse sticks that lie within an affordable price range. However, if you have a bit of extra money to spend, quality does rise slightly as you explore the more expensive options that retailers have to offer. This rise in quality may be blatant or barely noticeable, but it is a rise in quality nonetheless.
Level of Player Experience
Level of player experience is another determinant of whether a more expensive lacrosse stick is worth the investment. Players that are just starting to grasp the game of lacrosse do not need an individualized lacrosse stick to succeed.
Novice lacrosse players barely have had time to discover their particular playing style. How are they supposed to invest in a lacrosse stick that complements their playing style if they have yet to know what their playing style is?
It makes more sense for advanced players that have been around the block once or twice to go the more expensive route.
A player that has crossed the experience threshold and established a definitive style of play has a more practical idea of what type of lacrosse stick suits their individual needs.
Future Lacrosse Plans
The final piece to the puzzle is the future lacrosse plans of a player. Players that have a lot of years of lacrosse ahead of them may want to invest a bit more money into their lacrosse stick. If you play your cards right, a lacrosse stick could last through multiple seasons. Purchasing an expensive, higher caliber lacrosse stick prevents the hassle of having to adjust to a new lacrosse stick every season.
Players that do not have a lot of lacrosse mileage left in them probably do not need a higher end lacrosse stick. For instance, a high school senior that has no plans of playing college lacrosse likely does not want to spend an exorbitant amount of money on a new lacrosse stick when they only have one season left.
Is the Average Price of a Lacrosse Stick Justified?
I would say that the average price of a lacrosse stick is justified.
Although lacrosse newcomers do have to invest a large sum of money at the front end, a solid lacrosse stick will typically last for multiple seasons.
Prolonged Durability
Lacrosse shafts and heads rarely break at the youth level. Most youth lacrosse players lack the strength necessary to deliver checks that are forceful enough to shatter lacrosse equipment.
At the high school and college level, damage to lacrosse shafts and heads is more commonplace, but most lacrosse sticks will stay intact throughout the entirety of the season.
The part of the lacrosse stick that typically causes the most problems is the lacrosse pocket. Strings are much more likely to snap relative to metal lacrosse shafts and plastic lacrosse heads. Although these strings do occasionally snap from time to time, it is usually not necessary to pay a professional to fix it.
Almost every lacrosse team has a stringing guru. Whether it be a player or coach, they are almost always willing to take on the challenge of fixing up your lacrosse pocket if you ask them to.
Interchangeable Parts
The interchangeable parts of a lacrosse stick make it so that you do not have to purchase a completely new lacrosse stick every time a part breaks. This way, you do not have to overpay for lacrosse materials that you do not need. You only have to pay for the specific lacrosse part that is defective.
The bottom line is that the prolonged durability and interchangeable parts of lacrosse sticks justify its price. Ultimately, you get what you pay for.
Will Lacrosse Sticks Get Cheaper in the Future?
At the moment, I am not entirely certain of the answer to the question.
As I previously discussed, the establishment of new lacrosse companies has definitely driven up the competition and knocked down the prices of previously released lacrosse stick products.
However, lacrosse companies are also beginning to experiment with innovative technologies that may revolutionize lacrosse sticks in the coming years.
For example, lacrosse companies are starting to integrate what is known as flex technology into their lacrosse shafts. The premise behind flex technology is that the added whip like motion of the shaft will deliver more force with shots and checks. The added flex capability of these lacrosse shafts must be purchased at an increased price.
If this same trend is applied to other innovative lacrosse stick technologies, the prices of lacrosse sticks may inflate across the board. At the end of the day, nobody knows for sure except the lacrosse companies themselves. This something to definitely keep tabs on in the years going forward.
Where to Purchase High Quality Lacrosse Sticks
There are numerous lacrosse retailers out there that sell high quality lacrosse sticks. Some of the most renowned online lacrosse retailers can be found in the subsequent list:
- Lax.com
- Lacrosse Monkey
- Sportstop
- Lacrosse Unlimited
- Universal Lacrosse
If you notice, I collected virtually all of the lacrosse stick price data from the sites listed above.
I personally have ordered lacrosse equipment from lax.com, Lacrosse Monkey, and Sportstop in the past and had no problem with them whatsoever. This is not to discount Lacrosse Unlimited or Universal Lacrosse. Both are reputable lacrosse retailers that have serviced several of my lacrosse teammates many a time.
Is Buying Used Lacrosse Sticks Something Worth Considering?
I would highly recommend browsing through a few used lacrosse sticks, especially if you are on a budget.
As you just saw, lacrosse sticks can definitely get a bit on the pricey side. Used lacrosse sticks are an effective means at purchasing perfectly good equipment at a discount. There is a massive marketplace for used lacrosse sticks online.
The number one worry with buying used lacrosse sticks online is potentially being scammed. Make sure to do your research on the seller if you are going the online route. Most sellers are reliable, however, it only takes one bad apple to spoil the bunch.
In addition, be certain to conduct your business on a reputable site. Although there are numerous online outlets for used lacrosse equipment, not all of them are scam-proof. Again, it is necessary to dive into some research of your own prior to purchasing a used lacrosse stick online.
Many members of the lacrosse community opt to use resources such as SidelineSwap or Play It Again Sports. These online retailers have established a trustworthy name for themselves by conducting numerous transactions with lacrosse equipment. I would begin my search at these specific sites if you are seriously considering purchasing a used lacrosse stick.
If you have friends that play lacrosse, ask if they have any extra sticks they would be willing to sell. This is another viable option to consider when searching for high quality, inexpensive lacrosse sticks.
Custom Lacrosse Ball Stops – 100 min
Red Star Lacrosse case
Meet our customers from Red Star Lacrosse, a California company looking to take the game of lacrosse to their wildest dreams.
They wanted Ball Stops to be placed in the throat of lacrosse sticks.
A strong adhesive backing was needed to adhere to the stick. 1.5mm is tall enough to stop it from interfering with your game!
What you need to know before ordering your custom lacrosse ball stops
- Your ball stops can be made in any shape and size (just make sure to measure your lacrosse sticks first) and as you can see the 3M adhesive can be die-cut to any shape.
- 3D or 2D, it’s up to you, we can make them both.
- You can use 1, 2, 3, 4 colors… Just remember it is a small area.
FAQ
All of our Lacrosse Ball Stops are quoted on a case-by-case basis, we will need your artwork/design/sketch and a detailed description of your project for accurate quoting.
Order Now Your Own Lacrosse Ball Stops
Send us your project’s details and we will help you make awesome Lacrosse Ball Stops
What is Lacrosse?
Lacrosse is a team sport played by Native Americans first, before the arrival of the european people. It is said that tribes used this game to settle their disagreements.
They played this game with a curved stick and this is the reason why the french people name it lacrosse, because cross means also curve in french.
Another cool fact about lacrosse is that apparently hockey was also based in this native game.
Nowadays lacrosse is played not only in the US and Canada but also in New Zeland, Australia, Japon, Ingland and Scotland.
As Lacrosse is an original game, it has its own and special designed gear: there are lacrosse boots, balls, sticks, apparel, net and of course, lacrosse ball stops.
What is Lacrosse about?
Modern Lacrosse as many other team sports is about who puts the ball inside the net more times. There are some variations of this game like box lacrosse and intercross.
Why should you order custom lacrosse ball stops?
If you are starting to play this game, you shouldn’t need a customized apparel and implements. However, professional teams do. As happens with other sports, the teams emblem becomes like a brand’s logo.
You need to be sure every little thing you are using shows who you are or who you belong to. During tournaments, for instance, teams have to identify their things in order to avoid loosing them by confusing your team stuff with what other teams have brought.
Sponsored Post: Stylin’ Strings Coolest Mini Stick EVER! & matching custom lax pockets
Welcome to the 93rd episode of the world renowned Ship Out Shout Out by Stylin Strings Lacrosse. This week Mike-A-tron is hosting again and congratulates last week’s winner of the “would you rather?” contest. We start off with 2 of the newest heads from Maverick, the Tank. The first Tank is all white with a Maryland color themed LAS Reinforced Pita Pocket while the second is black strung with a Pita Plus with yellow leathers both by @tbird_sslax so you know they are spot on. Finally we end of the show with one of the coolest mini sticks to come out of the studio. It is a Maverick Mini Juice Jr. with a red / white & black Custom Camo dye by @frankie_fingers_lax and strung with East Coast Dyes Black striker Hero Mesh. We have another would you rather this week to consider so make sure to leave your comments in the section below to win a custom tradition stringing kit. Remember to vote for Mike if you wan to see him host more Ship Out Shout outs in the future and to leave your comments on our youtube page and follow us on all of our social media Snapchat, Instagram, Twitter, Youtube, and Facebook.
Well that’s all for this week, Until next time, Keep Laxin’
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90,000 photos and ideas for creative interior decoration
In this article, you will learn:
What are the features of unusual cabinets
What unusual cabinets are found today
How to make an unusual wardrobe with your own hands
How to choose an unusual front for the cabinet
A wardrobe as a piece of furniture, by definition, must be comfortable and spacious.However, many design professionals feel that this is not enough. In their opinion, this type of furniture is the embodiment of the creative idea of an artist-designer, an object of art. Recently, unusual wardrobes have become more and more popular and are striking in their uniqueness. This review focuses on special design ideas embodied in quirky wardrobes!
Philosophy of unusual wardrobes
The modern layout allows you to equip the apartment using standard solutions.However, unusual furniture brings novelty and originality to the typical interior style. Let’s take a look at all the intricacies of using these rare but popular solutions together.
Creative solutions in interior design are designed to focus on some exoticism that distinguishes unusual furniture from standard furniture. The rejection of standards endows such interior items with uniqueness, therefore, often only recognized professionals are able to make them.
Distinctive features of unusual products:
Asymmetry combined with straightness of forms.
Rejection of stereotyped in details. For example, inserting an element made of natural material.
Imitation of natural forms (outlines of objects, people, animals, etc.).
Play on contrasts (bold combinations of contrasting colors).
Combination of laminated chipboard with natural wood.
Additional decoration with materials not typical for furniture (plastic, cardboard, etc.).
Today it is fashionable to use non-standard solutions in interior design, based on the desire to give the surrounding environment individuality and charm.The typical layout, the bad taste of stencil furniture and the accompanying “if only it were” is becoming a thing of the past. They are replaced by freshness and creativity, based on the awareness of the importance of an individual approach to interior design. New ideas and fantasies, embodied in unusual pieces of furniture, including wardrobes, emphasize the independence and love of life of their owner, thereby distinguishing him from the rest.
An important place in the emphasis on individuality is occupied by unusual wardrobes, which, with their spectacular originality, fill the interior of the apartment with functionality.Unusualness attracts the eye and leaves no chance for indifference, allowing you to create the impression of the owners as subtle people who understand the style.
Most Popular Articles on Choosing Home Furniture:
It’s no secret that when we come home, we feel a sense of coziness in a space filled with comfortable furniture. This atmosphere is nothing more than the embodiment of your ideas based on the experience and impressions of previously seen spectacular solutions.With what enthusiasm you embarked on a radical change in the dull environment! The choice is made and you are enjoying the result of your creativity.
And those who are just thinking about changing the interior that has set the teeth on edge should pay attention to the author’s design, which combines the professionalism of the master with the preferences of the customer. The harmony of the designer’s skill and the exacting taste of the client is the guarantee of comfort and coziness.
The coolest unusual wardrobes: TOP-30 amazing ideas
A stunning solution that combines lightness of form, comfort and functionality.
The originality of the solution creates the effect of a “living” wall, capable of opening access to the “secrets” of the content hidden from view at the first request.
And the interior lighting of this unusual wardrobe radiates soft light, harmoniously emphasizing the graceful forms.
Marie-Louise Groot Kormelink is a Dutch designer and author of these unusual solutions.The idea is based on her impressions of the graceful architecture of medieval Holland. The result is funny and colorful “strange” houses, which will complement the interior of the children’s room with their zest.
But the embodiment of the idea of maximum pragmatism. Isn’t it spectacular and unusual?
This is just a delightful unusual locker! An elegant idea of Coco Chanel in the interior!
There is nothing superfluous in this furniture masterpiece, it amazes with its thoughtfulness and practicality.Despite its five compartments, its snow-white and properly selected fittings give lightness, and interior lighting brings additional comfort when using this unusual cabinet. The elegance of forms focuses on the individuality and demanding taste of the customer.
Truly, this is a journey into the fabulous world of gnomes and “living” furniture! Unusual interior solution for a nursery.
What is this, a question mark? Or maybe an emphasis on the pursuit of knowledge? The unusual shape and very appropriate illumination highlight the fact that learning is light!
A very sophisticated and original interior solution that will give individuality to a kitchen or living space.The functionality is provided by a built-in drawer, a table and a small shelf. The main highlight is the shape of the unusual cabinet.
Who among us in childhood did not dream of our own corner, hidden from prying eyes. Such an unusual solution will make a child’s dream come true and create a cozy place for reading your favorite books.
These unusual wardrobes attract with their lightness and graceful lines.And the combination of chrome, glass and lighting makes these items convenient for placement in almost any interior.
Installing a wardrobe behind the headboard is exotic! But maybe this is an unusual way out for solving the problem of a modest footage.
Explosion cabinet is another idea to combine functionality with originality of forms.The highlight is that a seemingly simple wardrobe, if the owner wishes, can, as it were, “break” into completely functional separate parts.
Dutch designer Patrick Schuur offers his vision of a solution to the problem of recycling old tape cassettes. He built about a thousand of these unnecessary remnants of the past into the frame of an unusual cabinet. Using their color variety, he created the effect of a facade mosaic.The designer not only kept modern media carriers in this unusual cabinet, but also delimited the space of a one-room apartment with an elegant and original partition.
How do you like such a bold idea? A panel attached to the wall, cut along the contours of the “ancient” chest of drawers, combined with open book shelves, is a stylish and unconventional solution. This is how unusual bookcases are created.
Another variant of the unusual design of the “contour” cabinet.
To equip the children’s room with an unusual Pin Pres wardrobe is offered by the manufacturer from Spain “My Design” LLC.
Designers at one time drew attention to the fact that a child’s tactile perception of the world around him plays a huge role in his attitude.Accompanying the process of learning about the world with games and simple experiments, you can guarantee the effectiveness of the child’s learning.
The originality of the Pin Pres cabinet lies in its unusual properties. The fact is that the structure of the cabinet consists of a perforated plate, into the holes of which movable rods are inserted. If, for example, you give your child the task of arranging things in such a closet, you will immediately involve him in the game process. After all, in order to put an item in the closet, the child needs to press on the rods, thereby freeing up space for its placement.
According to the designers, the process of cleaning the room from the scattered toys becomes not only fun, but also teaches the child order and accuracy.
A funny shape reminiscent of the aftermath of a beaver invasion. Initially, the idea assumed the placement of this unusual element of the interior in the nursery, but later such a solution became demanded by the adult audience.
Sebastian Errazuriz, an artist from Chile, has realized his design idea in an unusual cabinet design.In his opinion, the closet looks like a bristling hedgehog, the thorns of which are made of 80 thousand turned and sharpened bamboo sticks.
12 carpenters worked on the implementation of the idea, who managed not only to combine the idea of the author of the idea into a monolithic whole, but also to make the process of opening the cabinet original.
Every girl’s dream is a small personal wardrobe.This stylish solution has transformed an inconvenient niche into an unusual built-in wardrobe.
Firm “Labarere” from France offers a collection “Parisian women”. These are chests of drawers imitating a woman’s silhouette in a corset, which amaze with their sophistication and grace.
Maximum functionality realized with a simple and effective solution!
An ingenious solution for the interior of a nursery – a button accordion bedside table! The original idea gained popularity, not leaving indifferent the adult audience.
Another idea for the interior of a nursery is an unusual wardrobe board. It will become a great alternative for wallpaper, “quenching” children’s thirst for drawing.
Rafael Morgan, a designer from Brazil, offers to translate the idea of a trick with piercing a box with a swords into an original piece of furniture. An unusual wardrobe will allow you not only to store wardrobe items, but also to imagine yourself in the role of an illusionist, “piercing” him with fake swords.
What do you say looking at this unusual solution?
LA Closet Design and its designer Lisa Adams propose to place a TV panel on the facade of a snow-white wardrobe. This will significantly save space and become a non-trivial solution in interior design.
A non-standard solution to the problem of storing shoes.
Luxurious and truly unusual wardrobe.
And, finally, our parade of stunning ideas is completed by a bright and unusual cabinet with a mosaic of tinted glass.
12 tips on how to choose unusual cabinet fronts
The choice of cabinet fronts is very diverse.Modern materials make the following solutions available:
Colored chipboard facade is the most affordable way to decorate a cabinet. Its advantages are: reliability, resistance to deformation, variability of colors and low price. However, such a facade looks very simple. Although in some cases, this is what can become a weighty argument in favor of such a choice.
The mirror facade is an interesting solution, especially when there is a need to visually enlarge the space.Such facades are typical for wardrobes in hallways and small rooms. The inside of the mirror is protected from destruction by a durable film. Unusual wardrobes in the hallway with a mirrored facade – that’s it!
Lakomat is a matte glass 4 mm thick, treated with a special compound on one side. The doors of such a facade are translucent, and the clothes placed closest to them are partially visible. In general, the contents of the cabinet are, as it were, hidden by a bluish-gray veil.In general, if you want unusual wardrobes for yourself, this material is perfect.
Facade made of lacobel – glass tinted on one side with a special colored paint. This solution is typical for composite facades.
Sandblasted glass. Tinted glass is decorated with a pattern under the influence of a sand-air jet. The pattern is abrasion resistant and can be cleaned with simple glass wipers.
Etched mirror. Unusual and stylish patterned façade with chemistry etched mirrors.
Facade with photo printing. Images are applied to the facade using polymer dyes and fixed under the influence of ultraviolet radiation. They are realistic, do not fade and are resistant to abrasion, since the surface is additionally coated with varnish.The choice of any image will make your facade unique.
Plastic facade. An inexpensive and interesting solution due to a wide range of decoration options and color palette. The facade can be shiny, tinted, transparent or slightly dull. A reasonable combination of these options is also possible.
Decorative acrylic glass. This technology allows filling the space of a polymer coating with natural or imitating fillers.Thus, the effect of texture or objects frozen in glass is obtained. Glass is often decorated with flowers or leaves, seashells or algae, etc.
The façade made of artificial leather is a non-standard solution that gives your furniture a luxurious and representative look. Such a facade looks especially rich in the office.
Glossy facade. A popular budget option when the facade surface is decorated with PVC film, plastic or acrylic.Huge opportunities in the choice and combination of color solutions.
Natural bamboo or rattan facade. These are durable slabs of natural materials woven into a single web. An interesting and extraordinary solution for adherents of Feng Shui teachings. Such facades are characteristic of the eco style.
We have introduced you only the most common solutions.However, it was only about the choice of the facade. The design features of the cabinet are the work of professional designers. But the use of one or another version of the facade or their combination is the idea of an interior designer. That is why leading foreign furniture manufacturing companies value the author’s style and order the design of the facades from famous architects.
Sliding wardrobe: facades of unusual options:
The facades of sliding wardrobes can be conditionally divided into two types: tinted and glossy.The first is characterized by an opaque and non-reflective surface. All remaining coatings are glossy.
The advantages of of their choice are as follows:
The glossy surface glares and reflects light, so there is an illusion of expanding space.
The reflective surface makes any colors, patterns, drawings and photographs rich and bright.
Additional interior lighting, reflected both on the surface and in the surrounding environment, will make your wardrobe luxurious.
Weaknesses shiny surface:
Such a facade is very easily soiled and demanding to maintain. Various stains and touch marks are visible on it.
The trouble with such facades is scratches.Even minor mechanical damage can spoil the appearance.
Static surface tension that attracts dust.
Conclusion: If you have children or pets, then the use of a glossy facade, based on its shortcomings, will add additional hassle to you when cleaning.
What should you pay attention to when choosing a front for a wardrobe?
When choosing a facade decoration option, three important conditions should be taken into account: functionality, application experience and price.
Do not install a glass or mirrored facade in the nursery, as there is a danger of its destruction and injury to the child. In addition, do not forget about the inconvenience caused by the imperfections of glossy surfaces. Equipping other rooms with reflective facades can only be limited by your budget and imagination.
In principle, it is quite simple to settle on an option that is acceptable to you.First you need to decide what is important to you – prudence and economy, or creating an atmosphere of splendor of the environment. In the first case, you will have to be content with a simple version of the PVC film facade. Play with color will help create exclusivity. A wardrobe with such a facade will organically fit into any interior style.
For small rooms, it is preferable to use mirrored facades of sliding wardrobes. If you want to add charm, install a sandblasted or photo print façade.Such options are already more expensive.
Classic style or eco style implies the use of natural materials: solid wood, bamboo, rattan, high-quality veneer made of oak, walnut, cherry, etc. But this is a completely different price category.
When choosing a design option, it should be borne in mind that facades can be mirrored, deaf or combined. The latter are preferable because with their help it is possible to harmoniously “fit” the wardrobe into any interior style or to make it a separate work of art.
Types of combined facades:
Classic are standard combinations of mirrored and fixed facades.
Geometric – strict rectangles filled with inserts of different geometry.
Diagonal. They are characterized by angular or diagonal division of the facade surface with special profiles.The filling of the selected fragments is any.
Sector – these are façade fragments, divided into sectors and filled according to the compositional concept.
Wavy. They are characterized by the division of the facade into fragments that create a wave effect. This is achieved through the use of special profiles that are designed and manufactured to order according to sketches.This type of facade design is much more expensive than the others, but it also looks very chic.
Curved facades look unusual. They are concave, convex, or combined. This solution is typical for radius wardrobes and brings novelty and exoticism to the interior. The process of their production requires the use of professional equipment and special skills, since the filler must be given an accurate and curved shape.
The facades of the wardrobes: photo novelties (unusual):
Unusual wardrobes: an overview of styles and types
The upward trend in demand for wardrobes and the rejection of traditional types are associated with their functionality and ease of use. They are not bulky and very ergonomic. A lot of things can be placed behind the sliding front of such a cabinet. It is with this that many unusual design solutions are connected, harmoniously emphasizing any interior style.
Simple designs of sliding wardrobes are built-in or cabinet options with a sliding door system. The design of such cabinets is quite simple, and their price is affordable. If that’s your choice, here are some recipes to help you add flavor to your run-of-the-mill design.
Classic and modern fusion
If you are unable to abandon the usual classic facades, but you are attracted by the coupe system, then you should pay attention to models that are outwardly indistinguishable from traditional ones.The design of their facade is stylized as solid wood, but equipped with a modern coupé system. This is a harmonious combination of classics and modernity.
Basically, the material for the manufacture of simple wardrobes is MDF, however, for customers who are not constrained in finances, models of facades made of valuable wood are available. The options for the proposed decor are varied – from minimalism to luxury in the form of stained glass windows, carvings, leather inserts, etc.
Unusual attic wardrobes
A wardrobe in the attic is a reality! An unusual wardrobe will help to revive the interior of a nursery or bedroom located under the roof.To do this, you should pay attention to the options for models with beveled doors.
Advanced technologies allow furniture manufacturers to make any shape of sliding wardrobe facades, including those with beveled corners. But there is a small problem: such a cabinet will have to be ordered according to preliminary agreed measurements made at the installation site, because the angles of inclination of the roof differ from house to house.
Artistic application
If you do not like a single background color of furniture, then you should pay attention to unusual models with additional facade decor.
Such external design is very diverse and is presented in the form:
decorative plastic;
photopanel;
inserts made of genuine leather and its substitutes;
bamboo and rattan elements;
many options for glass and mirror surfaces, etc.NS.
Often, the combination of different decorative elements is realized with vertical or horizontal inserts from the selected material. There are no strict rules for their placement.
In the first place – originality!
If you are tired of the impeccable geometry and invariability of the proportions of the decorating inserts, then unusual models of sliding wardrobes with an asymmetric design are your choice! For example, facades decorated in the style of monochrome animalism or cubism look very original.
TV on the facade!
This non-standard decision is made by many designers, complementing the functionality of the wardrobe with built-in Hi-Fi components. Placing a TV panel in a sliding door will not only save space, but also enhance contrast, create an impression of ergonomics and style.
Frameless one-color models
If you are a fan of minimalism and monosyllables, then take a look at the models of unusual wardrobes without frames around the perimeter.As a rule, such solutions do not have any inserts and look very original. Such external simplicity emphasizes the stylishness of the classics, loft and high-tech. However, this option is categorically not suitable for interior solutions in Provence, Empire and Baroque styles.
Pragmatic structures
Against the background of typical solutions in the structure of wardrobes, when the internal volume is completely closed by compartment doors, unusual models with attached shelves and open shelves are gaining popularity.
Such a constructive solution allows the owner to change the content of the attached segments himself. This is possible in the case when such manipulations are agreed with the furniture manufacturer and are provided for by the construction of the extension.
Such an unusual wardrobe will fit perfectly in the bedroom. And then every wardrobe item, linen, bedding and much more will be in place.
Stylish design of mirrors
In some cases, sliding wardrobes with a mirrored facade, despite their advantages, outwardly look rather boring.The decision to place sandblasted mirrors, colored mirror inserts, unusual arched frames and much more will help to “revive” the picture and add originality.
Thus, applying our recommendations in practice, you can always move away from boring standard solutions and decorate your interior in an unusual and stylish way.
Unusual wardrobes: photo
It also happens like this: a public unusual bookcase
As a pleasant bonus, we suggest that you familiarize yourself with the original decision of the German company “BAUFACHFRAU”.The conceptual and unusual decision to create bookcases and place them in public places was made after the company’s designers drew attention to the trees felled in the forest. The project was named Bucherwald, which means “Book Forest”.
From now on, any Berliner who has joined the Book Cross program and has gone through several formal stages can familiarize himself with any book from this Book Forest.
The first step is choosing a book.
The second is registration on the program website.
Next, you need to specify the book identifier located inside the cover.
After reading the book, the program participant leaves it in such an unusual bookcase and notifies other program participants about its location via the website.
The site accumulates information about temporary owners of books, their reviews and comments about the essay read.
Tips on how to make an unusual wardrobe with your own hands
What can you do with an old cabinet that has served faithfully? Why throw it away when you can give it a new life or simply decorate it.Let’s look at a few options together.
Photo printing or photo wallpaper is a fairly common way to renovate a facade. The disadvantage is that this decor option costs decent money and is made in a furniture workshop. Placing photo wallpaper is a less expensive option. Images can be different – flora and fauna, landscapes and fragments of patterns. For a nursery, it is better to use thematic drawings, for example, cartoon characters.
Stained glass film or vinyl stickers. This popular decor option can be implemented quite quickly, without much effort and the help of a specialist.
Glass and mirror facades are matted with a special paste, which is applied to a previously applied stencil with a cut pattern.
It is possible the use of inserts from vinyl and even plain paper wallpaper .This is the most affordable decor option.
Slightly more complicated than is the use of decorative plaster . Usually it is applied to a stencil, as a result of which an unusual and patterned embossed surface can be achieved, which can later be painted.
It should be remembered that any of the options you choose should be in harmony with the style of the surrounding interior.
Create fantasies in flight and listen to your “inner” voice, if you are able to subtly feel what needs to be changed in the surrounding interior in order to achieve maximum comfort.
However, when experimenting with making an unusual cabinet, try to discuss its future design with your household. The point is that your priorities may not always coincide with their preferences. Discuss, because the truth is born in disputes! Perhaps what your loved ones like is the very reasonable compromise that will suit all household members. And then the most ordinary wardrobe will become a joint family masterpiece, capable of surprising with its originality not only you, but also the guests of your house.
Unusual wardrobes: photos for your inspiration
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FGBNU NTSPZ. ‹● Pathology of mental activity in schizophrenia: motivation, communication, cognition ››
In accordance with the initial hypothesis about the insufficiency of the mediation of cognitive activity by factors of social experience in schizophrenic patients, in the study of thinking, a methodological method was used based on comparing the solution by patients of two types of mental tasks that differ in the role of social mediation in their structure.
In the first series included tasks for comparing concepts, the classification variant “excluding an object” and “constructing an object”.All these tasks were presented with “dull” instructions, the condition did not indicate the direction in which it was necessary to make a comparison or classification, and the subjects were given complete freedom to choose the grounds for generalization. Under these conditions, the actualization of one or another feature is essentially determined by the knowledge of the subjects, in which the social experience of using certain objects is recorded.
The description of the methods “comparison of concepts” and “construction of an object” is given in Ch.I. For research purposes, we have also modified the well-known method “Excluding the subject”. The essence of the modification was that instead of specific images of objects, their verbal designation (verbal version) was presented.
For the study, a set of seven cards was used, each with the names of four subjects. By a special selection of concepts to be classified, conditions were varied that complicate or, conversely, facilitate the process of generalization, in connection with which generalization of three of these four concepts presented unequal difficulty:
Primus, kerosene stove, candle, electric stove.
Frost, dust, rain, dew.
Boat, car, motorcycle, bicycle.
Airplane, nail, bee, fan.
Water, wind, coal, grass.
Barrel, butterfly, beetle, glasses.
Apple, book, fur coat, rose.
In variants 1, 2 and 4 of the task, one of the objects is clearly opposed to the other three. In variants 3 and 5, it is easier to combine all four objects than to oppose the fourth to three.The last two options (6th and 7th) are provocative and have no solution, since they only combine two subjects.
The cards were presented in a strict sequence, one at a time, with the following instruction: “Combine the three objects like this. so that the fourth would not be included in this group. ” Thus, the instructions did not indicate which three of the four items should be combined. As a basis for generalization, it was allowed to use any feature inherent in three objects and absent in the fourth.The instruction did not limit the number of groupings to be created. The specificity of this version of the methodology is that the subject was not given a sample for performing the task: under the conditions of such a “dull” instruction, he was not limited in the choice of grounds for generalization.
The protocol recorded all the statements of the subject during the study and the remarks of the experimenter.
If we consider the results of the task from the point of view of the operational characteristics of the subject’s thinking, then finding any common feature in three objects and absent in the fourth is sufficient for a positive assessment of his answer.However, for a more complete characterization of mental activity, it is necessary to determine what kind of signs are used as the basis for generalization to the subjects: the degree of their generalization, practical significance, fixation in social experience.
An objective criterion is needed to qualify the thinking of the subjects through the characteristics of the actualized properties and relationships. The search for such a criterion was dictated by the inclusion in the study of a group of healthy subjects. frequency actualization of one or another property by a group of healthy subjects was used as objective criterion.At the same time, we proceeded from the assumption that the frequency of using certain features in an experiment should reflect the qualitative characteristics of thinking, since it is natural for a person to operate mainly with the properties of objects, the meaning of which is fixed by the social practice of using these objects and is fixed in the system of concepts assimilated by him.
Depending on the frequency of use by a group of healthy subjects, all the isolated signs were divided into “standard” and “non-standard”.It was conventionally considered standard to be those features, the use of which exceeded the average frequency.
The characteristics of the subject were determined by coefficient standard, that is, the ratio of the number of standard answers used by the subject in all variants of tasks to the total number of answers given to him. The more the subject used standard properties, the higher his coefficient of standardization was. In the healthy group, this ratio is (on average) 74%.
Table 14 shows the average coefficients of standardization characterizing the group of patients with schizophrenia (100 people) and the group of healthy people (100 people) according to the three indicated methods.
Table 14. Indicators of thinking selectivity,% 90,785
Groups of subjects | Comparison of items | Variant of classification “extra 4th” | Object construction |
Healthy | 77 | 74 | 73 |
People with schizophrenia | 58 | 53 | 50 |
In all three methods, the group of schizophrenic patients is characterized by an increase in the frequency of using insignificant, “la tent”, non-standard properties of objects with a decrease in the frequency of actualization of standard, practically more significant signs.This resulted in lower standard ratios. The differences between the groups of patients and healthy people according to all three methods are statistically significant (p = 0.01, according to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test).
It should be noted that practically significant properties (generic and specific, denoting the main function, some external distinctive features, etc.) fall into the number of standard ones most often used by healthy people. Among the non-standard features were practically insignificant, and therefore “latent”, rarely actualized by healthy subjects.Here are some examples of signs that are actualized by patients when comparing objects:
Sparrow and Nightingale – different weight; are at the same stage of evolution.
Pear and cucumber – first green, then yellow; one has seeds, the other has grains; the color of seeds and grains is different; have ponytails.
Hours – river – shine; have a transparent surface; make a sound; have stones; cyclical.
Shoe – pencil – leave a mark; draw; have a smell; one touches the hand, the other with the leg; pointed; stored in a box.
In the second series included tasks for the comparison and classification of objects, significantly different from the tasks of the first series in terms of the actualization of properties and relations: if in the tasks of the first series, the actualization of the attributes of objects was primarily determined by the past experience of the subjects, then in the tasks of the second series it was previously total was determined by analysis of conditions.
The second series included:
1) tasks for comparing objects on a given basis: I – Petya is higher than Dima, and Kolya is lower than Petya. Which one is the tallest? II – The Black Sea is colder than the Caspian Sea, and the Baltic Sea is warmer than the Black Sea. Which sea is the coldest?
2) problems for the free classification of twenty-four geometric figures. The choice of grounds for their classification was limited to three clearly depicted and playing a role of distinctive features: color, shape and size.
Results II series of experiments. The main difficulties in solving comparison problems in the subjects of both studied groups were associated with the analysis of conditions. The result of insufficient analysis was that 12% of healthy and 12% of patients with schizophrenia (task I) and 36% of healthy and 25% of patients with schizophrenia (task II) could not correctly correlate the compared objects. (The analysis of the conditions of the second problem was complicated by the fact that the conclusion arising from its conditions contradicted the actual relations of the objects being compared.This explains the worse results when solving this problem in comparison with problem I.) As a result of the repeated analysis, all subjects of both groups correctly solved both problems.
When classifying twenty-four geometric figures by a group of healthy subjects and a group of patients with schizophrenia, three features were used as the basis for classification: shape, color and size. No other properties were updated. The coefficient of standardization, characterizing the group of healthy people, was 83%, for the group of patients with schizophrenia – 82%.Thus, the results of the second series of the study did not give significant differences between the group of healthy subjects and the group of patients with schizophrenia.
Comparison of the data of the first and second series of the study allows us to draw the following conclusion: the features of the use of knowledge in the process of comparing and classifying objects were revealed in those tasks, the solution of which was significantly mediated by factors of social experience. When solving problems based on an analysis of conditions that does not imply such mediation, patients with schizophrenia did not differ from healthy ones.
Solving problematic tasks.
The increased tendency of schizophrenic patients to actualize “latent” properties and to see objects and phenomena in unusual and unusual aspects naturally raises the question of the relationship of this feature to creative thinking, since one of its problems is the problem of detecting “latent” properties of objects, the role which in everyday life is extremely small. The difficulty of actualizing the “latent” properties according to L. Szekey [129] is due to the fact that firmly established functional connections dominate in the practical activity of a person.This functional fixity is one of the forms of the inhibiting influence of past experience with the existing need to open a new possibility of its application in the subject [41; 84].
Taking into account the increased ability of schizophrenic patients to actualize non-standard properties and relationships, we assumed that when solving some tasks from the circle of creative ones, the main difficulty of which would be to identify the “latent” property, schizophrenic patients may have a certain advantage over healthy ones.
To check this assumption, we used the problem of L. Szekey [129] in a slightly modified form, which in general was as follows. In front of the subject on the table there were scales and several objects, among which there was a candle. It was necessary to balance the scales in such a way that after a while they themselves were out of balance. After equilibrium was established, the subject was forbidden to make any changes to the situation. The subject, as a result of the analysis of the problem, had to establish the consequence of what cause could be an imbalance in the balance of the weights.The result of such an analysis is the conclusion that the cause of the imbalance is the loss of weight of an object on one scale pan. The candle was such an object. But the whole difficulty is that the property of a candle to lose weight when burning is “weak”, “latent”, it is masked by a more “strong” property – to give light, and therefore is not immediately isolated by the subjects.
In the study of L. I. Antsyferova [7], carried out on healthy subjects, the solution of this problem is considered as a process of sequential analysis of the properties of objects, which are revealed in ever deeper causal relationships.In the course of the solution, the candle should be included in a causal relationship: an object losing weight – an imbalance of the scales. But even having established what property the objects with the help of which the problem will be solved, the subjects cannot use the candle for a long time. It is easier for them to attract missing objects for solving the problem, for which weight loss is a “strong” property, than a candle lying in front of them. Of those absent, according to Antsyferova, first of all, easily evaporating substances were proposed: ether, water, alcohol, etc.(The fact of a more successful solution of the problem with the help of evaporating substances by healthy and patients with organic diseases of the central nervous system was also noted by L. Szekey.)
In our version of the method [87], next to the scales, along with a candle were located: weights, an electric flashlight, a jar of salt, a jar of dry cotton wool, pencils, counting sticks, and an eraser. The task was formulated as follows: “Using some of these objects, balance the scales so that after a while they themselves, without your intervention, are out of balance.”
The study included patients with schizophrenia that began in adolescence and proceeded without severe psychotic symptoms (50 people). The analysis of the results was carried out on the basis of comparison with the data of the study of a group of healthy people, corresponding to age and education (50 people). The results obtained by us in the study of groups of healthy subjects, in many respects coincide with the results of the study of L.I. Antsyferova. The general scheme of the solution, the main direction and stages of the problem analysis turned out to be similar.
An essential point in the early stages of the analysis is the conclusion that it is necessary to achieve not fluctuations in the weights, but a persistent imbalance. Associated with this is a rather lengthy analysis of the condition of non-interference in individual subjects. The result of this analysis is an important conclusion for the person who solves the problem: something must happen to the object itself, which is on the scales. In the course of further analysis, the conclusion is clarified: an imbalance in the balance is a consequence of a change in the weight of an object on one scale pan.In this regard, the question arises: which of these items can be used? 29 healthy subjects (58%) independently solved the problem, 11 required hints, 10 did not solve the problem.
For most of our healthy subjects, as in Antsyferova’s experiments, the first way to solve the problem was to suggest using rapidly “scorching substances (ether, alcohol, gasoline, etc.) that were absent in the experimental situation. The property of these objects to volatilize, disappear is the most significant, “strong”.In our study, this solution was initially proposed by twenty-seven healthy subjects (54% of all subjects).
After that, the subjects were again asked to find among the available objects suitable for solving the problem. Some of the subjects tried to directly apply the same method, they looked for evaporating objects among these objects. After unsuccessful attempts to isolate the property to evaporate in them, ten subjects proposed to artificially create this property by wetting a cotton swab, salt, an eraser, suggesting to melt a candle so that it evaporates better, etc.etc.
It is also characteristic that out of ten healthy subjects who did not manage to use a candle as an object losing weight during combustion in the process of solving the problem, six tried to isolate the property of evaporating and drying out in the candle. The formation of a new connection “combustion – imbalance”, of course, contributes to the isolation of the desired property in the candle. However, nine subjects who used the principle of combustion did not succeed immediately: before naming a candle, they suggested setting fire to paper, counting sticks and other objects.
The progress of the analysis of task by patients with schizophrenia did not differ from that observed in healthy subjects. The noted main stages of the analysis of the problem were also revealed in patients.
When analyzing the results obtained, attention is immediately drawn to the high percentage of schizophrenic patients who proposed a candle as the first solution, who were able to immediately isolate in it the property of losing weight when burning. This method was suggested by twenty-nine subjects (58%, that is, twice as many as healthy, see.tab. 15).
Table 15. Methods for solving the problem
As an initial solution | Healthy subjects | People with schizophrenia |
Immediately used a candle | fourteen | 29 |
Used missing items (vaporization) | 27 | fourteen |
Used cash items (burning) | nine | 7 |
Much less often patients with schizophrenia turned to absent objects (primarily evaporating) – fourteen people.Only three subjects tried to artificially create in these objects the property to evaporate (by wetting them, etc.).
Only three patients with schizophrenia were unable to use the candle in the required quality.
Probably, there is a direct relationship and 90,785 persons between the more successful.
Methods for solving the problem using a candle as a means of solving the problem by patients with schizophrenia and a large number (compared with the group of healthy subjects) patients who independently solved the problem – thirty-six people (72%).This dependence speaks in favor of the fact that often a general principle, attitude, etc., is established by the subject through its concrete embodiment. This is evidenced by the repeated statements of the subjects: “I saw a candle and immediately decided …”
Data on a more successful solution (compared to healthy) by schizophrenic patients of a task related to the range of creative, problematic, can serve as a basis for raising the question of a certain quality of thinking in these patients, characterized by an increased ability to identify hidden properties and relationships (which is one of the essential characteristics of thinking).
To test this assumption, the study included a puzzle of the type of a puzzle, with provoking conditions pushing on the “wrong” path, preventing the identification of properties and relationships necessary for the solution.
In experimental psychological studies related to solving puzzles, it is specially emphasized that the main difficulty in solving this category of mental tasks is associated with the fact that in the formulation of their conditions, circumstances insignificant for their solution, pushing on the wrong path, are specially emphasized [75; 35; 120; 124].If the main difficulty in solving the Szekei problem was associated with overcoming the fixed on the “strong” properties of objects, due to their practical use, then the success of solving the puzzle is associated with overcoming the immediate impression imposed by the provoking conditions of the problem.
In our study, the following problem was used: twelve matches form a cross-shaped figure, the area of which is equal to five matchbox squares (Fig. 11). From the same number of matches, it is necessary to construct such a figure that would enclose an area equal to four matchbox squares.
Fig. 11. Initial (a) and final (b) puzzle problem situations
The formulation of the problem and the outlines of the original figure push the resolver to the wrong path – to try to build a figure consisting of four visible squares (instead of five), that is, to reduce the area by one matchbox. This path cannot lead to success.To solve it, it is necessary to abandon attempts to represent the area in the form of four squares and proceed to the construction of other figures, the area of which can be calculated by the formula (triangle, parallelogram, etc.).
The described problem was proposed to twenty-two healthy subjects and twenty-two patients with schizophrenia.
Results. For twelve patients with schizophrenia, as well as for twelve healthy subjects, there was a long-term analysis of the properties of objects that were insignificant for the solution of the problem, imposed by the conditions of the puzzle.This made it difficult to identify the properties and relationships necessary for solving the problem. The problem was solved by these subjects only with the help of experimenters. So, overcoming the provocative conditions of the puzzle proved to be no less difficult for patients with schizophrenia than for healthy subjects. Ten patients with schizophrenia and ten healthy people solved the problem on their own.
The study showed that at the main stages of the analysis of the problem in the process of overcoming provoking conditions and searching for the basic principle for solving significant differences between the two groups of subjects were not found.Thus, the study did not reveal in patients with schizophrenia a more pronounced ability, as compared with healthy ones, to to isolate hidden properties and relationships in conditions when the actualization of certain features of objects is primarily determined by an analysis of the conditions of the problem. The tendency observed in patients with schizophrenia to actualize practically insignificant signs of objects is not an expression of a more general ability of their thinking to reveal hidden properties and relationships.
The results of the study of the thinking of patients with schizophrenia are quite convincing evidence of the safety of its operational aspect.This is evidenced by the absence of differences between patients and healthy people when solving formal-logical problems and even some advantage of patients over healthy people when solving problems that require a “non-trivial” approach.
The facts indicating a decrease in the level of selectivity due to the limited regulatory influence of factors of social experience on mental activity shift the consideration of the problem of pathology of thinking in schizophrenia from the plane of its analysis as a process to the plane of its study as an activity.This aspect includes primarily 90,784 personality-motivational 90,785 of its characteristics. The role of violation of the motivational aspect in the pathology of thinking in schizophrenia was especially emphasized by BV Zeigarnik [46; 49]. It was with the change in motivation caused by the disease that she associated the facts of the distortion of the process of generalization and the diversity of thinking, observed in patients with schizophrenia, in the absence of a decrease in its level. Continuing this line, our research deepens the analysis of this problem. They make it possible to explain the nature of such manifestations of thinking disorders as “diversity”, the essence of which, according to B.V. Zeigarnik [49], lies in the loss of subject unambiguity, and “polysemantism” [74]. Subject unambiguity is nothing more than the fixation in the mind of a person for this or that object of a property or function that is essential from the point of view of social practice. The weakening of the determination of cognitive activity by social factors means, in particular, the weakening of subject unambiguity, which facilitates the consideration of the subject in different aspects. This feature is enhanced by the patients’ tendency to formal analysis.At the same time, the formal approach to the consideration of the properties of objects and phenomena as being in a row is not limited due to a decrease in regulation by the framework of socially significant assessments.
It is obvious that the influence of past experience on the selectivity of cognitive processes can be both useful, facilitating the activity, and harmful, inhibiting the actualization of the information that is necessary for solving certain problems. Since most of a person’s past experience is social experience, such a dependence of cognition and behavior on past experience gives a large adaptive gain, leading to a high adequacy to the requirements of the social environment.
The expediency of such a selective organization of brain activity lies in the fact that this ensures the efficiency, optimality of the search for the necessary information in a huge number of repetitive life situations, which appeal primarily to “ordinary”, “standard”, practically significant objects, their properties and relationships [ 111].
Patients with schizophrenia, whose activity, due to a decrease in social orientation and the level of social regulation, is characterized by a deterioration in selectivity, may in some cases receive a “gain”, experiencing less difficulties than healthy ones, if necessary, discover “latent” knowledge or discover a new property in a subject.However, the “loss” is immeasurably greater, since in the overwhelming majority of everyday situations, a decrease in selectivity significantly reduces the effectiveness of patients’ activities. A decrease in selectivity forms the basis of the “original” and unusual thinking so often noted in patients with schizophrenia. Speaking about this, we must not forget about the most essential factor contributing to the unlimited development of such a bizarre originality. It is about lack of motivation to be clear. Thinking for others requires special arbitrary regulation and organization of activity, the use of more generally accepted methods, more standard connections and adequate verbal expression.This, of course, does not mean that healthy people are completely incapable of actualizing the original, unusual properties of objects. When creating a certain additional motivation by means of a special formulation of the task, which encourages the identification of the most original signs in objects, the standard of responses of healthy people decreased significantly [149].
Topic of the lesson | “Magic sticks” |
Date and place. | MBOU “Primary School No. 15”, 26.02.2017 Conducts the lesson Bondar Viktoria Andreevna |
Group | Junior |
Number of people | 8 |
Tasks |
|
Psychological substantiation of the choice of the form and content of activities | The goal was realized within a sufficient amount of time (15-20 minutes). Preschoolers are prepared to solve this goal in previous lessons. The goal is consistent with the capabilities and abilities of preschoolers. The integration of educational areas in accordance with the age capabilities and characteristics of children in the classroom is realized through appeal to the experience of preschoolers in other educational areas (cognitive development, social and communicative, etc.). The lesson corresponds to: -General educational and developmental goals and objectives, the level of development of children, their age characteristics. -complex-thematic principle (the theme of the general theme is selected in the context of the general theme). During the lesson, the joint activity of an adult and a child was realized, there was close interaction. |
Observation of the course of the lesson | The goals and objectives of the upcoming activity were disclosed to preschoolers quite fully.The lesson was interesting, organized, meaningful. The guys worked in a group, which also contributed to the development of collective communication skills. Analysis of the tasks performed by the children showed that the children were very happy with their own successes. |
General assessment of educational activities | During the lesson the following techniques were used: – attracting attention; – speech activation; – using the experience of preschoolers; – development of creative abilities. During the lesson, there was a change of types of activity, while the logic and validity of the transition from one type of activity to another was observed. The teacher’s questions were of a developmental nature. |
Analysis of the teacher’s activities | During the observation of the teacher’s activities during the lesson, it was revealed: – clear, emotionally colored speech; – the teacher encouraged children to show initiative and independence in the classroom; – the teacher took into account the characteristics of each child in the group; – the educator observed the sanitary norms and rules for the safety of children (physical education.Ventilation of the room before class, prevention of posture disorders in children, etc.) |
Brochure for patients with hip arthroplasty
This brochure is dedicated to people who are to undergo hip arthroplasty. You have been diagnosed with a hip lesion. You have undergone conservative treatment for a long time, used all possible drugs for pain relief. You were hoping that you could return to your normal life.
In fact, there are no miracles. There comes a moment when life becomes unbearable and you cannot live without pain, walk without pain, movements in the joint are limited. You can no longer carry out everyday activities, you feel your own limitations in everyday life. This is usually accompanied by severe pain and limited mobility in the hip joint. Based on these symptoms, as well as on the data of a medical examination, doctors recommend that you have an artificial joint implantation.The purpose of our brochure is to familiarize you with the possibilities, features and benefits of total hip replacement surgery. We will try to help you prepare for your surgery and avoid unnecessary anxiety during your hospital stay.
Of course, this information does not replace consultation with your doctor, orthopedic surgeon, rehabilitation therapist and other medical personnel. If you have any questions or uncertainty about something, you should discuss it with specialists.Remember! The result of treatment will depend on the strict implementation of all the recommendations of the attending physician and your mood for recovery.
To better understand the possible operations, let’s try to imagine the anatomy of the hip joint.
So, the hip joint is a ball and socket joint. It is surrounded by muscles and ligaments and allows movement of the hip and the entire lower limb in all planes. In a healthy joint, smooth cartilage covers the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the pelvic joint.With the help of the surrounding muscles, you can not only support your weight when leaning on your leg, but also move. In this case, the head slides easily inside the acetabulum. In the diseased joint, the affected cartilage is thinned, has defects and no longer performs the function of a kind of “pad”. The articular surfaces altered by the disease rub against each other during movement, stop sliding and acquire a surface like sandpaper. The altered femoral head rotates with great difficulty in the acetabulum, and pain occurs.Soon, trying to get rid of pain, a person begins to limit movement in the joint. This, in turn, leads to shortening of muscles, ligaments and even greater contracture. The pressure exerted by the muscles on the femoral head increases; over a long period of time, the weakened bone is “crushed”, its shape changes, and flattened. As a result, the leg becomes shorter. Bone growths (the so-called ossification or osteophytes) are formed around the joint. The altered joint can no longer fully perform its function.
What is total hip arthroplasty
Only an operation to completely replace the diseased joint or total hip arthroplasty can radically interrupt this entire chain of painful processes.
In principle, total arthroplasty is the replacement of a damaged joint with an artificial endoprosthesis. Total arthroplasty is one of the main achievements of this century. Many decades ago, the relatively simple design of the hip joint inspired doctors and medical technicians to create an artificial replica.Over time, research and improvement of the surgical technique and the materials used have led to tremendous advances in the field of total hip arthroplasty. The design of endoprostheses ideally follows the human anatomy. An endoprosthesis consists of two main parts: a cup and a stem. The ball-shaped head is located on the stem and inserted into the endoprosthesis cup. The materials used for the artificial joint are special metal alloys, ultra-strong polyethylene and ceramics, specially developed for arthroplasty.They provide excellent tissue compatibility, absolutely painless movement, maximum strength and durability of the endoprosthesis. Typically, the surfaces of the endoprosthesis in contact with each other include a ceramic or metal head mounted in a polyethylene cup. They can also be fully metallic or fully ceramic.
There are mainly three types of endoprosthesis fixation:
Cementless endoprosthesis , in which both the cup and the stem of the endoprosthesis are fixed in the bone without the use of bone cement.Long-term fixation is achieved by the invasion of the surrounding bone tissue into the surface of the endoprosthesis.
Cement-retained endoprosthesis , in which both the cup and the stem are fixed with special bone cement.
Hybrid (combined) endoprosthesis , in which the cup is uncemented and the stem is cemented (i.e. fixed in the bone using special bone cement.) There is a very wide range of models for all types of endoprostheses, produced in the required range of sizes.The choice of the required type of endoprosthesis is determined by the physiological characteristics, medical indications, as well as the age, weight and degree of physical activity of the patient. The correct choice greatly contributes to the success of the operation. The orthopedic traumatologist will conduct preoperative planning, which will determine the required size, model of the endoprosthesis and the location of its parts. However, during the operation, he must be able to install an endoprosthesis of a different size, making changes to the original plan.(It depends on the individual characteristics of the patient, the structure and density of the bone substance, the specific conditions and tasks of the operation being performed.)
Before the operation
The decision in favor of the operation mainly lies with the patient. In many cases, severe pain and taking a huge amount of analgesics (pain medications) make a person’s life so unbearable that surgery becomes vital. The exact time of the operation must be discussed taking into account all the necessary factors and features.It is necessary to properly prepare for the implantation of the endoprosthesis. Before the operation, you can contribute to a favorable course of the postoperative period, namely:
- Stop smoking.
- Normalize dead weight. If you are severely obese, your doctor may postpone the operation to give you time to lose weight (body mass index greater than 35 is a relative contraindication for arthroplasty due to the high risk of postoperative complications).
- Reorganization of the oral cavity and other possible foci of chronic infection is required. Such preliminary preparation will reduce the risk of wound infection that accompanies any surgical intervention.
- If you have any chronic diseases, be sure to go through all the necessary additional examinations so that you have time to correct their treatment.
- There is always a certain amount of blood loss during total hip replacement surgery.This may necessitate a transfusion. In order to prevent immunological conflict or infection, it is advisable to prepare your own blood for transfusion during surgery. You should discuss this possibility with your doctor, and he will give you the necessary advice.
The aim of the operation is to place an endoprosthesis in the best possible way, to get freedom from pain and to restore working capacity. However, freedom from pain and movement without restrictions may not always be guaranteed.In some cases, the difference in limb length can be partially compensated by selecting the optimal size of the endoprosthesis. But sometimes this may not be possible if, for example, the general condition of the patient is very serious. The difference in limb length can be corrected later, for example by using special orthopedic shoes or lengthening the thigh segment.
At present, the quality of artificial joints and the technique of the operation have reached a very high level and have significantly reduced the risk of various postoperative complications.But, despite this, certain complications associated with inflammation of the tissues around the joint or with early loosening of the elements of the endoprosthesis are always possible. Strict adherence to the doctor’s recommendations will reduce the risk of complications.
Day of operation
The operation can be performed under general, combined or regional anesthesia (pain relief). Regional anesthesia of the lower limb affects the general condition to a lesser extent and is therefore preferred.In addition to the anesthesia, you will be given a sedative. During the operation, you will not experience any pain.
The day before the operation, the doctor will visit you to discuss the anesthesia and the course of the operation. He will then select the medication you can tolerate best and the most appropriate method of surgery. During the operation, the affected joint will be removed and replaced with an artificial one. Implantation will require an incision in the skin about 15 cm in length.Thus, the surgeon will be able to approach the hip joint, remove the affected femoral head and damaged acetabulum and replace them with an artificial cup and stem with a ball-shaped head. After installing the cup and leg, the artificial joint is checked for mobility, and then the surgical wound is sutured. A drain introduced into the wound prevents the accumulation of oozing blood. After the operation, a pressure bandage (bandage) is applied and the first control X-ray is taken.
The whole operation usually takes 1.0-1.5 hours.
The artificial joint implantation procedure is a common operation. For this reason, the following information on possible complications should not be a cause for concern and should only be considered as general information for patients. The possible complications described below relate directly to the procedure for implanting an artificial joint. The general risk that exists in any operation is not mentioned here.
Hematomas (bruises)
These can appear after surgery and usually go away after a few days. The previously mentioned drains are installed to prevent large hemorrhages, i.e. for the evacuation of blood.
Thrombosis
Thrombosis (the formation of blood clots) can result from increased blood clotting (blood clots can obstruct blood flow in the veins of the extremities), which can lead to pulmonary embolism (when the blood clot reaches the lungs).To reduce the risk of thrombosis, special drugs are prescribed, in the form of tablets or injections, before and after the operation, as well as elastic stockings or tight bandaging of the leg and foot and physiotherapy exercises.
Infection
Infection in the wound area is a rather rare complication and is usually treated successfully with antibiotics. However, deep infection can lead to loss of the endoprosthesis and the need for reoperation. For this reason, special attention is paid to sterility and protection against bacteria.In addition, antibiotics are prescribed before and after surgery.
Dislocation (displacement), dislocation
They occur quite rarely (mainly in the early postoperative period, until soft tissues have healed) and usually occur only in cases of extreme physical activity or falls. As a rule, in this case, the doctor will carry out the reduction of the displaced endoprosthesis under anesthesia. The doctor must accurately inform you about the range of movements that are permissible at different times during rehabilitation.
Allergy
In very rare cases, tissue reactions may develop upon contact with an artificial joint. This reaction can be caused by a chromium – nickel allergy. By using the modern alloys available today, the risk of allergies is minimized.
After surgery
When you wake up, you need to do several exercises that reduce swelling of the limb and prevent blood clots from forming in the vessels. You need to perform them while lying in bed.
1. Breathing exercises. Raise your arms up, take a deep breath. Lower your arms through the sides down, take a deep, energetic exhalation. This exercise must be repeated 5-6 times a day
2. Foot pump. When you are in bed (or later when you are sitting in a chair) slowly move your feet up and down. Do this exercise several times every 5 or 10 minutes.
The first days after the operation are the most important.Your body is weakened by the operation, you have not yet fully recovered from anesthesia, but already in the first hours after waking up, try to remember more often about the operated leg, to monitor its position. As a rule, immediately after the operation, the operated leg is placed in the abducted position. A pillow is placed between the patient’s legs to ensure moderate dilution. The first day you will lie in bed. If any medical manipulations or examinations are required, you will be taken on a gurney.For 6-8 weeks after the operation, you will have to wear compression hosiery (bandage your legs with elastic bandages or wear compression stockings). You also need to remember that:
- Sleeping in the first days after the operation is necessary only on the back, preferably with a pillow or cushion between the legs
- You can only turn on the operated side, but not earlier than 7 days after the operation
- When turning in bed, put a pillow between your legs
To reduce the risk of dislocation of the endoprosthesis, you must not bend the operated leg in the hip joint more than 90 degrees, rotate the leg in the operated joint, turning it toe in and out.That is, you are FORBIDDEN:
- Sit on low chairs, armchairs or beds
- Squatting
- Bend over below waist level, pick up objects from the floor
- Pull the blanket over yourself in bed
- Put on clothes (socks, stockings, shoes), bending over to your feet
- Sleep on a healthy side without a pillow between the legs
- Sit cross-legged, cross-legged
- Turn to the side with the body without simultaneously turning the legs
Use the tips to make your daily life easier:
- When sitting in bed or going to the toilet after surgery, it is necessary to strictly monitor that there is no excessive flexion in the operated joint.When you sit down on a chair, it should be high. A regular chair should be cushioned to increase its height. Low, soft seats (armchairs) should be avoided.
- In some patients with advanced process, certain difficulties persist when putting on socks. We recommend using a simple device in the form of a stick with a clothespin at the end, or a special clip sold in prosthetic and orthopedic enterprises.
- Wear shoes with a long-handled horn, try to buy shoes without laces
- Place the blanket next to you or use the blanket stretcher.
- Shower on a non-slip mat using a long-handled washcloth and flexible shower.
- Dedicate most of your free time to exercise therapy.
The first goal of exercise therapy is to improve blood circulation in the operated leg. It is very important to prevent blood stagnation, reduce swelling, and accelerate the healing of postoperative wounds. The next important task of physiotherapy exercises is to restore the strength of the muscles of the operated limb and restore the normal range of motion in the joints, the support of the entire leg.Remember that there is minimal friction in the operated joint. It is an articulated joint with perfect glide, so all problems with limiting the range of motion in the joint are solved not by passively developing it by swinging, but by actively training the muscles surrounding the joint.
In the first days after the operation, physiotherapy exercises are carried out while lying in bed. All exercises should be performed smoothly, slowly, avoiding sudden movements and excessive muscle tension.During exercise, correct breathing is important – inhalation usually coincides with muscle tension, exhalation – with their relaxation.
The first exercise is for the calf muscles. You have already used this exercise on the day of surgery. Bend your feet with slight tension towards yourself and away from yourself. The exercise should be performed with both legs for several minutes up to 4-5 times per hour.
Ankle Rotation : Rotate the foot of the operated leg first clockwise and then in the opposite direction.Rotation is carried out only at the expense of the ankle joint, not the knee! Repeat the exercise 5 times in each direction.
Quadriceps Exercise : Squeeze the muscle on the front of the thigh, try to straighten the knee, pressing the back of the leg against the bed. Hold in tension for 5 to 10 seconds.
Repeat this exercise 10 times for each leg (not just the operated one)
Knee flexion with heel support : Move the heel towards the buttocks, bending the knee and touching the heel to the bed surface.Don’t let your knee rotate towards the other leg or bend your hip more than 90 degrees. Repeat this exercise 10 times.
If at first it is difficult for you to perform the above exercise on the first day after the operation, then you can postpone it. If difficulties arise later, you can use a tape or rolled sheet to help tighten your foot.
Buttock Contractions : Contract the muscles of the buttocks and hold them tense for 5 seconds.Repeat the exercise at least 10 times.
Abduction Exercise: Pull the operated leg as far as possible to the side and back. Repeat this exercise 10 times. If at first it is difficult for you to perform this exercise on the first day after the operation, then you can postpone it. Very often this exercise fails in the first days after the operation.
Straighten Leg Raise : Tighten your thigh muscles so that the knee of the leg on the bed is fully extended.Then lift your leg a few centimeters from the surface of the bed. Repeat this exercise 10 times for each leg. If at first it is difficult for you to perform this exercise on the first day after the operation, then you can postpone it. Like the previous one, very often this exercise fails in the first days after the operation.
Continue all these exercises later, in the next second, third and so on days after the hip replacement surgery.
First Steps
In the first days after surgery, you must learn to get out of bed, stand, sit and walk so that you can do it safely yourself.We hope that our simple tips will help you with this.
Immediately you must remember that before you sit down or get up, you must bandage your legs with elastic bandages or wear special elastic stockings to prevent vein thrombosis of the lower extremities !!!
Getting out of bed
As a rule, you are allowed to get up on the third day after the operation. The first time you get back on your feet, a physical therapy instructor or attending physician will help you.At this time, you still feel weak, so during the first days someone must definitely help you, supporting you. You may feel a little dizzy, but try to rely on yourself as much as possible. Remember, the faster you get up, the faster you will begin to walk on your own. The medical staff can only help you, but no more. Progress is entirely up to you.
So, you should get out of bed in the direction of the operated leg. Sit on the edge of the bed with your operated leg straight and in front.Before getting up, check that the floor is not slippery. Place both feet on the floor. You can also stand to the side of your healthy leg, provided that you do not bend the operated hip more than 90 degrees and do not bring it to the midline of the body. Using crutches and your non-operated leg, try to stand up.
If you want to go to bed, all actions are performed in the reverse order: first you need to put your healthy leg on the bed, then the operated one.
How to use crutches correctly
Get up and place your crutches forward a stride length and towards your toes.With your elbow slightly bent, keep your hips as straight as possible. Hold the crutch handles firmly when walking. When walking, touch the floor with the operated leg. Then increase the load on your leg by trying to step on it with a force equal to the weight of your leg or 20% of your body weight. You can determine the load using ordinary weights, on which you need to stand with the operated leg with the required load. Remember the feeling and try to step on your foot with this load when walking.
Attention: the main weight must be supported by palms, not armpits!
If you are allowed to use only one crutch, then the crutch must be on the side of your good leg.
How to sit and stand up
To sit down, turn your back to a chair until you feel its edge. Move both crutches to the side of your good leg. Sit in a chair with the armrests and the operated leg extended.
Bend your legs at a small angle and sit up straight. Slide forward to get out of the chair. Grasp the armrests of the chair with your hands to stand on your healthy leg, slightly stretching the still operated leg. Then, grab the crutches with both hands to stand on the operated leg.
1-4 days after surgery
Targets
- Learn to get out of bed and go to bed on your own.
- Learn to walk independently with crutches or walkers.
- Learning to independently sit on a chair and get up from it.
- Learn to use the toilet on your own.
- Learn to do the exercises.
Hazards
- Follow the rules to prevent dislocation of the endoprosthesis: observe the right angle rule, sleep with a pillow between the knees.
- Do not lie on the operated side. If you want to lie on your side, then lie down only on your healthy side, and be sure to place a pillow or roller between your knees.
- When you are lying on your back, do not constantly put a pillow or a roller under your knee – often you want to do so and a little flexion in the knee reduces pain, but if you keep the knee bent all the time, then it is very difficult to restore extension in the hip joint, it will be difficult to start walking …
Rehabilitation
- Workout of the anterior thigh muscles (straight leg lift)
- Training of other muscles of the thigh (compression of the pillow between the legs)
- Training of the gluteal muscles (squeezing the buttocks)
- Work by the muscles of the lower leg (foot movements)
- When standing, fully straighten your leg.
- The duration and frequency of walking with crutches is gradually increased.By 4-5 days after the operation, walking 100-150 meters 4-5 times a day is considered a good result.
- It is necessary to strive for a symmetrical load on the left and right legs (if the doctor permits such a load on the leg)
- Try not to limp — keep the steps shorter and slower, but not limp steps.
- By 4-5 days, go from “catching up” gait to normal (ie, when walking, put the operated leg further forward of the non-operated leg)
HOW TO UP AND DOWN THE STAIRS
Attention: do not take your first steps up the stairs yourself!
In 4-5 days after the operation, you need to learn to walk up the stairs.Climbing stairs requires both joint mobility and muscle strength, so it should be avoided if possible until complete recovery. But for many of us this is not possible, because even to the elevator in many houses you need to climb the stairs. If you have to use a ladder, you may need someone else’s help. Always use the opposite hand opposite the operated joint on the railing when climbing stairs and take one step at a time.
Climbing stairs:
1.Step up with your good leg.
2. Then move the operated leg one step up.
3. Finally, place your crutch and / or cane on the same rung.
Descending stairs, reverse:
1. Place your crutch and / or cane on the step below.
2. Step down with the operated leg.
3. Finally, move your good leg down.
Remember the basic rule: A HEALTHY LEG IS ALWAYS ABOVE THE SICK!
When you learn to stand up and stand steadily, you can expand the complex of physiotherapy exercises.While doing these exercises while standing, hold onto a secure support (headboard, table, wall, or sturdy chair). Repeat each exercise 10 times during each session 3 times a day.
Standing Knee Raise : Raise the knee of the operated leg. Do not raise your knee above waist level. Hold your leg for two seconds, for the count of three, lower it.
Standing hip extension : Slowly pull the operated leg back.Try to keep your back straight. Hold your leg for 2 or 3 seconds, then bring it back to the floor.
Standing Leg Abduction: Make sure your hip, knee, and foot are straight forward. Keep your body straight. Making sure that the knee is pointing forward at all times, move your leg to the side. Then slowly lower your leg back so that the foot is back on the floor.
AFTER DISCHARGE
- Following your doctor’s instructions is very important for a speedy recovery:
- If you use a walker or crutches while walking, ask your doctor how much weight you can use on the operated leg.Do not forget that, most likely, you will get tired faster than before. You should allow for 30 to 60 minute rest periods throughout the day.
- It is easier and safer to sit down and get up from a chair, putting most of the weight on your hands. It is unacceptable to sit on low and soft chairs or beds. Cushions or sleeping pillows can be used to sit at a sufficient height.
- A sufficiently high toilet seat will help reduce stress on the hip and knee joints when standing up and sitting on the toilet.
- A screw-on shelf at chest level in the shower avoids the need to bend down to retrieve toiletries when showering.
- The seat (bench) in the bathroom will allow you to take a bath safely and comfortably in a sitting position.
- A long-handled washcloth should be used to wash the lower parts of the feet. For women to shave their legs, use a special razor extension.
- Do not sweep, mop or vacuum the floor. You can use a long-handled mop to wash high or low items.
- Driving by car is not prohibited, but instructions should be followed when getting in and out of the vehicle. You can place a cushion on the seat to increase the height of the seat. When riding, try to move the seat back as much as possible, taking the half-reclined position.
- Your doctor will most likely prescribe pain relievers for you. Be sure to follow your doctor’s instructions for taking these medications.
- Small edema of tissues around the postoperative wound is not a deviation.Therefore, comfortable and loose clothing should be worn to prevent pressure on the wound. Ask your doctor or other qualified healthcare professional about how you should handle your surgical wound.
By 4-5 weeks after the operation, the muscles and ligaments grow together quite tightly, and this is exactly the time when it is time to increase the load on the muscles, restore their strength, the ability to balance, which is impossible without the coordinated work of all the muscles surrounding the hip joint.
All of this is needed in order to move from crutches to canes and then begin to walk completely independently. It is impossible to give up crutches earlier, when the muscles are not yet able to fully hold the joint and even more so to react to possible non-standard situations (for example, a sharp turn).
Exercises with elastic band (with resistance). These exercises should be performed 10 times in the morning, afternoon and evening. Attach one end of the elastic band around the ankle of the operated leg, and the other end to a locked door, heavy furniture, or wall bars.To maintain balance, it is worth holding on to a chair or headboard.
Resistance Hip Flexion : Stand with your back against a wall or heavy object to which an elastic band is attached, with your operated leg slightly to the side. Raise your leg forward, keeping your knee straight. Then slowly return the leg to its original position.
Resistance Hip Extension : Stand facing a wall or heavy object to which an elastic band is attached, with your operated leg slightly to the side.Extend your leg at the hip joint, keeping the knee straight. Then slowly return the leg to its original position.
Resistant leg abduction in a standing position : Stand with your good side against a door or a heavy object to which a rubber tube is attached and swing your operated leg to the side. Slowly return your leg to its original position.
Walk : Use the cane until you are confident in your balance. At first, walk for 5-10 minutes 3-4 times a day.When your strength and endurance increase, you will be able to walk for 20-30 minutes 2-3 times a day. Once you are fully recovered, continue regular walking for 20-30 minutes 3-4 times a week to maintain the muscle strength achieved. Use the cane only on the side of your good leg.
ADVICE FOR THE FUTURE
- Approximately 6-8 weeks after your surgery, your doctor may authorize you to drive and tell you about driving habits. If your car is not equipped with an automatic transmission, talk to your doctor about the resulting driving restrictions.Before entering the road, you should make sure that braking the vehicle does not cause you discomfort.
- Constipation often occurs in patients after surgery. It is caused by low mobility and pain medication. Talk to your doctor about your diet. If the doctor has no objection, then the menu should include fresh fruits and vegetables, and also drink eight full glasses of liquid every day.
- Keep track of your weight – every extra kilogram will accelerate the wear and tear of your joint.Remember, there are no special diets for hip replacement patients. Your food should be rich in vitamins, all essential proteins, mineral salts. None of the food groups has priority over the others, and only all together can they provide the body with complete healthy food.
- Your artificial joint is a complex structure made of metal, plastic, ceramics, so if you are going to travel by plane, take care of obtaining a certificate of the operation performed, i.e.This can be useful when going through airport control. On long trips, take your endoprosthesis passport with you.
- Remember that your joint contains metal, so deep warming up, UHF therapy on the area of the operated joint using the transverse technique is undesirable.
- Usually, when limb function is fully restored, patients have a desire to continue playing their favorite sports. But, taking into account the peculiarities of the biomechanics of the artificial joint, it is advisable to avoid those types of sports activities that are associated with lifting or carrying weights, sharp blows to the operated limb.Therefore, we do not recommend horse riding, running, jumping, weightlifting, etc. Walking (normal and Scandinavian), swimming, leisurely cycling and skiing are recommended.
- Avoid colds, chronic infections, hypothermia – your artificial joint can become the very “weak point” that undergoes inflammation.
Rehabilitation at an outpatient-polyclinic stage
Each patient needs an individual program, taking into account comorbidities.The goal of rehabilitation is to form a correct gait and eliminate muscle imbalance.
During this period it can be recommended:
- Physiotherapy:
- Magnetic therapy of the hip joint and lower limb area
- Calcium electrophoresis in the area of the hip joint
- Electrical stimulation of the gluteal, quadriceps muscles of the thigh (DDT, SMT, Miorhythm, IFT)
- Phonophoresis of heparin on the area of hematomas (if any)
- Hydrotherapy, swimming (after complete healing of the postoperative wound)
- Heat therapy (after 6 weeks)
- Massage of the operated limb (allowed from 12-14 days after the removal of postoperative sutures).
- Physiotherapy exercises
- Continue with the previous exercises.
- Special gymnastics lying on the side (non-operated), on the stomach, standing with support.
- Cycling
- Dosed walking
The “trouble-free” life of your new joint depends largely on the strength of its fixation in the bone. And it, in turn, is determined by the quality of the bone tissue surrounding the joint. Unfortunately, in many patients who underwent endoprosthetics, the quality of bone tissue leaves much to be desired due to the existing osteoporosis.Osteoporosis is understood as the loss of bone’s mechanical strength. In many ways, the development of osteoporosis depends on the age, sex of the patient, diet and lifestyle. Women after 50 years are especially susceptible to this ailment. But regardless of gender and age, it is advisable to avoid the so-called risk factors for the development of osteoporosis. These include a sedentary lifestyle, the use of steroid hormones, smoking, and alcohol abuse. To prevent the development of osteoporosis, we recommend that patients give up highly carbonated drinks such as Pepsi-Cola, forfeits, etc.etc., be sure to include in your diet foods rich in calcium, for example: dairy products, fish, vegetables. If you develop symptoms of osteoporosis, you need to urgently discuss with your doctor the best ways to treat it.
Remember that your artificial joint does not last forever. The average service life of a normal endoprosthesis is 15-20 years, in the best cases it reaches 25 years. Of course, one should not constantly think about the inevitability of a second operation (especially since most patients manage to avoid it).Your new joint “loves” an attentive, tidy attitude. It is very important that you remember this, stay in good physical shape and on your feet all the time. Given some of the caveats we talked about above, you can fully recover and return to a normal active life, to your favorite job or hobby.
Clasps (clasps) for jewelry
1) Jewelry size : small clasps will look neat in miniature jewelry, large clasps are better for massive jewelry.
2) Jewelry weight: For heavy jewelry, for example, from large stone or porcelain beads, it is better to select the most reliable fasteners, such as carabiners, sliders, toggles, some types of hooks.
3) Number of rows in the decoration: For multi-row or wide jewelry, you should choose fasteners with several loops or use adapter connectors.
4) Type of jewelry: almost all types of fasteners are suitable for jewelry on the neck, but it is better to put more reliable fasteners on bracelets that will not open by themselves when rubbing with your hand on clothes or other objects.In addition, for bracelets it is better to use clasps that you can unfasten or fasten yourself by putting on the bracelet. Despite these limitations, in almost any type of fastener, you can choose a fastener suitable for the bracelet – the main thing is to take into account all other factors. In our opinion, the most convenient clasps for bracelets are toggles, sliders, strong magnetic clasps, carabiners (if you get the hang of fastening them yourself).
5) Ease of use : when assembling a piece of jewelry, be sure to take into account the fact who will wear the piece.For people with low vision and fine motor skills (such as the elderly), it is better to use large, easy to close / open locks. For small children, on the contrary, it is better to use fasteners that are difficult to unfasten on their own – this reduces the likelihood that the jewelry will be lost.
6) Do you need to adjust the length of the jewelry : if the jewelry is made for sale, it is better to put a clasp that allows you to change the length of the jewelry, for example, by using an extension chain.These clasps include: carabiners, rings, hooks, snap fasteners. If the jewelry is created for a specific person, you can make a fixed size jewelry and use any kind of fasteners. Note that all types of fasteners can be used for transformable jewelry with variable length. Even if the clasp does not imply the possibility of lengthening (it consists of two parts that can only be closed on top of each other), you can make an ornament with several such clasps.That is, the decoration will consist of several parts, each of which can be fastened either by itself or fastened to another part of the decoration. Thus, you can make beads / necklaces that can change length, or bracelets and necklaces that can be worn as a set, or can be fastened together and worn as long beads, as shown in the photo below:
7) Jewelry design: Of course, when choosing a clasp, you should definitely take into account the design of the jewelry.The clasp should not get out of the general style of decoration, draw attention to itself (if, of course, it is not the central element of the decoration).
In some cases, the clasp can be dispensed with. For example, when assembling a jewelry on an elastic band, memory wire, or when creating long beads that are worn over the head or tied in a knot. On bracelets woven from cords, the clasp can be replaced with a slip knot or a button clasp can be formed. Lacing can be done on wide textile or leather bracelets.Examples of jewelry created without clasps are shown below:
And, finally, let’s consider non-standard options for using fasteners. For example, carabiners are often used to decorate key chains, bracelets, bookmarks, and sometimes earrings with pendants: the carabiner pendant can be easily detached and replaced with another, which makes the jewelry / accessory more versatile. The toggles themselves are sometimes used as pendants, and this applies to both rings and togla sticks.Below are examples of the use of clasps “inappropriately”:
Prevention of tuberculosis in children
Children, of course, are almost the most vulnerable category of the population to infections of all kinds. And tuberculosis can rightfully be called one of the most dangerous, and also the most difficult. Tuberculosis is an insidious and serious disease, and it can develop gradually and imperceptibly. Considering that only one-time contact with a sick person is enough for the spread of tuberculosis, and it is treated, unlike for a long time and in many stages, great attention is paid to the prevention of this disease in all countries of the world.And in this case, the prevention of tuberculosis in children comes to the fore, and starting from a very early age.
The first step towards stimulating the development of immunity in babies to tuberculosis is vaccination already in the maternity hospital. So, almost on the third day after birth, if there are no contraindications for that, the so-called BCG vaccine can be administered to the child. This vaccine contains live mycobacteria, the causative agents of tuberculosis. In small quantities, they do not pose any harm to the child’s body, but they activate the process of forming immunity to tuberculosis.The vaccine is administered in the shoulder, after which immunity to tuberculosis begins to develop from 2-8 weeks until the end of the first year of life.
At the same time, a characteristic scar is formed at the site of vaccination, which can be called one of the signs of an effective vaccination. As a preventive measure, doctors do not undertake vaccination against tuberculosis for premature babies, babies with weak immunity or the presence of allergic diseases, in the case of acute diseases or exacerbation of chronic ones.However, it should be borne in mind that children with chronic diseases need vaccination against tuberculosis more than their completely healthy peers. But the doctor will make a decision about the time of vaccination, based on the condition of the child at one stage or another, taking into account the well-being of the baby.
Unfortunately, the BCG vaccine, administered once, is not effective to protect a child from tuberculosis forever. After a few years, its effectiveness is reduced to almost zero, and therefore, on the eve of going to school (at seven years old), the tuberculosis vaccination will have to be repeated, subject to a negative reaction to the Mantoux test.
Vaccination against tuberculosis is, of course, one of the necessary measures to prevent the risk of getting tuberculosis. But a lot of things actually depend on the health of the baby, which parents should strengthen through hardening, regular water procedures, and compliance with hygiene rules. The selection of clothing according to the season and sufficient exposure to the fresh air, mandatory ventilation of the premises also play a role in the prevention of tuberculosis in children. And also – outdoor games and sports, walking barefoot, proper nutrition.
And yet, one of the most important conditions for the prevention of tuberculosis in children is the timely detection of adults from the environment of a child with this disease. To some extent, the Mantoux test, carried out annually to preschool children and the Diaskintest test from the age of 8, helps to determine the threat of infection. As a preventive measure, adults are recommended to take a fluorographic scan once a year, which will eliminate the presence of tuberculosis and the associated risk of infection of the child.
Tuberculin in its classical form was invented in 1890 by the famous German physician Robert Koch, after whom the causative agent of tuberculosis, Koch’s bacillus, is also named.
What is tuberculin or Diaskintest? The meaning of immunodiagnostics is to “designate” the presence of a tubercle bacillus in the body so that it is possible to assess the body’s response (qualitatively and quantitatively) to this “presence”. In this sense, tuberculin and Diaskintest do an excellent job of their task. Immunopreparations (tuberculin or Diaskintest) can be characterized as a heterogeneous mixture of organic substances of varying degrees of complexity, obtained from mycobacteria.
What is a reaction to the introduction of an immunotherapy?
This is the result of the body’s reaction to the introduction of an immunopreparation. A positive reaction means that the inflammation is higher than that caused by the injection itself and a certain diagnostic threshold. By measuring the diameter of a papule (an inflammatory “plaque” or “button”) with a ruler, one can estimate the intensity of immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Strictly speaking, the body’s reaction to an immunological agent is one of the types of allergies (since an immunological agent in itself is not a full-fledged antigen, it is rather an allergen).That is why existing allergic diseases can affect the result of the Mantoux test, but not with Diaskintest. It should be remembered that, in addition to existing allergic diseases, recent infections, chronic pathology, immunity to non-tuberculous mycobacteria, age can influence the result of the reaction. Not the least role is played by other accompanying factors – the phase of the menstrual cycle in girls; individual characteristics of skin sensitivity; balanced nutrition of the child, etc.Adverse environmental factors have a pronounced effect on the results of mass immunodiagnostics: increased background radiation, the presence of harmful emissions from chemical industries, etc. The results of immunodiagnostics can also be influenced by various irregularities in the method of its implementation: transportation and storage of the immunopreparation, when using non-standard and low-quality instruments, with errors in the technique of staging and reading reactions. Taking into account the above factors, in an isolated form, a positive reaction to the administration of an immunotherapy in itself is not 100% proof of infection with tuberculosis.To confirm the diagnosis, a number of other studies are required – excluding the connection with BCG vaccination, chest x-ray, microbiological sputum culture and a number of others. In turn, a negative result does not give a 100% guarantee of the absence of Koch’s bacillus in the body. Recently, an alternative method of examination has appeared, and there is a T -SPOT.TB test, which is carried out in the Altai Territory on the basis of the CDTs “Children’s Health” LLC, Barnaul.
Why do I need an immunological test?
Or rather, is it really needed at all? On this score, WHO answers in the affirmative – yes, for countries with a high urgency of tuberculosis (this is what Russia and most of the CIS countries are at the moment), this test is one of the most effective measures to control infection.Even in those countries where the urgency of tuberculosis is low, for example, in the USA and France, the immunological test is used quite actively – to identify those infected with tuberculosis in high-risk groups.
Immunological is needed for:
• identifying those who are primarily infected, that is, those who are first diagnosed with the fact of infection with a tubercle bacillus;
• detection of those infected for more than one year with hyperergic reactions to the immunotherapy;
• infected for more than one year with an increase in infiltration by 6 mm or more
• diagnosis of tuberculosis in persons who are infected with Koch’s bacillus, but do not show symptoms of the disease at the moment; confirming the diagnosis of tuberculosis;
• selection of the contingent of children to be revaccinated against tuberculosis.
The selection of children and adolescents for revaccination is carried out according to the results of the Mantoux test at 6-7. Revaccination of BCG is subject to healthy individuals only with a negative reaction to tuberculin.
Contraindications to the setting of an immunological test.
It should be emphasized that the immunological test is harmless both for healthy children and adolescents and for children with various somatic diseases. the immunopreparation does not contain live microorganisms, and in the applied dosage of 2 TE (0.1 ml) does not affect either the body’s immune system or the whole body as a whole.
Contraindications to the immunological test are:
1.skin diseases,
2.acute and chronic infectious and somatic diseases in the exacerbation stage (an immunological test is placed 1 month after the disappearance of all clinical symptoms or immediately after the quarantine is lifted),
3.allergic conditions,
4. epilepsy.
It is not allowed to conduct a sample in those collectives where there is a quarantine for children’s infections.An immunological test is placed 1 month after the disappearance of all clinical symptoms or immediately after the quarantine has been lifted.
Immunity following prophylactic vaccinations may affect tuberculin sensitivity. Therefore, an immunoassay should be scheduled prior to any vaccinations. In this case, vaccinations are carried out immediately after evaluating the results of the sample. If the immunological test is performed not before, but after the vaccination, it should be carried out no earlier than 4 weeks after the vaccination, as well as the introduction of immunoglobulins (sera).
Thus, there are practically no absolute contraindications for making an immunological test.
How is the immunological test placed?
With a special tuberculin syringe, tuberculin is injected intradermally (the middle third of the inner surface of the forearm) in terms of 2 tuberculosis units (TE). The volume of the administered dose is 0.1 ml. The needle is inserted with a cut upward, to a depth sufficient for the outlet to be completely immersed in the skin.In order to make sure that the needle has not penetrated the skin and to ensure the intradermal injection itself, the needle is slightly raised, pulling the skin. After the introduction of tuberculin, a specific bulging of the upper layer of the skin is formed, better known as a “button”.
How to take care of a button?
The simplest answer is no way. In any case, until the evaluation of the results. It is not necessary to smear the place of setting the sample with brilliant green, peroxide. It is very important to avoid contact of the sample site with water and other liquids.There is no need to seal the wound with an adhesive plaster – under it, the skin can sweat. Do not allow the child to comb the “button”. Remember that improper care of the tuberculin injection site can affect the test result, and this is not necessary for either the patient or the doctor.
Prevention of tuberculosis in children
Prevention of tuberculosis in children
90,000 Autism Spectrum Disorders in Children
07.12.2015
Often mothers come to the doctor with complaints of delayed speech development in a child. But in some children, with a closer look, a specialist, in addition to this, sees features of the child’s behavior that differ from the norm and are alarming 90,075.
Let’s consider a clinical example:
Boy S. Age 2 years 9 months. According to the mother, the child’s vocabulary is no more than 20 separate words, consisting of two or three syllables.No phrases. Mom says that the child often has tantrums, is restless, it is difficult to fall asleep. The mother of the child does not present any other complaints. During the examination, the doctor notices that the child does not look into the eyes, is in motion all the time, reacts by screaming if he is not given something or is forbidden. You can calm your child down only by giving him a mobile phone or tablet. Shows interest not in children’s toys, but more in shiny pieces of furniture and interior design. Starting to play something, he quickly loses interest and switches to something else.Asking the mother, it turns out that the child is very selective in food. Not potty trained, defecation only in a diaper in a standing position. Sleep poorly and wakes up during sleep. The child underwent electroencephalography and consultations with a clinical psychologist and speech therapist. Based on the results of the diagnosis and the clinical picture, the diagnosis was made – Autism Spectrum Disorder.
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are complex disorders of mental development, which are characterized by social maladjustment and inability to social interaction, communication and stereotyped behavior (repeated repetitions of repetitive actions).
Back in the middle of the last century, autism was a fairly rare disease. But over time, more and more children with this disorder began to appear. Statistics show that the incidence of ASD in children over the past 30-40 years in countries where such statistics are carried out has risen from 4-5 people per 10 thousand children to 50-116 cases per 10 thousand children. Moreover, boys are more susceptible to this disease than girls (the ratio is approximately 4: 1).
Causes of ASD.
All over the world, to this day, scientists studying the causes of autism have not come to a consensus. Many theories are being put forward. Among the possible factors for the appearance of this disorder in children, some hypotheses are called:
– hypothesis about genetic predisposition
– a hypothesis based on disorders in the development of the nervous system (autism is considered as a disease caused by impaired development of the brain in the early stages of a child’s growth).
– hypotheses about the influence of external factors: infections, chemical effects on the mother’s body during pregnancy, birth trauma, congenital metabolic disorders, the effect of certain drugs, industrial toxins.
But whether these factors can really lead to the onset of autism in children has not yet been clarified.
Features of the mental development of children with ASD.
To understand and recognize the presence of autism in a child, parents need to closely monitor the child’s behavior, notice unusual signs that are not characteristic of the age norm.Most often, these signs can be detected in children under the age of 3 years.
Children’s autism is considered as a developmental disorder that affects all areas of the child’s psyche: intellectual, emotional, sensitivity, motor sphere, attention, thinking, memory, speech.
Violations of speech development : Absence or weak humming and babbling may be noted at an early age. After a year, it becomes noticeable that the child does not use speech to communicate with adults, does not respond to a name, does not follow speech instructions.By the age of 2, children have very little vocabulary. By the age of 3, no phrases or sentences are being built. At the same time, children often repeat words stereotypically (often incomprehensible to others) in the form of an echo. Some children have a lack of speech development. In others, speech continues to develop, but communication disorders are still present. Children do not use pronouns, addresses, speak about themselves in the third person. In some cases, regression of previously acquired speech skills is noted.
Difficulties in communication and lack of emotional contact with others: Such children avoid tactile contact, eye contact is almost completely absent, inappropriate facial reactions and difficulties in using gestures are present.Children most often do not smile, do not reach out to their parents and resist attempts by adults to take them in their arms. Children with autism lack the ability to express their emotions, as well as to recognize them from the people around them. There is a lack of empathy for other people. The child and the adult do not focus on one activity. Children with autism do not make contact with other children or avoid it, it is difficult for them to cooperate with other children, more often they tend to retire (difficulties in adapting to the environment).
N Disruption of exploratory behavior: 90,075 children are not attracted by the novelty of the situation, are not interested in their surroundings, and are not interested in toys. Therefore, children with autism most often use toys in an unusual way, for example, a child may not roll the car as a whole, but for hours monotonously turn one of its wheels. Or not understanding the purpose of the toy to use it for other purposes.
Eating Disorders : A child with autism can be extremely selective in the proposed products, food can cause disgust in the child, danger, often children begin to sniff food.But along with this, children may try to eat an inedible thing.
Disorder of self-preservation behavior: Due to a large number of fears, the child often finds himself in a situation that is dangerous to himself. The cause can be any external stimulus that causes an inappropriate response in the child. For example, a sudden noise can cause a child to run in a random direction. Also, the reason is ignoring real threats to life: a child can climb very high, play with sharp objects, and run across the road without looking.
Disorder of motor development: As soon as the child begins to walk, he becomes uncomfortable. Also, some children with autism tend to walk on their toes, and the lack of coordination of hands and feet is very noticeable. It is very difficult for such children to teach everyday actions, it is quite difficult for them to imitate. Instead, they develop stereotypical movements (performing monotonous actions for a long time, running in a circle, swaying, flapping “like wings” and circular movements with their hands), as well as stereotypical manipulations with objects (sorting through small details, arranging them in a row).Children with autism find it difficult to master self-care skills. Expressed motor awkwardness.
Perceptual disturbances: difficulties in orientation in space, fragmentation in the perception of the environment, distortion of the integral picture of the objective world.
Difficulty in concentrating: Children have difficulty concentrating on one thing, there is a high impulsivity and restlessness.
Poor memory: 90,075 Parents and professionals often find that children with autism are good at remembering things that matter to them (this may cause them pleasure or fear).Such children remember their fear for a long time, even if it happened a long time ago.
Peculiarities of thinking: specialists note difficulties in voluntary learning. Also, children with autism do not focus on understanding the cause-and-effect relationships in what is happening, there are difficulties in transferring the learned skills to a new situation, the concreteness of thinking. It is difficult for a child to understand the sequence of events and the logic of another person.
Behavioral problems: negativism (refusal to listen to the instructions of an adult, to carry out joint activities with him, withdrawal from the learning situation).Often accompanied by resistance, shouts, aggressive outbursts. The fears of these children are a huge problem. Usually they are incomprehensible to others, because often children cannot explain them. A child may be frightened by sharp sounds, certain actions. Another behavioral disorder is aggression. Any disorder, violation of a stereotype, interference of the outside world in a child’s life can provoke aggressive (hysterics or physical attack) and auto-aggressive outbursts (damage to oneself).
Each case of the disease is very individual: autism can have most of the listed symptoms in an extreme degree of manifestation, or it can manifest itself with only a few subtle features.
Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorders
To diagnose autism, experts use the criteria of 2 international classifications: ICD-10 and DSM-5.
But the main three criteria (“triad” of violations) that can be distinguished are:
– violation of social adaptation
– violations in the communication sphere
– stereotyped behavior
The main diagnostic steps include:
– examination of the child by a psychiatrist, neurologist, psychologist
– observing the child and completing the “Autism Rating Scale”, which can be used to establish the severity of the disorder
– conversation with parents
– filling out questionnaires by parents – “Questionnaire for the diagnosis of autism”
Types of RAS
There are several existing classifications of ASD, and the separation often occurs on completely different grounds, which, of course, can bring some inconvenience to a person who is initially little familiar with medicine or psychology; therefore, below will be highlighted the most basic and frequently encountered in practice types of ASD: – Kanner’s syndrome (Early childhood autism) – characterized by a “triad” of major disorders: difficulty in establishing contacts with the outside world, stereotypical behavior, as well as delay or impairment of the communicative functions of speech development …It is also necessary to note the condition of the early onset of these symptoms (up to about 2.5 years)
It manifests itself in children in 4 forms, depending on the degree of fencing off from the outside world:
Complete detachment from what is happening. This group is characterized by a lack of speech and the inability to organize the child (to establish eye contact, to achieve the fulfillment of instructions and assignments). When trying to interact with a child, he shows the greatest discomfort and impaired activity.
Active rejection. It is characterized by more active contact with the environment than the first group. There is no such detachment, but there is a rejection of a part of the world that is unacceptable to a child. The child shows selective behavior (in dealing with people, in food, in clothes)
Gripped by autistic interests. It is characterized by the formation of overvalued addictions (for years a child can speak on the same topic, draw the same plot).The gaze of such children is directed to the person’s face, but they look “through” this person. Such children enjoy the stereotypical reproduction of individual impressions.
Extreme difficulty in organizing communication and interaction. Autism is at its most mild. Children are characterized by increased vulnerability, contact with the world ceases at the slightest sense of obstacles. Eye contact can be made with these children.
– Asperger’s Syndrome.Formed from birth. Children have an early onset of speech development, a rich vocabulary, developed logical thinking, and there are no disorders in mental development. But at the same time, the communicative side of speech suffers: such children do not know how to establish contact with other people, do not listen to them, can talk to themselves, do not keep a distance in communication, do not know how to empathize with other people.
– Rett syndrome. Its peculiarity lies in the fact that the development of a child up to 1-1.5 years of age proceeds normally, but then the newly acquired speech, motor and subject-role skills begin to disintegrate.Typical for this condition are stereotyped, monotonous hand movements, rubbing, wringing, while not being purposeful. The rarest of the diseases presented, which is almost always found only in girls.
– Childhood psychosis. The first manifestations of symptoms are up to 3 years. It is characterized by violations of social behavior, communication disorders. There are stereotypes in behavior (children run monotonously in a circle, sway while standing and sitting, fingering their fingers, shaking their hands).Such children have eating disorders: they can swallow food without chewing. Their obscure speech can sometimes be an incoherent set of words. There are times when children freeze in place like dolls.
– Atypical autism. It differs from autism in age-related manifestation and the absence of one criterion from the “triad” of major disorders.
Correction of patients with ASD
One of the most important sections of habilitation for children with ASD, undoubtedly, is the provision of psychocorrectional and social rehabilitation assistance, with the formation of skills of social interaction and adaptation.Complex psychocorrectional work, which includes all sections and types of rehabilitation assistance, which will be described below, is, along with drug therapy, an effective means of relieving negative symptoms of ASD, and also contributes to the normal inclusion of the child in society. Types of ASD correction:
1) Psychological correction is the most common and well-known type; is characterized by a fairly wide range of techniques, of which the TEACCH and ABA-therapy programs are the most widespread and recognized in the world.
The first program is based on the following principles:
– The characteristics of each individual child are interpreted based on observations of him, and not from theoretical ideas;
– increasing adaptation is carried out both by teaching new skills and by adapting existing ones to the environment;
– creation of an individual training program for each child; use of structured learning; holistic approach to intervention.
The second program is largely based on learning, depending on the consequences that have arisen after the behavior. The consequences can be in the form of punishment or reward. In this model, it is necessary to highlight the main methods, such as the procedure for creating a contour and reinforcing behavior similar to the target; method of teaching chains of behavior; teaching methodology for distinguishing stimuli.
2) Neuropsychological correction – this type includes a set of exercises consisting of stretching, breathing, oculomotor, mimic and other exercises for the development of the communicative and cognitive spheres, and the exercises themselves differ markedly in time and quantity.
3) Working with the child’s family and environment – first of all, this type of correction is aimed at alleviating emotional tension and anxiety among family members, since often parents of children with ASD also need help, including psychotherapeutic support and training programs (such programs are mainly aimed at forming feelings of understanding the problem, the reality of its solution and the meaningfulness of behavior in the current family situation).
4) Psychosocial therapy – in fact, work with the child himself on the formation of cognitive, emotional and motivational-volitional resources of the personality for the possibility of further social adaptation, the need for which is manifested more and more clearly as the child with ASD grows up.
5) Speech therapy – given the fact that speech development is one of the cardinal manifestations of ASD, this type of work with a child will be an integral part of the correction program. It is characterized by an orientation towards the formation of vocabulary, the development of auditory attention, as well as phonetic and speech hearing.
6) Medical correction of ASD. Some forms of autism require medication for the child.For example, to improve concentration and perseverance, the doctor may prescribe vitamins and nootropic drugs that improve thinking processes and stimulate speech development. And with high impulsivity, aggression, negativism, pronounced signs of “withdrawal”, psychotropic drugs can help. In some cases, Autism is combined with epileptic seizures. In such cases, drugs are needed to prevent seizures. Many mothers are afraid of drugs. But medications are prescribed for a specific period, not forever.Adverse events from medications are rare. And the result from the effect in most cases is worth the courage of the parents. In each case, it is necessary to individually decide what kind of therapy is needed. And the doctor must be able to clearly explain to parents all questions regarding drugs.
The Children’s Diagnostic Center in Domodedovo has all the possibilities for diagnosing Autism Spectrum Disorders. Such as: examination by a pediatric neurologist, clinical psychologist, speech therapist, examination – electroencephalography and video EEG monitoring.As well as correction techniques such as ABA therapy.
Alpatsky D.A. (chief physician, neurologist of the DDC), Litvinova E.V. (psychologist at DDC)
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