What features does the Cafe 30″ Smart French-Door Wall Oven offer. How does its convection technology work. Is this oven a good choice for your kitchen. Discover the key benefits and specifications of this innovative appliance.
Unveiling the Cafe 30″ Smart French-Door Wall Oven
The Cafe 30″ Smart French-Door Single Wall Oven with Convection (model CTS90FP2MS1) is a cutting-edge appliance designed to revolutionize your cooking experience. This stainless steel oven combines style, functionality, and smart technology to deliver exceptional performance in the kitchen.
Key Features and Specifications
This Cafe wall oven boasts an impressive array of features:
- 5 cu. ft. capacity
- French door design for easy access
- Self-clean heavy-duty roller rack
- True European Convection with Direct Air technology
- Smart capabilities for remote control and monitoring
- Stainless steel finish
The 5 cu. ft. capacity provides ample space for large dishes and multiple items, making it ideal for family meals or entertaining guests. But how does this compare to other wall ovens on the market? Most single wall ovens range from 3.5 to 5 cu. ft., placing this Cafe model at the higher end of the spectrum.
Innovative French Door Design
One of the standout features of this oven is its French door design. Why is this significant? French doors open from the center, allowing for easier access to the oven cavity. This design eliminates the need to reach over a hot oven door, enhancing safety and convenience in the kitchen.
Benefits of French Door Ovens:
- Improved accessibility
- Enhanced safety
- Space-saving when open
- Elegant, modern aesthetic
True European Convection Technology
The Cafe CTS90FP2MS1 utilizes True European Convection with Direct Air technology. How does this improve cooking results? This advanced system circulates heated air throughout the oven cavity, ensuring even cooking and browning. The direct air feature allows for precise temperature control, resulting in consistent and delicious dishes every time.
European convection differs from standard convection in its heating element placement. In European convection, the heating element surrounds the fan, providing more efficient and even heat distribution. This can lead to faster cooking times and improved energy efficiency.
Smart Capabilities for Modern Kitchens
In today’s connected world, smart appliances are becoming increasingly popular. The Cafe 30″ Smart French-Door Wall Oven embraces this trend with its integrated smart features. But what exactly can you do with a smart oven?
- Remote preheating
- Adjust oven settings from your smartphone
- Receive notifications when your food is ready
- Access recipes and cooking guides
- Monitor cooking progress remotely
These smart capabilities not only add convenience but also allow for more precise cooking control. For busy households, the ability to preheat the oven on your way home or check on your dish without opening the oven door can be a game-changer.
Self-Cleaning and Maintenance Features
Keeping your oven clean is essential for both hygiene and performance. The Cafe CTS90FP2MS1 includes a self-cleaning feature, making maintenance a breeze. How does self-cleaning work in this oven? The oven heats to extremely high temperatures, reducing food residue to ash that can be easily wiped away.
Additionally, the heavy-duty roller rack is designed to withstand the self-cleaning cycle, eliminating the need for manual removal and cleaning. This feature saves time and effort in oven maintenance, allowing you to focus on cooking rather than cleaning.
Design and Aesthetics
The stainless steel finish of the Cafe 30″ Smart French-Door Wall Oven adds a touch of sophistication to any kitchen. Its sleek design complements various kitchen styles, from modern to transitional. The French door configuration not only enhances functionality but also contributes to a high-end, professional look.
Design Elements:
- Brushed stainless steel exterior
- Elegant French door handles
- Smooth touch controls
- Large viewing window
These design features combine to create an appliance that is both visually appealing and highly functional. The large viewing window allows for easy monitoring of your dishes without opening the oven, maintaining temperature consistency during cooking.
Installation and Compatibility
Before purchasing a wall oven, it’s crucial to consider installation requirements and compatibility with your kitchen space. The Cafe CTS90FP2MS1 is designed for a 30-inch wall oven cutout, a standard size in many kitchens. However, it’s essential to measure your existing space or consult with a kitchen designer to ensure proper fit.
Is professional installation recommended for this oven? While some experienced DIY enthusiasts may be able to install it themselves, professional installation is generally recommended for wall ovens. This ensures proper electrical connections, ventilation, and secure mounting, which are crucial for safety and optimal performance.
Cooking Performance and Versatility
The true test of any oven is its cooking performance. The Cafe 30″ Smart French-Door Wall Oven excels in this area, thanks to its advanced convection technology and precise temperature control. But what types of cooking does this oven excel at?
- Baking: Even heat distribution for perfect cakes and pastries
- Roasting: Ideal for meats and vegetables
- Broiling: High heat for quick searing and browning
- Multi-rack cooking: Cook multiple dishes simultaneously
The combination of convection technology and smart features allows for versatile cooking options. Whether you’re baking delicate pastries or roasting a large turkey, this oven provides the flexibility and precision needed for excellent results.
Special Cooking Modes:
- Proof mode for bread making
- Warm mode for keeping dishes at serving temperature
- Sabbath mode for religious observance
- Delay bake for timed cooking
These specialized modes enhance the oven’s versatility, catering to a wide range of cooking needs and preferences.
Energy Efficiency and Sustainability
In today’s environmentally conscious world, energy efficiency is a crucial factor in appliance selection. How does the Cafe CTS90FP2MS1 fare in terms of energy consumption? While specific energy ratings may vary, convection ovens are generally more energy-efficient than conventional ovens. The precise temperature control and even heat distribution of convection cooking often result in shorter cooking times and lower energy use.
Additionally, the smart features of this oven can contribute to energy savings. Remote monitoring and control can prevent unnecessary preheating or overcooking, further reducing energy consumption. When considering the long-term costs of operating a wall oven, these energy-efficient features can lead to significant savings over time.
Comparison with Other Wall Ovens
To truly understand the value of the Cafe 30″ Smart French-Door Wall Oven, it’s helpful to compare it with other models in its class. How does it stack up against similar wall ovens?
| Feature | Cafe CTS90FP2MS1 | Competitor A | Competitor B |
|---|---|---|---|
| Capacity | 5 cu. ft. | 4.3 cu. ft. | 5.1 cu. ft. |
| French Doors | Yes | No | Yes |
| Smart Features | Yes | Limited | Yes |
| Convection | True European | Standard | True European |
While each model has its strengths, the Cafe CTS90FP2MS1 stands out for its combination of capacity, French door design, smart features, and advanced convection technology. This comprehensive package makes it a strong contender in the high-end wall oven market.
User Experience and Customer Feedback
Understanding real-world experiences with the Cafe 30″ Smart French-Door Wall Oven provides valuable insights for potential buyers. While individual experiences may vary, common themes in customer feedback include:
- Appreciation for the French door design’s convenience
- Praise for the even cooking results with convection
- Positive responses to the smart features and remote control
- Satisfaction with the oven’s capacity and ability to handle large dishes
Some users have noted a learning curve with the smart features, emphasizing the importance of thoroughly reading the user manual and exploring the oven’s capabilities. Overall, the majority of feedback indicates high satisfaction with the oven’s performance and features.
Maintenance and Longevity
Investing in a high-end appliance like the Cafe CTS90FP2MS1 raises questions about long-term maintenance and durability. How can you ensure your oven lasts for years to come? Regular maintenance is key to extending the life of your wall oven. Here are some tips:
- Use the self-cleaning feature as recommended, typically every 3-6 months
- Wipe up spills promptly to prevent baked-on residue
- Clean the oven door and seals regularly to maintain a proper seal
- Check and replace the oven light as needed
- Keep the touchpad clean and free from grease buildup
With proper care and maintenance, a quality wall oven like the Cafe CTS90FP2MS1 can last 10-15 years or more. The durability of its components and the brand’s reputation for quality contribute to its potential longevity.
Value for Money and Investment Considerations
When considering the purchase of a high-end wall oven, it’s natural to question whether the investment is worthwhile. Is the Cafe 30″ Smart French-Door Wall Oven worth its price tag? To answer this, consider the following factors:
- Advanced features that enhance cooking precision and convenience
- Potential energy savings from efficient convection cooking
- Time-saving benefits of smart features and self-cleaning
- Improved cooking results leading to less food waste
- Long-term durability and potential increase in home value
While the initial cost may be higher than some standard wall ovens, the combination of performance, features, and potential long-term savings can make the Cafe CTS90FP2MS1 a worthwhile investment for serious home cooks and those who value kitchen technology.
Integrating the Oven into Your Smart Home Ecosystem
As smart home technology becomes increasingly prevalent, the ability to integrate appliances into a broader ecosystem is a valuable feature. How does the Cafe 30″ Smart French-Door Wall Oven fit into a smart home setup? This oven is designed to work with popular smart home platforms, allowing for seamless integration with other connected devices.
Smart Home Integration Possibilities:
- Voice control through smart speakers
- Coordination with smart thermostats for energy management
- Integration with meal planning and grocery list apps
- Synchronization with smart lighting for cooking ambiance
These integration capabilities can enhance the overall cooking experience and contribute to a more efficient and connected home environment. For tech-savvy homeowners, this feature adds another layer of value to the oven’s already impressive array of capabilities.
Final Thoughts on the Cafe 30″ Smart French-Door Wall Oven
The Cafe CTS90FP2MS1 represents a blend of sophisticated design, advanced technology, and culinary performance. Its French door design, True European Convection, and smart features set it apart in the competitive wall oven market. While it may come at a premium price point, the combination of convenience, cooking precision, and potential long-term benefits make it a compelling choice for those seeking a high-end kitchen appliance.
Is this the right oven for you? Consider your cooking habits, kitchen design, and technology preferences. If you value precision cooking, appreciate smart home integration, and enjoy the latest kitchen innovations, the Cafe 30″ Smart French-Door Wall Oven could be an excellent addition to your home. Its blend of style and substance makes it not just an appliance, but a centerpiece of the modern kitchen.
Cafe 30 Smart French-Door Single Wall Oven with Convection Stainless Steel CTS90FP2MS1 Appliances Wall Ovens
Cafe 30 Smart French-Door Single Wall Oven with Convection Stainless Steel CTS90FP2MS1 Appliances Wall Ovens
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Cafe 30 Smart French-Door Single Wall Oven with Convection Stainless Steel CTS90FP2MS1
French-Door Single Wall Oven with Convection Stainless Steel CTS90FP2MS1 Cafe 30 Smart,Cafe 30″ Smart French-Door Single Wall Oven with Convection Stainless Steel CTS90FP2MS1: Electronics.30 Smart French-Door Single Wall Oven with Convection Stainless Steel CTS90FP2MS1 Cafe,Cafe 30″ Smart French-Door Single Wall Oven with Convection Stainless Steel CTS90FP2MS1,Cafe,CTS90FP2MS1.
Cafe 30 Smart French-Door Single Wall Oven with Convection Stainless Steel CTS90FP2MS1
Cafe 30′ Smart French-Door Single Wall Oven with Convection Stainless Steel CTS90FP2MS1: Electronics. Cafe 30″ Smart French-Door Single Wall Oven with Convection Stainless Steel CTS90FP2MS1: Electronics. 5 Cu.Ft. . French Door Design . Self Clean Heavy Duty Roller Rack . True European Convection With Direct Air . 0″ Stainless Steel Smart French-Door Convection Single Wall Oven . . .
SERVING MARITIME COMMUNITIES OF THE AMERICAS FOR OVER 70 YEARS
Logan Diving & Salvage has been actively engaged in servicing the commercial diving needs of the maritime communities of the Americas for over 70 years. Safety, integrity, experience and client satisfaction are the benchmarks by which we measure our continued success.
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Cafe 30 Smart French-Door Single Wall Oven with Convection Stainless Steel CTS90FP2MS1
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Headquartered in Jacksonville, Florida since 1947, our main office is available to you 24/7 for Continental United States operations.
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Cafe 30 Smart French-Door Single Wall Oven with Convection Stainless Steel CTS90FP2MS1
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Cafe 30″ Smart French-Door Single Wall Oven with Convection Stainless Steel CTS90FP2MS1: Electronics.
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Clear Blackfeet Lacrosse Stout D Pole Natural 1.40-1.60 lbs.
Clear Blackfeet Lacrosse Stout D Pole Natural 1.40-1.60 lbs.
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When it comes to setting up a business in France, expanding your current international business to France, or simply investing in French property, here at SAREG we have all the tools at hand to provide you with a complete service from initial advice to company creation, annual accounts and tax returns.
With over 30 years of experience in international businesses and investments, 5 offices and a team of English-speaking staff on hand to assist with all your accountancy requirements, our “savoir-faire” is second to none and means we are well able to find the best solution to suit your needs, whatever your situation. Our firm has expanded tremendously over the years and has become the most innovative accountancy firm in the area, working closely with the authorities to find the most tax-efficient solutions for English-speaking clients.
We are particularly experienced in the business of UK tour operators and currently look after the affairs of more than 100 such businesses, representing them with the French authorities, including annual audits and VAT declarations. Our clients range from those with modest turnovers to those with several millions of Euros of turnover and we are capable of assisting any size of business and helping with expansion.
SAREG joins the SR CONSEIL GROUP
SAREG has recently joined forces with the SR Conseil Group, a large group of chartered accountants, auditors and lawyers situated across the French Alps. Alongside the current SAREG team in the Haute-Savoie, the SR team will be on hand to support our clients’ needs and, together, we will be able to provide you with an overall accounting and legal service.
SAREG chose SR Conseil as they share the same values of close working relationships with their clients and their staff, as well as in the services they offer their clients.
In addition, they offer a full set of professional services, which complement our own, including chartered accountancy, law, audit, payroll, occupational risk assessment, accompanying professionals in the outdoor activities sector and tax management of furnished rental income.
Their own clientèle comes from the various categories of professional activity and includes sole traders, small businesses, associations and individuals.
More information on www.srconseil.fr
100 Preschool Numbers 101-200 Flashcards. absolutebeauty.co.za
100 Preschool Numbers 101-200 Flashcards.
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Sports & Outdoors 1.40-1.60 lbs. Clear Blackfeet Lacrosse Stout D Pole Natural Defender Shafts
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- 1.40-1.60 lbs. Clear Blackfeet Lacrosse Stout D Pole Natural
1.40-1.60 lbs. Clear Blackfeet Lacrosse Stout D Pole Natural
: Blackfeet Lacrosse Stout D Pole Natural (Clear) 1.40-1.60 lbs. : Sports & Outdoors. : Blackfeet Lacrosse Stout D Pole Natural (Clear) 1.40-1.60 lbs. : Sports & Outdoors. Solid Ash Wood Pole – Stout weighs between 1.40 lbs – 1.60 lbs – very strong. 。 Handmade in the USA 。 makes competitive Solid Wood Lacrosse Shafts for men and women of all ages including just starters because we love nature and what real wood means to this sport. We say competitive because we deliver strong flexible woods in weights that perform. You want it light and strong and our woods are all that. Selection process is critical in obtaining the specific woods that result in BLACKFEET Shafts. We provide the strongest to the lightest shafts on the market, all in solid wood. “Our White Ash all comes from within 00 miles south and east of Corry PA and Jamestown NY. This area is known for the best White Ash in the world. It is relatively light but very strong. It will bend instead of break when flexed”. Chuck Henness, CEO Millworks. That said, the lighter the Ash the more vulnerable to breakage. We grade the selected Ash into Featherweight, Medium and Stout, but the choice is yours and the warranty applies. Available in colors- Natural, Dark Espresso & Blue BLACKFEET STOUT POLE weighs in between .5 lbs. and .60 lbs. STOUT is a substantial piece of equipment recommended for Collegiate and professional players and all practice training. Weight tends to translate as strength within particular wood specie; this is our strongest pole. This is our Heavy Weight pole without stain color – Natural, the buttend is Jatoba (Brazilian Cherry). 。 。 。
1.40-1.60 lbs. Clear Blackfeet Lacrosse Stout D Pole Natural
1.40-1.60 lbs. Clear Blackfeet Lacrosse Stout D Pole Natural
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Laxlight John Hopkins Lacrosse Desk lamp ESP/Cherry Sports & Outdoors Fan Shop
Laxlight John Hopkins Lacrosse Desk lamp ESP/Cherry
Laxlight John Hopkins Lacrosse Desk lamp ESP/Cherry: Home Improvement. LaxLights are Lacrosse lamps made from Lacrosse gear. . Home Interior Lacrosse lightning options in 5 models . Shown here is our desk lamp inspired by John Hopkins U. . Highly functional, adjustable in two places, directional 50 watt equivalent LED bulb included . In line on/off switch w/ 8′ cord, UL Approved,highest quality components. . Shown here is our Hopkins desk lamp inspired by John Hopkins. Pocket is as shown. Sticks are solid Ash wood stained espresso. Base is solid Oak wood stained black cherry. Base measures 1” x 5″ x 8″, the total height is 21”. Adjusts in 2 places. LaxLights is inspired by our interest in design and function of lightning for lacrosse enthusiasts and thus the desire to provide fine lighting options to Lacrosse lovers of all ages! We hope you get some enjoyment and they get put to good use! Handmade in our shop we have constructed an awesome series of functional lamps (5 models) in your school or club colors. If not shown here we can custom make your lamps to your school, team or booster ect. LaxLights is the first sport light made from the sport’s actual gear. All pocket/shades are strung in the traditional manner using crosslace and 2 wide leathers, this is our Blackfeet custom pocket. The sticks are solid Ash wood, same as our game sticks and mini sticks. Then highly crafted for precision and function. This desk lamp (and 137 Stringer’s lamp) is adjustable in 2 places. Lamp base is either solid Oak or Maple. On/off switch is in the cord. All electrical parts are ‘UL Approved’ of the highest quality. Any bulb can be used, however we include a specialty bulb with each lamp! Lamps are fully assembled*, 5 models to choose from: Desk, Bedroom, Table, Wall Sconce and *Stringer’s Floor Lamp (some assembly required). Our lamps will give years of quality performance throughout your home. All the best – The Blackfeet Team . . .
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Laxlight John Hopkins Lacrosse Desk lamp ESP/Cherry
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definition and synonyms of Blackfeet in the English dictionary
BLACKFEET – Definition and synonyms of Blackfeet in the English dictionary
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PRONUNCIATION OF BLACKFEET
GRAMMATIC CATEGORY OF BLACKFEET
noun
adjective
Definition word
WHAT DOES BLACKFEET MEAN
Click to see the original definition of of “Blackfeet” in the English dictionary.Click to see the automatic translation of the definitions in Russian.
Blackfoot Confederation
Blackfoot Confederacy
Blackfoot Confederation or Niitsitapi is the collective name for three First Nations groups in Alberta, Canada and one Indian tribe in Montana, USA. Historically, the peoples of the Confederation were nomadic bison hunters and trout fishermen who found themselves in large areas of the northern Great Plains of Western North America, particularly in a semi-arid area with low grass.In the first half of the 18th century, they accepted horses and firearms purchased from traders with European companions and their resellers Kree and Assiniboin. Thanks to these new tools, Blackfoot expanded its territory at the expense of neighboring peoples. Through the use of horses, Blackfoot and other lowland peoples collected bison at a much faster rate. But it was the systematic commercial bison hunt of European-American hunters that forever changed the Great Plains paradigm.There were periods of famine and deprivation of Blackfoot. They were forced to end their nomadism and take over ranches and agriculture, settling on small tracts of their former lands in reservations. The Blackfoot Confederacy or Niitsitapi is the collective name of three First Nations bands in Alberta, Canada and one Native American tribe in Montana, United States. Historically, the member peoples of the Confederacy were nomadic bison hunters, and trout fishermen, who ranged across large areas of the northern Great Plains of Western North America, specifically the semi-arid short-grass prairie ecological region.In the first half of the 18th century, they adopted horses and firearms acquired from European-descended traders and their Cree and Assiniboine resellers. With these new tools, the Blackfoot expanded their territory at the expense of neighboring peoples. Through the use of horses, Blackfoot and other Plains peoples harvested bison at a much accelerated rate. But, it was the systematic commercial bison hunting by European-American hunters that permanently changed the paradigm of the Great Plains.Periods of starvation and deprivation for the Blackfoot followed. They were forced to end their nomadism and adopt ranching and farming, settling on small pieces of their former lands in reservations.
Click to see the original definition of of “Blackfeet” in the English dictionary.
Click to see the automatic translation of the definitions in Russian.
Synonyms and antonyms of Blackfeet in the English dictionary
Translation of “Blackfeet” into 25 languages
TRANSLATION OF BLACKFEET
Find out the translation of Blackfeet to 25 languages with our English multilingual translator. The translations of the word Blackfeet from English into other languages presented in this section were performed using automatic translation, in which the main element of the translation is the word “Blackfeet” in English.
Translator from English to Chinese
1,325 million speakers 570 million speakers English 510 million speakers Hindi language 380 million speakers Arabic 280 million speakers language 278 million speakers Portuguese language 270 million speakers 260 million speakers 220 million speakers 190 million speakers 180 million speakers 130 million speakers 85 million speakers 85 million speakers Vietnamese language 80 million speakers 75 million speakers Marathi language 75 million speakers Turkish language 70 million speakers 65 million speakers Polish 50 million speakers Ukrainian language 40 million speakers 30 million speakers Greek 15 million speakers Afrikaans language 14 million speakers 10 million speakers Norwegian to 5 million speakers FREQUENCY The word is used quite often The map shown above shows the frequency of use of the term “Blackfeet” in different countries.Major search trends and examples of use of Blackfeet A list of the main searches that users have entered to access our online English dictionary and the most commonly used expressions with the word “Blackfeet”. The graph shows the annual change in the frequency of use of the word “Blackfeet” over the past 500 years.The plotting is based on an analysis of how often the term “Blackfeet” appears in digitized print sources in English from 1500 to the present. “BLACKFEET” Discover the use of Blackfeet in the following bibliographical selection.Books related to the word Blackfeet and short excerpts from these books to provide an understanding of the context of the word’s use in English literature. 1 Blackfeet Indian Stories These stories come down from very ancient times. George Bird Grinnell, 1993 2 Twelve Blackfeet Stories Here are twelve loosely linked stories, one for each of those generations.These are about Amskapi Pikuni people, the Montana subdivision of Blackfeet. The stories are modern-style fiction, not legends. 3 Mission Among the Blackfeet In this book the author recounts the history of the missions and their impact on the Blackfeet, from their founding in the 1840’s to the present day. 4 Blackfeet and Buffalo: Memories of Life Among the Indians Memories of life among the Indians, ed.and with an introduction by K. C. Seele. James Willard Schultz, 1962 5 Rebirth of the Blackfeet Nation, 1912-1954 Presents the political and economic history of the Blackfeet Nation in Montana focusing on how the Indian Reorganization Act and the Indian New Deal affected the Nation from 1912 to 1954. 6 The Blackfeet : Raiders on the Northwestern Plains The Blackfeet were the strongest military power on the northwestern plains in the historic buffalo days. 7 Billy Blackfeet in the Rockies: A Story from History A fur-trading post for the Blackfeet Indians is home to Billy Jackson and his family in the Montana of 1864, as the ten-year-old faces danger from man, beast, and nature. 8 The Blackfeet : People of the Dark Moccasins The Blackfeet worried that their enemies had such powerful weapons.The 9 Census of the Blackfeet : Montana, 1897-1898 This work is a transcription of the census of the Piegan Indians of the Blackfeet Agency, Montana. The census was taken by George B.McLaughlin in 1897 and also by Thomas P. Fuller in 1898. Presents an overview of the past and present of the Blackfeet Nation, including a description of their homes, food, clothing, religion, family life and government. This shows how the national and international press uses the term Blackfeet in the context of the news articles below. Around the region: Juneau honored, storm damage checked She an enrolled member of the Mandan and Hidatsa tribes as well as a descendant of the Blackfeet Tribe. She was raised in Browning by two … “Great Falls Tribune, Jul 15” Native American football program stresses education … president of the Native American Student Association and a member of the Blackfeet tribe.“Native boys from all over the United States come …“ UTA The Shorthorn, Jul 15 ” Sen. Tester hosting small business workshop in Missoula on July 17 Blackfeet honor Tester, Ament for support of cultural lands. BROWNING – Blackfeet tribal leaders honored U.S. Sen. Jon Tester and Pearl Jam … “The Missoulian, Jul 15” Blackfeet Tribal Historic Preservation Office Joins US Forest Service … Sidney Longwell, seated in a wheelchair at center, chats with a member of the Blackfeet Tribal Business Council during a break in the Section… “Fairfield Sun Times, Jul 15” Blackfeet pride on display at Indian Days The Blackfeet Nation pulls out the stops for North American Indian Days, the annual powwow that occurs in Browning. “It livens the community.” Great Falls Tribune, Jul 15 “ Blackfeet Country and beyond celebrate Badger-Two Medicine Day Organizer Kendall Edmo and Dale Fenner of Blackfeet Community College kept things going smoothly at the first Badger-Two Medicine Day.”Cut Bank Pioneer Press, Jul 15″ Jeff Ament, Thunder Park named at opening ceremonies An honor bestowed on few, Jeff Ament received a Blackfeet Indian name during Grand Opening ceremonies at Thunder Park. Chief Earl Old … “Cut Bank Pioneer Press, Jul 15” Tribe Ramps Up Campaign to Protect Badger-Two Medicine The Badger Two Medicine area near the Blackfeet Indian Reservation and Glacier National Park.Tristan Scott | Flathead Beacon. Flathead Beacon Jun 15 Blackfeet Tribal Elder Makes Saving the Badger-Two Medicine … One Blackfeet tribal elder is hoping to make saving the Badger-Two Medicine Region along the Rocky Mountain Front his primary mission … “ABC FOX Montana News, Jun 15” Blackfeet honor Tester, Ament for support of cultural lands Blackfeet Tribal Chairman Harry Barnes, right, greets U.S. Sen. Jon Tester and Pearl Jam bass player Jeff Ament during a celebration of the … “The Missoulian, Jun 15” REFERENCES “EDUCALINGO. Blackfeet [online]. Available >> 857931 9 Russian federal departments estimate this indicator in Russia at 45-65%, and research centers in the Russian Federation – at least 60-65%. In any case, the current “bar” of this indicator has already exceeded critical values. Its further growth is fraught not only with a sharp drop in production in most Russian industries.But the acceleration of technological lag behind the rest of the “four” BRICS states. According to official estimates, the depreciation of fixed assets of power plants by now exceeds 40%. In the sub-sectors of mechanical engineering, the depreciation of fixed assets is approaching 70%, in most sub-sectors of the agro-industrial complex and the forest industry – from 55 to 70%. The renovation of the OPF since the late 1980s has lagged behind the required rates of commissioning of the reconstructed and new production facilities. Unlike, for example, China, India, South Africa.In this regard, many experts agree that in Russia, unlike other BRICS countries, there is still no purposeful industrial and technological policy. Therefore, the “devouring” of the Soviet production and technological base continues, or, to be more precise, is already coming to an end. According to research by Larisa Belousova, Ph.D. in Economics, Associate Professor at Southwestern State University, the OPF renewal rate is still 1.5 times lower than in 1990.The highest level of wear is typical for OPF of the electric power industry, chemical and petrochemical industries, machine building and metalworking, and the fuel industry. Relatively less wear and tear of fixed assets is observed, perhaps, in large and medium-sized construction organizations. A similar situation is observed in the housing and communal services system. According to the deputy of the State Duma of the Russian Federation Valery Rashkin, the share of fixed assets of housing and communal services now exceeds 26% of the total volume of OPF of economic objects as a whole. But the wear and tear of fixed assets of housing and communal services has already exceeded 60%, and in a number of constituent entities of the Federation – not less than 70%.On average, in the Russian Federation, the depreciation of boiler houses is 54.5%, utilities water supply networks – 65.5%, sewerage systems – 62.5%, heating networks – 62.8%, power grids in housing and communal services – 58.1%. Therefore, the accident rate of this infrastructure is growing rapidly. “In terms of practical use of modern energy technologies, including in the field of power engineering, Russia continues to lag behind not only many developed countries, but also developing countries,” notes Nikolai Boytsov, General Director of NPK Engineering Technologies.Deterioration of equipment in this area reaches critical levels. The consequence of the development of such a situation may well be an even greater level of losses of energy raw materials during production, transportation and processing. Moreover, Russia is already among the countries – world “leaders” in terms of such losses. ” According to Nikolai Boytsov, the level of depreciation of fixed assets in the power engineering industry on average in the Russian Federation exceeds 55%, and in some regions of the country it is close to 70%. Although in developed countries this figure barely reaches 20%.And in the context of heightened competition in the world market for energy products, foreign machine-building or pipe-rolling companies, in his opinion, “are hardly inclined to” pull up “the technological state of Russian industries serving the energy sector and transportation of energy products to their level. industries for Russia are no less important than the growth of exports of energy products. ” Red-skinned America. Fact Collection 38 of the 50 US states have Native American names. The term “redskin” originated among the British colonists who settled in New England. They were adjacent to the Indian tribe Beofax (now it does not exist), whose warriors painted their bodies with ocher. Subsequently, the word acquired a racial connotation, separating the Indians from the Europeans (“white”), Africans (“black”) and Asians (“yellow”).In 1992, seven American Indians petitioned the US Patent and Trademark Office to prohibit the use of the word “redskin” in the names of firms, sports teams, trademarks, etc. Red Indians. In 1999, the Indians filed a lawsuit claiming that the name of the Washington Redskins baseball team offends their national sentiments.In 2003, the court dismissed this claim on the grounds that no evidence was presented to it that the disputed term was associated exclusively with the indigenous people of the United States. Today, there are about 150 Indian languages in the USA and Canada. Their exact number is unknown, because different linguists offer different gradations – for example, some of them consider the language of the “Southern Cree” to be a dialect, while others consider it to be an independent language. The Indians, for the most part, have lost their native language (more precisely, their native languages).72% of American Indians do not speak any language other than English. 18% speak English and the language of their tribe equally well. Only 10% know English poorly or do not know at all, constantly communicating only in their own tribal dialect. The most successful in preserving their language were the Navajo and Pueblo Indians (they live in the southern part of the United States, on the border with Mexico). According to the US Census Bureau, in 2000 there were approximately 1.8 million purebred Indians in the United States.For the first time in the history of the United States, the 2000 census made it possible to indicate the “mixed” origin of an inhabitant of the country. As a result, it turned out that another 2.9 million Americans consider themselves Indians to a greater or lesser extent (that is, one or more of their closest ancestors were Indians). The largest Indian tribes are now: Cherokee (about 302.5 thousand “purebred” Native Americans), Navajo (276.7 thousand), Sioux (113 thousand) and Chippewa (almost 111 thousand). By comparison, the US population in 2000 was approximately 290 million.human. The census also showed that the Indians are a “young” people (more precisely, peoples). The average Indian is 29 years old, the average American is 35.33% of Indians are under 18 years old. For comparison, in 2000, 26% of Americans were in a similar age group. At the same time, fewer Indians live to old age. The 65-year mark was crossed by 5.6% of red-skinned residents of the United States, in the country as a whole, this figure is 12.4%. Among the Indians, incomplete families are very numerous (where only the mother or only the father is present).On average in the United States, 52.5% of households (a family or a group of people living together with a common budget) consist of two-parent families. Among the Indians, only 45%. In some tribes, the number of incomplete families is even higher, for example, among the Athabaskans (live in Alaska), only 32% of families are complete. Despite the fact that Native Americans enjoy significant benefits in admission to higher education, and education for them is free, the level of education among Indians is extremely low. High school graduated 72% of Indians – in the United States as a whole, this figure is 80%.A bachelor’s degree (awarded after graduation) is held by 11% of Indians. In the United States as a whole, this figure is 24%. Unsurprisingly, the proportion of Indians in management positions is noticeably inferior to those of other racial groups living in the United States. Indians most often work in construction, agriculture, and the service sector. The average American earned $ 37.1 thousand in 2000, the Indian – $ 28.9 thousand. Unemployment among Indians is a record high for the United States – it reaches 15%, and in some reservations – 80% (on average in the country it does not exceed 5%).25.8% of Indians live below the poverty line, while 12% of the US population is considered “poor”. According to current US regulations, a family of four is considered “poor” if its total annual income does not exceed $ 16,895, and a single family – if its income does not exceed $ 9,039 (data for 2000). In some tribes, the poverty rate is even higher: for example, among the Sioux Indians the poor are 38.9%, among the Navajo – 37%. 56% of Indians own their own homes – the national average, this figure exceeds 66%.About 20% of Indian homes do not have running water or sewerage. The houses of the Indians are overcrowded in 32% of cases – up to 25 people can live in three rooms. According to the Department of Justice statistics for many years, American Indians are twice as likely as the rest of the United States to become victims of violent crime. There are many more alcohol abusers among Indians than in the United States as a whole. A study conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2004 showed that indigenous people – Indians, as well as Eskimos, Aleuts, and others – smoke the most in the United States.40% of adult Indians are committed to this bad habit. In comparison, 25% of black Americans and 26% of whites smoke. USA is a country of religious freedom. However, only in relation to the Indians a special law has been adopted, which allows them to freely practice their religious cult (some Indians and religious scholars consider it correct to call it “spiritual practice”). The fact is that most of the rituals require eagle feathers, but eagles in the United States are protected by law, and hunting them is prohibited.An exception is made for the Indians: only tribal members can acquire eagle feathers. However, they are prohibited from selling or transferring them to non-Indians. Indian Reservations received the right to establish casinos in 1998, when the corresponding federal law was passed (called the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act). The reason for this was the 1997 US Supreme Court verdict. The court ruled that since the Indians were forced into infertile places with no mineral resources and could not engage in traditional trades that would allow them to obtain a livelihood, they had the right to engage in gambling.This was the most important victory for the Indians, because in most US states such establishments are prohibited by law. Therefore, Indian casinos have become islands of excitement that attract a large number of visitors. Unlike other types of business on reservations, gambling is heavily regulated by the US federal government. According to the National Indian Gaming Association, in 2005 (latest available data) gambling establishments operated on 227 (out of 563) reservations.In 2006, Indians earned $ 25.7 billion from gambling lovers (in 2005 – $ 22.6 billion) – in terms of profitability, Indian casinos are ahead only of Las Vegas gambling houses. The gambling business has created more than 670 thousand jobs. A 2005 study showed that the reservation authorities (aka tribal leaders) spend 20% of casino revenues to support educational programs, 19% to economic development, and 17% each to finance law enforcement and healthcare. US Army Rangers – The oldest special forces of the US Army, existing since 1756, emerged from experience gained during battles with the Indians.These were special detachments of light infantry that used Native American tactics of ambushes and surprise attacks. The name Ranger means “tramp, huntsman, forester”. The creator of the “Ranger” units, Major Robert Rogers Robert Rogers, in 1759 formulated 19 commandments for his subordinates, which he borrowed from the Iroquois. These commandments have still not lost their significance and are used in the training of all US special forces. The first commandment is “Never forget anything.” In addition, the number of commandments includes, for example, the following postulates: “Be aware of the enemy before he saw you”, “Tell the truth about what you did and what you saw”, “Never return to the camp the same way”, “Never cross the river using the well-known ford”, “Never stand up to your full height if the enemy is approaching you.Bend down, lie down, hide in the grass. “ In 1942-1945, the US military used the Navajo Indians as cryptographers. They served on the Pacific Front in the US Marine Corp, transmitting classified messages that Japanese cryptographers were unable to decipher. Philip Johnston, a World War I veteran son of a missionary who converted the Navajo to Christianity, was one of the few whites who was fluent in the tribe’s language.Johnson’s idea was accepted because he easily proved how difficult it is to decipher messages in the Navajo language, which did not have a written language, but had a number of features that made translation difficult (for example, the meaning of a phrase changes dramatically depending on the tone in which it is pronounced). Then only about 30 non-members of this tribe knew the Navajo language, none of these specialists were Japanese. Johnson’s idea was tested in an experiment: a Navajo Indian was able to translate a message of three sentences in 20 seconds, while encryption machines that existed at that time coped with this task in 20 minutes.In 1942, there were about 50,000 Navajos in the world, about 400 of them were ransomware. The Japanese could not crack the code. It is little known that the first Indian cryptographers appeared in the US Army during the First World War. Then secret negotiations were conducted in the Choctaw language. Since 1972 in the structure of the US Customs Service The Customs Service (now called Immigration and Customs Enforcement) is a group of Shadow Wolves. It consists of 15 (in the near future there will be 21) Indian trackers from the Tohono tribe living near the US-Mexican border.”Wolves” are engaged in the fight against drug traffickers. The US State Department sent the “wolves” as instructors to countries that also fight drug trafficking – in particular, they worked in some post-Soviet states of Central Asia. In the near future, a similar structure will appear on the border with Canada, it will include trackers from the Blackfoot tribe. According to National Geographic magazine, Indians were the first to use or invented potatoes, tobacco, peppers, chocolate, vanilla, peanuts, corn, rubber, chewing gum, popcorn, freezing systems, camouflage clothing, syringes and ball games.In addition, words such as canoe, toboggan, lacrosse (ball game), moccasin, wigwam, etc., got into European languages from the languages of the Indians. In 2004, the National Museum of the American Indian was opened in downtown Washington. Its building was designed by Indian architects. In 2005, the Massachusetts Parliament overturned the 330-year-old law. He forbade the Indians to visit the city of Boston. State reservation Eight out of every ten American Indians have more than just red blood in their veins.According to US law, an “Indian” can be considered a person who has proven that one of his grandfathers or one of the grandmothers was native to America, whose tribe lived in the modern United States. Each Indian tribe, in turn, establishes its own rules for the definition of “Indian” – there are many cases when people without the slightest admixture of Indian blood became members and even leaders of Indian tribes. Usually in official documentation the term “native American” is used, which means not only Indians, but also Eskimos with Aleuts (they are often called “Alaska Natives” Alaska native).This terminology dates back to the 1960s, when it was first used by the Bureau of Indian Affairs (under the Department of Interior). There are 550 Native American tribes officially recognized as such by the federal government in the United States. Among them – 223 separate settlements in Alaska. Federal recognition of tribal status is essential. This shows that this or that group of indigenous inhabitants of America has a special, specially legalized relationship with the US government, implying that all contact with these people is carried out exclusively at the government level. However, not all Indian tribes are officially recognized by the federal authorities, although some of them have achieved similar recognition from the authorities of their states. Between 1978 and 2004, 150 tribes filed petitions for recognition of tribal status, according to the Bureau of Indian Relations. For official recognition, in particular, it is required to prove that this tribe independently existed before the first contact with “non-Indian peoples” (meaning Europeans and descendants of Europeans), that this tribe retained the structure and tradition of transferring power, that it has a written constitution, that modern Indians have a genetic connection with people who were part of this tribe before the first contact with white people (this requires genealogical research), etc.In total, during this period of time, 21 tribes achieved official recognition. Contrary to popular belief, an American does not receive money and benefits from the US federal authorities just for the fact that Indian blood flows in his veins. Financial payments are made to those Indians (and descendants of Indians) who are able to prove that their (or their ancestors’) property was requisitioned by agents of the US authorities. In other cases, federal subsidies and grants are received by Indian tribes, who independently distribute them among their members (sometimes the authorities send checks to the tribal authorities, sometimes to individual Indians directly).In order to receive this money, a person must prove not only his genealogical belonging to this tribe, but also meet certain criteria that this tribe imposes on its members. The US federal authorities dispose of two categories of land (the term “reserved land” is used): military land (military bases, training grounds, secret research centers, etc. are located on them) and Indian lands on which reservations are located (the concept is officially used sovereign nation). The process of forming reservations began in the early 19th century on the basis of agreements between Washington and individual tribes. It became the basis of the state Indian policy of the United States in the late 1860s – in the following decades, almost all tribes, which at that time retained their community and identity, received at their disposal “their” territories or territories specially allocated for them by Washington (if Indians were expelled from their homes.Many researchers note that the federal authorities often neglected the concluded agreements, for example, in the 1960s they confiscated part of the Iroquois territory in order to build a hydroelectric power plant. According to the US State Department, the US government recognizes the right of these tribes to self-government and supports their sovereignty and the right to self-determination. Tribes living on reservations (they are also sovereign nations) have the right to form their government, to develop and enforce laws, to establish taxes, to assign citizenship to the tribe (that is, they determine who and under what circumstances can become a member of the tribe and will live according to the laws of the tribe as long as he is on the territory of the reservation), on licensing and regulation of almost all types of activities, etc.In a legal sense, Indian reservations have rights that the states of the United States have. Just like the states, they cannot enter into official relations with other states (this is the prerogative of the federal government), wage war and mint coins. Only federal and tribal laws apply on reservations. Indians living on reservations are not subject to state laws. Tribal courts and law enforcement are active on most reservations.In addition to the right to self-government, reservations (more precisely, the Indian peoples inhabiting them) receive rights to some other bonuses. They, for example, can count on receiving government grants and subsidies. In addition, the federal budget provides Indians living on the reservations with food, provides government financial guarantees for the purchase of residential real estate, pays increased benefits for children and organizes free refresher courses. Indians pay the same taxes as the rest of the United States.There is only one exception: taxes are not levied on the land that the Indians received from the US authorities (that is, the territory of the reserves) and the income received from them. Residents of reservations also do not pay state taxes. Today, there are 563 Indian reservations in the United States, in which one in three American Indian lives. The majority of the reservation population is based in three states – California, Arizona and Oklahoma. Many reservations are not only home to Indians. In addition, reservations set their own rules for land ownership: in 140 of them, all land is collectively owned by the tribe, in the rest, private owners are the owners.The largest in terms of area is the Navajo reservation (about 64.7 thousand sq. Km.), However, there are reservations, the territory of which does not exceed 50 sq. Km. km. In total, the Indians control 220.5 thousand square meters. km. territory of the United States. According to the Indian agency TribalNews, food prices on reservations are about 2 times higher than prices in stores located in regular areas. The inhabitants of the reservations have a much lower educational level than their fellow tribesmen living outside the national territories. The largest organization of American Indians, the National Congress of American Indians, has been trying in recent years to bring relations with official Washington to a new level. She is collecting donations for the opening of the Indian Embassy in Washington. Washington ProFile War of politicians and leaders The policy of the European colonialists of North America towards the indigenous inhabitants of the continent has changed over time.At first, the Indians were not taken into account at all, considering them “barbarians”, later – they were treated as people of the “second class”, in the 19th century the concept of a “noble savage” arose. It was only in the middle of the 20th century that the Indians began to be treated as equals. 15th century – 1776. During the initial period of colonization of the American continent, Europeans (Spanish, Portuguese, British, French, Dutch, Danes, Swedes, etc.) based their land claims on the basis of the so-called “Discovery Law”. According to this principle, a European who first discovered or entered a particular piece of land that was not occupied by another state could declare it the property of his state. This law divided the “right of ownership” and the “right of residence”, which was granted to “savages” – non-Christians. Only a “civilized” person – a European Christian – could be considered a full-fledged owner of the land, since he could use it “productively”. That is why Christopher Columbus entered the islands of the Caribbean Sea discovered by him with the Spanish flag in his hand and in a special way declared these lands the possession of the Spanish crown. This principle first appeared in a series of papal edicts issued during the era of the Crusades. Subsequently, the Roman pontiff simply divided the world (America and Africa) between the Catholic powers – Spain and Portugal. Over time, this principle has undergone some changes. The Europeans received the rights to legal ownership of the land either as a result of the war – after the drive from it (destruction) of the Indians, or on the basis of peace treaties with individual Indian tribes. De facto, both of these options were used in North America (Canada and the United States), and often wars alternated with treaties that were concluded not only by the governments of countries, but also by the authorities of the colonies and even individual colonists.This principle was understood by the Indians themselves, who traditionally built their relations with neighbors in a similar way. 1777 – 1828. It is curious that the USA was also created because of the Indians. The Declaration of Independence contains an extensive list of claims by 90,604 American colonists against the King of Great Britain. One of them says that the king “tried to incite the ruthless Indian savages on the inhabitants of our border lands, whose recognized rules of war are reduced to the destruction of people, regardless of age, gender and marital status.” After the formation of the United States (1776), the federal authorities received the prerogative of negotiating with the Indians – the states were deprived of this right. Peace treaties remained the basis of territorial expansion, according to which the Indians agreed to give up their lands as punishment (if, for example, they started a war with the United States or actively cooperated with other powers, for example, with Great Britain, France and Spain, in the hope of harming the United States) or transactions (the Indians could receive in return some kind of cash payments or rights).In any case, the federal government itself remained the guarantor of the deal, which put the Indians in a deliberately unequal position. In 1823, the US Supreme Court made a precedent decision. His verdict was that the “law of discovery” was more important than any treaties with the Indians. The judges explained that the US government is the legal successor of Great Britain in the territory of North America it occupies, and since the British were the first civilized people to set foot on these lands, they have absolute rights to own them.In this regard, previously concluded agreements with the Indians can be considered insolvent, and the Indians do not have any rights to own their territory at all. 1828 – 1887 In previous decades, the United States has repeatedly tried to expel or resettle the Indian tribes that vexed it. In a number of cases, in this case, they achieved success. In 1830, a landmark event took place: the US Congress adopted the Indian Removal Act, which gave the federal authorities the right to “exchange” lands occupied by Indian tribes in the eastern part of the country for lands located in the West, where European settlers had just begun to reach … Georgia was the initiator of this law. On its territory were the lands of the Cherokee tribe. Unlike many other tribes in the United States, the Cherokee could be considered intellectuals. Indians were successful in agriculture, chiefs lived in houses designed by leading American architects, their children attended American schools and even learned to play the piano. In 1809-1821, one of the leaders of the Cherokee – Sequoia Sequoyah (the tallest tree on the planet is named after him) created the original alphabet of the tribal language, which was mastered by many Indians.In 1826, for the first time of all Indian tribes, the Cherokee prepared and adopted a constitution for their tribe (in 1828, the new Cherokee chief John Ross John Ross first took the oath, putting his hand on the constitution – it is curious that he himself was only one-eighth Cherokee). Moreover, in 1828, the Cherokee began publishing their newspaper Cherokee Phoenix, which was printed in two languages - English and Cherokee. Georgia has long discriminated against the Cherokee – for example, they could not testify in the courts where their cases were heard.After the law was passed, the Cherokee tried to fight and made it to the US Supreme Court. However, in 1831, the Supreme Court ruled that Indian tribes had no legal rights to govern their own territories, to exercise self-government, and to enter into legal and political relations with federal authorities. As a result, the Cherokee were ordered to move west to the Mississippi area, where they were given new land and offered monetary compensation. The Cherokee considered (and continue to consider) these actions illegal, but the troops drove them out of their homes and escorted them to their new homeland.In the 1838-1839s, 13 thousand Indians were evicted from Georgia, 4 thousand of them died on the road. Their path to the West is called the “trail of tears”. This story has become a precedent. She showed that Indians cannot defend their land rights. The fate of the Cherokee was repeated by some other tribes, although others (for example, the Seneca tribe) were able to defend their rights. As a result, the first reservations appeared in the United States. In 1871, by a decision of Congress, negotiations with the Indians were prohibited, which showed that the US authorities no longer intend to consider the tribes as sovereign peoples. 1887 – 1928. During these decades, the theory that the best way to solve the Indian problem was to accelerate the assimilation of the indigenous inhabitants of America gained popularity in the corridors of US power. It was assumed that the Indians should sever ties with their tribes and become ordinary private landowners, at the same time they had to switch to English and abandon their culture, religion, traditions, etc. In 1885, the traditional Indian religious practice was outlawed.The reason for this was a series of bloody uprisings of the Indians, which were inspired, supported or led by shamanic prophets. In 1887, Washington began to carve up the Indian reservations into plots that were distributed among individual Indians (they received the right to use this land for 25 years, after which they should receive new permission from the federal authorities). After the 25-year period, the Indian was no longer considered a member of the tribe, he became a resident of the state on the territory of which the reservation was located, with all the ensuing consequences.During the period from 1887 to 1934, the area of reservations was reduced by three times. By the end of the 1920s, it became obvious that this policy did not lead to success and was only breeding new problems. In 1924, a significant event took place. Congress passed the Indian Citizenship Act. All Indians received American citizenship – the reason for this was the courage shown by 10 thousand Native Americans who fought in the US Army on the fronts of the First World War. By comparison, the government of neighboring Mexico passed a similar law in 1824. 1928 – 1961. In 1934, the USA finally abandoned the policy of assimilation. Then the Indian Reorganization Act was passed. The Indians again received the right to practice their religious and cultural rites. The tribes gained the right to prohibit their members from selling their land to outside people or organizations. The US government began to encourage Indian self-government. Then, for the first time in a long time, calls were made to restore Indian sovereignty, that is, the limited statehood of the tribes.The Indian tribes living on the reservations began to receive federal subsidies – it was then that the struggle of the Indians for the official recognition of their tribes began. It is curious that in 1941 an illustrative story took place: the Seminole Indians living in Florida refused to join the ranks of the US armed forces – then the American army and navy were recruited on the basis of conscription, which was also subject to Indians who were considered ordinary Americans. The Seminole claimed that their state was illegally abolished by whites, but they consider themselves its citizens and are not able to serve in the troops of another country. After World War II, Native American policy was revised again. The right to regulate relations with the tribes was again given to Congress. In the 1950s, individual states were given the right to establish their jurisdiction over reservations. A series of regulations adopted in those years created an abnormal situation: the federal authorities, state authorities and Indian tribes were completely confused in defining their rights and responsibilities. These problems persist to this day. 1961 is our time. As a result of the massive civil rights struggle in the United States, a number of injustices against the Indians have been eliminated. In 1968, the important Indian Civil Rights Act was passed, the Indian Education Act in 1972, and the Indian Self-Determination and Education Act in 1975, which created the current system of relationships. The Indians received the right to self-government, as well as direct control over their finances, education system, etc.As a result, the standard of living and education of the native inhabitants of America has improved markedly. Some of the tribal leaders have shown remarkable managerial skills. Numerous Native American writers, painters, philosophers, actors, etc. have appeared. However, there is still a gap in the level of well-being between Indians and representatives of other racial and ethnic groups in the United States. In addition, in recent years, the tribes have been divided into “rich” and “poor”, which also provokes tensions. In preparing the material, information was used from the books of Deloria, Vine and Clifford Little Deloria, Vine and Clifford Lytle “American Indians, American Justice” American Indians, American Justice and Stephen Pevar Stephen Pevar “Rights of Indians and Tribes” The Rights of Indians and Tribes. Indian genocide The Indians once owned the entire American continent. The year 1492, when Columbus discovered America, became “black” for them. As a result, they lost most of their lands, and their numbers declined sharply, many tribes simply ceased to exist. Some researchers call these events genocide. In 1933, at a conference in Madrid on the unification of international criminal law, a Polish lawyer of Jewish origin Raphael Lemkin Raphael Lemkin first used the word “genocide”, which was formed by combining the Greek genos – “clan, tribe” and the Latin caedo – “I kill”.Lemkin called on the League of Nations (the forerunner of the UN) to create an international convention to prevent war crimes and barbarism. In 1944, Lemkin, who fled to the United States in 1941, published the documentary book Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress, in which, when describing the massacres of Jews for the first time the term “genocide” was used. In 1945, this term was used in legal practice – at the Nuremberg trials of Nazi war criminals.In 1946, Lemkin began working for the newly created United Nations Organization, where for two years he “polished” the definition of genocide. On December 9, 1948, the UN General Assembly adopted the “Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide”. The Convention declared that genocide, whether committed in peacetime or wartime, is a crime that violates international law In the United States, Indian organizations and a number of historians argue that an act of genocide was carried out against the indigenous inhabitants of the American continent, as the number of Red Americans fell from an estimated 12 million.in 1500 to 237 thousand in 1900. This theory was first expressed by the historian Richard Dinnon Richard Drinnon, who published The American Indian: The First Victim in 1972. Ward Churchill, Professor of Ethnology at the University of Colorado, University of Colorado, in Struggle for the Land: Indigenous Resistance to Genocide, Ecocide and Expropriation in Contemporary North America (1993), argues that there was no genocide like Native American. in human history. Such views have become quite widespread. 1992 marked the 500th anniversary of the historic voyage of Columbus. Then the National Council of Churches of the USA, the National Council of Churches, adopted a resolution that called the opening of the New World an “invasion”, the result of which was “slavery and genocide of the indigenous inhabitants of America.” Opponents of the “Indian genocide” argue that enmity and cruelty in relations between the Redskins and whites were mutual, and both Indians and whites destroyed civilians belonging to a different race.In many cases, the brutality of the Indians amazed the Europeans. John Tebbel John Tebbel (himself partly Indian) and Keith Jennison, authors of American Indian Wars, analyzed reports of such military campaigns. They came to the conclusion that the Indians not only organized “blood baths”, brutally killing women, children and the elderly, not only reached cannibalism, but in many cases were unambiguously aggressors, attacking, for example, defenseless Mennonite settlements (they “Moravian Brothers” – a religious sect that denies violence and forbids its members to take up arms – Washington ProFie).Moreover, the Indians themselves practiced genocide: at the beginning of the 18th century, the Iroquois almost completely exterminated the Huron tribe – out of 20 thousand people, less than 200 remained alive. Opponents argue that the methods of calculating the population of America, on the basis of which such a terrible conclusion was made, are very inaccurate and based on assumptions. The reasons are obvious – the first census in modern Europe was carried out only in 1749 (in Sweden). In the United States, the census was first held in 1790, in France and Great Britain in 1801, and in China only in 1953.The Indians themselves did not know the exact number of members of their tribes until the beginning of the 20th century. Therefore, studies are periodically published, the authors of which either reduce the number of Indians who originally lived in America (sometimes up to 1-2 million), or, conversely, incredibly increase it (up to 40-50 million). The figure of 12 million was adopted in the 1960s, but it is most likely not accurate either. Example: In 1928, ethnologist James Mooney James Mooney calculated that 1 million people lived in the territories of the modern United States and Canada by the time the Europeans arrived.150 thousand Indians. In 1987 Russell Thornton Russell Thornton, author of the American Indian Holocaust and Survival, claimed that there were much more than 5 million Indians. Anthropologist Henry Dobins Henry Dobyns in 1983 named 18 million (of which US territory – 10 million). Dobins proceeded as follows: he took the number of the Indian population in a certain area in the state of nadir (that is, the minimum number) and multiplied by 20-25 to determine how many people could exist in a given area if all was well. However, some research is not based on assumptions, but on historical documents. In the 1960s, Carl Sauer, a geographer from Berkeley Berkeley University, Carl Sauer discovered in the Spanish archives a document written by Columbus’s brother Bartolomeo, who was appointed governor of the island of Hispaniola (now there are two states on it – Haiti and the Dominican Republic). In 1496, Bartolomeo reported that the island was home to 1.1 million Indians. Sawyer proved that the Spanish then controlled about half of the island and did not include women and children.Based on this, he suggested that about 3 million people lived on Hispaniola. A generation later, only about 11,000 Indians lived on the island. The vast majority of Indians, most likely, died not from swords and bullets, but because of diseases brought in by European colonists. Smallpox was probably the most deadly. The Indians did not just die of it, they were weakened by illness and were unable to take care of themselves – in other words, they were dying of hunger. Other killers were typhus, diphtheria, bubonic plague, cholera, measles, etc.e. Most of these diseases were equally dangerous for Europeans, but by some of them they either managed to acquire immunity, or learned how to properly treat them. The renowned medical historian Alfred Cosby, Alfred Crosby, in The Columbian Exchange: Biological & Cultural Consequences of 1492, proves that “invisible killers are responsible for 75-90% of Indian deaths.” There are facts that support this theory.For example, in 1850, California became the 31st state in the United States. Then local officials calculated that the number of local Indians is 150-200 thousand people. By the end of the century, there were about 15 thousand of them. During all this time, there were no wars between the Indians and the whites, although individual skirmishes and murders did take place. Disease and famine were responsible for the death of the Indians, as the original owners of these territories were pushed to the least fertile lands. However, supporters of genocide parry this argument as well.David Stannard, author of American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World, proves that the actions of whites are reminiscent of the actions of the Nazis towards the Jews. Jews also perished from disease and hunger, inspired by the Nazis. He gives a number of examples when Europeans provided Indians with blankets, which covered patients with smallpox – they did this quite deliberately, knowing that smallpox is contagious. On the territory of the United States, similar stories happened twice, both times the tribes who started the war against the whites and laid siege to the forts, where the European colonists fled, received poisonous blankets.Also in both cases, smallpox appeared in these places long before the start of the war, so it is unlikely that the Europeans expected to wage a full-fledged biological war. Guenter Lewy, a political scientist at the University of Massachusetts, notes skeptically that “the colonists came to the New World for many reasons, but none of them sought to deliberately spread disease.” There is another side to this story. Initially, the Europeans hoped to “civilize” and “Christianize” the Indians.These attempts were both successful and unsuccessful, however, in any case, the whites got the red allies. In colonial wars (for example, between Great Britain and France, between the United States and Great Britain, etc.), Indians often acted as mercenaries. They successfully killed not only white enemies, but also other Indians who belonged to other tribes and even fellow tribesmen who stood under foreign banners. It is significant, for example, that the great leader Pontiac Pontiac (1720-1769), who led the war of the Indians against the British, was killed by a member of his own tribe without any requests and help from the Europeans.Similar stories happened afterwards. Most historians agree that there are many unsightly pages in the history of European and American attitudes toward Indians. It has been proven that whites slaughtered Indian settlements, drove them out of their homes, deprived of food supplies (for example, in the middle of the 19th century, the Americans destroyed bison to weaken the prairie tribes), deceived, violated treaties, etc. However, the same, and sometimes even greater insidiousness and cruelty, the other side also showed.According to estimates by John Tebbel and Keith Jennison, about three-quarters of the wars between Indians and whites began at the initiative of the Redskins. All these wars have been lost. According to the UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, genocide refers to acts committed with the intent to destroy in whole or in part any national, ethnic, racial or religious group as such: the killing of members of such a group; causing serious bodily harm or mental harm to members of such a group; deliberate creation for any group of such living conditions that are designed for complete or partial physical destruction; measures designed to prevent childbearing among such a group; forcible transfer of children from one human group to another.However, in the actions of the European colonists and the authorities of the American states there was no “special intention” to destroy all Indians – this very criterion is the quintessence of the current definition of genocide. Based on Washington ProFile This article is excerpted from Hakai Magazine, an online publication about science and society in coastal ecosystems. Find out more stories like this at hakaimagazine.com. A wheel of wings revolves around Grimsey Island, Iceland’s northernmost outpost. This eyebrow of land 40 kilometers above the mainland crosses the Arctic Circle. It is home to about 70 residents, with one street, a tiny grocery store, an oblique runway about a third the length of the island, and a sign pointing to the parallel 66 ° 33’N, where tourists drive golf balls into the Arctic. …In the short northern summer, the island is classified as a seabird. Thousands and thousands of kittiwaks, puffins, arctic terns and others turn Grimsey into a house bustling under the constant light of the midnight sun. Birds nest on sea cliffs, breed wild flowers in fields, patrol rocky burrows and rafts in the cold waters of the North Atlantic. And they cluster on the tarmac, erupting into the clouds as planes carrying day travelers circle. This July day for the Arctic is fragrant, and Arnie Hilmarsson is relaxing outside in jeans and a woolen sweater.Hilmarsson, a fisherman from across the country, goes in search of seabirds. He and half a dozen others traveled to the far north of Iceland from Heimzi Island, home to about 4,500 people, about 10 kilometers off Iceland’s southern coast. They made two boat trips and traveled over 500 kilometers – a long day’s journey – in pursuit of black and white birds with huge red and yellow stripe bills: Atlantic dullards. They are here for a century old Scandinavian tradition that they call lundaveiðar [LOON-da-veyth-ar]: summer puffin hunting. “Since I was a little boy, I have always caught puffins,” says Hilmarsson, who is in his 50s and grew up hunting seabirds in the Westman Islands. “Every year I would fish 5000, 6000. I grew up on poultry meat. We are sitting near the sign in the Arctic Circle near the two-story yellow house that serves as a hotel for Grimsey Island. Hilmarsson flutters in smoke after the clock crouches on a wet, mite-laden hillside, sweeping birds from the sky with a long-handled net.His group of fathers and sons, neighbors and friends came to catch puffins with a triangular grid or khafur [HOW-verr]; the elders teach the children the same way their elders taught them. And the group – all members of the same hunting club in the Westman Islands, the center of social life on the islands – has a mission: to collect birds for the starving people at home. Arni Hilmarsson uses decoys to lure puffins around waiting hunters. (Photo by Carsten Egewang / atlanticseabirds.info) For centuries, seabirds have been critical to the coastal peoples of the North Atlantic. Explorers of the Viking Age followed ocean foragers such as guillottes and gannets to new shores. Vast colonies of kitwicks and puffins supported the settlements they established on the rugged coastlines of Iceland, eastern Greenland, and the Faroe Islands. For the settlers, hunting seabirds and collecting eggs meant the difference between life and hunger. For their descendants, tradition lives on as the heart of a communal identity. Seabird catch is a test of nerves: people dangle on ropes tens of meters above the sea, picking eggs from nests on the side of a cliff. This is a skill test: determining the flight path and determining the time to turn in the air to catch the bird in the air. For some, this is a small source of income. For most, this is the essence of a cherished cuisine. And, first of all, it is a connection between generations, a connection with their maritime past, the taste of the sea . But North Atlantic seabirds and the way of life that surrounds them are now disappearing.Over the past decade, seabird populations in parts of the region have declined by 60 percent due to climate change and other human activities. Poor breeding in once prolific nesting colonies is widespread. Five species native to Iceland, including the iconic Atlantic Puffin, are now listed as endangered or vulnerable on the BirdLife International / International Union for Conservation of Nature’s Red List. Hilmarsson tells me that his house in Vestmanach was the main cul-de-sac.The volcanic archipelago hosts a mega-colony that is the world’s largest Atlantic puffin breeding site. But the ecosystem went wrong. Warming coastal waters have led to a decline in chick production for over a decade. The picture is similar to most of Iceland and extends south to the Faroe Islands and the northeast Atlantic. “We cannot catch puffins in the Westman Islands,” says Hilmarsson. His sharp, weathered features are folded.After a long breeding season of the disaster, Westman authorities limited the local hunting season to three days in 2016, up from five a year earlier. Now you can only take a couple of hundred dead ends. Outsiders can bristle at the thought of eating this cute – and often anthropomorphized – clown-cry bird. But it’s almost a ritual for Iceland’s 332,000-plus people. Culinary stars in family gatherings, social gatherings, celebrations and celebrations that strengthen the northerners as winter approaches. “We have to eat the dead end once or twice a year,” says Hilmarsson. He squints at the sparkling snow peaks on the mainland. “Especially at Thjóðhátíð .” He talks about the huge Westman Islands festival every summer. The event began in 1874 when bad weather prevented the residents of Westman Island from heading to the mainland to celebrate the country’s 1000th anniversary, so they decided to host their own. The party is legendary – a multi-day orgy that attracts revelers from all over Iceland and beyond.Thjóðhátíð [THYOTH-how-teeth] are only a few weeks old. And the Hilmarsson club is supposed to provide the birds. Due to climate change and other environmental factors, the number of seabirds in the North Atlantic is declining, which calls into question the fate of the annual puffin hunting. (Photo by Carsten Egewang / atlanticseabirds.info) “Westerners find it difficult to understand the importance of seabird capture to northern peoples,” says Danish biologist Carsten Egewang.“There is a sense of pride that you are doing something like your father. I saw it in the Faroe Islands, in Greenland, in all the northern countries. ” Egewang, a researcher at the Greenland Institute for Natural Resources in Nuuk, Greenland, travels the North Atlantic studying Old Norse traditions that are now disappearing along with seabirds. The project, which is planned to be completed in the book, brings together science, anthropology and art. The keen photographer Egewang went out on boats with seabird hunters in Greenland and hung from the oviduct cliffs of the Faroe Islands to capture the endangered culture.He is now on Grimsey Island with Icelandic ornithologist Aivar Petersen to record what may be one of the last remnants of the Lundaveidar. We follow the winding dirt road along the west coast of Grimsey to see the hunters on Westman Island in action. Egewang is carrying a backpack filled with a rucksack, almost double its girth. It’s early morning, but the summer sun is hovering over the same high sky as it did at dinner last night. Birds hover and attack around us.Rumbling sniper sounds like badminton shuttlecocks. Arctic terns squeal with a bandsaw as they dive towards our heads. And rows on rows of cul-de-sacs line the tops of the cliffs like tuxedo-clad sentries at their posts. Egewang has spent the last two decades observing Greenland seabirds and their numbers declining. Over time, being close to hunters and their communities, he realized the social consequences. “There are many cultural traditions associated with the capture of seabirds,” says Egewang.“In the old days, it was a matter of survival. And, of course, this is no longer the case, but the tradition continues. ” The extensive use of seabirds has long been a hallmark of northern coastal culture. Seabirds are mentioned in Norse sagas as early as the 9th century, and their bones were found in the middle of Viking settlements. The rights of landowners to hunt, as well as rules restricting hunting near colonies where eggs are collected, are set out in the 13th century Icelandic book of laws. The Land Registry notes good rocks in the early 1700s.The skill of hunting and collecting eggs has bestowed personal fame, public pride. This is a thousand-year-old thread between generations. “People really care about these traditions,” says Egewang. “They literally risk their lives to get, say, Fulmar eggs, when they can easily go to the store and buy chicken eggs. … They do it because they like it, because they feel it is part of their heritage. ” We reach the hunting area of the Isle of Westman.Streams of bird shit flow down the hillside like overturned vats. A bouncy sea breeze translates acrid, red-haired funk. Holding onto the rope, we ride the slippery and gliding guano down a long steep slope towards the hunters’ curtains. A puffin galaxy swirls around us, circling between the ocean and the earth. Hiding behind the rocks, the hunters wait for a deviated or gust of wind to push the bird within the reach of the shelter hidden on the sides. Suddenly an arc appears in the sky, then he falls back to the ground with a tangled dead end in a spider web. “It reminds me of going home when I was a child,” says Ragnar Jonsson, an orthopedic surgeon who grew up on the Westman Islands and came to Grimsey to get a taste of the past. When he was little, he told me that he spent the summer climbing bird cliffs with a pole and a net. He talks about nature, bird life and freedom. “There were no restrictions,” he says thoughtfully. Like many Icelanders, Jonsson seems reluctant to discuss his people’s seabird fishing traditions, realizing that outsiders might find them contradictory.”Many people find it disgusting that we eat seabirds,” he says, “but it’s part of our culture.” But the environment is changing, Jonsson admits. The predatory spirit of the Vikings must find a way to adapt. For him, seabird hunting became a way to relax and enjoy nature. And while his companions dig up dead end after dead end, he sits with one hidden in a hollow behind him. “It’s beautiful here,” says Jonsson, looking at the herds floating on the sparkling water.“I like to sit and watch. It’s not just about catching as much as possible. Been there, did it. Atlantic puffins stand guard on the cliffs of Grimsey Island overlooking the North Atlantic Ocean. (Photo by Carsten Egewang / atlanticseabirds.info) Culture. Heritage. Tradition. I often hear these words while walking around Grimsey Island, passing small concentrations of hunters every kilometer or so. “It’s in our blood,” says Hilmar Valur Jensson, a tour guide from Heimga who hunts with the Westman Isle on the steep cliffs of the northwest coast of Grimsey. “Today we [hunt] mainly for heritage,” says Ingolfur Bjarni Swafarsson, a teenage Grimsey native I encounter on my way to the lighthouse on the southern tip of the island. Swafarsson has hunted seabirds on Grimsey for as long as he can remember – dating his father before he was big enough to hold a net. He hopes to teach his children someday. For women, I ask Gudrun Inga Hannesdottir, who is having a picnic with her little son Hannes on the high path up the grassy spine of the island.Do Icelandic women consider hunting and fishing just macho? Even some old school? “I think it’s cool that they are still doing it. … It’s not old school at all, ”says Hannesdottir, a seven-student elementary school teacher on the island. Despite the fact that the actual harvest is mostly a man’s job, she says, everyone loves the result. Life on Grimsey is intertwined with seabirds. The small rocky island has been inhabited since the first Norwegian settlers arrived in the early 900s.The abundance of birds was one of the main objectives of , and eggs were the main source of income before fishing became king. The island’s only restaurant is called Krían – Icelandic for arctic tern, a striking white creature so numerous and aggressive that people wave their poles overhead to repel its attacks as they go outside. Murre and island rocks razor eggs sit next to cookies in a bakery cafe. But this is the dead end rule. In summer, the ubiquitous everywhere are the same everywhere, like surfboards in Hawaii – sticking out of car windows, leaning against bicycles, leaning against almost every house.Young and old alike share this passion, from former Sheriff Bjarni Magnusson, who turned 86 this hunting season, killed some 40 puffins, to the 14-year-old twins Asbjørn and Thorolfur Goodlaugsson, who together caught 86 puffins in one day. This was their first time. “Our brother taught us,” says Asbjörn as he cleans up the booty in a shed by the harbor. “It’s fun and we have the money,” adds Torolfour. They plan to sell some of their transport to people hungry for a taste of the cul-de-sac in Reykjavik and the Westman Islands. Khafoor looks like a car-length lacrosse stick and is a fairly recent adaptation. Imported from the Faroe Islands, it arrived in Iceland about 140 years ago, supplanting the more strenuous – and more destructive – old methods such as pulling chickens out of burrows with hooks. Long-handled nets mostly catch juvenile birds that are too young to reproduce – they fly like bored teenagers without any responsibilities and do nothing else.The hunters claim that they do not harm the entire population. As an added assurance, they avoid catching birds with food in their bills: a sign that parents are raising chickens. These days, however, a few young puffins are even around to fish outside of Grimsey Island and other colonies to the north. Until now, these places continue to produce offspring, but the marine ecosystem is changing rapidly, especially in the Arctic. Petrel hunters on Grimsey Island in Iceland collect their catch of the day.(Photo by Carsten Egewang / atlanticseabirds.info) While Egewang takes pictures of the hunters, Petersen counts the birds. Gently striding along slippery rocky beaches, carefully stepping over burrows dotting the hillsides, he scans the cliffs for the nests of Kitwick and Fulmar. Blushing from the wind, Petersen is a real Icelander, wearing shirts on the street, despite the cold. But the graduate of the universities of England and Scotland speaks English with a slight Scottish accent.A former researcher at the Icelandic Institute of Natural History, he has researched seabird colonies in Iceland for over 40 years. After retiring, he continues to travel around the country, keeping an eye on its avian population. “Felines are awful,” says Petersen when we encounter yet another dead white bird with wingtips that look like they’ve been dipped in black ink. When he last surveyed this part of the island, in 1994 he counted over 3,300 active kitwiku nests.This year there are only a quarter of them. He saw the same trend at his research sites in western Iceland, where he also found dramatic changes in Arctic terns, blunts and other seabirds. Similar trends are seen in colonies from Scotland to Norway and beyond. Statistics are sobering. The North Atlantic Basin is an important habitat for many of the world’s seabirds. More than two dozen species breed in the cold, food-rich waters of the region.Iceland alone is home to about 22 species, including a significant portion of the Atlantic puffins of the northern hemisphere, common morras, northern fulmars, razor fangs, black-footed kittens and arctic terns. All of these species are in trouble right now. Many factors behind the decline of seabirds in the North Atlantic, including introduced predators, large-scale vacuuming fisheries, bycatch, overfishing, and more, varying by species and location.However, one force is prevalent throughout the region: severe ocean disturbance caused by climate change. “Something seems to be happening to the food of seabirds over a large area of the northeast Atlantic,” says Morten Frederiksen, a seabird ecologist at Aarhus University in Denmark, “and climate change is the most obvious explanation.” The waters of the North Atlantic are heating at an alarming rate, especially in coastal areas where seabirds feed.In the south and west of Iceland, ocean temperatures have risen from 1 to 2 ° C since 1996. Warmer waters erode the ocean’s food web and drive away fish, in which seabirds such as puffins must feed their young. Puffins in the Westman Islands and many other colonies in the region use a pencil-shaped fish known as sand spear or eel. As these fish disappear, it is difficult for dumb parents to get enough food for their young. According to biologist Erpur Snaer Hansen, of the relatively small number of chicks born on the Westman Islands last summer, almost all died of starvation.The same thing happened in the previous three summers. In fact, this important colony has not been able to produce a new generation of puffins for over ten years. Hansen, based at the South Icelandic Center for Nature Research on the Westman Islands, is an Icelandic boob specialist. Every summer, he travels twice around the country, on a dizzying tour he calls the “Rally Dummy” – each time he travels over 2,500 kilometers by car, boat and plane to visit 12 colonies in two weeks.On his first trip, early in the season, he examines busy burrows and snakes inside an infrared camera to find eggs. In the second, he uses the burrow camera to count chicks. His latest data shows good news. Iceland’s north and west have had their best seasons in years, he tells me via email. However, in the long term, Hansen’s research shows that none of the Icelandic colonies are doing very well. The population in the south and west has declined, while the eastern colonies are shrinking.Even here in the north, where petrels thrive, they are just marking time. Should you continue hunting puffins? Hansen is well aware of the cultural impact of this question and the likely consequences of his answer from hunters. I can almost hear a sigh of resignation as he writes, “My professional advice is absolutely not to hunt until the population recovers and produces chickens within a few years.” Atlantic Puffin holds its sand eel catch.(Photo by Carsten Egewang / atlanticseabirds.info) The wind picked up when Petersen, Egewang and I met in Crian for an evening beer. As we pick up glasses with long-bearded cattle in horned helmets – a headdress that true Vikings probably never wore – we plunge into a discussion about the changing ecosystem of the North Atlantic. “Over the past 10 years or so, I’ve heard so many stories of species that have appeared where they haven’t been before,” says Egewang.In Greenland, “tuna suddenly appeared.” “Many new species are also entering our waters,” says Petersen, referring to Iceland. “Fish, invertebrates, whales. Local species are moving north. ” As the North Atlantic region warms up, some residents, especially humans, have the opportunity to adapt. Others, such as cod, whose productivity multiplies with rising water temperatures, may find new opportunities in the emerging conditions. But for resilient native birds – such as the arctic tern, which undergoes a grueling pole-to-pole migration twice a year, and the brave puffin that dives up to 60 meters in cold waters in search of prey – the potential benefits far outweigh the losses. “Temperatures are damaging to birds,” emphasizes Petersen. “That’s all that can come with it.” Things like disease, reduced food supplies, invasive species, increased storms, and off-season. Birds may try to move further north. But the lack of suitable nesting sites at higher latitudes and the additional kilometers that will be added to their annual migration severely limit their options. They are already close to their northern habitat limit. Petersen says, “They have nowhere to go.” A report from the Nordic Council of Ministers says that, faced with declining seabird populations, the distinctive traditions of this coastal culture are quickly becoming history. Many countries in the North Atlantic, including Norway, Sweden and Scotland, have already stopped hunting seabirds. Although it has been cut in Iceland, Greenland and the Faroe Islands, the report concludes that current crop levels may be volatile. On the eve of departure from Grimsey, the residents of Westman Island prepare lunch for the puffins of Petersen, Egewang and myself. A huge pot bubbled for several hours on the stove outside the yellow guest house, filling the air with the sombre scent of burning tires. Finish with a plate of chocolate-colored chicken cornish and a lecture on how to eat them. You have to crack the chest, I was told. Suck the meat off the wings and neck. Make sure to eat the insides too.Almost every piece of the dead end is eaten. Heimæy tour guide Hilmar Valur Jensson and hunters on Westman Island prepare for dinner with the dumb. (Photo by Carsten Egewang / atlanticseabirds.info) Men say this is a very familiar dinner. They worked hard to prepare this meal and they took great pride in their efforts. Tonight’s recipe is a time-honored dish called Tuxedo Puffin, a traditional Christmas dinner in the old days. I bite. A burning rubbery bouquet permeates the taste, with a lingering fish oil.I try to eat it all, but I can’t. Despite their small appearance, these birds have an amazing amount of meat. And for me a little taste is enough. I surrender and hand over mine to Andri Fannar Valgeirsson, the young man sitting next to me. He eats it with pleasure, remembering the memories of the past holidays. Fool’s taste, he says, “makes me feel like a little boy again.” Valgeirsson, like his father, is a fisherman from the Westman Islands. They both came here to hunt.This is his first time and he shows me the cuts on his arms where puffins scrape and bite him as he takes them out of the net. And yet he enjoyed it. “I didn’t know it was that much fun,” he says, rubbing his sore hands. “I want to do it again.” The best part is learning from your father – something that he can no longer do in his part of the country. “It’s a little sad,” says Valgeirsson. “I really want to do what my father does. Hunt, it tied us together. Tomorrow Valgeirsson, Hilmarsson and others will hunt again. They will catch their quota of about 120 birds per person and begin the long hike home. The Thjóðhátíð celebration will once again offer a taste of the sea. But someday, perhaps soon, the legendary legacy of Norwegian seabirds is likely to come to an end, another victim of a changing climate and changing times. Or maybe a new generation of these hardy travelers will write a new chapter for the old Viking saga. Young Hjalti Trostan Arnheidarson, the 11-year-old son of an innkeeper, listened to the conversation. He says he wants to continue the tradition. Get off the cliffs, swing, learn the old ways. With one important change, he says: “The only thing I don’t like is murder. I don’t like seeing animals die. Related stories from Hakai magazine: Species Level: Dumetella bermudianus Bangs & Bradlee, 1901 Dumetella carolinensis carolinensis Dumetella felivox Galeoscoptes carolinensis Muscicapa carolinensis Linnaeus, 1766 Turdus felivox Vieillot, 1807 Gray Feline Commons license. Attribution-Share Alike. The gray cat is classified as of Least Concern. Does not fit high risk category. This category includes widespread and numerous taxa. Maltese cross from york Gray Catbird Dumetella carolinensis Other names Entries Books and links Order: Passerine family: Mimidae BTO codes :, EURING No: 10800 UK number: Less than 20 records Conservation status: More than Gray cat – Dumetella carolinensis Moqueur chat = Moqueur chat Commentary: Collecting material for nests Wrens, dippers and thrashers Gallery: Bob Moul Website: Nature of photography Order: Passériformes Family: Mimidae Species: Gray Catbird Ref: bomo15147 Other photos Date taken: 2005, May Exif Data Model: Canon EOS Greater than Gray Feline Call Sounds Like Feline Meow = Shale Gray Songbird Dwells in Thick Bush – Share article | January 9, 2010 Kathleen Erdrie. The gray cat-bird announces its presence with a cry reminiscent of the meow of a cat, and appears from the dense thickets at the sound of imitation of its cry. More than * Do gray cats eat cats? »More ADVERTISEMENTS Answer these questions * Are apples bad for gray feline birds? * Fun Fact About Gray Feline Birds? * What does the cat bird eat? * What do cat birds eat? »More mentions in * Thrashers and Mockingbirds (Mimidae) (zoology) * Catbird New World * Catbird More than The gray feline bird (Dumetella carolinensis) is a medium sized North American mimid bird.It is the only representative of the Dumetella genus of feline birds of the New World. Like the black cat-cat, it enters the basal branch of the mimid. Description Adults are dark gray with a thin black beak and dark eyes. They have a long dark tail, dark legs and a dark cap; they are rusty under the tail. More than Gray feline birds have dark gray plumage with a black crown and tail. Their long, upright tails have a distinctive chestnut undertail. They also have thin beaks, dark eyes, and black legs.Feline birds are slightly smaller than robins, 8½ to 9¼ inches in length and much thinner. Like wrens, feline birds hold their tails upright most of the time, waving them nervously back and forth. More than Medium-sized gray cat-bird is a North American bird of the mimid family. This species is named after its feline bell, but like many members of the mimid family, it also mimics the songs of other birds as well as arboreal ones. frogs and even mechanical sound.More Gray cat, Dumetella carolinensis Return to thumbnail page See Previous file FILE 8/10 See next file Add to lightbox Gray cat, Dumetella carolinensis Gray cat, Dumetella carolinensis. Connecticut gray cat, Dumetella carolinensis. More than Gray feline birds are not afraid of predators and react aggressively to them by flapping their wings and tails, as well as making characteristic meowing sounds. They are also known to even attack and bite predators that get too close to their nests.They will also destroy brown-headed cowfowl eggs laid in their nests by pecking at them. This species is generally numerous and widespread. IUCN does not consider it to be under threat. More Gray catbird Share or upload picture for free Tony Northrup, 2010 More Catbirds, Catbird Photos, facts and information Catbird Add an anonymous comment! Hide comments! More than Rare gray feline bird spotted by Sister Correspondent Jim Anderson Gray feline bird, a rare bird for sisters.Photo courtesy of Norma Funai, who lives with her husband Arnold near Indian Ford Meadow, reported that a gray cat, Dumetella carolinensis, was drinking warm water from a hot tub in their backyard last week. She was very excited about this observation, as feline birds are rare in this part of Oregon. More than The Gray Catbird has a combination of slate gray plumage with a black cap and tail and chestnut coverts. It has a black beak, eyes, legs and feet.The gray cat is much larger and darker than the black-headed male, and has a completely different shape, with a long, rounded tail, often upturned, strong legs and a prominent beak. Both sexes are similar. More Gray Feline Birds – La Crosse Wisconsin Picture La Crosse Home Page American Bald Eagles Photographed at La Crosse Wisconsin Hawks and Falcons in La Crosse Wisconsin Owls from La Crosse Wisconsin Herons and White Herons Photographed at La Crosse Photos ducks Crosse W in La Crosse, Wisconsin.American robins photographed in La Crosse, Wisconsin. European starlings. More than The gray bird cat is a medium-sized North American fowl of the mimid family. It nests high in trees in a massive thick bowl of coarse sticks, weed stalks, vines, leaves and grasses. In the wild, a gray cat can lay 3-5 eggs per season, the eggs are smooth and shiny with a uniform dark greenish blue color. More mix of Yorkie Terrier and Chihuahua 90,000 Maxim Akimov.US crimes. Part 3 The beginning of “glorious” deeds. Indian genocide A lot of research has been devoted to the crimes of the white colonialists against the indigenous population of America; English-speaking “civilizers” could not and will not be able to hide the fact of genocide, that is, the deliberate, total extermination of entire nations. Although Washington’s “democracy” sought to downplay the scale of the Indians’ disaster, to lower estimates of their population at the time the British “discovered” these lands, to pretend that the Indians were also to blame for what happened.Oh, what nasty things were not composed about the indigenous people of America! Indians were called sometimes “evil” and “bloodthirsty”, then “indifferent to everything in the world”, claimed that they are immune to education, “incredibly lazy”, “insidious”, “unscrupulous”, etc. Yes, the racists have not forgotten to attribute a single bad quality to them. The German researcher Lipé found one very typical “characteristic” of the Indians, written in the archaic language of the 17th century: “Indians are almost without exception bad and rude or deserving of contempt, slow, stupid, narrow-minded and insignificant people, like the Jews themselves.”The old racist is saying here that in the United States some people will repeat word for word in the enlightened twentieth century. Although anti-Indian racism existed in the republics of South and Central America, it was not officially declared and, moreover, was not legalized in any way. Yes, it would be difficult to implement in countries where people of Indian descent sometimes make up the majority of the population. In the north of America, even at the time of colonization, the situation was completely different. Colonial authorities often declared the Indians to be inferior pagans.The creation of the North American Democratic Republic did not bring any significant changes for the better to the disenfranchised Indians, but only exacerbated their unenviable fate. This is evidenced by at least the fact that for more than 150 years the Indians were not considered citizens of the United States, and in fact they had nothing to do in America, they were uninvited foreigners Books were written about the “malignancy” of the Indian breed, it was used in the “westerns”, it served as an excuse for the “march to the west”, this insolent march of the new “free Lincoln nation.”In short, the Americanism regime included the same disc of “information” war, which is familiar to us even now, in various “modifications”, or rather, in this case it was ordinary propaganda spread with the aim of diverting attention from the very fact – a crime against humanity … And now a more cunning program has been launched: the Indians are caricatured, their problem is made a kind of long past phenomenon, their demands are ignored, their main problem is hushed up, which I will touch upon in the second part of this chapter. And were there any other assessments of the Indians, their national character, their essence? Positive, enthusiastic responses? Yes, of course, there were, but they, as a rule, do not belong to Americans, that is, not to those throats who call themselves Americans, but, for example, to the English writer Charles Dickens, whom I already quoted in the previous chapter. Dickens called the United States a false republic. And he described the meeting with a Native American, which occurred during a trip along the Ohio River from Cincinnati to Louisville, as follows: “It so happened that on board the ship, in addition to the usual gloomy crowd of passengers, was a certain Pitchlin, the chief of the Choctaw Indian tribe; he sent me his business card and I had the pleasure of having a long conversation with him. He spoke excellent English, although, according to him, he began to learn the language as an adult. He read many books, and the poetry of Walter Scott seems to have made a deep impression on him – especially the introduction to “The Lady of the Lake” and the big battle scene in “Marmion”: undoubtedly, his interest and enthusiasm was due to the fact that these poems were deep consonant with his aspirations and tastes. He apparently understood everything he read correctly, and if any book touched him with its content, it evoked in him a hot, direct, I would say, even passionate response.He was dressed in our usual suit, which sat loosely and with extraordinary grace on his slender figure. When I expressed regret that I did not see him in national dress, he for a moment threw up his right hand, as if shaking with some heavy weapon, and, lowering it, replied that his tribe had already lost much more important than clothes, and soon even disappear from the face of the earth; but he added with pride that he wears a national costume at home. He told me that he had not been in his native land for seventeen months – west of the Mississippi – and now he is returning home.All this time he spent most of the time in Washington in connection with the negotiations that are underway between his tribe and the government – they have not yet come to a happy conclusion (he said sadly), and he fears they will never come: what a few poor people can do Indians versus people as experienced in business as whites? He did not like Washington: he quickly gets tired of cities – both large and small, he is drawn to the forest and prairie. I asked him what he thought of the convention. He replied with a smile that in the Indian’s eyes the Congress lacked dignity. He said that he would very much like to visit England in his lifetime, and spoke with great interest about those sights that he would be happy to see there. He listened very carefully to my story about that room in the British Museum, where the household items of various tribes that ceased to exist thousands of years ago are kept, and it was easy to see that he was thinking about the gradual extinction of his people. He was remarkably handsome; about forty years old, it seemed to me. He had long black hair, an aquiline nose, wide cheekbones, dark skin and very shiny, sharp, black, piercing eyes. Only twenty thousand Choctaw remained alive, he said, and the number was decreasing every day. Some of his fellow leaders were forced to become civilized people and join the knowledge that whites have, since this was their only opportunity to exist. But there are few of them, the rest live as they did. He lingered on this topic and repeated several times that if they did not try to assimilate with their conquerors, they would be swept off the face of the earth by the progress of a civilized society ” The conversation of the writer with the Indian leader took place when the bulk of the Indians had already been destroyed, and those few who were lucky to survive were waiting, at best, for assimilation, that is, complete “dissolution” in the environment of uninvited aliens, but it was not yet so terrible, because until the end of the 19th century, many fighters for “national interests” demanded the immediate and complete physical destruction of all Indians, and this was published in quite official publications, the author of such persistent proclamations was, for example, William Emory. And at first, when the history of the “empire of good” was just beginning, when this power was a colony, or rather, a coast of pirate strongholds, aggressively expanding the seizure of lands, no press existed yet, no legislative restrictions. William Emory’s ideological predecessors destroyed the Indians with as much zeal as they could. As a matter of fact, the crimes of the “white colonialists” of the early American period laid the foundations for much of what emerged later throughout the history of the United States; an easy “victory” over the world of the Indians created the effect of impudent impunity, which often makes a bastard out of a difficult teenager.Something similar seems to have happened to the Americans. In fact, only real, native inhabitants of this part of the world can and should be considered Native Americans and Americans in general, although, unfortunately, they now constitute only a small minority of US citizens, the term “colonialists” or “occupiers” is quite applicable to the rest. “. However, the word “america” itself is a European name, comes from a personal name, was brought to the continent by Europeans and has nothing to do with native Americanism, therefore, in a certain sense, it can still be considered correct in relation to the designation of the policy pursued and conducted by Washington leaders , and synonymous with “Washington regime”. The first clashes with Indians, or rather, aggression against the indigenous population, began as soon as the British got to North America, and although the majority of the first wave of settlers were Puritans and other “refugees” fleeing religious persecutions raging in England, where they poured rivers of blood, however, and these God-fearing newcomers almost from the first day of their stay in New England (as they called the territory located in the north-west of the modern United States) began to destroy the Indians, driving them from their ancestral ancestral lands. In 1620, the Indians of the Pequot tribe, on whose lands the English colony of Plymouth, was founded, learned the “civilization” of the English. The colonialists were looking for only an excuse to start a massacre. Like cocky teenagers, they provoked the Indians, and as soon as one of the aborigines responded, they immediately launched a punitive operation against his family, brutally “taking revenge”. And such righteous anger of the British in a very short time destroyed almost all the Indians who previously lived on the coasts of New England, although, according to current researchers, the indigenous population of this region was at least eight thousand people living in 21 settlements From the middle of the seventeenth century, a massive influx of Englishmen began to North America, who operated here in a businesslike manner.However, it should be noted that the first colonizers were not they, but the Dutch, who founded their New Amsterdam here, now known to us under the “pseudonym” New York. Almost immediately after the Dutch colony, the Swedish one arose (ironically, it was populated mainly by the Finns, whose camps passed from hand to hand, because the Finns were first forced to switch to Swedish, then they were forced to learn Dutch, since the Dutch, expanding their possessions, captured the Swedish colonies , then they had to learn clumsy English words, now forever, because the Anglo-Saxons came seriously and for a long time). The English horde marched powerfully, brazenly, energetically, it crushed anyone who wanted to interfere with it or who could be suspected of intending to interfere with the British. It may seem to someone that the sons of Foggy Albion despised mainly Indians and Negroes, and felt something like “white solidarity” towards the European settlers, but this is not entirely correct opinion, since there were periods when the British pressed and destroyed everyone, regardless of their faces , for the sake of benefits and successes, which seemed important to them, and if it was a Swede or a Finn, then his fate could not be much better than the Indian expected.Although, of course, truly monstrous meannesses were used against the Indians! First of all, the Atlantic coast was “cleared” of the Indians, then they moved further, inland. The apotheosis of the “victorious campaign” for the expulsion of the Indians from New England was the so-called “Pequot War”, as a result of which the British, taking advantage of the uprising of the Indians against the injustices of their treatment, carried out punitive raids, killing about ten thousand people. The leader of the tribe was killed, his body was desecrated and, decapitated, hung on a tree, and his head was put on a stake and set apart, for observation and intimidation.The leader’s wife and children were sold into slavery. But even this was not enough for the “civilizers”; after a short time, they decided to finally resolve the “Indian question” in New England and took all the remaining aborigines to Deer Island in Boston Bay, where the prisoners, practically deprived of food and shelter, were doomed to a slow painful death. At present, this case is considered by some researchers as the first ever concentration camp of death, where people were imprisoned on a national basis. To the British, this experience seemed extremely successful, and they developed a similar practice further, driving the Indians into territories that were of little use for survival. The chronicle of the aggressive campaigns of the “white colonists” is all dotted with such incidents, it would probably be boring with its monotonous cruelty, if the “civilizers” of the mainland did not sometimes resort to witty bullying and murder. For example, having learned about the lack of immunity of the natives to European viral diseases, the enterprising Anglo-Saxons started a wide trade in blankets.But loving care for the Redskins would not be English if the blankets were not infected with smallpox. Having covered themselves with those blankets, the inhabitants of Indian villages quickly threw back their moccasins to the delight of the “new masters of the land.” But the dead were still lucky, because they retreated into another world, experiencing less torment than those who were destined to survive, since the advancing British burned villages along with their inhabitants. To the credit of the Indians, it should be noted that, despite all the “wit”, despite all the “ingenuity” of the English-speaking colonists, there were tribes that held out for quite a long time, suffering significant losses, fighting for their lands, but slowly giving them into their hands “New owners”.With the leaders of these peoples, the Washington administration signed agreements, swore that it would not touch more, but each time it violated its obligations as soon as another reinforcement was recruited that could destroy the resistance of the Indians. After founding the United States, the Anglo-Americans issued a law that asserted that Indians were not citizens of this country, and this law remained in force until 1924! This was necessary for “national security”. Tribes and nationalities in the territory of the current United States inhabited, I must say, quite different, some of them remained nomads, some were semi-nomads, there were sedentary ethnic groups who quite successfully adopted the features of European life, sought peace with uninvited neighbors, hoped for the fulfillment of treaties; to such nationalities belonged five so-called “civilized tribes”, which were quite negotiable for themselves. At times one might get the impression that the “white people” were going to cooperate with these tribes, but as more and more impudent gentlemen of luck poured out of England, the “civilized tribes” still had to experience all the nobility of the sons of Misty Albion. One of the most numerous tribes – the Cherokee lived in the territory of the present state of Virginia, both Carolines, Georgia and Alabama, occupying a vast strip between the mountains and the sea. Since 1721, the “white” colonists began to actively push the communities of this tribe to the west, eventually leaving a small wedge in the original Cherokee lands.In 1791, the Washington regime forces the tribal chiefs to buy out 8 million acres of land at 50 cents per acre. Later, these lands were sold to gold miners for $ 30,000 per acre. After making a deal with the leaders of the Cherokee tribe, they were given a small part of the land, which, in exchange for pliability, was declared their “inviolable property.” In a few years on the small remaining territory, this tribe has achieved great success. The Cherokee open their own schools, and their fields are better cultivated than those of European settlers.Moreover, the tribe is rapidly developing not only economically but also culturally. Several cultural figures emerge from its ranks. Among them was the creator of the Cherokee alphabet, Sequoia. In 1828, the first Cherokee-English newspaper Cherokee Phoenix began to appear, and then other publications that were published only in Cherokee – Cherokee Messenger, Cherokee Almanac, etc. However, the Indians could not rejoice at this either, because after a few decades the occupation policy was tightening, under the US Department of War, the Department of Indian Affairs was created.It is clear that the subordination of this structure to the military command meant preparations for a major war against the aborigines. And so it turned out. The fanatical racists of Georgia, where the vast majority of the Cherokee tribe lived at the beginning of the 19th century, disliked the once “warlike Indians”. Now the peaceful Cherokee, whose economic successes and cultural progress literally infuriated them, became objectionable to them. They demand from the federal government to expel the Indians.In 1828, when an ardent Indian hater, Andrew Jackson, took the presidency in the White House, a plan to expel the Indians was put into effect. First of all, those who solemnly believed the given word and changed their weapons to a plow become its victims. The five largest tribes in the eastern part of the current United States have announced that they will be resettled westward into desert areas. As you might guess, this could not cause enthusiasm among the Indians, something like a military operation began, the Indians were driven under threat of reprisals, their property was robbed, their cattle were taken away, not allowing them to take almost anything with them. The leaders of the tribal communities were again forced to sign the treaty, but this fiction only confirmed the sad fact that the last lands of the Indians were finally taken away from the Indians, namely, about 80 million acres of cultivated land. During the “resettlement”, a significant part of the deportees perished, the road along which these people were driven to areas unsuitable for life and economic activity was named the Trail of Tears. Of the 14 thousand participants in this death march, only 10 thousand somehow overcame the path, the rest died, mostly children and adolescents, that is, another calculated blow was inflicted on the gene pool of the Indians. Then, in the first half of the 19th century, the border of the United States passed, in fact, along the Mississippi, everything that stretched further to the west was “no man’s land”, which the US authorities “exchanged” for the eastern territories, concluding “eternal and indestructible” contracts under which the Indians received the right to live on these lands. But even beyond the great river stretched vast territories, where the Indian, as assured by so many treaties and so many governments, was the sole and sovereign master.The vast prairies stretched here, and now, after there were almost no Indians left in the east of North America, the main mass of the surviving Indian population of North America (about 280 thousand people) lived here. The prairies were also a unique food storehouse of the Far West – millions of herds of bison. And if there were optimists among the Indians, they could console themselves with the thought that all was not lost, that if they lost half of their land, then the other, western half of their dear homeland would remain in their possession.So many promises they received, so many times white people gave solemn assurances … Later, the famous leader of the North American Indians Sitting Bull will tell the American government commission: “… White people have not fulfilled a single agreement concluded with us.” But then, in the first half of the 19th century, many Indians had not yet lost their faith. And between the Mississippi in the east and the Rocky Mountains in the west, so far there was free Indian land (beyond the Rocky Mountains was California, and it also ended up in the hands of the conquerors) The first white men to move beyond the Mississippi were adventurer trappers who were rich in the fur trade.And the first trading company that, in pursuit of buffalo and wolf skins, penetrated the prairies, especially into the Canadian part, was the famous Hudson’s Bay Company. But the truly predatory extermination of deer, beavers and, above all, buffalo begins in the 30s – 40s of the 19th century. The gateway to the prairie is again the Mississippi and the seat of the American Fur Trading Company, St. Louis. From St. Louis, trappers traveled in large boats to the upper Missouri. And everywhere they tied up trade with the Indians.Here, in Missouri, the company began to establish new trading posts – “forts”, where trappers bought furs from the Indians for vodka or weapons. Until no one encroached on the company’s monopoly in trade with the Indians, everything was “ok”. But then one day trappers appeared in Missouri – agents of another firm and attracted several Indian tribes, mainly Blackfeet, to their side. The company decided to punish the “infidel” Indians. In 1837, a man with smallpox was sent to the Fort Union trading station by steamer, and the forewarned manager of the trading station summoned 500 of the best hunters from among those who handed over furs to a rival company to Fort Union.In the trading post all of them were injected with the blood of a smallpox patient, and then the manager said goodbye to them. Within two weeks, the entire tribe was infected with smallpox. There is a story of a Fort Mackenzie trading post manager who visited one of the Blackfoot villages to find out how the infection works. Here’s what he saw: among the wigwams were hundreds of corpses. And only two more surviving Indian women sang funeral songs. The company in this way not only took revenge on the Blackfeet, but also managed to cash in on the death of its victims.Agents of the company took off the clothes made from selected buffalo skins from the deceased and sent them to the shops of the company that traded in the cities. In 1862, the government of the American Union issues the famous Law on the Settlement of the West: everyone who moves beyond the Mississippi, which until then was known as The last frontier, will receive from the US government free of charge “160 acres of good land for permanent ownership” (this about 65 hectares). Yes, the land was really good. Only it did not belong to the government of the Union, but to the Indians, and no one gave this government the right to endow Indian land with settlers.So in the end, the Mississippi ceased to be the “last frontier”! Landless whites from the American East, thousands and thousands of immigrants from Europe cross the Mississippi and in their covered wagons go to explore the Far West. But Far West and 160 acres of land still have a legal owner – an Indian. And now a new settler, himself, perhaps, a recent half-slave of a European feudal lord, is helping to win back the Far West from the Indians! The guns should now speak. But to shoot 280 thousand Indians is not so easy.It is easier, and most importantly safer, to exterminate bison – the most important source of food for them. And the conquerors of the Far West pounce on the buffalo. There are 50 million of them grazing on the prairie. This means that 50 million shots are enough, and the Indian will die of hunger. So the general extermination of buffalo herds began, either with a certain intent, or just for the sake of a dollar for a buffalo skin (buffalo meat, millions and millions of tons of meat, was thrown to be eaten by birds) All these actions were legal not only from the point of view of ardent racists, but also from the point of view of American law.There is a curious example of how the Colorado legislature seriously discussed a bill that would exterminate skunks and Indians throughout the state. Yes, that’s right, separated by commas. “White civilizers” could mock and mock the Indians as they liked, because the federal Washington authorities issued a law according to which the lands belong to those who “discovered” them, and if some “wild people” live in these territories, then they are in in certain cases, they can continue to inhabit, but they have no rights and should be treated like animals. However, they did not resemble animals, because the same Cherokee, until they were deported to the cold stony deserts, drew up their own constitution, replaced the old tribal councils with a bicameral parliament. They combined their laws into several legislative codes. But the organs of the Union and the state of Georgia overturned these Cherokee laws and expelled the real owners of American soil. The myth of the savagery, quarrelsomeness, backwardness of the Indians, skillfully spread by the English colonists, penetrated both literature and the mass consciousness, lying, like many other inventions of representatives of the English-speaking fraternity. The Indians were capable of development and civilization almost to a greater extent than the inhabitants of England themselves, who, if we recall history, remained wild for a very long time, moving towards the perception of a high culture that Europe inherited from the Greco-Roman heritage, but nevertheless remained for centuries in a barbaric, backward state, therefore, mired in long internecine strife, not in some ancient times, but already in the late Middle Ages, they were forced to become the object of the Norman-French conquest and cultural expansion, which in many ways formed the “English nation” that then she appeared to the world.But the most important thing in which the Anglo-Saxon tribes could always succeed was in the destruction of their neighbors: in the British Isles, for centuries, they destroyed the indigenous population of the Celts, in America they just as fervently killed the Indians. Just as the British took advantage of the culture of the more highly developed peoples of the Romanesque south, the Indians could have adopted European culture, create their own version of culture, but the new “democratic” US state did not need the Indians. “White Americans” understood that if an Indian state or at least a full-fledged Indian autonomy would exist nearby, sooner or later they would have to answer for the bestiality that the first colonists resorted to, and their followers.The “Indian question” had to be resolved radically, the Indians had to be destroyed, deprived of even a hypothetical opportunity and the ability to one day call to account the vile mass of presumptuous foreigners who were in their homeland scum of society, pirates, swindlers, but who created an “independent state” in America , where they began to exploit slaves and talk about freedom. Meanwhile, to support the myth of the natural civilizational backwardness of the American Indians, about their organic inability to have their own state, everything possible is being done now.Today, a very cunning program of action is being carried out, designed to crush the emerging protest of several miraculously surviving Indian communities who are trying to fight for broad autonomy, and as a maximum, the federal center aims to provoke the final degradation of the Indians. This is done in a very subtle, diabolical way: the federal government deliberately shoves money handouts to the Indians, while isolating the Indians, hindering the development of public institutions, the education system, production and other things in the areas of compact residence of the Indians.The Indians are supported in a state of deliberate underdevelopment, archaism, waging a skillful information war against them (instilling in them false attitudes to which they need to strive), but at the same time, the authorities do not hinder, but rather contribute to the spread of alcoholism and drug addiction, because it is very easy to do this … Perhaps the Washington authorities are implementing the same strategy that was formulated in the 19th century by the federal attorney for Indian affairs, who, more than anyone else in the state, had to take care of achieving mutual understanding with the Indians.And this gentleman a year after the adoption of the law on reservations (in a report for 1872) characterizes the goals and ideals of the official “Indian policy” as follows: “It is necessary to clearly realize that in the relations of a civilized state with savages there can be no question of the honor of the nation. Wild people should be treated like wild animals. This means sticking with them in a way that is easier and more profitable in a given situation: to fight, to defeat them, or, conversely, to flee from them. An Indian should feel as good on the reservation and as bad outside of it as the government wants.Those of them who prove to be obedient will receive food and government protection. And those who behave badly must be punished or destroyed immediately … “ And the state tried, tried very zealously, to make the life of the Indians truly unbearable, and most importantly – to destroy their national and moral unity. Reservations on stony lands, in cold foothill areas in the first decades of their organization were overpopulated, resulting in a famine, which the authorities and the “white colonists” rejoiced, reaping the fruits of their “efforts.” But those Indians who nevertheless survived, sought to make a motley hodgepodge of a scattered mass of aborigines, and not representatives of any particular national group. To disunite the peoples on the reservations, representatives of different tribes and even different linguistic groups were deliberately united. And large tribes were dispersed and settled on different reservations. So the once mighty Dakotas ended up on eleven reservations in two different states, and the tribes that made up the Iroquois league were settled on five reservations. Although the resettlement act mainly concerned the tribes of the North American southeast, the Shawnee, Ottawa, Delaware and many other tribes also did not escape exile. According to the law written for the Indians, none of them had the right to leave the reservation. There is a known case when on December 29, 1890, unarmed Dakotas secretly gathered at the Wounded Knee River to perform a ritual ceremony. White racists attacked them and killed more than 400 people, including dozens of Native American children. On what grounds? The Indians performed their dance outside the reservation.But, according to the existing regulations, the Indian did not dare to cross its border for a single step! The bloody American Lidice – Wounded Knee – sparked a storm of protest from the honest majority of the Lincoln nation. Only a year passed after Wounded Knee, and the Indian dared to cross the border of the “concentration camp”, to enter the territory of his homeland, to the land of America, where now only white people were allowed to live. This Indian’s name was Standing Bear. The Minister of the Interior ordered his immediate arrest. The US government agreed to some concessions only when the atrocities perpetrated against the Indians became the subject of outrage and the “white” part of society, that stratum of Americans, in whose souls there was any kind of humanity. So, on May 3, 1901, the “five civilized tribes” living in Indian Territory received American citizenship. Under another law, the right of citizenship was granted to Indian women who married a US citizen. But the humiliating prohibition to leave the reservation remained in force.In fact, the Indians left the reservations only during the First World War, when America needed every soldier, even the “red skinned”. They were drafted into the army to defend the freedom of their “homeland” at Verdun and on the Belgian borders. And those Indians – war veterans who managed to survive its horrors, the Congress instead of medals and disability pensions also “granted” American citizenship (in accordance with the law of November 6, 1919) Then comes the Second World War. 25,000 young Indians are leaving again to fight for the United States.Many of them became national heroes of the United States during the war years (for example, the cry of Ernst Childers, Lieutenant Jack Montgomery from the Cherokee tribe, the Pima Indian Ira Hayes, etc.). However, most of all, the victory of the United States, and therefore the cause of the Allies, was facilitated by the 3,600 Navajs assigned to all military units that fought the Japanese in the Pacific Ocean. They served in communications units and transmitted unencrypted orders and messages in their own language. Until the last days of the war, Japanese intelligence and eavesdropping services racked their brains, trying in vain to decipher the intercepted texts in the unknown language of the Indian tribe.With the end of World War II, in fact, an albeit brief, but very important period of the modern history of the North American Indians comes to an end – 12 years of the Roosevelt government in power. Over the years, Indians have achieved relatively great success on the reservations, which, however, can be considered progress only in comparison with the disasters of the previous decades But Roosevelt died, and Collier in the Bureau of Indian Affairs was replaced by another man. The early post-war years brought the Indians of the United States a significant deterioration in their situation.The Indians are losing their land again. Of the 138 million acres of land outside the Mississippi that the Indians had left at the time when the division of communal land among “Indian private owners” began, by 1947 they had already lost 86 million acres. But the remaining small land and forest fund of Indian tribes continues to grow scarce. So, for example, in 1947, President Truman signed a law according to which a certain joint-stock company received the right to occupy a vast territory belonging to one of the Indian tribes of Alaska.In South Dakota, the US government itself seized significant agricultural areas from the Dakotas and turned them into a military training ground. Formally, “by law” the value of the land taken from the Indians must be reimbursed, and reimbursed immediately. Well, in reality it was different. When, for example, all of their land was taken from the Californian Indians, a ridiculously low redemption price was assigned for it – only $ 5 million. This was in 1856. But the Californian Indians didn’t get a dime. At the present time, the Washington authorities, playing the game of “tolerance” (which sometimes reaches the point of absurdity, becoming, oddly enough, a new instrument of discrimination against certain social, political or ethnic communities), has publicly “repented”, as if admitting guilt before Indians, but this did not follow a seemingly natural process – the proclamation of the Indian state.They just threw a “sugar bone” to the Indians – they were allowed to keep casinos and gambling establishments (and now they are shouting at all corners that the Indians had benefited in this way). Note that the Indians were not allowed to start some kind of highly profitable production, where tribal members could find jobs, get a profession and find employment, but exactly what, according to Washington’s plan, will create an influx of “empty” money and will contribute to the further degradation of the indigenous people … Unsurprisingly, Indian unemployment still stands at about forty percent – five times the national unemployment rate.About a quarter of all Indian families live below the poverty line. Almost all of the Indian languages that miraculously survived in previous periods are now on the verge of extinction, only a few can boast of a more or less stable status. But for objectivity, let us assume that the thesis about the deliberate provocation of the degradation of Indian communities by the current (repeating about respect for the rights of Indians) US federal authorities is incorrect and that the Washington authorities have no such intent, and everything that happens to the Indians, that is, the continuing deterioration of the prospects for their survival and preservation their ethnicity – coincidence, coincidence, or the fault of the Indians themselves. Okay, let’s change the angle of view for a minute and assume the opposite, but if we do this, then another question arises: “Why in many other countries the Indians only increase their potential and advance in all spheres of life?” In Mexico, Bolivia, Paraguay, Venezuela, the number of Indians is growing, they open schools in their native languages, they are seeking recognition of these languages as official and state! In the same Russia, the number of the majority of nationalities, which can, albeit with a certain degree of conventionality, be compared with the Indians, only increases: the Chukchi, Yakuts, Tuvans, Evenks, Koryaks only increase their number, the level of development of their human potential increases, more they get the opportunity not only to study in national schools, but even to receive higher education in their native languages, open theaters, national cultural centers, receive support from Moscow, their languages are recognized as the state languages of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.But the US state is much richer than all the listed countries, therefore, it has more opportunities for variable policy. And even if the ongoing, in fact, humanitarian catastrophe of Indian ethnic groups seriously worried the Washington state that recently “repented” to the Indians, it could change the policy that is being implemented, or supplement it with something, do at least something! But it does nothing else, nothing that would change the situation in which the Indians are doomed to be an endangered species, impaired in their rights, despite all the beautiful words about the new, most humane policy and the admission of guilt to their ancestors. But all this is not surprising, because the hypothetical formation of an independent Indian state is Washington’s nightmare! Washington functionaries are trying to prevent this dream by all means, despite the fact that among the Indians every now and then there is a desire to proclaim their own, truly independent state. There is such an initiative now. Despite the efforts of the US federal authorities to block information and counter the dissemination of information about this process, the Republic of Lakota, proclaimed on December 17, 2007, is gradually gaining popularity – a state created by a group of Indian activists led by Russell Means.On behalf of the Republic of Lakota, claims were made for part of the territory of the United States, which is considered the birthplace of the Lakota tribes, including parts of the states of North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Wyoming and Montana. In early 1974, Lakota activists began taking steps to gain independence from the United States. These steps consisted of writing their own declaration of independence and legal confirmation of their claims in terms of the US Constitution and international law. Upon proclamation, the termination of treaties between the Lakota people and the US federal government was announced, and a notification was sent to the US Department of State.The Lakota Freedom Delegation applied for recognition of independence to the embassies of a number of countries: Chile, Bolivia, Venezuela (these countries have a large percentage of the indigenous Indian population). There is also a Russian-language site created in support of the unrecognized state of Lakota, using the information from which I learned about the struggle of this people and the state of its affairs. The activists named the low standard of living as the main motive for their actions, according to the information page of the site: Lakota males have a life expectancy of less than 44 years, one of the lowest in the world.The Lakota death rate is the highest in the United States. The Lakota infant mortality rate is 300% higher than the American average. The suicide rate among adolescents is 150% higher than the national average for this group. The incarceration rate for Indian children is 40% higher than for whites. In South Dakota, 21% of the state’s prison inmates are Indians (although they make up a negligible percentage of the total population of the state). It should be noted that despite the fact that the American state, in addition to operating military ranges and mines where it stores radioactive waste, develops uranium mines on the lands of the Lakota tribe and receives large incomes from the subsoil, the standard of living in the Lakota reservation remains one of the lowest in the world; due to poor living conditions on reservations, the incidence of tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, hypertension, and diabetes is very high.There is a high incidence of cancer near uranium mines. Thus, the position of the Indians – who “persist” and do not want to completely dissolve in the aggressive environment of “mass culture” imposed on them, in the ephemeral “American nation”, but want to preserve at least those crumbs, that trace of their original ethnicity of the native spirit, want to learn their native languages, seek real autonomy – it continues to be terrible, it is much worse than the situation of people living, say, in a relatively poor country of Bolivia (the majority of the population of which are Indians who have long had all rights, schools in their native language, TV channels, newspapers, and even elected an Indian president – Evo Morales), and in the rich country of the United States, it is still impossible for them to be a prosperous citizen and an Indian at the same time, they have to choose one of the two.It is not surprising that the Indians of North America both dreamed and continue to dream of their own, albeit a small state. But as long as the Washington regime is in force, it will go to any trick, to any baseness, to any fraud, but will not allow the proclamation of an Indian republic, because this state, if it would become really sovereign, would be an eternal reproach to Washington America, the position of the Indians in which for many centuries was incomparably worse than even in the countries of Latin America, where many indigenous peoples have long had the opportunity to live as ordinary citizens, in fact, equal to those from Spain, Portugal and other countries, to obtain citizenship equal to them ; in the United States, until 1924, the Indians were, in fact, foreigners, they had no rights at all, except for the right to be robbed, killed, humiliated. To suppress initiatives such as the Republic of Lakota, the US federal authorities use cunning blackmail measures: they seek to split the ranks of autonomy activists, making it clear that if the majority of Indians take the side of the decisive struggle for real statehood, then they will immediately stop being paid those handouts that the “repentant” state throws at them in order to keep the communities of the Indians in a “frozen” state, provoking their underdevelopment and degradation. Many Indians are afraid that if they are deprived of these funds, then the situation of their children will become completely catastrophic. In order to be truly objective, I think it is worth comparing the retrospective of the attitude of the Anglo-American colonists towards the indigenous peoples of North America with the attitude of the Russians towards the peoples of Siberia and other regions, which at different times became part of Russia. It is worth starting with the most revealing moment: the position of the indigenous aborigines in Alaska, which was first annexed to Russia, and only then did the Americans manage to crush it for themselves through cunning intrigues. So, by the time the Russians came to Alaska, there were about forty thousand inhabitants who belonged to several tribal groups. The Russians, as they have always done, brought with them technologies for effective survival: new breeds of livestock, previously unknown in these places, new varieties of plants, and much more. As a result of contacts with the Russians, the position of the indigenous peoples not only did not deteriorate, but began to constantly improve, they even increased their numbers, and by the time the land was transferred to Washington’s rule, the population of Alaska was about 60 thousand people. As soon as the region fell into the hands of the American government, everything changed dramatically, because, like in all other regions of North America, the plundering of the indigenous population began, they were deprived of their rights, like other Indians of the country, and as a result of this policy of “civilizers” by 1880, the population of Alaska was slightly less than 33 thousand people, that is, it was almost halved in comparison with the period of Russian sovereignty over these lands. At one fine moment, gold was found in Alaska, and then the indigenous people did not feel good at all, they were drunk, deceived, killed, that is, they carried out all the same “policy” that took place in relations with the Prairie Indians. Comparing the nature of the colonialist policy of the United States with the development of Siberian lands by Russia, one can find a colossal difference, which consists primarily in the fact that after the arrival of the “white Americans” in any region of their “new homeland” the indigenous population at best was sharply reduced, in most cases was exterminated or driven out, and there is not a single exception! In Russia, not a single people disappeared, and moreover, most of the nationalities increased their numbers due to the fact that Russians shared their experience in managing the economy, passed on technologies of effective survival to new neighbors. An important point is that the British, or rather the “white colonists”, acquired not only northern, harsh and not fertile lands (Canada, Alaska, the mountainous regions of the Midwest), but also quite warm lands, where several million lived before their arrival. indigenous aborigines. The lands were fertile, abundant in hunting resources and many other things, and in order to exterminate the Indians, the “white” Americans had to sweat and stain their hands with blood to the very elbows. Russia got the most unkind lands, including the regions of the “cold pole”, and if we had the slightest desire to cleanse these territories from the aborigines, it would be very easy to do this, because the peoples were small in number, disturb the fragile balance of their life was not difficult.But we, Russians, were careful not only to the lands that became Russia, but also to the people who fell into the sphere of our historical responsibility, and therefore even some nation of nine hundred people still lives where used to and where he wants. If representatives of one or another ethnic group wish to preserve their traditional way of life and way of life, then in Russia they have the opportunity for this; if a person from this community wants to choose a different fate and join civilization, then he gets this opportunity, taking advantage of the benefits of admission to universities, free housing, and so on.Moreover, this alternative for indigenous peoples has long existed in our country. After the establishment of Soviet power, legislatively enshrined autonomies for ethnic groups also appeared, although in tsarist times most of them enjoyed special rights, many nationalities had their own national-territorial units (for example, the so-called Bashkir steppe, where there were elements of communal self-government, Kalmyk steppe, various uluses among the northern peoples, in particular among the Yakuts, a wide system of ethno-territorial units, which was flexible, taking into account the interests of indigenous national groups). The Russians not only did not intend to destroy the aborigines, but also provided many of the Asian tribal unions with their protection, as, for example, the Kazakhs were provided with military assistance during the aggression of the Dzungar Kaganate (located in the territory of present-day western China). And even the initial arrival of Russians in Siberia – the so-called conquest of the Siberian Khanate had a rather curious nuance, because Ermak and his Cossacks overthrew the power of Khan Kuchum, who himself was an alien in these places (he was a descendant of one of the Chingizid branches – the Shibanids), established a tough punitive system of power, at the slightest insubordination used violence, however, like all other khans of the Central Asian region, he was no different from them.The Kuchum clan relied on the Muslim minority, he seized power with the help of the Bukhara khans, was financed by them, while the indigenous “Indians” – the ancestors of the present Mansi, Khanty, Eushti and others were under his yoke, were subjected to Islamization, a forced transition to an alien type of lifestyle (all the more so for the north, many Islamic norms look absurd). And it so happened that the Russian Cossacks actually became the liberators of these territories, and the Russian government treated the population of these lands much softer than the cruel Shibanids who held power in the previous period. A similar picture existed during the further advance of the Russians to the east, which Russia was able to annex almost bloodlessly, still preserving the unique traditions of small peoples. Only the crisis of the nineties, when a large-scale sabotage against Russia was carried out, negatively affected the small peoples, and it seemed that they were deliberately soldered into alcohol and deprived of the prospects for life in the old way. This is the only period in history when some of the indigenous peoples of our country were on the verge of extinction.However, at this time, Russia was actually controlled from Washington, the betrayal of Gorbachev and Yeltsin provoked a repetition of the Trojan story in our country, when saboteurs entered the city and began to harm as best they could. And the indigenous peoples of the Russian north, who, together with the Russians, experienced all the delights of the American policy of “influence”, fell under the influence of the same factors that destroyed the life of the North American Indians. Ironically, it so happened that the Washington regime had a hand in the genocide of almost all circumpolar peoples, including those whose peace was previously protected by Soviet laws.Although the Russians suffered the most in the nineties, not every nation will withstand such a psychological war, and even with the use of the latest sabotage technologies. But even more mocking and evil sounds the fact that the Washington officials are sleeping and see to gain control over Siberia! Have they not saturated their passion for the destruction of peoples? They also want to manage properly in Siberia! However, if the Americans intervened in the fate of the Siberian peoples only indirectly, harming them as much as they made life difficult for the Russians, then in the affairs of the former Soviet republics, Washington officials intervened and intervened directly, for a long time hoping for the “independence” of its former territories from Russia, from the Baltics to Central Asia.What this “independence” has become, only a blind person does not see now, I will not once again cite stubborn figures of a catastrophic fall in all economic and social indicators, and now a sharp increase in drug addiction as a result of the “opium war” carried out by the Americans, but all these nasty things were done to the music of the struggle for freedom for the peoples suppressed by the “empire of Moscow”. How mocking these speeches of Washington officials must have sounded for the ears of the leaders of the Indian resistance, which now raises its head, for example, for the activists of the Republic of Lakota.On the territory of the USSR and Russia, almost every nation had its own republic or autonomy, Russian linguists helped to create a written language in their native language, an education system, national theaters for most of the nations, but in the USA nothing of the kind was simply impossible! And now that small handful of Indians, whose ancestors miraculously survived the time of total genocide, are trying to achieve at least autonomy within the United States, but they are not allowed to do that either! Washington politicians so zealously fight for the “independence” of autonomies in foreign countries, so they denounce other people’s orders, but this does not in any way affect the status of the Indian resistance, it is still illegal.Although Washington’s struggle for dominance in Kyrgyzstan, for example, leads to the same thing that brought with it the dominance of the Anglo-Americans and on the lands of the American Mongoloids, after all, as soon as the US military base appeared in Kyrgyzstan, American agents of influence immediately provoked a bloody massacre between the Uzbeks and the Kyrgyz, and the true purpose of the riots was to squeeze out the remnants of the Russian population from the republic. And before our very eyes, the more noticeable the American influence in Central Asia became, the more unstable the region became, the level of violence, the number of drug addicts increased, and provocative extremist organizations penetrated.In short, the concept of influence is still the same – playing off peoples, creating permanent chaos, “opium” and alcoholic war – in short, everything that has long been a weapon in the struggle for the “national interests” of the United States. And that is why the “apology” of the American state to the Indians sounds like a mockery, because when the Indians again try to achieve for themselves at least some real republic, at least some state autonomy, only deathly silence sounds in response or there are arrests of activists speaking for independence, and the laws that guard the “national interests” of the United States, imply long terms of imprisonment; American prisons are packed with Indians! But where, tell me, are the cries of human rights defenders? Why not hear them? Silence .
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> Roman aqueducts
Tf now in all seriousness comparing high-tech production and pieces of stone? Also, how many aqueducts do you build using Roman technology? Zero? What is it? But missiles are still being built using old technologies.
> I can describe the world to you
Some strange maneuver. In the USSR, there was industrial / pharmaceutical / science, in the Russian Federation they are not. This is an objective fact. In Tsareparash there was no industrial / pharma / science, in the USSR they appeared, this is also a fucking fact. What have your fantasies got to do with it?
> would
> would
> would
I understand you correctly that it is the Soviets to blame, that the damned West fed a rabid Nazis dog, tk. do they not like advice? Maybe the Liberachs are also to blame for the Napoleonic wars? Well, they blasphemed their liberal-bourgeois revolution, they gave rights to some rabble.So a multipolar world was established, which the neighboring kings did not like, so they all tried to make a fresco. But they would have died of hunger would have eaten cakes under the wise rule of Louis, there would have been no wars. This is not to mention the fact that Stalin was ready to screw up Gitla for Czechoslovakia, but the fucking allies of the Czechs poured into dicks, deciding to further fatten Gitla.
> who did not give a fuck about the Entente with the shameful drain from the PMV
When you go to Donbass, defend the Russian world and the state, huh? What, do not you want? Why is it so? Indeed, in PVM Vanka, whores such, also did not want to die in the trenches for the sake of the power of Tsareparashi.Once again, the west-fed natsypsin is a fucking fact. The unleashing of war by cap countries is also a fucking fact and the fact that they did it out of their own interests fucking not an excuse, but a very aggravating fact.
>> 857932
> It wouldn’t have bent if it weren’t for uncompetitive shit.
Tell me what the hell is uncompetitive pharma that makes drugs for pennies? Why did the West endlessly imposed trade sanctions on the USSR, accusing it of dumping, if its products were so fucking?
>> 857932
> just allowed everything that was not available to scoops for 70 years
What did you allow? Homeless and rotting alive in a sewer? Go abroad, when the overwhelming majority stupidly do not have money for this abroad, and how only a few skated and skated? Only now there is no Deshman local aviation, the level of traffic of which the Russian Federation caught up only in the 10s? Allowed you to shit with reviews of shawarma and tons of ass-fart content? Go for selfies on sissings? What exactly did the Russian Federation allow, which Soviet citizens did not have, and without which they suffered so fuckingly?
> Soviet dentistry
How do dumb drills cancel everything I have listed above? Or do you have all the medicine in the ostomy technique concentrated? What kind of drills does the RF now produce, m?
> Lifetime.
Has risen from the age of 30 in 1913 to 70 years already in, closely catching up to the west. And this is taking into account the failing health of the generation during the war. And over 30 years of the emergency RF, life expectancy has increased by one and a half years, starting again a trend towards increasing lag behind the West. Why is everything in the beautiful Russian market with life expectancy growth tendencies much shittier than in the terrible USSR?
> Believe in the teachings of your grandfather because it is true – the real religion
> Believe
Washing, pliz.You believe in all kinds of idealistic nonsense at the level of the invisible hands of the market, which will decide everything by itself and you just have to not fucking do it. Marxists don’t believe, they count the economy. As once the scientists of the past tried to calculate the world, while the fucking priests were shouting about the hand of God and that one simply did not have to resist it. It’s you cultists, fucking.
> In my yard every 3 years the pipes are changed.
Just read below and finally realize how NIHUY you do not understand about the subject of the dispute
In 2011, Russia is still in the top ten world “leaders” in terms of depreciation of fixed assets (OPF).This figure, according to international economic organizations, is estimated at at least 50%. At the same time, in the BRICS group, the wear rate of OPF does not exceed 35%. The fate of the Indians.All about the situation of the Indians today
DISAPPEARING DEADLINES EXPLORE THE ICELAND HUNTING TRADITION | SCIENCE | SMITTSONSKY – ARTICLES, SCIENCE, LIVING NATURE
A millennial culture on the verge of
In our blood
Sobering statistics
Nowhere to go
A very familiar dinner
90,000 Gray Cat Cat – Photos & Facts – Birds @ animallodgellc.com
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