Size extra small in numbers. Comprehensive Size Guide: Men’s Clothing and Shoe Charts

How do men’s clothing sizes vary across different brands. What are the key measurements for finding the right fit. How can you convert between international sizing systems. What factors should you consider when choosing the correct size for different types of garments.

Understanding Men’s Clothing Sizes: A Complete Guide

Navigating the world of men’s clothing sizes can be a complex task. With varying standards across brands and countries, finding the perfect fit often requires more than just knowing your usual size. This comprehensive guide aims to demystify men’s sizing, providing you with the knowledge to make informed decisions when shopping for clothes.

Decoding US Letter Sizes: From XS to XXXL

US letter sizes are a common standard in men’s clothing, ranging from XS (Extra Small) to XXXL (Triple Extra Large). These sizes are based on key measurements such as neck, chest, sleeve, and waist. But how do these measurements translate to letter sizes?

• XS (Extra Small): Neck 13-13.5″, Chest 33-34″, Sleeve 31.5-32″, Waist 27-28″
• S (Small): Neck 14-14.5″, Chest 35-37″, Sleeve 32.5-33″, Waist 29-31″
• M (Medium): Neck 15-15.5″, Chest 38-40″, Sleeve 33.5-34″, Waist 32-34″
• L (Large): Neck 16-16.5″, Chest 42-44″, Sleeve 34.5-35″, Waist 36-38″
• XL (Extra Large): Neck 17-17.5″, Chest 46-48″, Sleeve 35.5-36″, Waist 40-42″
• XXL (Double Extra Large): Neck 18-18.5″, Chest 50-52″, Sleeve 36-36.5″, Waist 44-46″
• XXXL (Triple Extra Large): Neck 19-19.5″, Chest 54-56″, Sleeve 36.5-37″, Waist 50-52″

To find your size, measure these key areas and compare them to the chart. Remember that these are general guidelines, and individual brands may have slight variations.

The Importance of Accurate Measurements in Men’s Sizing

Accurate measurements are crucial for finding well-fitting clothes. But which measurements matter most, and how do you take them correctly?

Key Measurements for Men’s Clothing

• Neck: Measure around the base of the neck, where a collar would sit
• Chest: Measure around the fullest part of the chest, keeping the tape parallel to the ground
• Sleeve: Measure from the center back of the neck, over the shoulder, and down to the wrist
• Waist: Measure around the natural waistline, typically just above the hipbones

When taking measurements, use a flexible tape measure and ensure it’s snug but not tight against the body. For the most accurate results, have someone assist you, especially for measurements like chest and sleeve length.

International Size Conversion: Navigating Global Standards

Shopping internationally or from brands that use different sizing systems can be challenging. How do US sizes compare to European or UK sizes?

Here’s a general conversion guide:

• US XS = EU 44 = UK 34
• US S = EU 46-48 = UK 36-38
• US M = EU 50 = UK 40
• US L = EU 52-54 = UK 42-44
• US XL = EU 56 = UK 46
• US XXL = EU 58-60 = UK 48-50

Keep in mind that these conversions are approximate. Always check the specific brand’s size chart for the most accurate information.

Specialized Sizing: Suits, Blazers, and Coats

Suits, blazers, and coats often use a different sizing system based on chest measurements and height. How does this system work?

For these garments, your size is typically your chest measurement in inches. For example, if your chest measures 40 inches, you would likely wear a size 40 jacket. However, height also plays a role:

• Short (S): For men 5’7″ and under
• Regular (R): For men 5’8″ to 5’11”
• Long (L): For men 6′ and taller

So, a jacket size might be listed as 40R, indicating a 40-inch chest for a man of regular height. Always try on suits and blazers to ensure the best fit, as alterations may be necessary for a perfect fit.

Understanding Waist Sizes in Shorts and Pants

Waist measurements are crucial for finding the right fit in shorts and pants. But how do these measurements translate to sizes?

For men’s shorts and pants:

• Size 28″ waist = XS
• Size 30″ waist = S
• Size 32″ waist = M
• Size 34″ waist = L
• Size 36″ waist = XL
• Size 38″ waist = 2XL
• Size 40″ waist = 3XL

When measuring your waist for shorts or pants, measure around your natural waistline, which is typically at the midpoint between your belly button and the bottom of your rib cage.

Shoe Sizing: Navigating the Complexities of Footwear Fit

Shoe sizing can be particularly tricky, with variations between brands and styles. How can you ensure you’re choosing the right size?

For men’s shoes in the US:

• Size 7 = 9.6 inches (24.4 cm)
• Size 8 = 9.9 inches (25.2 cm)
• Size 9 = 10.3 inches (26 cm)
• Size 10 = 10.6 inches (26.8 cm)
• Size 11 = 10.9 inches (27.6 cm)
• Size 12 = 11.3 inches (28.4 cm)

To find your size, measure your foot from heel to toe. Remember that feet can vary slightly in size, so always measure both feet and use the larger measurement. Some brands, like Converse, are known to run large, so you might need to size down.

Brand Variations: Why Size Consistency Matters

Despite standardized sizing charts, there can be significant variations between brands. Why does this happen, and how can you navigate these differences?

Brand variations occur due to several factors:

• Target demographic differences
• Unique design aesthetics
• Manufacturing processes
• Cultural influences

To navigate these variations, always check the brand-specific size chart before making a purchase. If possible, try on clothes from a new brand in-store before buying online. Reading customer reviews can also provide insights into how a particular brand’s sizes run.

Tips for Dealing with Brand Variations

1. Know your measurements and compare them to each brand’s size chart
2. Be prepared to size up or down depending on the brand
3. Consider ordering multiple sizes when shopping online, if returns are easy
4. Look for brands that offer detailed fit information or fit guides

Remember, finding the right size often requires some trial and error, especially when exploring new brands or styles.

The Role of Fabric and Cut in Sizing

The fabric and cut of a garment can significantly affect how it fits, even if the size is correct according to measurements. How do these factors influence fit?

Different fabrics have varying degrees of stretch and drape, which can impact how a garment fits and feels:

• Stretchy fabrics like jersey or spandex blends may allow you to wear a smaller size
• Rigid fabrics like denim or heavy cotton might require sizing up for comfort
• Loose, flowing fabrics may require a different approach to sizing than form-fitting materials

The cut or style of a garment also plays a crucial role:

• Slim fit garments typically run smaller and may require sizing up
• Regular or classic fit items often align more closely with standard size charts
• Oversized or relaxed fit styles might allow for sizing down

When considering fabric and cut, think about your personal comfort preferences and the intended look of the garment. A well-fitted item should allow for ease of movement while maintaining the desired aesthetic.

Tailoring and Alterations: Achieving the Perfect Fit

Sometimes, even with careful sizing, off-the-rack clothing may not fit perfectly. This is where tailoring and alterations come in. But which garments benefit most from tailoring, and what alterations are typically possible?

Garments That Benefit Most from Tailoring

• Suits and blazers
• Dress shirts
• Trousers
• Formal wear

Common Alterations

1. Hemming pants or sleeves
2. Taking in or letting out waists
3. Adjusting shoulder fit
4. Tapering legs or sleeves
5. Altering collar size

When shopping, consider the potential for alterations. It’s often better to buy a slightly larger size and have it taken in, rather than trying to let out a garment that’s too small. Keep in mind that some alterations, like adjusting shoulders, can be complex and costly, so it’s best to find items that fit well in these crucial areas from the start.

The Future of Sizing: Technology and Customization

As technology advances, the future of clothing sizes looks increasingly personalized. What innovations are shaping the way we approach sizing?

Emerging Technologies in Sizing

• 3D body scanning for precise measurements
• AI-powered size recommendations
• Virtual try-on technology
• Made-to-measure clothing using digital tailoring

These technologies aim to create a more personalized shopping experience, reducing returns and improving customer satisfaction. Some brands are already implementing these solutions, allowing customers to create virtual avatars or use their smartphone cameras to get accurate measurements.

As these technologies become more widespread, we may see a shift away from traditional sizing systems towards more individualized approaches. This could lead to better-fitting clothes and a more sustainable fashion industry with less waste from returns and unsold inventory.

Caring for Your Clothes: Maintaining Fit Over Time

Proper care of your clothing can help maintain its fit and extend its lifespan. How can you ensure your clothes continue to fit well over time?

Tips for Maintaining Fit

1. Follow care labels carefully, especially regarding washing and drying instructions
2. Use appropriate hangers to maintain the shape of garments
3. Store clothes properly to prevent stretching or misshaping
4. Consider professional cleaning for delicate or high-quality items
5. Address any fit issues promptly through alterations or repairs

Remember that some fabrics, like cotton, may shrink slightly over time, while others, like wool, can stretch. Understanding these properties can help you make informed decisions about care and storage to maintain the best fit possible.

By taking proper care of your clothes, you not only ensure they continue to fit well but also contribute to a more sustainable approach to fashion by extending the life of your garments.

Size Charts

Junior’s (Women’s) Sizes Men’s Sizes Youth Sizes Converse Shoe Sizing
	Junior’s Size’s (In Inches) Size Bust Waist Hips 0 31 24 34 1 32 25 35 3 33 26 36 5 34 27 37 7 35 28 38 9 36 29 39 11 37 30 40 13 38 32 41 15 39 33 42 Juniors Size Conversion Chart Size Converts To: X-Small 0 – 1 Small 3 – 5 Medium 7 – 9 Large 9 – 11 X-Large 11 – 13 2XL 13 – 15 Juniors Swimsuit Size Chart Size Converts To: Bust Waist Hips Small 1-3 32-33 25-26 35-36 Medium 5-7 34-35 27-28 37-38 Large 9-11 36-37 29-30 39-40
	Mens Size Chart Size Chest Waist X-Small 36 28 – 30 Small 40 30 – 32 Medium 44 32 – 34 Large 48 34 – 36 X-Large 52 36 – 38 2XL 56 40 – 42 3XL 60 44 – 46 4XL 64 48 – 50
	Converse Adult Size Chart Converse shoes usually fit big, please choose a half size smaller US Men’s Size UK Size US Women’s Size European Size Centimeter 3 3 5 35 22 3. 5 3.5 5.5 36 22.5 4 4 6 36.5 23 4.5 4.5 6.5 37 23.5 5 5 7 37.5 24 5.5 5.5 7.5 38 24.5 6 6 8 39 25 6.5 6.5 8.5 39.5 25.5 7 7 9 40 26 7.5 7.5 9.5 41 26.5 8 8 10 41.5 27 8.5 8.5 10.5 42 27.5 9 9 11 42.5 28 9.5 9.5 11.5 43 28.5 10 10 12 44 29 10.5 10. 5 12.5 44.5 29.5 11 11 13 45 30 11.5 11.5 13.5 46 31.5 12 12 14 46.5 32 13 13 15 47.5 33 14 14 16 48.5 34 15 15 17 49.5 35 16 16 18 50.5 36
	Kids T-Shirt Size Chart Size SM MD LG Age (Years) 4-5 6-7 8-9 Chest (Inches) 14 15 16 Length (Inches) 18 19 20 Shoulder to Shoulder (Inches) 13 14 15 Infant One-Piece Size Chart Size Months Small 3-6 Medium 6-12 Large 12-18 X-Large 18-24

Size guide Men – Size charts for men’s clothes

Use this chart to find out men’s clothing sizes in US Letter sizes (Small/Medium/Large).

Find your international size here

US letter sizes – XS to XXXL

When you’ve taken your measurements, find the size in the table below that corresponds best with your results.

Suit jackets, blazers and coats

Men’s US sizes for suit jackets, coats and blazers are based on the chest width and your height. When you measure your chest, you should stick a finger between the measuring tape and your body. The result simply equals your jacket size. Depending on your height, you then have to choose between short (S), regular (R) or long (L).

Size Charts

WAIST: Measure around your natural waistline, mid way between belly button and bottom of your rib cage.

MEN’S BIB SHORTS & SHORTS

WOMEN’S BIB SHORTS & SHORTS

CHILDREN’S BIB SHORTS & SHORTS

Size Charts | Muldoon’s Men’s Wear

The following charts are the average dimentions for the clothing we offer
here at Muldoon’s.   Please note, each brand has a different idea on the
proper sizing which means each brand will fit a little different from the next
one.  These charts are to guide you in finding the size that closest
resembles you.  If you are unsure of how an item might fit, please contact
us for more information.

Hat Sizing Scales

Just Jen – Adult Shirt Sizes Charts

Following are the sizes for our shirts. Each garment is sized uniquely, so review the size chart for the specific garment you are ordering. Please call 310-539-6000 for further customer assistance.

Fitted Short Sleeve, Raglan Sleeve, V-Neck

	Small	Medium	Large	XL	2XL
equivalent size	2-4	6-8	8-10	10-14	14-18
chest (inches)	32-34″	35-37″	38-40″	41-42″	43-45″
shirt length	25. 25″	25.75″	26.5″	27″	27.5″

Fitted Long Sleeve

	Small	Medium	Large	XL	2XL
equivalent size	2-4	6-8	8-10	10-14	14-18
chest (inches)	32-35″	35-37″	38-40″	41-42″	43-45″
shirt length	25. 75″	26.25″	26.75″	27.5″	28″

3/4 Length Sleeve – (White and Black)

Beater Tank Top

	Small	Medium	Large	XL	2XL
equivalent size	0-2	4-6	8-10	12	14-16
chest (inches)	30-32″	32-34″	36-38″	40-42″	44-46″
shirt length	23. 5″	24.12″	25.25″	27.62″	28.5″

Spaghetti Tank Top

	Small	Medium	Large	XL
equivalent size	0-2	4-6	8-10	12
chest (inches)	30-32″	32-34″	36-38″	40-42″
shirt length	23. 5″	24.12″	25.25″	27.62″

Cotton Spandex Short Sleeve

	Small	Medium	Large	XL	2XL
equivalent size	2-4	6-8	8-10	10-14	14-18
chest (inches)	30-33″	34-36″	37-39″	40-42″	43-44″
shirt length	25. 25″	25.75″	26.5″	27″	27.5″

Flowy Short Sleeve, Flowy Long Sleeve

	Small	Medium	Large	XL	2XL
equivalent size	2-4	6-8	10-14	14-18	18-20
chest (inches)	34-36″	36-38″	38-40″	40-42″	42-44″
shirt length	27″	27. 5″	28″	28.5″	29″

Unisex Short Sleeve

Maternity T-shirt

	Small	Medium	Large	XL
equivalent size	0-2	4-6	8-10	12
shirt length	23. 5″	24.12″	25.25″	27.62″
chest (inches)	30-32″	32-34″	36-38″	40-42″
waist (inches)	25-26″	27-28″	30-32″	33-35″

Children’s Clothing Sizes 101: Your Guide to Getting the Right Fit Every Time

Finding proper clothing sizes for children is a challenge every parent faces. This is because there is no universal children’s clothing size guide that manufacturers and retailers are required to follow, meaning you can’t rely on uniformity in sizing across brands. For busy parents trying to continually outfit ever-growing kiddos, this can lead to confusion and frustration.

These are the sizing categories you will typically see:

• Baby (Preemie, 0-24 months)
• 
  Toddler (2T-6T)
• 
  Little Kid (4-6X)
• 
  Big Kid or Tween (7-16)
• 
  Extended sizing (18-20)

Most baby clothing is sized by age in months, then further defined by
weight and height. It’s important to take weight and height into
consideration because the by-month sizing varies. For example, Carter’s
0-3 month clothing is for infants of 8-12 pounds and 21-24 inches, but
Baby Gap brand 0-3 month sizing specifies 7-12 pounds and 18-23 inches. Refer to any brand’s baby clothes size chart to achieve the best fit.

Shop Baby Clothing

The ‘T’ in sizes 2T-6T stands for “Toddler” and the number before it is
an approximation of age. So, the average-sized two-year-old should fit
into a 2T. However, this size overlaps with 24 months. The important
thing to know here is that the T sizes are a slimmer fit than the infant
by-month sizes like 24 months.  

To complicate things further, you may also see sizes without the ‘T.’
For instance, a 3 and a 3T are not the same size. The ‘T’ sizes tend to
be several inches shorter, while also allowing more room for a diaper. 

Toddler clothes can be notoriously hard to correctly size, as brand
fits vary greatly. For example, a Gymboree 2T is listed as 33-36 inches
in height and 30-32 pounds.
Osh Kosh,
similarly, lists a 2T at 35-36 inches and 29-31 pounds. You would think
these two brands will offer the same fit, but many parents will tell
you
Gymboree toddler clothing seem to run quite big.

Shop Toddler Girls Clothing   Shop Toddler Boys Clothing

The size chart used for Little Kid sizes is based on age, but height in inches and weight in pounds is also provided for reference. The Little Kid size chart is the same for boys and girls, but there are different size charts for each gender at the Big Kid/Tween sizes, starting at size 7.  

To ensure best fit, both boys and girls should be measured for height, hips, natural waist and inseam. Some retailers will offer sizing based on age, while others offer the standard XS-XL sizing, which typically translates to:

• 
  XS – 4-5 years
• 
  S – 6-7 years
• 
  M – 8-9 years
• 
  L – 10-11 years
• 
  XL – 12-13 years

When it comes to fit for girls in the Big Kid/Tween size range, measurements are much more useful than age. Girls’ body proportions are so varied that some brands even specify Slim, Regular and Plus Size for girls’ clothes, with Plus often identified with a ½ added. Here’s an example of how they vary:

• 
  10 Slim – 24-inch waist
• 
  10 Regular – 26-inch waist
• 
  10 Plus (10 ½) – 29-inch waist

Some brands, such as Justice, use a mix of sizing. For example, Justice clothing may come in “Regular” sizes like 12, “Split” Sizes like 12/14 or “Alpha” sizes like Medium or Large. The key is to pay attention to the height and weight specifications for each. Justice also offers chest, waist and hip measurements for added fit assistance.

The Big Kid/Tween sizing for boys is typically meant for boys aged 8-16, but age and size won’t necessarily match up for a growing boy. This is one of the reasons retailers like
Gap Kids largely use the “Alpha” sizing of XS-XXL, though they also offer age, height and weight measurements for a more accurate fit. 

In boys’ pants and shorts sizes, it’s also common to see Slim and Husky sizing for boys. Slim offers a smaller waist than typical sizing, while Husky is akin to Plus Size. It’s always a good idea to rely on actual measurements when fitting a boy for pants or shorts.

Shop Girl’s Clothing    Shop Boy’s Clothing

While British sizing is based on age, like American sizing, the rest of Europe bases sizing guides on height. For example, Swedish company
Hanna Andersson uses centimeter sizing based on height, while British apparel company Boden bases sizes on age.  

When shopping European brands, you may need guidance on size chart conversion. International conversion charts can be helpful. For instance, the Hanna Andersson size conversion chart for baby and toddler clothing looks like this:

• 
  50 cm = 18-22 in and 0-3 Months
• 
  60 cm = 22-26 in and 3-6 Months
• 
  70 cm = 26-30 in and 6-12 Months
• 
  75 cm = 28-30 in and 12-18 Months
• 
  80 cm = 30-32 in and 18-24 Months
• 
  85 cm = 32-34 in and 2 years
• 
  90 cm = 34-38 in and 3 years

With all international conversion charts, keep in mind they are approximate. To get the most accurate conversion, you should always use a conversion chart that contains actual measurements, rather than just size listings. 

With so many intricacies to children’s clothing sizes, it can take time to find the fit your child needs. Sizing guides may help, as will knowing your child’s measurements before shopping. Once you’ve established that, it will be much easier to shop for your little ones, no matter which brand you’re shopping for. But before you shop, don’t forget to check out our latest post for some great laundry tips to maintain those trendy pieces and keep them looking brand new for years.

S, M, L dress sizing system

Many shops now use letters for their sizes, with the following meanings S – Small,
M – Medium, L – Large and X – Extra. This sizing system is called dual sizing by some
stores and brands. Sometimes you will see XXS meaning Extra Extra Small
or Double Extra Small (i.e. Smaller than Extra Small) or XXL meaning Extra Extra Large
or Double Extra Large. With the large sizes the number of Xs can reach 4 or 5.

With these sizes there is significant variation between stores
(see our Size Guides page) but the most common
sizing is for an XS to be equivalent to a UK 4-6 or US 0-2 up to an extra large being
equivalent to a UK 20-22 or US 16-18, however some brands use a single size gap between
sizes so an XS can be as large as a UK size 8 or US size 4 and an XL as small as a
UK size 16 or US size 12 so make sure you try things on if the dress is only marked
with a lettered size.

S,M,L Sizes – Average Size Guide

Size	Bust		Waist		Hips
	in	cm	in	cm	in	cm
XS	31.9	81.0	24.3	61.6	34.3	87.1
S	33.4	84.9	26.3	66.8	35.9	91.1
M	36.5	92.8	29.4	74.6	39.0	99.0
L	40.3	102.3	33.1	84.1	42.6	108.2
XL	43.2	109.7	36.0	91.3	45.7	116. 0
XXL	50.3	127.6	43.8	111.1	52.5	133.4

Dual Sizing

Using Small, Medium and Large sizes with X for Extra is often known as dual sizing
because usually Small, Medium and Large each equate to two UK, US or European sizes.
This was done to cut down on the number of manufacturing runs for different sized
garments and reduce manufacturing costs. Owing to the larger difference between sizes
you may end up not being able to find a good fit, for example Small could be slightly too
small and Medium slightly too large.

Dual Sizing Equivalents Table

The folowing table gives the usual equavalents for the dual sizing system for US,
UK, German, French and Italian sizing systems.

Brand clothing size chart | 68Store

The information below will help you find the correct size, but items may vary depending on brand and model.
Tip: To find the optimal size, simply take a garment (preferably from the same manufacturer) that fits you well and check the label for the size.

Wholesale women’s clothing brands: Richmond Denim, Richmond X, Richmond, Ermano Scervino, Husky, Bray Steve Alan, Sexy Woman, Khujo, Only, Stella Dutti, Vero Moda, Rebecca, Selected Femme, Key Largo, Hachiro, Zabaione, Hailys, Drywash , John Richmond, Just Cavalli, Linda Damiani, Maria Intscher, Maze, Trueprodigy, 525, Miray Firenze, Olivia Hops, Cristina Gavioli, Fornarina, Freaky Nation, Converse, Jacqueline de Yong, Gipsy, Object, Hailys, Pieces, Chiara Morgente Cavalli Class.

Categories of women’s clothing wholesale: Dresses, Jeans, Pants, Skirts, Shorts, Blouses, Shirts, Jackets, Coats, Parkas, Leather jackets, Trench coats, Sweatshirts, Jackets and Vests, Pullovers and cardigans, Sportswear, Suits, T-shirts and T-shirts, Overalls , Underwear, Leggings, Shoes, Bags, Accessories.

Wholesale menswear brands: John Richmond, Richmond X, Richmond Denim, Richmond, Jast Cavalli, Converse, Husky, Andrew Mackenzie, Bray Steve Alan, Absolut Joy, Aeronautica Militare, Jack & Jones, Khujo, Maze, Selected, Carisma , Key Largo, Hachiro, Antony Morato, Royal Ego, Trussardi, Top Secret, Trueprodigy, 525, Freaky Nation, Crosshatch, Geographical Norway, Gino Borghese, Gipsy, Otto Kern, Only & Sons, Smith & Jones.

Categories of men’s clothing wholesale: Jeans, Pants, Shorts, Shirts, Jackets, Coats, Parkas, Leather jackets, Trench, Sweatshirts, Jackets and Vests, Pullovers and cardigans, Sportswear, Suits, T-shirts and T-shirts, Underwear, Shoes, Bags , Accessories.

Brands of children’s clothing wholesale: Richmond JR, Husky.

Understanding how to determine the size of gloves – “Overalls League Company”

People in different professions use gloves every day to comply with the rules of safety and personal protection. Medical professionals try to protect themselves from germs and infections in contact with patients. Gloves of workers in industry, agriculture, construction and repair sectors protect from physical or chemical damage. In the food industry, gloves are worn to prevent human germs from entering food.

In the marking of men’s gloves, there is the smallest size XXS (extraextra small) for hands with a girth of 16.5-17.5 centimeters. The very small size XS (extra small) can be worn by men with a hand girth of 18 centimeters. Small size S (small) can be worn by males with a wrist girth of 19-20.5 centimeters. M (medium) – the average size for a girth of men’s palms of 22-23.5 centimeters. 24-26 centimeters of girth correspond to the large size L (large).The last and largest size of men’s gloves for any use is the XL (extralarge) size for a palm girth of 27 centimeters

How to measure the palm We measure the palm with a meter tape. To recognize the size of a glove made of any material, the hand should be measured. The hands are different for all people, and there are gloves of both very large and very small sizes. To determine the size of the hand for gloves, you need to take a regular meter tape and apply it to the circumference of the hand. You need to measure the circumference in the widest part of the hand – at the base of four fingers.Thus, the meter tape shows a number in centimeters that will help you size the right gloves for any use. An interesting fact is that the hand that writes is usually larger in diameter than the other. Differences between male and female gloves After measuring the girth of the hand and obtaining a certain number, you can determine the size of the gloves. It should be borne in mind that the sizes of men’s and women’s gloves are different. This is due to the fact that the girth of the hand of a man is much larger than that of a woman.The smallest men’s glove size is indicated by almost the same number as the largest women’s glove size. It should be noted that in men’s gloves the shape of the fingers is much wider. Women’s gloves are much narrower in this place. Numeric Marking System European glove manufacturers mark sizes with numbers according to French inches. This size is used in all countries thanks to the French company Isotoner. Today this company is very popular in Russia as a global brand. According to European standards, men’s and women’s gloves have the same marking.The European digital type of marking of gloves for men and women looks like this: size 5 – 16 cm; size 5.5 – 16.5 cm; size 6 – 17.5 cm; size 6.5 – 18 cm; size 7 – 19 cm; size 7.5 – 20.5 cm; size 8 – 22 cm; size 8.5 – 23.5 cm; size 9 – 24 cm; size 9.5 – 26 cm; size 10 – 27 cm. Letter marking system The American type of glove marking differs from the European type in that the sizes are named by letters. This type of marking is used for all types of clothing and accessories around the world.The American type greatly simplifies the choice of gloves, since you do not need to memorize numbers in which you can get confused. It is enough to know just one letter. The lettering is very convenient. Each size is the first consonant letter in an English word. Knowing the meaning of these words, it is easy to determine the size. Sizes of Women’s Gloves To understand how to determine the size of women’s gloves, you need to know the girth of the hand. The smallest size is called XS (extra small) and corresponds to a female wrist circumference of 16 centimeters.Small size S (small) is designed for arms with a girth of 16.5 – 17.5 centimeters. The average size is M (medium). It is worn by owners of 18-19 cm palm girth. With a wrist girth of 20.5 to 22 centimeters, it is recommended to wear large L (large) gloves. XL (extralarge) is a very large size for ladies’ gloves. It corresponds to a female palm girth of 23.5-24 centimeters. Only women’s gloves have a XXL size (extraextralarge). This is the largest size, which is calculated with a girth of 26-27 centimeters.According to this, the American lettering of women’s gloves looks like this: size XS (extra small) – 16 cm; size S (small) – 16.5-17.5 cm; size M (medium) – 18-19 cm; size L (large) – 20.5-22 cm; size XL (extra large) – 23.5-24 cm; size XXL (extra extra large) – 26-27 cm. Sizes of men’s gloves determine the size of gloves according to the table Letter marking of men’s gloves from any material occurs in the same way as women’s gloves. The difference is that the male girth of the palm is larger, respectively, the ratio of letters and numbers is different.In the marking of men’s gloves, there is the smallest size XXS (extraextra small) for hands with a girth of 16.5-17.5 centimeters. The very small size XS (extra small) can be worn by men with a hand girth of 18 centimeters. Small size S (small) can be worn by males with a wrist girth of 19-20.5 centimeters. M (medium) – the average size for a girth of men’s palms of 22-23.5 centimeters. 24-26 centimeters of girth correspond to the large size L (large). The last and largest size of men’s gloves for any use is XL (extralarge) for a palm girth of 27 centimeters.How to determine the size of men’s gloves according to American lettering: size XXS (extra extra small) – 16.5-17.5 cm; size XS (extra small) – 18 cm; size S (small) – 19-20.5 cm; size M (medium) – 22-23.5 cm; size L (large) – 24-26 cm; size XL (extra large) – 27 cm. The size of gloves can be easily and conveniently determined both using the European marking in French inches, and thanks to the American marking according to the first consonant letters of English words. Glove Sizing Chart General chart of glove sizes for both men and women, taking into account the girth of the pussy of the hand: Palm circumference (cm) European size (French inches) US letter size (for women) US letter size (for men) 16 5 XS 16.5 5.5 S XXS 17.5 6 S XXS 18 6.5 M XS 19 7 MS 20.5 7.5 LS 22 8 LM 23.5 8.5 XL M 24 9 XL L 26 9.5 XXL L 27 10 XXL XL It is important to know how to choose the right size for your gloves.Gloves for men and women should not squeeze the hand, hindering normal blood circulation, while wide gloves will fall off.

Travel to the microworld / Habr

In the previous article we talked

about the giant numbers

. We can say that we have made a journey to infinity, and when we approached Graham’s Number, I personally had the feeling that just a little more – and we will touch it with our hand. Today I offer you another journey.This time in the microcosm – the world of small objects. So small that of all the ones we will consider, a grain of sand will be the largest. I must say right away that this article is not about physics. We won’t talk about quantum effects, the uncertainty principle, and string theory. I am not a physicist (however, I think that you understood this on the basis of my previous text). This article is about numbers, scale and beauty. Welcome.

But we will start from a completely different side. Before embarking on a journey into the depths of matter, let’s turn our gaze upward.It seems to me that we are familiar with macroscales a little better than microscales. The educated reader more or less imagines how great the distances in the Universe are. For example, it is known that, on average, almost 400 thousand kilometers to the Moon, to the Sun – 150 million, to the now fashionable Pluto (which is no longer visible without a telescope) – 6 billion, to the nearest star Proxima Centauri (not visible either) – 40 trillion, to the nearest large galaxy of the Andromeda nebula (and here it is just remarkably visible without any instruments) – 25 quintillion and finally to the outskirts of the observable Universe (whether they are visible or not is a moot point) – 130 sextillion.Impressive of course, but we all love space news and, frankly, somewhere deep inside we have already come to terms with the fact that space is very, very, very large. And the difference between all these “quadri-”, “quinti-” and “sexti-” does not seem so huge, although they differ from each other a thousand times. The microcosm is quite another matter. How many interesting things can be hidden in it, because it simply has nowhere to fit there. This is what common sense tells us and is wrong.

Try to answer this question.If the smallest known distance in the universe is plotted at one end of the logarithmic scale, and the largest is at the other, what will be in the middle? What is this “average” distance? If you just thought about galaxies and stars, then probably assume that it should be big enough, because the universe is so huge. But in fact, this distance will be approximately 0.1 millimeters. Amazing, right? Something very inexplicable is happening in this very microcosm, since it outweighs the bulk of the whole cosmos.So, 0.1 mm is the size of a grain of sand, let’s start with it.

A grain of sand is one of the smallest objects that we can still see with the naked eye. 100 grains of sand, placed in a row, will fit on the nail of a human finger. 10 thousand grains of sand – and now we have a meter in front of us. And if you place them “side by side” along the Earth’s equator, then we need 400 billion pieces. Just. Do you realize that all these grains of sand can be collected in one large, but not even huge, bag, and it will only weigh about a ton?

What else do we have that we can barely see? Human hair.Human hair is different, but on average, its thickness is 50-70 microns, that is, there are 15-20 pieces of hair per millimeter. In order to lay out the distance to the moon with them, it will take 8 trillion hairs (if you add them not in length, but in width, of course). Since there are about 100 thousand of them on the head of one person, then if you collect hair from the entire population of Russia, it will be more than enough to the moon and even will remain.

We move on – into the world of objects already invisible to the naked eye. Bacteria.Their size can vary 10 times – from 0.5 to 5 microns (although there are also unique specimens up to 1 millimeter in size). Thus, in the thickness of a human hair, they will fit up to 100, and in a centimeter – up to 20 thousand pieces. If we increase the average bacterium to such a size that it fits comfortably in our palm (100 thousand times), the thickness of the hair becomes 5 meters. By the way, a whole quadrillion bacteria live inside the human body, and their total weight is 2 kilograms. Stop for a second and consider how much of you bacteria are.There are, in fact, even more of them than the cells of the body itself. So it is quite possible to say that a person is just such an organism, consisting of bacteria and viruses with small inclusions of something else.

Viruses. I can easily admit that to someone they seem to be about the same as bacteria – I myself sometimes use these words as synonyms. The sizes of viruses differ even more than bacteria – almost 100 thousand times. If this were the case with people, they would be from 1 centimeter to 1 kilometer tall, and their social interaction would be a curious sight.But in general, viruses are smaller than bacteria. The average length of the most common varieties is 100 nanometers or 10 ^-7 degree meters. If we again perform the approximation operation so that the virus becomes the size of a palm, then the bacteria will be 1 meter long and the hair will be 50 meters thick.

And, by the way, it is on this scale that we come to dimensions that we can no longer see through an optical microscope. And that’s why. The wavelength of visible light is 400-750 nanometers, and it is simply impossible to see objects smaller than this value (unless you use some trick, for example, by making them emit).When trying to illuminate an object, the wave will simply go around it and will not be reflected. Sometimes the question is asked what an atom looks like or what color it is. Once upon a time it seemed to me that to answer it, you just need to look through a microscope, and if the magnification is not enough, then take another one and attach it to the first, and then again and again, until you get a bright and clear image, which is already obviously there will be some shape and some color (yes, I was a smart guy and it seemed like a great idea to me). In fact, the atom doesn’t look like anything.Just nothing at all. And not because we have insufficiently good microscopes, but because the size of an atom is less than the distance for which the very concept of “visibility” exists … It just seemed important to me to note this also because all further illustrations will rather be just pictures, but not something really reflecting the shape of the objects in question.

Back to viruses. If we again take for comparison the thickness of a human hair, then there will fit about 500 pieces of medium size.The next time you look at the hair found in the soup, imagine how a round dance of 1.5 thousand viruses goes around it. And around the circumference of the globe, 400 trillion viruses can be densely packed. A lot of. Light travels this distance in kilometers in 40 years. But if you put them all together, they will easily fit on your fingertip. Just.

In general, on the nanometer scale there are many different interesting objects, but we will focus only on those whose names are widely known.So our next stop is molecules. For example, a DNA molecule with a width of 3 x 10 ^-9 meters. That is, with a magnification of a million times its width will become 3 millimeters, and if in a billion – 3 meters (on the other hand, if you just take a billion molecules, then they will not even be visible without glasses). Thus, the DNA molecule is several tens of times smaller than the average virus. Although this is not entirely fair, we are comparing the width (DNA) to the length (of the virus). But all the same, the ratios here are approximately the following.Let’s take a water molecule for comparison. Its approximate size is 3 by 10 ^-10 meters. There are 10 septillion molecules in a glass of water – about the same number of millimeters from us to the Andromeda Galaxy. And in a cubic centimeter of air there are 30 quintillion molecules (mainly nitrogen and oxygen).

Molecules are known to consist of atoms, and their sizes are quite comparable. For example, the diameter of a carbon atom (the basis of all life on Earth) is 3.5 by 10 ^-10 meters, that is, even slightly larger than a water molecule.The hydrogen atom is 10 times less – 3 per 10 90 583 -11 90 584 meters. This, of course, is not enough. But how little? The fact that strikes every (healthy) imagination is that the smallest, barely distinguishable grain of salt consists of 1 quintillion atoms. And I do not mean coarse salt with large, well-distinguishable granules, but fine – the one in the salt shakers. On occasion, try to single out one of them, look at the light and say to yourself: “qui-nti-lli-on” (by the way, this is 10 ¹⁸ ). Let’s turn to our standard scale and zoom in on the hydrogen atom so that it fits comfortably in the hand.Viruses will then be 300 meters in size, bacteria 3 kilometers, and the thickness of the hair will be equal to 150 kilometers, and even in the lying state it will go beyond the boundaries of the atmosphere (and in length it can reach the Moon).

We dive one more step deeper. Such a small “small step” at once by 4 orders of magnitude – as from the size of a football stadium to the size of a bee sitting in the center of its field. Particles. It should be said right away that on such scales the very concept of size is rather arbitrary. And if we are talking about elementary particles, then we already have to take into account which model we use, quantum or classical.The so-called “classical” electron diameter is 5.5 femtometers or 5.5 by 10 ^-15 meters. The sizes of the proton and neutron are even smaller and amount to about 1.5 femtometers. The irony is that protons are 1,836 times heavier than electrons – this alone should say something about the conventions of the above dimensions. There are about the same number of protons in a meter as there are ants on planet Earth, although I am not sure that these two values ​​are somehow related to each other (personally, I am shocked by this not even that the proton is so small, but that the ants have there are too many of us).We use the already familiar increase. The proton lies comfortably in our palm – and then the size of the average virus will be equal to 7,000 kilometers (almost like all of Russia from west to east, by the way), and the thickness of the hair will be 2 times the size of the Sun.

Don’t you think that there is simply nothing more to be? Yes, we have heard something about quarks, but it is generally difficult to say anything definite about their sizes. It is assumed that they are somewhere in the range of 10 ^-19 – 10 ^-18 meters.The smallest – the true quark – “in diameter” (let’s write this word in quotation marks to remind you of the above) 10 ^-22 meters. There is also such a thing as neutrinos. Look at your palm. A trillion neutrinos emitted by the Sun flies through it every second. And you don’t have to hide your hand behind your back. Neutrinos will easily pass through your body, and through a wall, and through our entire planet, and even through a layer of lead 1 light year thick. The “diameter” of a neutrino is 10 ^-24 meters – this particle is 100 times smaller than a true quark, or a billion times smaller than a proton, or 10 septillion times smaller than a Tyrannosaurus.Almost as many times the tyrannosaurus itself is smaller than the entire observable Universe (more precisely, it was smaller until it became extinct). If you increase the neutrino so that it is the size of an orange, then even a proton will be 10 times larger than the Earth. Like this.

And now, I sincerely hope that you should be amazed by one of the following two things. Choose any of them and enjoy. First, we can go even further (and even make some meaningful assumptions about what will be there). The second – but at the same time it is still impossible to move into the depths of matter endlessly, and soon we will bury ourselves in a dead end.Which of these statements seems more surprising to you? For me personally, it’s probably the second thing. But to achieve these very “dead-end” sizes, we will have to descend by another 11 orders of magnitude, if we count from neutrinos. That is, these dimensions are 100 billion times smaller than neutrinos. By the same amount, a grain of sand is smaller than the entire planet, by the way. If this does not amaze you, then I just do not know what you can talk about …

So, at dimensions 10 ^-35 meters, we will find such a wonderful concept as the Planck length – the minimum distance possible in the real world ( as far as is commonly believed in modern science).Quantum strings also live here – objects are very remarkable from any point of view (for example, they are one-dimensional, they have no thickness), but for our topic it is important that their length is also in the range of 10 ^-35 meters. Let’s do our standard magnifying experiment one last time. The quantum string becomes a comfortable size and we hold it in our hand like a pencil. In this case, the neutrino will be 7 times larger than the Sun, and the hydrogen atom will be 300 times larger than the size of the Milky Way.

Finally we come to the very structure of the universe – the scale at which space becomes similar to time, time to space, and various other bizarre things happen.There is nothing further (probably) …

Well, I hope that it was interesting for you, and that if you have read this far, you have not regretted the time spent. If so, do not be too lazy to go to the following link, and you will be able to see all the same and much more, but only in pictures and with a scale of real scales of micro- and macroscopic objects.

And if you notice any mistake in my text, please write about it in the comments. I will be happy to correct this text so that it more accurately reflects the reality around us, so amazing and diverse.

transcript into Russian, detailed tables

Author Oksana Nikitina To read 4 min. Views 12.7k. Published August 8, 2019 Updated October 20, 2020

Today, the letter sizes S, M, X, XL and XS will surprise few people. People are used to these US-made markings. It turned out to be very convenient to designate clothing sizes in this way. Originally invented by the Americans, the original system quickly became international. It means small, medium and large sizes.Today we will tell you in detail what is XS, S, M, L, XL, XXL.

How to determine the size of clothes

So, since the system was invented by the Americans, then it is based on American concepts. The decoding of the sizes “S M L XL” is very simple:

1. S – the first letter of the word small, “small”. It marks products of the smallest sizes. For men, the corresponding Russian dimensional indicators will be 46 (44), and for women – 44 (42).
2. M – comes from medium, or “medium”.Indicates the average sizes of men’s and women’s clothing: 48 and 46, respectively.
3. L – an abbreviation for large, is placed on things related to large sizes. For girls, these will be indicators from 48 and above, for guys – from 50.

However, three letters were not enough. Another designation appeared in the system – X. To understand what it means, and to correctly determine your own dimensional indicator, you need to remember English.

X stands for eXtra, or, in Russian, “very”, “over”.The letter is not used to mark products M, but often becomes a prefix to S or L. For example, XS in English is extra small, or “very (over) small”. On the contrary, XL (extra large) – “extra large”, XXL (extra extra large) – “very very large”, etc.

We correctly determine the size of clothes (Russian)

To use the international system, you need to accurately establish your Russian size indicator. To do this, you need to measure the circumference of the chest, waist and hips, and then determine the value using the following table.

90 019 99-102

Correspondence between letters and numbers

The letter system was liked by most countries, and now it is considered international.Well, to make it convenient for the inhabitants of Russia to translate the usual numbers into American letter markings, simple correspondence tables are offered.

Using them, you can easily determine what size you have: S, M, L or intermediate with an additional value X. In addition, we advise you to remember the translation of these mysterious values ​​into Russian, so as not to get confused anymore, which size is larger, L, M or S, and in general what they stand for.

Below we give the promised table of translation of international marking into a familiar Russian one.

For women

When determining the international size of women’s clothing (S, M, L), proceed from the numerical value of your Russian indicator.

Table of correspondence of sizes “sml” in Russian:

For men

The table will help you to accurately determine the size of any men’s product:

How not to be mistaken when choosing clothes

The main advice that helps you not to be mistaken in choosing a product that fits perfectly to your figure, both for men and womens wardrobe: take measurements correctly and determine the Russian size.

Knowing the exact numerical value, you can easily set the corresponding alphabetic value. Tabular data will help you understand the task at hand. Especially when it comes to online sites that exclude the possibility of evaluating the thing you like in reality.

True, most of these resources offer tables for converting one dimensional value to another, so it is advisable to use this information.

And yet, if possible, we recommend buying skirts, trousers, sweaters and other clothes directly in stores after trying on.Only in this way there will be practically no risk of making a mistake. In addition, you will really appreciate how the product looks on the figure, whether the colors are appropriate, whether it is comfortable to wear.

Dear readers of the Tkan.Club website, if you have any questions and do not understand what the size s m l means, we will be happy to answer them. Leave your reviews, comments, share stories of your shopping! Your life experience may be useful to other readers.

Basic pension: when pensioners in Germany do not have enough money | Analysis of events in political life and society in Germany | DW

There are relatively few poor old people in Germany.But those who barely have enough pension to live on are growing – even though they have worked for thirty-five years, paid pension contributions, raised children and devoted time to caring for loved ones. After retirement, their monthly age allowance is often no higher than that of those who did not pay contributions to the pension fund, but lived on social benefits. This is an obvious injustice, which the ruling coalitions in Germany have been trying to eliminate since 2009.

The minimum pension in Germany: it all depends on the length of service

There are various pension models in Europe, for example, the minimum pension that is quite familiar to readers in Russia.In Germany, there is no conventional minimum pension. The guideline is the amount of 512 euros – a pensioner who received a salary at the minimum wage level can count on it. But, in principle, the amount of pension is determined by the amount of pension contributions accumulated over the years of work: the higher they are, the higher the pension.

The principle is simple, but not ideal: today more than half a million elderly Germans find themselves in a situation where they cannot do without the help of the state. The number of such pensioners since 2003, according to the Federal Statistical Office Destatis, has doubled (then there were only 257 thousand).

When in Germany the elderly do not have enough to live on

From when is a pensioner considered needy in Germany? If the aggregate income of a person does not exceed 865 euros per month, the German pension insurance association Deutsche Rentenversicherung recommends applying for social security benefits. It is called in Germany basic material security (Grundsicherung).

Basic pension in Germany – for those who have long experience, but the pension is not enough

Covers the allowance for rent and heating, clothing, health insurance.The amount of the allowance may differ depending on the specific case, it also differs in different federal states: somewhere, for example, renting a house is more expensive, and so on.

There is a consensus in Germany that such a social benefit model is not suitable for retirees. If only because they deserve a pension “as a sign of respect for their work,” as politicians say. Secondly, it is believed that at least half a million more people could apply for help from the state today, but out of a sense of shame and out of ignorance of their rights, they do not do this.

Pension and the issue of justice in Germany

Appeals for justice were of no small importance in the dispute over the basic pension. Someone calls it unfair that the introduction of a basic pension will increase the burden on young people who are now paying pension contributions; and some believe it is unfair that the basic pension in its current form will go to many of those who do not need it. The “dentist’s wife” is considered a classic example: perhaps she herself received little, helping in the waiting room of her husband-doctor, but then, they say, his large pension is enough for both of them.

Representatives of the ruling coalition parties announce the introduction of a basic pension: Markus Söder, Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer, Malu Dreyer (left to right)

In public discussions in Germany, the example of the Dutch neighbors was often cited as a better example. In the Netherlands, there is a basic pension, and many German pensioners look with envy at its size – 1200 euros per month on the only condition: the applicant must have lived in the country for 50 years. If the pensioner also paid contributions to the pension fund, then the amount of the pension will be higher.

At the same time in Germany 1200 euros is not the minimum, but the average level of pension, after the possible payment of taxes (this is how a number of pensions are also taxed) and deductions for health insurance and insurance in case of need for care.

Basic pension: how much and for whom

In order to guarantee a decent old age, as well as save needy pensioners from unpleasant visits to social services and filing applications for help, the state thought about ways to solve the problem.One of them is the basic pension. The German coalition government, consisting of the conservative bloc of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) of Chancellor Angela Merkel and the Bavarian Christian Social Union (CSU), as well as the Social Democratic Party (SPD), following the 2017 elections, promised to agree on pension reform.

Negotiations dragged on, but on Sunday, November 10, the parties announced a compromise. The main points of the reform: the basic pension must be at least 10 percent higher than the existing social benefit.The 35 years of experience will include the years spent on maternity leave and the time of caring for relatives.

Politicians – both within the coalition and in the Merkel party – have long argued about whether it is worth checking and how thoroughly whether applicants really need a basic pension. As a result, the government decided to check only the income of pensioners. They will be saved from humiliating visits to social departments: data on income will automatically go to pension funds from tax departments.

The increase is tangible, especially for women – there are much more of them among those who today receive a low pension.For example, a hairdresser who earned at the minimum wage and retired with a pension of 513 euros can count on an increase to 961 euros.

Such growth, according to the plan of the government, should correspond to the principle: “Those who worked should receive more than those who did not work.” But the exact formula for calculating the base pension is complicated and will be tied to the amount of contributions to the pension fund, so as not to violate another principle: “Whoever paid more should receive more.”

Those persons whose total income (including, for example, the amount from renting out housing) does not exceed 1250 euros, and who meets the rest of the conditions of this social program, can count on a basic pension.To avoid abuse, families will calculate the need for a basic pension on the basis of their total income. If the total income of the spouses exceeds 1950 euros, then they will not receive the basic pension. Those who have not gained 35 years of experience do not receive the right to a basic pension either.

The amount of additional expenses for the reform of the government has not yet been announced – according to one of the ministers, up to 1.5 billion euros will be needed from the budget annually. The changes will come into force on January 1, 2021.

See also:

• Pension reform in Russia in cartoons by Sergei Elkin

  The government waited for the election results

  Experts have been talking about the need to raise the retirement age in Russia for a long time.The government and officials did not pedal the topic … until the presidential elections on March 18, 2018. And after the re-election of Vladimir Putin and the reappointment of Dmitry Medvedev as prime minister, the pension reform was officially announced.

• Pension reform in Russia in cartoons by Sergei Elkin

  Plus 5 years for men, plus 8 for women

  The bill on a gradual increase in the retirement age was approved by the Russian government on June 14, 2018.According to him, the retirement age for men is planned to be increased from 60 to 65 years by 2028, for women – from 55 to 63 years by 2034.

• Pension reform in Russia in the cartoons of Sergei Elkin

  Raising the retirement age in Russia under the guise of the 2018 World Cup

  It is noteworthy that the Russian government announced plans to increase the retirement age during the 2018 World Cup. According to experts, the authorities have made a win-win bet on sports euphoria.

• Pension reform in Russia in the cartoons of Sergei Elkin

  Trade unions are against the increase

  The All-Russian Association of Trade Unions has launched a petition addressed to President Putin demanding not to raise the retirement age.In the first two weeks alone, more than 2.5 million Russians have already signed it.

• Pension reform in Russia in the cartoons of Sergei Elkin

  Pensioners are ordered to live long

  One of the questions that worries citizens in the event of an increase in age is whether they will live to retire. For Russian men, the situation here is especially problematic. Even with the current retirement age of 60, the likelihood of living to this point in 20-year-old men in Russia is 68%.

• Pension reform in Russia in cartoons by Sergei Elkin

  What pensioners are needed in Russia

  In general, the prospects for pensioners look like this: the retirement age will increase to 65 years for men and 63 for women. The only question is, will life expectancy increase? Today, the average life expectancy for men in Russia is 66.5 years, and for women – 77.

• Pension reform in Russia in cartoons by Sergei Elkin

  Response to pension reform, or Protest instead of giving

  In response to government plans to increase the pension age, many Russians took to the streets.The first numerous actions initiated by Alexei Navalny took place on July 1 in three dozen Russian cities. Since then, actions against raising the retirement age have been repeated with noticeable regularity.

• Pension reform in Russia in cartoons by Sergei Elkin

  When a cartoonist is not laughing

  On July 19, the State Duma approved the pension reform bill in the first reading. True, not unanimously: 328 deputies spoke in favor, 104 against.

• Pension reform in Russia in the cartoons of Sergei Elkin

  How to make it to retirement in Russia

  After Natalia Poklonskaya voted against the pension reform, she was severely criticized in United Russia. While the United Russia members are arguing, the Russians are thinking about the chances of living up to this age.

• Pension reform in Russia in the cartoons of Sergei Elkin

  Pension reform in Volodin style: come on, get it!

  Vyacheslav Volodin, at a meeting with the residents of Saratov, when asked how to live to retire, advised to go in for sports.The words of the speaker of the State Duma drew sharp criticism in the country.

• Pension reform in Russia in the cartoons of Sergei Elkin

  Putin on pension reform: soft, but hard to sleep?

  Speaking with a special message on the topic of pension reform, the President of the Russian Federation proposed to soften it a little, for example, to raise the retirement age for women not by 8, but by 5 years.

  Author: Vladimir Dorokhov

Size chart of robes

Men’s clothing

Women’s clothing

Children’s clothing

90 015 90 180 90 181 90 000 The most interesting facts about ants

Stories on the topic “based on real events”, many readers provoke the presentation of quite believable plots.But sometimes, funny goosebumps get into such scrapes that even such a topic of the story will not make you believe in them. We have collected interesting facts from the life of ants based on completely real events, but which are no less surprising from that.

Interesting facts about ants in numbers

• The first ants appeared 130 million years ago. These babies are as ancient as dinosaurs. But unlike the latter, the ants survived.

• More than 12 thousand species live on earth.And the total number of ants on the planet is more than 10,000 trillion.

• The smallest is only 2 mm in size. The largest is the uterus of a giant ant, 5 cm in size.

They remember the road

The life of ants is interesting and unusual. Reasonable goosebumps know exactly what is where, remember landmarks and beacons. In complex labyrinths, they easily find a treat and, along the shortest paths, deliver it to the nest.

Taking care of offspring

Murashi remember the smell of brood – this is another fact about ants.They develop a stereotype of the transfer of larvae and pupae. Inventive slave ants take advantage of this – the ants in their slavery, take care of the larvae of the slave owners.

Raising the younger generation

An interesting fact of ants’ life is raising offspring. The old guard show their students how to get a drop of juice from aphids. Young people enjoy sweets with pleasure and learn from the experience.

Communicate and transmit information

The scout ants, having found their prey, return to the nest, tell the foragers where to look and rush for new trophies.Foragers go after what they find and easily find it without a guide. This interesting fact about ants was noticed by Russian scientists.

Teach the techniques and secrets of hunting

The most experienced and harsh forager-hunter is the first to enter the battle with the prey. He shows the youngsters his skills – how to attack, sting, kill. So he teaches the younger generation hunting skills.

Interesting facts about the strongman ants

Strongmen are not any specific species.All goose bumps on the planet are strong, fit and capable of lifting objects that are 100 times heavier than their own weight. None of the living beings on earth are capable of such feats.

Everything interesting about ants farmers

To feed a large colony, a family needs a reliable forage base. Therefore, some species are engaged in animal husbandry. They raise aphids – a monster cow. They take care of her, graze and protect her. And that in return gives the ants a drop of nutritious sweet juice.

The most interesting facts about ants – builders

Almost all types of ants on the planet are engaged in construction. But the biggest house was built by our fellow countrymen – red forest ants. In 2015, an anthill 2.5 meters high was discovered in Siberia.

Interesting information about ants careerists

Of course, this is not about a career, but rather about promotion. With age, ants change their profession. Young ants take care of the offspring. Having matured and gained strength, they are engaged in construction and cleaning.The most mature and experienced insects forage for food.

How to wake up – an interesting fact about ants for children

Observant myrmikppers noticed that during awakening their pets stretch their legs in all directions and open their jaws. It looks so much like a person stretching and yawning. Very nice.

Build supercolonies

Another interesting fact about ants – they know how to build truly gigantic structures. In length, these huge anthills extend for several thousand kilometers.Typically, these supercolonies are home to over 1 billion insects.

Why do ants need two stomachs?

It turns out that ants have two stomachs. Scientists explain this interesting fact of the ant structure by the process of trophallaxis. Insects use one stomach for its intended purpose – for digestion and assimilation of food. The second they need in order to accumulate food, which can be shared with another member of the colony.

Who is more dangerous than a bullet or a bulldog?

Of course we are talking about interesting ants.The bullet ant got this nickname for a reason. It has a very painful bite. But the bulldog ant is more dangerous than its predatory brother. Its bite is not as painful, but the poison that penetrates the victim is life-threatening. Fortunately, humans have already invented an antidote.

All the most interesting about ants

In conclusion, the most amazing facts about ants

• ants do not have ears, they catch vibrations with sensitive paws,

• ants have no lungs, they breathe with the help of small spiracles,

• each family has its own distinctive smell, they immediately recognize strangers,

• workers live up to 5 years, and the uterus is up to 30 – she is a record long-liver among insects,

• ants inhabit all corners of the planet, except for the Arctic and Antarctica.

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