Understanding Lacrosse Scoring Rules: A Comprehensive Guide

How do lacrosse scoring rules work. What are the key components of lacrosse scoring systems. How does Athletes Unlimited Lacrosse differ from traditional scoring methods. What are the important factors in lacrosse tournament formats and playoff seeding.

The Basics of Lacrosse Scoring

Lacrosse is a fast-paced sport with a unique scoring system that can vary depending on the league or tournament format. Understanding the basics of lacrosse scoring is essential for players, coaches, and fans alike.

In traditional lacrosse, the primary scoring method is simple: each goal is worth one point. However, some leagues and formats have introduced more complex scoring systems to add excitement and strategy to the game.

Key Scoring Elements in Traditional Lacrosse

• Goals: Worth one point each
• Assists: Recorded but not typically worth points
• Game duration: Usually four quarters
• Overtime: Sudden victory in most formats

Are there any additional scoring elements in professional lacrosse leagues? Some professional leagues have experimented with two-point goals for shots taken from beyond a certain distance, adding an extra layer of strategy to the game.

Athletes Unlimited Lacrosse: A Revolutionary Scoring System

Athletes Unlimited Lacrosse has introduced a groundbreaking scoring system that combines team performance with individual player contributions. This innovative approach adds a new dimension to the sport and rewards players for their overall impact on the game.

Team Performance Points

In Athletes Unlimited Lacrosse, team performance is crucial for scoring. Here’s how it works:

• Quarter wins: 20 points
• Game wins: 45 points
• Tied quarters: Points carry over to the next quarter

How does overtime work in Athletes Unlimited Lacrosse? If the game is tied at the end of regulation, there’s a three-minute sudden victory overtime. If still tied, the game proceeds to a shootout with three shooters per side. A second shootout may be used if necessary. If the game remains tied after these steps, it ends in a draw.

Individual Player Points

One of the most unique aspects of Athletes Unlimited Lacrosse is the individual player point system. Players can earn or lose points based on their performance:

• Goal: +12 points
• Two-point goal: +16 points
• Assist: +4 points
• Ground ball: +2 points
• Draw control: +2 points
• Caused turnover: +12 points
• Save (goalie): +6 points
• Turnover: -8 points
• Goal against (goalie): -1 point
• Shot saved (for shooters): -2 points

How are goalie points calculated in this system? For example, if a goalie makes 8 saves, allows 5 goals, and collects 2 ground balls, their point total would be: (8 x 6) + (-5) + (2 x 2) = 47 points.

Game MVP Points

After each game, players and members of The Unlimited Club vote for three MVPs, who receive additional points:

• MVP 1: +45 points
• MVP 2: +30 points
• MVP 3: +15 points

The Unique Draft System in Athletes Unlimited Lacrosse

Athletes Unlimited Lacrosse employs a weekly draft system that adds an exciting element to the competition. Here’s how it works:

1. After each week’s matches, the top four point scorers become team captains.
2. Captains are assigned team colors based on their standings: Gold, Orange, Blue, and Purple.
3. Captains draft their teams for the upcoming week, with up to two minutes per pick.
4. Once all 56 players are selected, teams prepare for the next week of competition.

Can captains consult with others during the draft process? Yes, captains are allowed to consult with anyone they choose, including Athletes Unlimited staff, former coaches, and teammates, to help inform their draft decisions.

Tournament Formats and Rules in Lacrosse

Lacrosse tournaments often have specific formats and rules that can vary depending on the age group and level of competition. Understanding these formats is crucial for teams and spectators alike.

Common Tournament Structures

• Pool play followed by playoffs
• Round-robin format
• Bracket-style elimination
• Combination of pool play and bracket play

How are teams typically seeded for playoffs in lacrosse tournaments? Seeding is often based on win-loss records from pool play. In case of ties, various tiebreakers may be used, such as head-to-head results, goals against, goals for, goal differential, and even coin flips as a last resort.

Division Breakdowns and Playoff Structures

Tournaments often have different structures for various age groups and skill levels. Here are some examples:

• HS Elite: 4 teams, 1 pool, all teams make playoffs
• HS Varsity: 4 pools of 4 teams, top 2 from each pool advance to Gold Bracket, bottom 2 to Silver Bracket
• HS JV: 2 pools of 4 teams, 8-team playoff
• U15: 1 pool of 5 teams, top team gets a bye, all teams make playoffs
• U13: 2 pools of 3 teams, all teams make playoffs with top seeds getting byes
• U11: 1 pool of 5 teams, top team gets a bye, all teams make playoffs

Weather Policies in Lacrosse Tournaments

Weather can significantly impact lacrosse tournaments, and organizers must have clear policies in place to ensure player safety and fair competition.

Common Weather-Related Rules

• Thunder/Lightning: Games suspended for 20 minutes from the last occurrence
• Heavy Rain: Tournament directors, officials, and site managers assess field conditions for safety
• Game Resumption: Matches typically resume at their regularly scheduled time after weather delays

How do tournament organizers handle significant weather disruptions? In cases of severe weather that causes extensive delays or unsafe conditions, organizers may need to modify the tournament format, shorten game times, or in extreme cases, cancel portions of the event to ensure completion of the tournament.

Unique Rules in Women’s Lacrosse: The Three Seconds Rule

Women’s lacrosse has several rules that differ from the men’s game, one of which is the Three Seconds rule. This rule can be particularly confusing for new players and spectators.

Understanding the Three Seconds Rule

The Three Seconds rule in women’s lacrosse is designed to prevent defensive players from camping out in front of the goal, creating an unfair advantage. Here’s how it works:

• Defensive players cannot remain in the 8-meter arc (the “crease”) for more than three seconds unless they are marking an opponent within a stick’s length
• The count starts when the defensive player enters the 8-meter arc
• If a defensive player is legally marking an opponent who then leaves the arc, the defender has three seconds to also leave the arc or mark another opponent

Why does the women’s game have this rule while men’s lacrosse doesn’t? The Three Seconds rule in women’s lacrosse is part of a broader set of rules designed to promote a more open, flowing game with less physical contact. Men’s lacrosse allows more physical play and has different rules governing defensive positioning.

Advanced Scoring Strategies in Lacrosse

As lacrosse continues to evolve, teams and players are developing advanced strategies to maximize their scoring potential. Understanding these strategies can give teams a competitive edge and make the game more exciting for spectators.

Offensive Scoring Tactics

• Fast breaks: Quickly transitioning from defense to offense to catch the opposing team off guard
• Pick and roll: Using screens to create mismatches and open shooting lanes
• Isolation plays: Clearing space for skilled one-on-one players to create scoring opportunities
• Two-man game: Utilizing quick passes and movement between two players to confuse defenders

How can teams improve their scoring efficiency in lacrosse? Teams can focus on improving shot selection, practicing quick ball movement, and developing players’ individual skills in shooting and dodging. Additionally, studying opponent tendencies and adapting game plans accordingly can lead to more scoring opportunities.

Defensive Strategies to Limit Scoring

While scoring is exciting, effective defensive strategies are crucial for team success. Some advanced defensive tactics include:

• Slide packages: Coordinated defensive movements to provide help on ball carriers
• Zone defenses: Protecting specific areas of the field rather than individual players
• Riding: Pressuring the opposing team during clears to force turnovers and create transition opportunities
• Double-teaming: Strategically applying pressure to key offensive players

How do defensive strategies impact scoring in lacrosse? Effective defensive strategies can force turnovers, limit high-percentage scoring opportunities, and create transition chances for quick counterattacks. Teams that excel defensively often find success by controlling the pace of the game and capitalizing on opponent mistakes.

The Impact of Rule Changes on Lacrosse Scoring

Lacrosse, like many sports, has seen rule changes over the years that have significantly impacted scoring. Understanding these changes and their effects is crucial for players, coaches, and fans to appreciate the evolution of the game.

Recent Rule Changes Affecting Scoring

• Shot clock implementation: Encouraging faster-paced play and more shot attempts
• Faceoff adjustments: Altering possession dynamics and potential scoring opportunities
• Stick specifications: Changes in pocket depth and head dimensions affecting shot accuracy and power
• Clearing time limits: Speeding up transitions from defense to offense

How have these rule changes affected the overall scoring trends in lacrosse? Generally, rule changes aimed at speeding up play and increasing possessions have led to higher-scoring games. However, as teams adapt to new rules, defensive strategies also evolve, creating a constant balance between offense and defense.

The Future of Lacrosse Scoring

As lacrosse continues to grow in popularity, it’s likely that further rule changes and scoring innovations will be introduced. Some potential areas for future development include:

• Advanced analytics: Using data to optimize scoring strategies and player performance
• Technology integration: Implementing goal-line technology or shot-tracking systems
• Alternative scoring methods: Experimenting with point values for different types of goals or plays
• Hybrid game formats: Combining elements from different lacrosse variants to create new, exciting versions of the sport

How might these potential changes impact the future of lacrosse scoring? As the sport evolves, we may see a greater emphasis on strategic play, with teams and players adapting to new scoring systems and rules. This could lead to more diverse playing styles and tactics, making the game even more exciting for players and spectators alike.

Athletes Unlimited | How We Play – Athletes Unlimited

Athletes Unlimited Lacrosse will play a short form, fast paced format consisting of eight-minute quarters, 10v10 gameplay and a 60-second shot clock all housed on an 90yd x 60yd playing field. Play will begin with draws at the beginning of each quarter as well as after every goal.

HOW WE SCORE

Win points are all about team performance. In all Athletes Unlimited Lacrosse games, teams will play four quarters. Win points accumulate after each quarter and for game wins. Each quarter is worth +20 points and game wins are worth +45 points.

If the game is tied at the end of a quarter, points will carry over to the next quarter and will be awarded to the winner of the next quarter.

Overtime

If the score is tied at the end of the game, there will be a three-minute sudden victory overtime. If it is still tied after the overtime period, there will be a shootout with three shooters on each side. If still tied, a second shootout of the same structure will take place.

In the event that the game is still tied after the overtime period and two shootouts, the game will end in a tie.

Individual Stats

In addition to team points, individual players can earn points. All players, including defensive players, can earn individual points based on their performance. The breakdown for individual points is as follows:

• Goal: +12 points
• Assist: +4 points
• Ground Ball: +2 points
• Draw Control: +2 points
• Turnover: -8 points
• Caused Turnover: +12 points
• Save: +6 points
• Goals Against : -1 point
• Shot Saved: -2 points
• Two-point Goal: +16 points

If a goalie has eight saves, five goals against and two ground balls, they will be awarded 47 points.

8 saves (x 6 points per save) = +48

5 goals against = -5

2 ground balls (x 2 points per ground ball) = +4

48 – 5 + 4 = 47

Game MVPs

After each game, the players and members of The Unlimited Club will vote for three players who they feel had standout performances.

These points will be added to the player’s individual total. Points will be awarded as follows:

MVP 1: +45 points

MVP 2: +30 points

MVP 3: +15 points

HOW WE DRAFT

After the last match of every week, the top four point scorers will be named team captains. Each captain will be assigned to a team color based on their standing.

• No. 1: Gold
• No. 2: Orange
• No. 3: Blue
• No. 4: Purple

Team captains can consult with anyone they want prior to the opening of the draft, including any Athletes Unlimited staff, former coaches, and teammates.

Each week during the draft every captain will be allowed up to two minutes per pick. Once a player is selected their captain may consult them for further decisions. Once all 56 players have been selected to a team, it will be time to prepare for the upcoming slate of matches and get ready to play.

Then, an exciting new week of competition will begin.

Tournament Rules – CSE Lacrosse

Tournament Format:

Each Division (U11,U13, U15(No HS Players), JV, Varsity, Elite) will be broken into different pools (as necessary). Each team will play the other teams in their pool. Each team will be ranked according to pool play and seeded for the playoffs. All teams will have at least 4 full length games (weather permitting*) on full regulation Bermuda grass fields.

Playoff Seeding

Playoffs will be seeded by win/loss record (Win Percentage). In the event of a tie the following will be used to determine seeding:

1. Head-to-Head
2. Goals Against
3. Goals For
4. Goal Differential
5. Coin Flip

Division Breakdown for Playoffs:

• HS Elite – 4 teams, 1 pool. All teams make playoffs. 2 games guaranteed Sunday.
• HS Varsity – 4 pools of 4 teams. Top 2 from each Pool advance to GOLD Bracket. Bottom 2 from each pool to SILVER Bracket.  Each will play in an 8 team playoff to crown a Champion.  Bracket Positions are Pre-Set based on pools to ensure new opponents. Teams will NOT be re-seeded after advancing from Pool.
• HS JV – 2 pools of 4 teams. 8 team playoff.
• U15 – 1 pool of 5. Top team gets a BYE. All teams make playoff
• U13 – 2 pools of 3. All teams make playoff with top seed from each pool getting a bye.
• U11 – 1 pool of 5. Top team gets a BYE. All teams make playoff

Weather Policy:

Inclement weather is out of the control of the tournament directors, officials and site managers.

In the event of thunder and/or lightening, all games will be suspended for 20 min from the last occurrence. Games will resume at their regularly scheduled time

In the event of heavy rain, it is up to the tournament directors, officials, and the site managers as to whether the conditions are deemed safe to play on.

What is Three Seconds in Lacrosse? – CreaseRoll

The Three Seconds rule in girls lacrosse can be confusing for a new parent and player. The game is flowing along and then there is a whistle with no apparent justification or sign of a violation around the ball. What is happening?

From the rule book; no player “while defending within the 8-meter arc, may remain in that area more than 3 seconds unless one is marking an opponent within a stick’s length”.

Sounds simple enough…until you try to explain it to an eight year old.

The Three Seconds rule is a safety rule and a Major Foul (see Girls Lacrosse Rules for Beginners). Players idling within the 8-meter arc, where most shots occur, creates an unsafe condition and a possible shooting space violation for the defensive player and also a disadvantage for the offensive players bound by other rules like dangerous propelling.

At the beginner level this is a very common foul for two reasons. Often, girls tend to lose their player that they are to be guarding and end up hanging around in front of the goal thinking (with some logic) that it is a good place to be to prevent the other team from scoring like one might do in soccer for example. The second reason is, sometimes at the direction of their crazy coach yelling “get on a girl”, a player will often move to defend the closest opponent she can find, but sometimes the opponent is already marked. The defense is not exempt from the three seconds rule by double or triple teaming an off-ball attacker. By rule only one player “counts” as defending within a sticks length.

The Three Seconds rule is in effect as soon as the ball crosses the Restraining Line in the attacking third of the field. In addition to the rule being applicable only in a specific area – the 8 meter – it also has a few other conditions.  A defensive player standing with one foot in and one foot out of the 8-meter area will be considered subject to judging three seconds rule. A defender marking an unmarked offensive player standing behind the goal circle, further than a sticks length away, but clearly “mirroring” the attacker, is exempt from the three seconds rule. Also defensive players double teaming or “crashing” the attacker with the ball looking to score are also not subject to the three seconds.

For penalty administration, play will be restarted with a free position awarded at the spot of the ball, not the foul, and no longer is a free position shot unless the ball was already in the 8 meter area.

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Format and Rules | 3d Lacrosse

3d Events Policies

Weather and Cancellations

Code of Conduct

2021 Riptide Boys Format & Rules

Rosters 

All teams must submit a roster prior to the start of the tournament. If 3d Lacrosse does not receive a roster before the start of the tournament the team will be ineligible to participate.

Game Guarantee 

All teams are guaranteed a minimum of five games over the course of three days.

Field Size

• NCAA Rules for High School, US Lacrosse (aside from age grouping) for 2025 and younger
• Any division with 16 or more teams will be split into “A” and “B” pools
• Games will be scheduled in 50 minute game blocks
• There will be two 22 minute running halves
• Three minute halftime
• No timeouts
• In case of a tie, a four-minute sudden death period will be played. If still tied at the end of the four-minute sudden death; the game will end in a tie. If teams are tied at the end of pool play, seeding will be determined based on the following in respective order: head to head (which is thrown out in a three-way tie), goals against, goal differential and finally a coin flip.
• Four minutes between games.
• All participants must register on the 3dlacrosse website by June 10, 2020.
• Pool play and championship play
• No Mercy Rule
• In the final two minutes of bracket play games, the officials will stop the clock after goals, penalties and injuries.
• Penalty time is time and a half

Player Eligibility

• Each team must be placed in the age bracket of the oldest players on their team
• Please see the age breakdown guide below: 

Seeding

There will be pool play and championship play in the Riptide Classic. How well a team does in pool play will determine their seeding for the championship. Seeding ties are broken in the following way: 

1. Record in pool play                      
2. Head-to-head*                                
3. Goals against
4. Goal differential
5. Coin flip

*In the case of a two way tie head-to-head record will be used, in the case of a three way tie the seeding tie will be broken by goals against- NOT head-to-head

* In the case that a team forfeits a game, the score will be recorded as a 6-0 loss for that team.

Boys Divisions

2023 – 2025 Divisions

2026 – 2029 Divisions

• Will follow US Lacrosse rules
• No defensive shaft length rule
• Coaches must be in box or bench area
• No counts
• Penalties will be enforced by man-up and man-down

2021 Riptide Girls Format & Rules

Game Duration

• Games will be scheduled in 50 minute time blocks.
• Two 22 minute running halves
• Two minute half time
• Four minutes between games
• No timeouts
• In the case of a tie, a four minute sudden victory period will be played. If at the end of the sudden victory overtime the teams are still tied, each team will select two players from their team; one field player and one goalie. Braveheart will play out until one team scores and is declared the winner.

Rules 

All divisions will be full field, 12v12 in 2021.

• All girls games will follow US Lacrosse Rules and Regulations unless otherwise stated here
• 2026 (U15): Full checking
• High School: Full checking
• There will be a draw at the beginning of the game and at the start of the 2nd half and after every goal. There will be no mercy rule in this tournament. 
• In case of a tie, a four-minute sudden victory period will be played. If still tied at the end of the four-minute sudden victory; the overtime will go into a brave heart. Each team will select two players from their team, one field player and one goalie. The braveheart will play out until one team scores and is declared the winner.

Penalties

• Two yellow cards for one player will result in that player sitting the remainder of current game but the player is eligible to play in the games following
• A red card will result in that player sitting the remainder of the current game and the head official, field official, and tournament director reviewing the player to determine the players status for the remainder of the tournament

Seeding

There will be pool play and championship play in the Riptide Classic. How well a team does in pool play will determine their seeding for the championship. Seeding ties are broken in the following way:

1. Record in pool play                          
2. Head-to-head                                   
3. Goals against
4. Goal differential
5. Coin flip

*In the case of a two way tie head-to-head record will be used, in the case of a three way tie the seeding tie will be broken by goals against- NOT head-to-head

* In the case that a team forfeits a game, the score will be recorded as a 6-0 loss for that team.

Lacrosse: Rules, Fouls, Positions | SchoolWorkHelper

History

• Oldest sport in North America
• Native North Americans introduced it to pioneers
• Played to train warriors and to have fun
• Lacrosse was declared Canada’s National Sport in 1867

Objective: To score on the opponent’s goal and protect your goal.  Each goal is worth 1 point.  The team with the most points wins the game.

Team: The regulation team consists of 10 players; 1 goal tender, 3 defenders, 3 midfielders, 3 attackers (less for indoor games with less space).

Rules

1.  Each team must keep at least 4 players in their own half of the field or court.  The goalie and defenders should remain behind the centerline.

2.  The game starts with a face-off.  The ball is placed on the ground between 2 players from the opposing teams; the stick heads have their backs to each other, the ref blows the whistle, and the players fight for the ball.

3.  The ball may be scooped, passed, or thrown by any player using their stick.

4.  Shots on the net must be taken from outside the goalie crease (the area around goal).  Players may reach into the crease to catch or retrieve the ball, but not step into the crease.

5.  Goalies may touch the ball with their hands to deflect the ball, not to catch or throw the ball (but we don’t play with a goalie).

6.  To score, the ball must pass over the goal line – it doesn’t count if the ball is deflected off of the body of an attacker.

7.  A ball that is out of play (when it passes over a boundary line) is awarded against the team that last had possession of the ball (to the other team).

8.  If a foul occurs, and the ref blows the whistle, all players must hold their position.

Violations or Fouls

1.  Striking at an opponent (especially the head or face).

2.  Uncontrolled use of stick.

3.  Holding another’s stick.

After a foul has been called, the offended player is allowed a penalty shot from that position on the field or court, and other players must allow 5 yards or 4. 6m of space for the play.

Positions

Attack (A)– forward players – mostly run/pass in offensive end

Midfielders (M) – cover entire field – often moving up sides and into center of field

Defense (D)– stay in defensive end of field – protect goal from outside the crease

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Squash | 1xmatch

Squash is a speed sport played by two players on a court surrounded by walls with a small rubber ball. It is similar to tennis, but both players are on the same field and hit the ball against the walls. This game requires quick reactions and instant decision making, known as “reactive chess”. Attempts are being made to make squash a part of the Olympic program, and chances are that it will do so at the 2020 Games.

Squash equipment

Standard squash rackets are governed by the rules of the game.Traditionally, they were made from glued wood (usually ash), and the cord was made from animal intestines. Today, all rockets are made of composite materials such as kevlar, titanium, graphite, boron and others, and the cord is synthetic. They have a maximum size of 686 millimeters in length and 215 millimeters in width, and the area on which the cord is located cannot exceed 500 square centimeters. The maximum mass of rockets is 255 grams, but most are between 110 and 200 grams.

A squash ball can have a diameter of 39.5 to 40.5 millimeters and weigh from 23 to 25 grams.It consists of two pieces of rubber compound glued together, resulting in a cavity. There are different types of balls that are adapted to the temperature conditions (the warmer it is, the more they bounce and therefore smaller bounces can be used), as well as different standards of play. More experienced players use slow balls with little bounce. Small colored dots on the surface indicate their dynamic level, thereby determining which game the ball is suitable for.The following colors are used for the dots:

The ball with two yellow dots was introduced in 2000 and is currently used in professional competitions.

Players wear comfortable sportswear, men wear shorts and t-shirts and women wear a skirt / trousers and jersey / t-shirt or sports dress.

Glasses with polycarbonate lenses are recommended for competitions, and are required for beginners and children.

Basic rules and method of play

Court

The front wall of the court is divided by three lines, such as the upper playing line at 4. 57 m, the lower playing line at 0.48 m and the service line, which is 1.78 meters.The size of the floor is 9.75 by 6.40 meters. It is divided into three parts by one line 4.26 meters wide from the back wall, and one line dividing the resulting smaller part into two equal parts 3.2 meters wide. These two rear margins contain one square each in the front outer parts, which measure 1.6 x 1.6 meters, and from there maintenance is performed.

Service

It is performed in separate squares and must fall above the supply line on the front wall and return after the 4.26 meter line.

Game

After the service, the players take turns hitting the ball, which must fall between the top and bottom playing lines. After a rebound, the ball may bounce off the sidewalls, but one player must hit it before bouncing twice off the floor, otherwise his opponent scores a point. Players can move around the playing field, deliberately creating obstacles to prevent another player from reaching the ball.

Scoring

The traditional scoring system is called the English font system.In it, the player who serves the ball earns points, and when the other player can win, he serves, and only then they begin to accumulate the result.

The first player to reach 9 points wins the game. There is a rule according to which at 8: 8 the player who first scored these points can choose to play up to 9 (set 1) or up to 10 (set 2).

Today this scoring is not used in competitions because it is not so attractive and the game becomes very long and slow.Today, every two rebounds result in a point for the opponent and are played up to 11 points, while there must be 2 clear points. This means that at 10:10 the match continues until there is a 2 point difference.

The most famous and, according to analysts, the best squash player is Pakistani Jahangir Khan.

SIMILAR ARTICLES

Chunks (game) are … What is Chunks (game)?

This term has other meanings, see Chunki.

Chanki (eng. Chunkey ), also known as the “hoop and pole game” ^[1] is a game common among the American Indians. It arose in the period preceding contact with Europeans (cultures of Fort Eynschent, Mississippi, and a number of others). It consisted in the fact that one of the players pushed (often from the slope) a stone disc, and the other players threw their spears in order to get as close as possible to the place where the disc was supposed to stop. The game originated around 600 AD. NS. in the region near the ancient city of Cahokia, now a neighborhood of the city of St. Louis, Missouri.The game of chunky took place in large stadiums with an area of ​​up to 19 hectares, in the presence of numerous spectators – residents of the entire region (that is, Cahokia itself, residents of neighboring villages and even guests from distant lands). It remained popular after the decline of Mississippi culture around 1500. Versions of this game were distributed in many places in North America. Early ethnographer James Adair (historian) translated the title as “doing hard work.” Often, the game was associated with bets on its result, and players could mortgage all their property in the hope of winning.Losers were sometimes forced to commit suicide. ^[2]

Mythology

Chunks player. Artist Herb Roe. Drawing based on image on necklace, Mississippi culture

The Chunki Player, depicted as the Falcon Dancer, was an important mythological figure in the Southeast Ceremonial Complex. Many images of this character have been found in the southeast and central United States, mainly the following motifs:

• “play pose” – many graphic images of a player in a chunk represent him at the moment of throwing a stone disc. ^[3]
• “Broken Pole” – The chunki pole was usually depicted as being tattered and almost always broken. In the mythological cycle, this could mean the end of the game or defeat. During archaeological excavations, no chunky poles were found, although a copper case was found next to the chunki stones during the excavation of mound 72 in Cahokia. ^[3]
• Cylinder Hat – A cylindrical hat made from an unknown material used only by chunki players.
• “apron in the form of a heart or a bag” – Archaeologists suggest that a human scalp may have been on the player’s belt. ^[3]
• “Mangum Flounce” – An unusual shaped motif consisting of looped lines above and below the chunki player’s belt.

Although the figure referred to as the Falcon Dancer or Chunki Player was not always depicted during the game, many accompanying attributes (scalp, severed heads, broken poles for playing chunki, etc.) make it possible to identify this character even then. when not depicted in a play setting.Some of the attributes emphasize the seriousness of the game – apparently, the payment for defeat could have been the execution of one of the losers. ^[3]

After contact with Europeans

Many Native American peoples continued to play chunks after European contact along the entire south of the modern United States, including peoples such as the Muskogee, Chickasaw, Chumash ^[1] , Choctaw and Mandanas, as testified in 1832 by the artist George Kathleen ^[4] :

Chunki play is an excellent sports exercise that Mandans do almost continuously, weather permitting, and nothing else takes their attention at that moment. Definitely, this game is their favorite pastime, it is played next to the settlement on a clay platform, which is used for this purpose until it becomes smooth as a floor … The game starts with two players, one from each side starts to run side by side with each other, and one player rolls in front of them along the road a small ring with a diameter of 2-3 inches (5 to 8 cm), carved out of stone; the rest run after him with their “chunks” (a six-foot pole, about 1 m 80 cm long, with small pieces of leather at each end, an inch or more), which they throw as they run… so that it falls so that the ring can fall on it, and one of the pieces of skin goes through it.

At the beginning of the colonial period, the game was popular among the Indians in the southeast of the future United States. ^[5] The Chunky courts of the Muscoge people were well-leveled and cleaned grounds surrounded by a mound on all sides, with a pole in the center, and 2 more poles on opposite sides. The poles were used for another game – the ball. ^[5] The stones, which were valuable in themselves, belonged to a settlement (city) or clan, not to individuals, and were carefully preserved.

The scoring rules were different for different nations:

• The Cherokee calculated the outcome of the game based on how close the stone was to certain marks on the six-chunks.

The 90,058 Chickasaw calculated the game by scoring one point to the player closest to the disc, or two points if the spear touched the disc.

90,058 Choctaw played this game on a field 12 feet wide and 100 feet long. The poles were made of pecan wood (a type of hickory) with four notches at the front end, one in the middle and two at the other end. The score depended on which of the sets of cuts was closer to the disc. The game ended when any of the players scored 12 points.

See also

Literature

• White, John Manchin. Indians of North America. M .: Tsentrpoligraf, 2006.- 251 with ISBN 5-9524-2347-7
• Hudson, Charles M., “The Southeastern Indians”, University of Tennessee Press, 1976. ISBN 0-87049-248-9
• Pauketat, Timothy R .; Loren, Diana DiPaolo (Ed.) (December 1, 2004) North American Archeology . Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-23184-6.

Notes

Creative work – Pavel Pronkin 8B

Professional boxing is a sport in which boxing is the main occupation for an athlete, a way of earning money.

Professional Boxers cannot compete in Amateur Boxers and Amateur Boxers cannot compete in Professional Boxers. Amateur boxing is usually started at the age of 11 and at the age of 12 to participate in competitions. Professional boxing is practiced from 18-20 years old.

Fights of professional boxers are held in 17 weight categories. The control weighing of the participants in the upcoming fight is carried out by the supervisor no earlier than 24 hours, but no later than 8 hours before the start of the fight. The time of weigh-in is determined by the promoter of the fight. Professional boxers are usually weighed on electronic or medical scales in front of their representatives, the press and sometimes spectators, and this procedure plays the role of preparation for the main show.

If the boxer’s weight does not correspond to the category declared for the match, he is given 1 hour to bring the weight back to normal. If, despite his efforts, the weight still does not correspond to the norm, then the upcoming fight, in principle, may not be canceled. However, a boxer’s victory with overweight is not a reason to increase his rating.

Professional fights are usually much longer than amateur fights. They last from 10 to 12 rounds, although for inexperienced boxers there are fights of less than 10 rounds, but, as a rule, not less than 4. Until the beginning of the 20th century, fights were encountered that were not limited in the number of rounds. And they usually ended with a knockout of one of the boxers, or stopping the fight by the seconds. A little later, it was decided to set an upper limit of 15 rounds, and in 1982, after the death of Duk Ku Kim, the WBC (World Boxing Council) organization limited the maximum number of rounds to twelve.[18] In 1987-1988. two other influential organizations, the WBA and the IBF, followed suit.

Helmets are prohibited in professional boxing, but the referee can stop the fight if he sees that one of the boxers cannot defend himself due to injury. In this case, the opponent is declared the winner by TKO. Also, a technical knockout is awarded if the participant receives a cut, which does not allow the fight to continue. For this reason, boxers often hire specialists (cutmen) whose job it is to stop the bleeding before the referee stops the fight.Unlike amateurs, professionals enter the ring naked to the waist. [19]

Scoring in professional boxing is carried out according to the countdown scheme followed by addition. Each of the two boxers entering the ring has 10 points at the beginning of each round. The decision on who wins the round is made by 3 independent side judges. The winner in the next round retains 10 points, the loser gets 9 points (1 point less), thus forming a score of 10-9 in one round.

If one of the boxers was knocked down, then two points are deducted from him, and the round ends (with one knockdown) with a score of 10-8. A repeated knockdown results in an extra point being removed. That is, if a boxer was knocked down twice, then the score becomes 10-7, if three, then 10-6. On rare occasions, it happens that the knocked down boxer wins the round. In this case, the score should be 10-9 (not 10-8) in favor of the one who knocked down the opponent, since, according to the rules, the number 10 must always be present.Such rules for scoring in professional boxing are supposed to make it more spectacular.

If the side referee considers that there was a draw in the round (some boxing organizations consider a draw as incompetent refereeing, but such cases still occur), then he will score 10-10.

The points scored by boxers in each round are added up. In this case, the winner of a duel consisting, for example, of 12 rounds, can receive a maximum of 120 points from each judge (victory in each round).When announcing the results of the meeting (unless it is a victory by knockout), it is necessary to report what score for the whole fight each of the 3 judges put forward, as well as the final result of the fight based on the total score and the decision on the notes of the side judges. The result of this summing up is the victory of one of the boxers or (in very rare cases) a draw.

For successful boxing and fighting a boxer, first of all, it is necessary to master the boxing technique.

Boxing technique is a combination of defense and attack techniques, mastered in the form of motor skills and abilities, capable of ensuring the most effective fulfillment of the assigned task – victory over the opponent.

Technique should be understood as such rationality of movements that is capable of providing maximum efficiency from the actions performed by the boxer.

Boxing technique is the main weapon for a boxer that he uses in combat, guided by tactical considerations.Therefore, the technique must be mastered by the boxer to perfection.

Correct use of well-mastered technique allows you to quickly and easily perform the most complex and varied actions during combat.

The fastest pace of the fight itself requires that all the movements of the boxer be as expedient as possible.

The boxing technique is characterized by the sequence and rationality of movements: each next action should, as it were, flow from the previous one, continuing it, and performed with the least expenditure of energy and time.

The fight in the ring is characterized by the continuity in the alternation of a wide variety of fighting movements. In this case, the position of the body, determining the completeness of one movement, is at the same time the starting position for performing the next movement. So, in attacks with a series of blows at the end of each blow, the boxer takes the starting position for the next blow or any action associated with both attack and defense.

In boxing, the main and only means of achieving victory over an opponent is a blow.

At the same time, the kick is an essential component of modern boxing technology.

A boxer’s rational coordination of movements plays an important role in striking.

Correct rational coordination of movements is understood as the optimal use of the strength of the body muscles involved in the work when performing this technique, aimed at solving a specific motor task.

The main component of each technique is the movement of body weight and its individual parts.

To achieve maximum effectiveness in any strike, it is imperative that the direction of movement of the striking arm and the body’s weight of the striker be rationally aligned.

When applying direct blows to the head, it is necessary to rationally match the forward movement of the boxer’s body weight with the movement (extension) of the striking hand.

When striking direct blows in the trunk, where there is a movement of the body mass from top to bottom, the speed of movement of this mass must coincide with the speed of movement of the beating hand.

When side impacts to the head and trunk are applied, the speed of the hitting hand must match the rotation of the body in the direction of the strike.

WHAT IS IT?

A genetically determined condition in which the adenohypophysis produces excess growth hormone, which causes an increase in individual organs (which can lead to the appearance of tumor formations) or the size of the whole organism. Often leads to gigantism – but the changes are not always as significant as they are usually portrayed in popular culture.Has a number of characteristic external signs: pronounced cheekbones and jaw, high forehead, deep eyes.

WHAT IS IT RELATED TO BOXING?

For obvious reasons, acromegals are in demand in a number of sports – primarily in basketball (remember at least Yao Ming). But this also applies to boxing with MMA to almost the same extent – we are, of course, talking about heavy weights and heavyweights. The point here is not only in the impressive body size, but also in the weight of the limbs: the size of the hands of Nikolai Valuev or of the feet in the case of Antonio “Bigfoot” Silva is not the last factor in the achievement of these athletes’ success.

2

Concussion

WHAT IS IT?

Mechanical effect on the skull associated with rotation of the brain in the cranium. Depending on the intensity of exposure, it can cause almost no long-term effects or lead to amnesia and even dementia. Typical symptoms: loss of orientation in space, loss of consciousness, lack of response to various stimuli. It should be noted that there is still no unambiguous understanding of the nature of the impact of concussions on neural networks.

WHAT IS IT RELATED TO BOXING?

Concussion is a risk in a large number of different sports: for example, there is an active discussion in the United States right now about the diagnosis of concussions in American football; dissatisfaction with insufficient attention to the problem in soccer is slowly growing. However, boxing stands out here: in no other sport is the torque on impact so great – and this is the main cause of concussions. During long fights, one can even observe a characteristic frightening symptom – a difference in the size of boxers’ pupils (this usually already indicates more systemic damage).The most famous victim of frequent concussions is the genius Mohammed Ali, who has long suffered from Parkinson’s disease.

3

Catecholamines

WHAT IS IT?

Class of hormones derived from the amino acid tyrosine: adrenaline (aka epinephrine), norepinephrine (aka norepinephrine), dopamine and others. The production of catecholamines in the human body (and especially adrenaline and norepinephrine synthesized by the adrenal glands) is caused by a reaction to an external hazard. A large number of drugs belonging to the class of stimulants can be considered synthetic analogs of catecholamines.

WHAT IS IT RELATED TO BOXING?

Like any fight (and, in fact, any other life-threatening situation), a boxing match is associated with a sharp release of catecholamines. The psychological effect here is ambiguous: the boxer has a feeling of invulnerability, and the pain is dulled. The physiological effect, in turn, is positive: the athlete temporarily improves cognitive abilities and gains additional muscle strength. Modern endocrinology believes that adrenaline addiction is a very real thing.

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4

Carotid artery

WHAT IS IT?

A group of large arteries located in the neck (usually, when they talk about the carotid artery, they mean the common carotid artery). They are the main source of arterial blood for the head – and, therefore, the main source of oxygen for the brain. Normal blood flow in these vessels is necessary to ensure human life. A finger attached to the carotid artery can be used to measure the pulse.

WHAT IS IT RELATED TO BOXING?

Strictly speaking, actions aimed directly at blocking the blood flow in the carotid artery are not represented in boxing, but are widespread in MMA (where they occur primarily from Asian martial arts). First of all, we are talking about a variety of grips and similar suffocating techniques: they are highly effective, but always associated with an increased danger to the opponent’s health (therefore, it is hardly worth trying them on a friend without appropriate training).

5

Center of gravity

WHAT IS IT?

A concept from classical mechanics widely used in sports. The movement of your body as a whole, not taking into account the movement of the limbs or the head, will be determined precisely by the movement of a point called the center of mass. If for a system of bodies the center of mass can be located outside of it, then in the case of one body this is not entirely true; accordingly, if we are talking about a symmetric distribution of masses, then the center of mass coincides with the geometric center of the body – of course, in the case of the human body, everything is realized in a slightly different way.

WHAT IS IT RELATED TO BOXING?

All variants of stances, backswings and strikes take into account the concept of the center of gravity in one way or another – either directly (in the terminology of “shifting the center of gravity” and “stabilizing the center of gravity”), or indirectly – through attempts to influence the opponent’s body at those points that maximize removed from the center of gravity (wherever it is at the current moment). There are quite a few general rules here, but there are only two main ones: approaching the center of gravity to the ground increases stability; to stay on your feet, the center of gravity should be shifted in the direction of the force acting on you.

6

Jaw fracture

WHAT IS IT?

One of the most common injuries in contact sports: hockey, rugby, lacrosse – and many others. Improper fusion of the jaw after a fracture can lead to abnormal occlusion and persistent toothache.

WHAT IS IT RELATED TO BOXING?

Boxing was one of the first sports where it became compulsory to wear mouth guards to prevent not only dental injuries, but also skull fractures (the most common of which is a fracture of the jaw).However, the fact that the mandatory wearing of helmets has not yet been introduced in professional boxing (unlike amateur boxing, hockey and, say, kickboxing) adds a headache to traumatologists and surgeons around the world.

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7

Hippocampus and memory loss

WHAT IS IT?

The part of the brain responsible for memory, attention and orientation in space. There are two hippocampus in the human brain – one in each hemisphere. Damage to the hippocampus is associated with a large number of diseases: in particular, as a result of Alzheimer’s disease and encephalitis, this part of the brain suffers one of the first.

WHAT IS IT RELATED TO BOXING?

Long-term studies of the brains of professional boxers and MMA fighters have revealed a clear decrease in the size of the hippocampus in athletes. A deep understanding of the relationship between these changes and contusions as such has not yet been found – but it is hoped that such studies will help patients who are not related to sports. Be that as it may, the stereotypes associated with boxers, in this case, alas, are true: if you hit a person on the head a lot, he will begin to lose his memory.

8

Weight control

WHAT IS IT?

Despite the fact that this term is not specifically sports (for example, the fight against obesity can also be classified as “weight control”), in combat sports it has a very definite meaning: since the success of a fighter is associated, among other things, with hitting or missing weight class, diets and specially selected exercises are even more important for these athletes than in the case of track and field athletes or football players.

WHAT IS IT RELATED TO BOXING?

In boxing, weight control can be both momentary and short-term (in particular, this is why boxers come to weigh-in in shorts and visit the sauna the day before), or extremely long-term – that is, associated with a combination of strength exercises and endurance training. as well as a diet that does not cause huge gains in muscle mass (this is especially true for the lower weight categories).

WHAT IS IT?

An extremely common diuretic (that is, a substance designed to increase the volume of urination) used to treat edema and control high blood pressure associated with congenital heart failure.

WHAT IS IT RELATED TO BOXING?

Despite the fact that in other sports diuretics are most often used as an illegal or semi-legal way to hide the use of other drugs (most often we are talking about steroids, and of course, this also applies to our topic), in boxing and MMA in they have other important uses as well. As noted above, it is very important for a boxer to maintain a certain weight in order to fall into the desired weight category; The easiest way to protect yourself before weighing is to take a diuretic (furosemide is rightfully considered the king among which) together with a laxative.

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10

Polynesians and the “spare gene”

WHAT IS THIS?

One of the theories trying to explain the higher prevalence of diabetes and obesity among the black population of the American South and Polynesians is associated with the idea of ​​a “thrift gene”: it is believed that a sharp change in diet to a richer in fats and proteins (in fact, the diet of the Western world) in populations with a similar genotype led to an increase in stocks for a rainy day – as happened with yesterday’s African slaves or Pacific gatherers.Another thing defined by this theory is the peculiar distribution of adipose tissue throughout the body.

WHAT IS IT RELATED TO BOXING?

One of the most colorful heavyweights of the turn of the millennium, David Tua was born in Samoa under the name Mafaufau Sita.