How does overload zone offense create defensive imbalances. What are the key rules and concepts of effective zone offense. How can teams implement the overload alignment for maximum impact. Which passing options and player movements are crucial in overload zone offense.
Understanding the Overload Zone Offense Concept
The overload zone offense is a powerful strategy designed to create defensive imbalances and exploit weaknesses in zone defenses. This approach has gained popularity, especially at high school and junior high levels, where zone defenses are increasingly common. By implementing this offense, teams can effectively outnumber defensive players on one side of the court while still utilizing the backside to keep the defense honest.
Why is the Overload Zone Offense Effective?
The overload zone offense is particularly effective because it:
- Creates numerical advantages on one side of the court
- Forces the defense to constantly adjust and shift
- Provides multiple scoring opportunities
- Can be adapted to various skill levels and team compositions
Key Rules and Concepts for Successful Zone Offense
To execute an effective zone offense, players must adhere to three fundamental rules:
- Maintain proper spacing and floor spread
- Reverse the ball quickly
- Find and exploit seams in the defense
How does proper spacing impact zone offense effectiveness?
Proper spacing is crucial in zone offense as it prevents defenders from guarding multiple offensive players simultaneously. By spreading the floor, offensive players create passing lanes and force the defense to cover more ground, increasing the likelihood of defensive breakdowns.
Why is quick ball reversal important in zone offense?
Rapid ball reversal is essential because it keeps the defense in constant motion, creating gaps and mismatches. When the ball is thrown into the corner, it should be reversed as quickly as possible to maintain defensive imbalances and prevent the zone from settling.
Implementing the Overload Zone Offense Alignment
The basic alignment for the overload zone offense typically utilizes a two-guard front, although a three-guard front can also be effective depending on team personnel and the types of zones encountered.
What is the initial setup for the overload zone offense?
The initial setup for the overload zone offense involves:
- Point guard (1) with the ball at the top
- Second guard (2) on the opposite side
- Three players (3, 4, and 5) positioned along the baseline
Executing the Initial Passing Sequence
The primary objective in the initial passing sequence is to get the ball to player 3 in the corner. This player should be the team’s best perimeter shooter to draw defensive attention and create opportunities for teammates.
What are the key steps in the initial passing sequence?
The initial passing sequence typically follows these steps:
- Player 1 passes to player 2
- Player 2 quickly swings the ball to player 3 in the corner
- If the corner pass is not open, player 2 passes to player 5 at the elbow
Creating Offensive Advantages through Player Movement
Once the ball reaches the corner, quick and coordinated player movements are crucial to create offensive advantages and exploit defensive weaknesses.
How do player movements create offensive advantages?
Key player movements that create offensive advantages include:
- Player 5 flashing to the ball-side high post
- Player 2 cutting into the open area on the ball-side
- Player 1 filling player 2’s previous spot at the top
These movements result in five offensive players positioned against only three defenders on one side of the floor, creating a significant numerical advantage.
Exploring Offensive Options in the Overload Zone Offense
After the initial movements, the player with the ball in the corner (3) has several options to attack the defense effectively.
What are the primary offensive options in the overload zone offense?
The main offensive options for player 3 include:
- Taking an open jump shot
- Passing to player 4 in the ball-side low post
- Hitting player 5 in the ball-side high post
- Finding player 2 cutting into the open area
Maintaining Offensive Pressure through Ball Reversal and Player Rotation
If no immediate scoring opportunity arises, the offense must quickly reverse the ball and rotate players to maintain pressure on the defense and create new scoring chances.
How does ball reversal and player rotation maintain offensive pressure?
The process of ball reversal and player rotation involves:
- Player 1 popping out to receive a release pass from player 3
- Player 5 moving from the high post to the top of the key
- Player 3 running along the baseline to the opposite corner
- Player 2 cutting to the opposite wing area
- Player 1 passing to player 5, who quickly reverses to player 2 on the wing
- Player 5 sliding down to post up after making the pass
This sequence of movements and passes keeps the defense in constant motion, creating new opportunities to attack and score.
Adapting the Overload Zone Offense to Different Situations
The overload zone offense can be adapted to various game situations and defensive adjustments. One key variation is establishing an overload on the opposite side of the floor.
How can teams adapt the overload zone offense to different defensive strategies?
To adapt the overload zone offense, teams can:
- Mirror the initial movements on the opposite side of the court
- Adjust player positioning based on defensive alignments
- Incorporate different entry passes to initiate the offense
- Utilize player strengths in different positions within the offense
By remaining flexible and adapting to defensive adjustments, teams can continue to create imbalances and scoring opportunities throughout the game.
Developing Player Skills for Effective Zone Offense Execution
To maximize the effectiveness of the overload zone offense, players must develop specific skills and basketball IQ. Coaches should focus on training players to read defensive cues, make quick decisions, and execute precise passes and movements.
Which skills are crucial for players to excel in the overload zone offense?
Key skills for players to develop include:
- Perimeter shooting
- Quick decision-making
- Accurate passing
- Off-ball movement and cutting
- Post play and sealing defenders
- Court awareness and spacing
Integrating the Overload Zone Offense with Man-to-Man Strategies
While the overload zone offense is highly effective against zone defenses, it’s essential to integrate this approach with solid man-to-man offensive strategies. This combination makes a team more versatile and harder to defend against various defensive looks.
How can teams effectively combine zone and man-to-man offensive strategies?
To integrate zone and man-to-man offenses, teams can:
- Develop players’ skills that translate to both offensive systems
- Practice quick transitions between zone and man-to-man offensive sets
- Utilize similar spacing and movement principles in both offenses
- Teach players to recognize and exploit mismatches in both scenarios
Analyzing and Adjusting the Overload Zone Offense During Games
Successful implementation of the overload zone offense requires continuous analysis and adjustment during games. Coaches and players must be prepared to adapt to defensive changes and exploit emerging opportunities.
What factors should coaches consider when analyzing and adjusting the overload zone offense?
Key factors to consider include:
- Defensive alignment and adjustments
- Individual player performance and matchups
- Tempo and pace of the game
- Scoring patterns and shot selection
- Fatigue and substitution patterns
Maximizing Player Roles in the Overload Zone Offense
To optimize the overload zone offense, coaches should assign player roles based on individual strengths and team needs. This approach ensures that each player contributes effectively to the offense’s success.
How can coaches maximize player roles within the overload zone offense?
Strategies for maximizing player roles include:
- Identifying and utilizing each player’s strengths
- Assigning specific responsibilities based on position and skill set
- Rotating players through different roles to develop versatility
- Encouraging player communication and on-court leadership
Incorporating Advanced Concepts into the Overload Zone Offense
As players become more comfortable with the basic principles of the overload zone offense, coaches can introduce advanced concepts to further enhance its effectiveness. These additions can make the offense more dynamic and harder to defend.
What advanced concepts can be incorporated into the overload zone offense?
Advanced concepts to consider include:
- Ball screens and pick-and-roll actions
- Skip passes to create long defensive rotations
- Backdoor cuts against overplaying defenders
- High-low post interactions
- Dribble penetration and kick-out passes
Addressing Common Challenges in Implementing the Overload Zone Offense
While the overload zone offense can be highly effective, teams may encounter challenges during its implementation. Identifying and addressing these issues is crucial for long-term success with this offensive strategy.
What are common challenges in implementing the overload zone offense, and how can they be addressed?
Common challenges and solutions include:
- Challenge: Players bunching up and compromising spacing
Solution: Emphasize the importance of maintaining proper spacing through drills and visual aids - Challenge: Slow ball movement
Solution: Incorporate timed passing drills and encourage quick decision-making - Challenge: Ineffective baseline cuts
Solution: Practice timing and angles for baseline cuts, emphasizing the importance of reading defensive positioning - Challenge: Poor shot selection
Solution: Define and reinforce high-percentage shot opportunities within the offense
Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Overload Zone Offense
To ensure the overload zone offense is contributing to team success, coaches should regularly evaluate its effectiveness using various metrics and analysis tools.
How can coaches evaluate the effectiveness of the overload zone offense?
Evaluation methods may include:
- Tracking points per possession when running the offense
- Analyzing shot selection and shooting percentages
- Monitoring turnover rates and assist-to-turnover ratios
- Assessing offensive rebounding percentages
- Reviewing game film to identify successful patterns and areas for improvement
Adapting the Overload Zone Offense for Different Age Groups and Skill Levels
The overload zone offense can be modified to suit different age groups and skill levels, making it a versatile strategy for coaches at various levels of competition.
How can the overload zone offense be adapted for different age groups and skill levels?
Adaptations for different groups may include:
- Simplifying movements and decision-making for younger players
- Emphasizing fundamental skills development for less experienced teams
- Incorporating more complex options and reads for advanced players
- Adjusting spacing and timing based on court size and player athleticism
By tailoring the offense to the specific needs and abilities of their players, coaches can maximize its effectiveness across various levels of competition.
‘Overload’ zone offense creates defensive imbalances
With the increasing popularity of zone defenses — especially at the high school and junior high school levels — it’s vital in today’s game to have a sound zone offense in place. And if you combine the zone offense with a solid man-to-man offense, your team will be hard to match up against.
The “overload” zone offense that our team has developed is extremely effective and can be adapted into lower levels of competition.
The basic concept of the overload offense is to bring all five players to one side of the floor and effectively outnumber the defensive players on the overloaded side of the zone.
For this to be successful, however, you must still utilize the backside of the floor to keep the defense honest, and to prevent them from making an adjustment to overload the same side as the offense.
Basic rules, concepts
With zone offenses of any kind, there are three rules that players must follow to be successful.
1. Spacing, keeping the floor spread. Offensive players must keep from standing next to one another, as this basically enables the defense to guard two offensive players with one defender.
2. Reverse the ball quickly. In this zone offense, when the ball is thrown into the corner, it must be reversed as fast as possible to keep the defense shifting and off balance.
3. Find the seams. Too often in a zone or continuity offense, you’ll see a player go to a “spot” on the floor because that’s how the coach drew it up during the chalk talk. Encourage players to move to the open spot on the floor and penetrat —taking the ball to the hole.
Overload alignment
The basic alignment in this offense is to set up in a two-guard front. A three-guard front may also be used effectively, depending on the personnel of your team and the various types of zones you see.
DIAGRAM 1: Overload zone offense (initial alignment).
This alignment shows the initial set up of the overload, with the 1 (point guard) having the ball on top and 2 set up on the opposite side. Players 3, 4 and 5 are set up along the baseline.
DIAGRAM 2: Overload zone offense (initial passing).The initial goal is to get the ball in to 3 in the corner. 3 should be your team’s best perimeter shooter, as this will cause the defense to come out hard to defend him or her. This player doesn’t necessarily need to be quick off the dribble because, at this angle, you don’t want 3 driving to the basket.
1 passes to 2, who quickly swings the ball over to 3. If the pass isn’t open to go to the corner, then 2 should hit 5 sliding up to the elbow from the opposite low block.
DIAGRAM 3: Overload zone offense (corner entry). If the initial pass into the corner is successful, then things must happen quickly and together. The backside post player (5) flashes to the ball-side high post, 2 cuts in to the open area on the ball-side, and 1 fills out 2’s previous spot at the top.
At this point early in the offense, you now have five offensive players positioned with only three defenders on one side of the floor.
» ALSO SEE: Emptying the zone offense toolbox
DIAGRAM 4: Overload zone offense (initial options). After the first set of movements in the offense, 3 now has numerous options to attack the defense. 3 can: A) Shoot the open jump shot. B) Throw to 4 in the ballside low post. C) Hit 5 in the ballside high post. D) Pass to 2 on the cut to the open-area that he or she filled.
DIAGRAM 5: Overload zone offense (reversals, movements). If no shot is available on the initial series of movements or options, then 1 must quickly pop out to receive the release pass from 3.
As this happens, the other offensive players must move quickly. 5 pops out from the high post to the top of the key, 3 runs all the way along the baseline and cuts to the opposite corner and 2 cuts to the opposite wing area on the weak side.
1 passes the ball to 5, who quickly reverses it to 2 on the wing. After making the pass, 5 slides down to the block and posts up. 2 looks to hit 5 in the post and then quickly passes the ball to 3 in the corner.
DIAGRAM 6: Overload zone offense (overload right). You’re now trying to establish an overload on the right side of the floor. The movements are identical to the initial movements shown in Diagram 3, but now take place on the opposite side.
When 3 receives the ball in the corner, 4 flashes from the low block to the opposite high post, 2 flashes into the open “filler” area on the ball-side and 1 breaks across the top to fill the spot.
How to Beat a 2-3 Zone
I want to preface this article with this statement:
The 2-3 zone defense should not be allowed in youth basketball.
Instead of listing the reasons why in this article, I encourage you to check out Tyler Coston’s article on the subject which has most of them covered in my opinion.
The 2-3 zone is the most common zone used in the half-court. For better or worse, it’s used by teams of all ages at all levels. So it’s imperative that all coaches are prepared for when their team will face it.
Since most youth teams don’t have the extra time to practice and memorize an entire zone offense, here are 17 strategies you can implement mid-game to help your team beat the 2-3 zone.
1. Set Up in a 1-3-1
The 1-3-1 is the best formation to set up in offensively against a 2-3 zone.
Traditionally, this will mean your point guard at the top, your shooting guard and small forward on the wings, one big on the free-throw line, and one big on the baseline.
This formation is effective because it places your team in the gaps of the zone and forces the defense out of their ideal positions.
When a player receives the basketball on the perimeter, there will often be a clear lane to the basket in front of them that they can attack.
Being in the gaps of the defense can also confuse them as to who should guard the basketball which can lead to open players all over the floor.
2. Beat Them Down the Floor
The easiest way to defeat a 2-3 zone is to avoid playing against it on as many possessions as possible.
Your team can do this by utilizing quick transition basketball to beat the opposition team down the floor.
If your players all run hard down the floor and the basketball is moved quickly, there will often be open lanes for your players to attack the basket before the defense is able to set up their zone.
3. Attack the Gaps
If a player receives the basketball and finds themselves with an open lane to the basket in front of them, they should immediately attack the gap.
One of two things will happen in this situation…
1. The attacking player will split the defense and have a high-percentage shot at the rim.
2. The defense will collapse and take away the shot.
The first option for the attacking player is to finish at the rim. Your players must always be aggressive and looking to score.
If the defense collapses and takes away the drive, this will often mean there are open players on the perimeter for open shots or that when the basketball is pitched out there will be more open gaps in the defense.
A great drill for teaching this action is the ‘Drive and Kick Drill’.
Players will find that, with good spacing, the quicker the basketball is passed around the more gaps will present themselves in the defense.
4. Utilize Pass Fakes
Pass fakes are super effective against a zone because the defense is always anticipating the next move they need to make.
Often a single defender will have the difficult task of guarding two offensive players in their area.
When a pass fake is made, the defender will usually anticipate where they need to rotate to next and start leaning towards their next assignment.
This slight movement can lead to open lanes and the defenders taking valuable time to get back into the correct position.
Make sure your players have been taught how to correctly fake a pass without coming off-balance so that they can explode to the ring if the defense goes for it.
5. Put Your Best Passer in the Middle of the Zone
One of the weakest areas of a zone is the free-throw line. When the ball is at this position, the player with the basketball has many options to attack the defense.
Nearly every time I watch a team play against a zone they put their center at the free-throw line in this position without even considering other options.
It’s a mistake to automatically assume your center is the best option for this role.
The most effective player to position in the middle of the zone is often the team’s best player and/or passer… regardless of their height.
This player must be a threat to score and should also be one of your team’s best passers.
Get them the basketball at the free throw line and let them create!
6. Move the Basketball (Quickly)
The worst thing you can do against a zone is hold the basketball and allow the defense to fully recover and establish their ideal positions.
In order to beat a zone, you must keep the defenders moving and scrambling to recover. This is achieved by quick passing of the basketball, good spacing between players, and constantly looking for gaps in the defense that can be exploited.
Explain to your players that when they have possession they have a maximum of one second to decide whether to pass, shoot, or dribble.
Keep in mind that the highest percentage shots you will get against a zone occur after one or two ball reversals when the defense is starting to break down and the defenders are fatigued.
7. Attack From the Short Corners
Another great strategy is to attack from behind the zone along the baseline.
If you’re setting up in the 1-3-1, have the baseline player float between the short corners along the baseline depending on which side the basketball is on. Their feet should be nearly out of bounds in an effort to stay as low as possible.
This either forces the defenders to play close to the baseline in order to watch the baseline player, or it allows baseline offensive player to hide behind the sight of the defense.
If the basketball is caught in the short corner, the offensive player has many options to attack the zone…
1. Pass to the offensive player at the free-throw line who will be open diving to the basket.
2. Shoot from the short corner.
3. Pass to a perimeter player since the defense will collapse.
4. Shot fake and attack the rim for an easy basket or a foul.
The player will also be a great scoring option after dribble penetration. When the low zone defenders step up to help on dribble penetration, a simple drop-down pass to the baseline player will often result in an easy score.
8. Create and Take Advantage of Mismatches
One benefit of the opposing team running a zone is that the offense has the ability to decide the matchups on the court.
When coaching against a 2-3 zone, identify the weak links and target these defenders by forcing them to match up against your best offensive players.
For example: If the team your facing has one strong guard and one weak guard, you can send your best guard to the side of the floor that their weak guard is defending each time down the court.
As this matchup favors the offense, your guard can blow past them every time and get into the paint where they can score or create a shot their teammates.
This is also a great strategy when overloading. Overload towards what you consider to be the weaker side of the floor defensively.
9. Screen the Zone
The best thing about screening a zone is that there’s no defender hedging or there to help on the dribbler when they use the screen.
By screening the zone you’ll either get an open jump shot, or the defense will have to rotate to close out which will create open shots and driving lanes on other areas of the court.
Either way, by setting screens on the zone it forces the defenders to help out of their zones.
This will often lead to one of the guards getting in the lane where they can finish with a floater, dump down pass to the baseline, or pass out to a shooter when the defense collapses.
I’ve included some plays that use screening in the report you can download for free below.
10. Overload the Zone
A great way to consistently get high-percentage shots against a zone is to overload one side of the court.
This strategy exploits the fact that in a zone defense each defender has a specific area of the court to guard. The offense should take advantage of this by placing three offensive players on one side of the court guarded by only two defenders.
As long as the three players have spaced themselves out along the three-point line, the two defenders will struggle to challenge the shooters while also preventing dribble penetration.:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/4154978/off1a.0.png)
11. Second Chance Points (Rebound)
Another big weakness of the 2-3 zone is rebounding the basketball. The reason for this is because the players are defending zones and do not have a specific player matchup.
Instead of being able to simply turn, make contact with their player and box out like in a man-to-man, players in a zone must first find an opposition player and establish rebounding position between them and the basket.
This is a difficult task for the zone defenders so there are frequent offensive rebound opportunities (especially from the weak-side) as long as you send players to the glass and they’re relentless in pursuit of the ball.
The biggest benefit of offensive rebounds is that they often lead to high-percentage shots.
12. Don’t Allow Them to Play Zone
This is a controversial strategy… but one that definitely works if you’re willing to implement it.
If your team gains an early lead in the game, consider holding the basketball near half-court so that the defense is forced to discard their 2-3 zone and come out and play you man-to-man.
If they get back into a zone defense, get your point guard to retreat with the basketball back to near the half-court line until the opponent gets out of their zone.
This strategy will only work if the league you’re playing in does not have a shot clock.
Please note: Although effective, this strategy leads to boring, unwatchable basketball (Even ask Dean Smith of North Carolina who’s team held the basketball for nearly an entire half against Duke in 1979).
13. Practice Against a Zone
A simple strategy that’s often forgotten.
It’s a great idea to give your team some experience and confidence when competing against a 2-3 zone prior to coming up against it during a game.
Assign a few 10-15 minute blocks in your practices early in the season to teach your players the strategies in this article that you think will work best for your team.
Since your team will be competing against themselves, it’s not important that your players know how to run the 2-3 zone perfectly.
Simply put the players in positions and explain to them that they must guard the area and not a specific player. Most of them will have a good idea of how it works.
Your players will enjoy changing things up at practice and it will give them confidence when they face a 2-3 zone during a game.
14. Make Shots…
Fact: You are going to struggle against a 2-3 zone if you don’t make shots.
It doesn’t matter how well you execute overloading the zone, how often the basketball into the hands of your best passer at the free throw line, or how good your spacing is if your players don’t knock down their shots.
Your team must make perimeter shots if you’re going to defeat a 2-3 zone. This fact alone is the main reason why it’s such a common defense in youth basketball.
If you want to develop great shooters, I highly recommend you check out these shooting drills and also these shooting workouts.
15.
Run a Full-Court Press on Defense
Wait… What?
I bet you’re asking… “Why does the particular defense we run matter? I just want to beat their 2-3 zone”.
By using a full-court press, you change the tempo of the game.
If you’re competing against a 2-3 zone, you should aim to increase the tempo of the game since a zone favors a slowed down type of game.
By speeding the game up, the opposition will take quicker shots and there will be a lot more fast-break points where the opposition doesn’t have time to set up their zone.
I’d recommend having a look at either the 2-2-1 press or the 1-2-1-1 diamond press.
16. Don’t Settle for the Outside Shot
Don’t be the team that continues firing away from the outside if the shots aren’t going in.
Weak-minded teams will settle for the outside shot without being patient and working the basketball around for a high-percentage look.
You must get the basketball into the post.
When the basketball is passed inside, it forces the defense to collapse and will result in wide-open jump shots for your team.
If your team does start firing away at too many three-pointers and aren’t working the basketball around enough or getting it into the post, consider calling a time-out and telling the players the basketball must be passed into the post at least once before shooting.
17. Run Set Plays
I never recommend running set plays for the entire game, but if you’re looking for a quick basket against a 2-3 zone, a set play or two might be exactly what you need.
Conclusion
If you’re serious about being prepared, I encourage you to read my article on the 2-3 zone defense to completely understand its strengths and weaknesses.
By understanding how it works, you’ll be taking giant step towards understanding how to exploit the 2-3 zone’s weaknesses.
Don’t allow your team to fall into the trap of doing what the defense wants you to do.
Which is settle for the outside shot and play a slow-tempo game.
By using these strategies, you’ll have an arsenal of strategies to defeat the 2-3 zone when you face it during a game.
Basketball Stack Zone Offense
What to Discover or Recall . . .
Stack is a very prolific zone offense based on the overload principle.
In fact, it can be so effective that most teams will not zone against it.
It is a simple offense to teach and easy to master since the stack alignment, immediately, creates match up and adjustment problems
for any zone.
Like all successful offenses, the Stack Offense incorporates precise spacing and movement.
The stack overload alignment, immediately, creates match up and adjustment problems
for any zone. In addition, since players have specific roles and responsibilities with in the offense, it allows them concentrate and master a single or closely related roles rather than having to learn multiple positions and assignments.
When a zone does match up, the stack offense can quickly flop sides and attack the weakside of the zone. It is flexible in that it has a multiple entries and “Crunch” time specials that can be deployed as the shot or game clock runs down.
Offensive rebounding is another major strength of the Stack Zone Offense. On many of occasions, missed shots
will actually end up being great passes for put backs and rebound shots. Offensive rebounding and second
efforts are vital to the outcome of any game. Although, stack alignments and overloads have been around for sometime, Mike
Frink was instrumental in introducing this particular continuity.
| Basics | Post Attack | Entries | Specials |
Offensive Fundamentals Required
Attacking Zone Defense Principles
Zone Offense – Reads & Counters
Basic Offensive Skills & Techniques
Improving Shooting Skills
Raising the Level of Passing
Offensive Rebounding Techniques
The stack alignment and continuity provides for specific player roles and
responsibilities allowing players to do what they do best and play within their
strengths and limitations.
Shooters shoot and rebounders rebound. However, during a game, coaches do need to be
cognizant of the areas on the court where open shots are occurring, and deploy their
best shooters to those areas.
| Roles & Responsibilities | Overload Reads | Pass & Cut Action | Ball Reversals | Continuity |
Player Alignment & Responsibilities
Point Guard | Quarterback and leader. Responsible to direct offense. |
Shooting Guard | Best three point shooter on squad. |
Small Forward | Most active front line player or third guard. Low angle (baseline) or corner |
Power Forward | Power forward, must be able to shoot and feed from high post area. |
Post | Post, best inside rebounder. Sets up on left block, but must operate |
Must be able to hit outside
Point O1 attacks defender X1 on strong side elbow with dribble. Shooting guard O2 assumes a spot up shooting position on wing anticipating pass
from O1. If/when X3 challenges shot, O2 can pass to O5 or O3. Baseline runner O3 creates lead along baseline or rebounds when a shot is taken.
Post O4 seals off defender X4 and looks for the “X” (skip) pass from either O1 or O2. O4 rebounds boxes out and
rebounds weakside on all shots. O5 posts up strong looking for a direct pass from O1. If contested, O5 has drop pass options to O4 or
O3. O5 goes to weakside boards if/when shot occurs.
Basic Looks and Reads
Point O1 draws defender X1 and looks to feed shooter O2 spotting up on wing. | When defender X3 matches up and closes out to shooter O2 on wing, O1 looks to pass to |
When defender X3 plays to the inside of O3 on stack, O5 sets a down screen and O3 pops out for short jumper or bank shot. | When defense switches O5’s screen, O1 or O3 look to feed O5 posting up inside against smaller x3. |
When defender X5 plays low on stack, O5 flashes into middle looking for shot. | O4 seals off defender X4 looking for the “X” (skip) pass from O1 or rebound. |
Point O1 passes to O2 and moves to opposite side of court as O5 moves up lane to side post
position facing the basket. When O2 (or O1 passes) to O3 on baseline, O2 makes a basket
cut looking for a return pass from O3.
When O3 receives pass from O2, O3 looks for shot,
or to O2 cutting to basket Note: missed shot should result in good pass to O4.
O5 looks for pass from O3 or rebounds weakside if shot is taken.
Basic Reads & Counters:
When defender X5 drops down to defend O2’s basket cut, O3 looks to pass to open O5. | Normally when cutter O2 does not receive a pass from O3, O2 continues |
After cutter O2 clears out to weakside wing, O5 rolls down lane looking for pass
from O3. If/when O5 receives the ball, O5 first looks to shoot and then to drop pass
to either O3 or O4 when the defensive sags off to help on roll.
O5 also has option of
making a skip pass out to O2 or O1 on weakside for three point shots.
Side Post Feed
Read: Weakside Post Defender X4 plays up.
Point O1 moves to weakside. Shooter O2 moves
toward corner and should be wide open if/when X3 follows O3 on baseline cut. O3 cuts along
baseline into gap looking for feed from post O5. If weakside low post defense X4 plays high, post O4 boxes
out X4 anticipating a pass or offensive rebound. Post O5 flash to side post receiving the ball facing the basket looking
first for shot and then pass (four options).
Weakside Post Attack
Read: Side Post Defender X4 plays low.
If/when defense X4 plays low, O4 breaks
up to side post looking for pass from O5.
O4 looks for shot then pass. When O4 receives
ball O1 cuts off O4 for two person game. Shooter O2 moves toward corner and
should be wide open if X3 follows O3 on baseline cut. O3 cuts along baseline into gap
looking for feed from post O4 (or O5). O5 passes to O4 and cuts to basket looking for
return pass from O4 or rebound.
Automatic Skip Pass
Read: High Post Pass Denial.
When defender X2 denies pass to high post O5, O2 looks
to make a reversal pass to out to open O1. O4 screens defender as O3 cuts to baseline
to opposite wing. O1 has options of shooting, passing to O3 coming off O4’s base screen
or feeding O4 if defender X4 chases out to O3. After making the reversal pass, O2 cuts
baseline to opposite corner to re-establish the basic overload.
When O3 cannot feed O2 or O5, O3 makes a reversal pass out to O1, and cuts along baseline to create overload on opposite side.
O1 then attacks X2. O2 spots up for wing shot coming off O4’s base screen. O3
creates lead along baseline or rebounds if/when a shot occurs. O4 screens for O2 and
then posts up in low post area. If/when O4 does not receive ball, O4 assumes a side post
position. O5 looks for cross court “X” pass or rebounds weakside.
Automatic Skip Pass
Read: Defense overplays and denies reversal pass to O1.
When defender X2 denies O3’s reversal pass out to O1. O3 automatically looks to make
a skip pass to O2 on wing coming off O4’s weakside down screen. After making the skip
pass, O3 makes a baseline cut to opposite corner to re-establishing an overload.
Repeat Pass and Cut Action
Point O1 passes to O2 and moves to opposite side of court.
O2 shoots the ball if unguarded. If/when O2 (or O1 passes) to O3 on baseline, O2 makes a
basket cut looking for a return pass from O3. If/when O3 receives pass from O2, O3 looks
for shot, or to O2 cutting to basket or to O4 at side post if X4 drops to defend O2’s
cut. O4 moves up lane to side post position facing basket. O4 looks for pass from O3 or rebounds
weakside if shot is taken. O5 boxes out and rebounds on weakside.
Note: missed shot should result in good pass to O5.
Flop Entry Option
READ: Defender X1 matches up on shooter O2.
When defender X1 matches up with wing O2, O2 breaks directly
across to opposite wing. O3 reads O2’s cut and moves along baseline to opposite side.
O4 first posts up on low and then breaks up to a side post position. O5 drops down
looking for the “X” (Skip) pass from O2 or rebound.
O1 passes to O2 after breaking
across to opposite wing to initiate offense.
Exchange Entry Option
READ: Defender X1 matches up on shooter O2.
Point O1 attacks strong side elbow, and passes to O3 breaking out to
weakside wing. O2 exchanges positions with O3 and cuts to opposite baseline. O4 first
posts up low and then breaks up to a side post position. O5 drops down
looking for the “X” (Skip) pass from O2 or rebound.
The Triple Stack alignments creates match up problems for
the defense since they cannot predetermine who will be assuming the wing position. The triple stack alignment is a contribution by Tom Newell.
He used it very successfully while coaching professionally in Greece and with Japan’s
Mens National Team. Basically, O3 reads O2’s action and breaks opposite. When O2 breaks out to wing, O3 assumes the
short corner position while O5 flashes to middle.
O3 Goes Opposite of O2When O2 steps out to the short corner, O3 breaks out to the wing position | Dribble EntryWhen O1 penetrates to wing on dribble, O2 pops up to elbow and O3 |
Weakside Flop AttackBallhandler O1 passes to shooter O2 breaking out to opposite wing | Post RollWhen defender X2 gets around O4’s screen, O2 looks to feed O3 in |
If defender X4 steps out to
Crunch Time Specials
These “Crunch Time” specials can be ran as the shot or game clock runs down or after a time out or verbal call.
| Vegas
| Back
| Cat
|
“Vegas” – Double Away
Double Screen Away
Point O1 passes to O4 breaking out to wing on weakside. O1
then goes opposite off double screen for shot off return skip pass from O4. O2 and O3
set a double screen at weakside elbow for O1. O5 posts up hard. When O4 skip passes to O1, O4 and
O5 establish inside rebounding positions.
Double Screen Options
If open O1 shoots the ball; however, when defender X3 rushes out to challenge the shot, O1 has option of feeding O3 on post roll or
“X” pass to O5 when X5 defends against O3’s roll.
When defender X1 takes O1, O1 looks to pass to O2 stepping out for shot. O4
and O5 anticipate a miss shot and rebound.
Note: a missed shot should end up as a good pass.
“Back” – Weakside Lob
Weakside Entry
O4 and O5 interchange positions on lob. O1 passes to O4 breaking out to
wing on weakside. O1 then creates lead for a return pass from O4. O4 looks
to feed O5 posting up.
Wing Lob Option
O4 makes a reversal pass back to O1, and cuts off O3’s back screen.
O1 passes to O2 or lobs directly to O4 off dribble. When O2 receives pass from O, O2 can
feed O4 on lob or pass to O5 flashing into the middle who in turn lobs to O4.
O3 must set a strong back screen for O4 on weakside. If the lob pass is not available go
directly into basic Stack overload action.
“Cat” – Attacking the Double Team
Immediately, rotate into a 2-1-2 alignment and move the ball with sharp, accurate passes (no dribbling). The “Cat” or 2-1-2 alignment is a simple, but very successful offense to deploy when the defense traps or double teams. When defenders X3 and X1 double team O3 in corner, O5 pops out and O4 flashes into the middle.
O3 looks first to feed O4 flashing into the middle and
then to make a kick out pass to O5 or O1.
Pass Out of Trap
When the defense locks up O3 in a “Hard” double team
and denies the passing lanes to O2, O4 and O5, O1 should look immediately to make a strong pass
out to open O1 in opposite corner of the floor.
Post Roll RuleAnytime the ball is passed to a baseline corner, the post rolls to the basket. | Back Cut RuleWhen the ball is entered into the middle, the baseline corners back cut to the basket. |
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Basic Concepts and Simple Scoring Plays
What is zone offense
Zone offense is a specific type of basketball offense with the main purpose of creating scoring opportunities against zone defenses via the use of offensive actions such as screening, cutting, ball reversal, and dribble penetration.
What is the importance of zone offense
It is important to have some type of zone offense available because if an offensive team is not properly prepared to face a zone defense with one or more strategies or tactics, then it would be very challenging for that offensive team to score against the zone defense efficiently, if at all.
What is an even front zone offense
An even front zone offense features a two-guard front in the form of a 2-1-2 or 2-3 alignment and it could be used as a strategy to beat odd front zone defenses such as the 1-1-3 zone defense, the 1-2-2 zone defense, the 1-3-1 zone defense, and the 3-2 zone defense.
The 2-1-2 alignment includes two players at the top near the slots, one high post player, and two players at the bottom near the corners. The 2-3 alignment features two players at the top near the slots, one high post player, and two players on the left and right side wings.
Additionally, with the 2-1-2 alignment or 2-3 alignment, if the main ball handler receives defensive pressure from the zone defender at the top, then that same ball handler could quickly reverse the ball to the teammate in the adjacent slot.
Also, the high post player within the even front alignments could be an effective weapon against odd front zones by executing certain actions such as screening the zone, diving to the basket, or using high low action. Furthermore, the 2-1-2 alignment could potentially limit the effectiveness of the 1-3-1 zone by using the two offensive players in the corners to create scoring opportunities from the perimeter or near the basket.
What is an odd front zone offense
An odd front zone offense features a one guard front in the form of a 1-2-2, 1-3-1, or 1-4 alignment and it could be implemented as a counter strategy against even front zone defenses such as the 2-3 zone and the 2-1-2 zone.
The 1-2-2 alignment includes one player at the top of the key, two wing players, and two players near the low post blocks or short corners. The 1-3-1 alignment features one player at the top, a high post player, two wing players, and one player near the low post block or short corner. The 1-4 alignment consists of a player at the top of the key, two high post players, and two wing players.
Furthermore, each of these alignments could be used to create scoring opportunities by attacking the high posts, wings, or corners of the even front zone defenses.
What are principles of zone offense
Some zone offense general principles, strategies, and/or tactics to attack a zone defense include actions such as spacing the floor, screening the zone, attacking the gaps of the zone, getting the ball into the short corners of the zone, and using ball reversals to shift the zone among others.
Also, it should be noted that the principles below could be used by teams that can shoot from the perimeter or teams without good jump shooters. This biggest takeaway is that by following the principles, a team on offense should increase their chances of causing defensive breakdowns which could lead to scoring opportunities against the zone defense.
Space the floor
Good spacing helps the offense to move the ball more efficiently which in turn could cause the zone to shift.
Once the zone gets shifted, this could cause potential breakdowns in the defense. Additionally, good spacing and ball movement could produce higher quality jump shots against the zone defense.
Screen the zone
Each zone defender covers a specific area within the various zone defenses. So, setting basketball screens on zone defenders could create large gaps within in the zone which in turn could create separation for shooters to take open jump shots, particularly from three-point range.
Attack the Gaps
The offensive team should try to attack the gaps of the various zones by way of dribble penetration or flash cuts, particularly in the middle of most zones.
Reverse the ball
The offensive team could utilize ball reversal around the perimeter to cause the zone defenders to shift from one area to another. When that occurs, gaps will most likely form either in the middle of the zone or near the weak side wing which could be taken advantage with a skip pass.
Overload the zone
An overload occurs when there are more offensive players on one side of the court than zone defenders. A common overload set is to have a player on the wing, in the corner, and near the low post. When that occurs, there will usually only be two zone defenders on that same side. This essentially means that one of the offensive players will be typically be open for scoring opportunities or at best for the defense, one of the zone defenders will have to cover two people, which could be a challenging task.
Execute high low action
If the offensive team is able to get the ball into the middle of most zones near the high post area, then high low action should be considered whenever possible. Essentially, once the ball gets into the middle, the zone defender that typically protects the basket would have to either have to step up to cover the high post or stay back near the basket.
If the zone defender decides to stay back near the basket, then the offensive player at the middle of the zone could take the potential open jump shot.
Conversely, if the zone defender steps up to contest the potential jump shot, then the offensive player could execute high low action with another player who could cut to the basket from the short corner or deep corner behind the three-point arc.
Get the ball into the short corners
There are gaps or open spaces in the short corners of the various zone defenses. Therefore, if the offensive team can get the ball into those short corners, then the defense could become vulnerable to breakdowns. For example, if the ball gets into the short corner, then the defense has to guard one-on-one with a zone defender or give up a potential short corner jump shot. Also, the offense could send a second cutter straight to the basket who could receive the ball from the player in the short corner and then quickly score at the rim.
Get behind the zone
Offensive teams should try to get behind the zone defenders whenever possible. This will help the players on offense to exploit the vulnerabilities of the zone because the defenders cannot efficiently guard what they cannot see.
One of the methods to get behind the zone is to use the short corner as mentioned previously. Additionally, players could also run the baseline from one side to the other side.
If that occurs, then the defense would most likely become very vulnerable because it is very difficult for the zone defenders to stop two actions occurring at the same time, according to a general principle of basketball offense. In other words, if the ball is on the wing of the court, then the ball becomes the primary action to which the defense will have to focus on. This allows certain offensive players to get behind the zone by using the short corner or baseline, which in turn, could lead to scoring opportunities because the defense would not have enough time to respond quickly during ball movement from the wing to short corner or wing to baseline runner.
Zone Offense Plays
1-2-2 Zone Offense
The 1-2-2 zone offense is a specific type of offense that could be used as a counter to the 1-2-2 zone defense.
Example 1
4 receives the ball from 1 and quickly makes the high post entry pass to 5. Afterwards, 2 receives the ball from 5 at the high post.
Next, X5 will most likely closeout to prevent the open jump shot. When that occurs, 5 immediately dives to the basket and can receive the ball from 2.
Also, X4 would probably move into the lane to contest a shot attempt by 5. When that happens, 5 can quickly pass to 3 in the right side corner. X4 most likely will not have enough time to recover and 3 can take the open jump shot.
Example 2
For this example, 4 receives the ball from 1 as within the previous diagram. However, this time, X3 takes away the high post option by denying the entry pass. When that happens, 4 dribbles towards the wing while being pursued by X1.
At the same time, 3 cuts to the left side corner via a baseline screen set by 2 and receives the ball from 4. Additionally, 2 cuts to the right side short corner after setting the screen.
Next, 3 can take the open corner three-point shot.
If X5 fought through the screen and prevented the open shot, then 5 can dive cut to the basket and receive the ball from 3. X4 will most likely slide into the lane to protect the basket and prevent the easy layup.
Also, as that action occurs, 1 cuts to the right side wing. Following that, 5 could pass to 1 or 2 for jump shot opportunities.
1-3-1 Zone Offense
The 1-3-1 zone offense is a type of offense that could be used to beat the 1-3-1 zone defense.
Example 1
1 dribbles into the gap of the zone near the left side high post via the on-ball screen set by 4. At the same time, 1 also receives another on-ball screen from 3 while X1 gets cross screened by 5.
As that action happens, 2 drifts toward the left side corner from the left side wing. Following that, 2 could receive the ball from 1 and take the open three-point jump shot. Additionally, 5 could quickly post up near the dotted line after setting the cross screen, receive the ball from 1, and then score with a low post move near the basket.
Example 2
2 makes a v-cut to get open and receives the ball from 1. Next, 4 flashes across the lane to the right side elbow and receives the ball from 2.
Afterwards, 5 quickly ducks into the lane, seals the defender under the basket, receives the ball from 4 via high low action, and scores near the basket with a low post move. Also, if the high low option is not there, then 4 could execute a skip pass to 3 who drifts to the left side corner for a jump shot opportunity.
1-4 High Zone Offense
The 1-4 high zone offense features offensive plays that get initiated from a 1-4 high set.
Example 1 – Part 1
3 receives the ball and quickly reverses it back to the top. Next, 2 receives the ball from 1 and after that, 3 begins to cut towards the right side short corner. Also, X2 and X5 shift to the high and mid post to deny high post passes.
Example 1 – Part 2
Next, 3 receives the ball from 2 and could take the short corner jump shot if open.
However, if 3 is not open, then 4 could screen X4 and 5 could dive to the basket. Following that, 5 could receive the ball from 3 and score near the rim.
Example 2 – Part 1
1 dribbles toward the right side wing area via an on-ball screen set by 2. As that happens, 5 cuts toward the short corner area via a cross screen set near the basket on the back-side defender.
After that, 5 could receive the ball from 1 and take the short corner jump shot or score near the basket. Additionally, after the screening action, 4 could cut across to the left side low post area.
Example 2 – Part 2
Next, 2 could drift down to the left side corner via the flare screen set by 3. At the same time, 4 could set a screen on the back side defender to limit/prevent the potential closeout. Following that, 2 could receive the skip pass from 1 and then take the three-point jump shot if open.
1-4 Low Zone Offense
The 1-4 low zone offense features offensive plays that are initiated from a 1-4 low set vs.
a 1-3-1 zone defense or against a 2-3 zone defense.
Example 1
4 cuts to the left side elbow area and receives the ball from 1. Next, 5 immediately ducks in near the basket, receives the ball from 4, and then scores with a low post move. Additionally, 2 or 3 could also receive the ball from 4 and then shoot corner three-point shots if open.
Example 2
Here is an alternative in which 4 cuts to the left side elbow but X5 denies the entry pass. When that happens, 5 cuts to the right side elbow and quickly receives the ball from 1.
Next, 4 dives to the rim, seals X1 under the basket, receives the ball from 5, and then scores with a low post move. Also, as a secondary option, 2 or 3 could receive the ball from 5 for potential corner jump shot opportunities.
2-1-2 Zone Offense
The 2-1-2 zone offense is a type of offense which can create scoring opportunities against the 2-1-2 zone defense via different offensive actions.
Example 1
4 receives the ball from 1, reverses it back to the top immediately, and then cuts to the right side corner.
Next, 2 receives the ball from 1 which seeks to shift the zone.
After that, 3 and 5 set screens on the back side zone defenders. As that happens, 4 cuts to the basket, receive the ball from 2 and score before the defense can recover.
Example 2
1 dribbles toward the right side wing and as that happens, 4 pops out from the high post to the top of the key and receives the ball from 1.
Next, 2 receives the ball from 4 and then 3 receives the ball from 2. As this occurs, the zone should shift over towards the left side of the court.
Afterwards, 5 cuts across the lane to the left side low post area and can receive the ball from 3. From there, 5 can score near the basket or 1 could receive the ball from 5 via a skip pass and then take the open jump shot.
2-3 Zone Offense
The 2-3 zone offense features different basketball plays that could be used as a counter to the 2-3 zone defense.
Example 1 – Part 1
This example comes from the Kansas Jayhawks men’s basketball team and it features reversal action and on-ball screens.
3 receives the ball from 1 and immediately reverses it back to the top. Next, 4 receives the ball from 1 and then reverses it back to the top once again.
Example 1 – Part 2
Immediately after the second reversal pass, 4 receives a ram screen from 3 who cuts across the high post.
4 uses the ram screen to set a ball screen for 1. Next, 1 takes the ball screen and quickly splits the two defenders at the top of the zone. At the same time, 5 receives a quick screen from 2 near the baseline.
Following that, 1 can take the mid-range jump shot in the lane. Also, 5 could receive the ball from 1 for a close range scoring opportunity if X5 steps up to contest the possible jump shot, shown with the gray arrow.
Example 2 – Part 1
This set vs. the 2-3 zone from the Kansas State Wildcats features ball reversals and flash cuts to create scoring possibilities. The action starts with a 3 out 2 in motion variation which has the post players at the short corners instead of the low post blocks.
To begin, 2 receives the ball from 1 and following that, 1 and 3 interchange spots as the zone shifts. Afterwards, 3 receives the ball from 2 and then reverses it again to 1.
Example 2 – Part 2
2 flashes into the middle of the zone and receives the ball from 1. At this point, 2 could shoot the mid-range jump shot if open. Also, 2 could make the high low pass to 5 at the short corner who could shoot the short jump shot/layup.
Additionally, there is an alternative option represented by the gray arrows. If 2 is not open after the flash cut occurs, then 1 could dribble towards the top of the key. At the same time, 2 continues the cut to replace at the left side wing and 3 cuts to the empty right side wing.
Example 2 – Part 3
Continuing on, 2 receives the ball from 1 and as that happens, 4 quickly flashes into the gap of the zone. Next, 4 can take the jump shot if open or execute the high low action with 5 who could score from the short corner or near the basket.
Example 3
This 2-3 zone offensive quick hitter comes from the North Carolina men’s basketball team and it features a flash cut and high low action. 3 receives the ball from 1 and quickly reverses it back to the top.
Next, 2 receives the ball from 1 and as that happens, 5 flashes into the gap of the zone near the right side elbow. Following that, 5 receives the ball from 2 and once that occurs, 4 cuts directly to the basket from the right side corner. Afterwards, 4 receives the ball from 5 via high low action and can score near the rim with a layup or dunk.
Example 4 – Part 1
This set comes from Coach John Beilein during his time as the head coach of the Michigan Wolverines basketball team. It also features overload action against the 2-3 zone defense.
1 dribbles toward the right side wing and as that happens, 2 and 3 lift up from the corners to the wings. Next, 2 receives the ball from 1 via a pitch pass and following that, 1 cuts down to the empty right side corner.
Example 4 – Part 2
After receiving the ball, 2 dribbles toward the top via an on-ball screen set by 5. Following that, 4 receives the ball from 2 and quickly reverses it to 3. As that happens, 1 runs the baseline to the left side corner. At the same time, 5 rolls to the basket after setting the on-ball screen.
From that point, 5 could receive the ball from 3 and score near the basket if that is open. Additionally, if X4 bumps up to take away the potential jump shot from 3, shown with the gray arrow, then 1 could receive the ball and shoot the jump shot instead. Also, if 1 received the ball but X4 was able to closeout near the corner, then 5 can continue to the left side low post block, receive the ball from 1, and score near the basket with a low post move.
3 Out 2 In Zone Offense
The 3 out 2 in zone offense features plays that are initially set up with the 3 out 2 in formation.
Example 1 – Part 1
1 dribbles toward the left side wing area which then triggers 3 to execute a shallow cut to the top of the key.
As that occurs, 4 cuts to the left side corner via a cross screen set by 5 to occupy the backside defenders. Following that, 3 receives the ball from 1 and then, 2 receives the ball from 3.
Example 1 – Part 2
Next, 2 dribbles toward the extended right slot and as that happens, 3 cuts away to the left side wing and receives a pair of flare screens from 1 and 4.
Afterwards, 3 can receive the ball from 2 via a skip pass and take the open jump shot. In addition, 5 can also screen the potential help defender on the ball side as well.
Example 2 – Part 1
3 receives the ball from 1 and after that, 5 cuts to the left block by way of a cross screen on X5. Next, 5 could receive the ball from 3 and score with a mid-range jump shot or score near the basket. In addition to this action, 1 and 2 exchange spots on the floor.
Example 2 – Part 2
If 5 does not receive the ball from 3, then 2 could receive the ball instead. Afterwards, 1 can receive the ball from 2 and following that, 2 cuts to the short corner directly behind 4.
Example 2 – Part 3
Next, 1 receives a on-ball screen set by 4 and a couple of scenarios can develop from there. If 1 can get into the gap of the zone, represented by the gray arrow, then 1 can shoot the mid-range shot.
Conversely, if X2 slides over to high post to close the gap, shown with the gray arrow, then 1 could dribble towards the top of the key as an alternative option. Additionally, as that happens, 2 could cut to the left side wing area via the screens set by 3 and 5. Afterwards, 2 receives the ball from 1 and could take the open jump shot.
4 Out 1 In Zone Offense
The 4 out 1 in zone offense includes examples which could create scoring opportunities against zone defense such as the 2-3 zone or 3-2 zone from a 4 out 1 in set.
Example 1 – Part 1
1 dribbles to the left side wing which then triggers 3 to execute a shallow cut to the top of the key. Next, 3 receives the ball from 1 and after that, 2 receives the ball from 3.
Example 1 – Part 2
Next, 2 begins to dribble towards the top and as that happens, 3 cuts to the left side wing by way of flare screens set by 1 and 4. After that, 3 receives the skip pass from 2 and can shoot the open three-point jump shot.
Example 2 – Part 1
2 receives the ball and quickly reverses it back to the top. Next, 4 receives the ball from 1 and then 3 receives the ball from 4. After that, 1 cuts through to the left side corner.
Example 2 – Part 2
Next, 4 receives the ball from 3 and then 2 receives the ball from 4. Following that, 3 cuts to the middle of the zone via a high post screen set by 5.
Afterwards, 3 receives the ball from 2 and can take the open mid-range jump shot. However, if X4 or X5 executes a closeout to prevent that open jump shot, then 1 or 2 could receive the ball from 3 and take corner jump shots if open.
5 Out Zone Offense
The 5 out zone offense features offensive plays which include five players near the perimeter against zone defenses such as the 2-3 zone and the 1-3-1 zone.
Example 1
1 and 3 execute ball reversal and then 2 receives the ball from 1. Next, 3 flashes into the lane by way of a high post cross screen set by 1 and receives the ball from 2.
Also, at the same time, 5 cuts into the lane from the right side corner via a cross screen set by 4. Following that, 3 could take the open jump shot or execute high low action with 5 if X5 steps up to contest the jump shot, shown with gray arrows.
Example 2
3 receives the ball from 1 and quickly reverses it back to the top. Next, 2 receives the ball from 1 and then, 3 cuts to the top of the key via a screen set by 1.
Following that, 3 can take the jump shot if open. Additionally, 1 cuts out to the left side wing and could receive the ball from 3 if that is open.
Example 3
This is an example of 5 out zone offense against a 1-3-1 zone defense. 2 receives the ball from 1 and quickly reverses it back to the top. Next, 3 executes a v-cut and receives the ball from 1.
Following that, 4 cuts to the right side short corner via screens set by 1, 2, and 5. Afterwards, 4 receives the ball from 3 via a skip pass and can take the open short corner jump shot.
Baseline Runner Zone Offense
The baseline runner zone offense, as the name implies, features an offensive player that runs along the baseline to create scoring opportunities, primarily from the perimeter against the 2-3 zone defense.
Example 1 – Part 1
1 dribbles to the left side wing and as that occurs, 2 cuts to the top of the key, 3 drifts to the left side corner, 4 pops out to the right side wing, and 5 cuts across the lane to the right side low post block.
Example 1 – Part 2
Next, 2 receives the ball from 1 who then begins to dribble towards the right side wing. As that happens, 3 executes a baseline cut to the right side corner via screens set by 4 and 5. Afterwards, 3 receives the ball from 2 and then takes the open jump shot.
Example 2
2 receives the ball from 1 and reverses it back to the top. After that, 3 receives the ball and as that happens, 2 executes a baseline cut to the left side corner via a screen set by 4. Next, 2 receives the ball from 3 and can take the open jump shot.
Example 3
1 dribbles toward the right side wing, causing the zone to shift, and then 4 receives the ball from 1. Next, 3 cuts across the lane to the left side wing and at the same time, 2 runs baseline to the left side short corner via a screen set by 5.
Following that, 3 receives the ball from 4 and could take the jump shot if open. Conversely, if X4 executes the bump action to closeout on 3, then 2 could receive the ball from 3 and shoot the short corner jump shot.
Example 4
This is an example of a baseline runner vs. a 1-2-2 zone defense. 1 dribbles toward the right side wing to shift the zone defenders. As that happens, 4 executes a zipper cut to the top of the key and receives the ball from 1.
Next, 3 receives the ball from 4 and at the same time, 2 runs the baseline to the left side corner via a screen set by 5. From that point, 2 could receive the ball from 3 and take the open corner jump shot.
European Ball Screen Zone Offense
The European ball screen zone offense uses an on-ball screen to attack the 2-3 zone defense and it is a variation of the man-to-man European ball screen offense.
Part 1
1 dribbles to the right side wing which triggers a shallow cut to the left side slot by 2. Also, as that happens, 4 cuts out from the low post block to the left side corner.
Part 2
Next, 1 dribbles into the gap of the zone via an on-ball screen set by 5 who also rolls to the basket. Once that happens, if X1 fights over the screen and/or X2 slides over to stop the dribble penetration, then 2 could receive the ball from 1. Following that, 2 could take the open jump shot.
Also, 3 could receive the ball from 2 and take the open jump shot if X2 recovers and executes a closeout on 2.:no_upscale()/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/11722397/92_Mesh.jpeg)
Additionally, 4 could receive the ball from 3 if X4 bumps down to closeout on 3, shown with the gray arrow. Furthermore, as an alternative option shown with gray dotted arrows, 5 could receive the ball from 2 or 3 and score near the basket.
Flood Zone Offense
The flood zone offense uses the overload concept to create perimeter or post scoring opportunities against zone defense such as the 2-3 zone or 1-3-1 zone. As the name implies, the flood (or overload action) occurs when one side of the court contains more offensive players than zone defenders and for this zone offense, those court spots are the wing, corner, and low post block.
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Part 1
This is an example of the flood zone offense derived from Offensive Success vs. a Switching Man to Man Defense by Coach Craig Doty.
3 receives the ball from 1 and quickly reverses it back to the top.
Next, 2 receives the ball from 1 and cuts through to the left side corner.
After that, 1 can receive the ball from 2 and take the jump shot if open. Alternatively, 5 could receive the ball from 1 and quickly score with a low post move.
Part 2a
If the corner jump shot is not open and 5 does not receive the post entry pass either, then 2 could receive the ball from 1. Afterwards, 2 could begin to dribble towards the right side wing via a ball screen set by 5.
At the same time of the dribble action, 1 begins to baseline cut to the right side corner via double screens from 3 and 4. Next, 1 receives the ball from 2 and could take the open three-point jump shot. Additionally, as a secondary option, 5 could roll to the middle of the zone after setting the screen, receive the ball from 2, shown with the gray dotted arrow, and score near the basket.
Part 2b
Here is another scoring option when 1 receives the ball in the corner but does not shoot or make the post entry pass.
2 receives the ball from 1 and then receives a ball screen from 5 as before.
However, this time, 2 dribbles into the gap of the zone between X1 and X2. As that action happens, 3 receives a screen from 4 and cuts to the right side corner. Next, 3 receives the ball from 2 via a skip pass and can take the open three-point corner shot.
Also, as an alternative scoring possibility, 5 could receive the ball from 2 by cutting to the middle of the zone after setting the screen. From that point, 5 could score near the basket or take the short jump shot in the lane.
Horns Zone Offense
The Horns zone offense, derived from the Horns alignment, features offensive scoring plays that could be used against the 2-3 zone.
Example 1 – Part 1
1 dribbles toward the right side wing and at the same time, 5 cuts across the lane to the right side low post block, 2 pops out to the top, and 4 lifts up to the left side wing. Next, 2 receives the ball from 1 and then, 4 receives the ball from 2.
Example 1 – Part 2
Next, 4 dribbles toward the left slot and as that happens, 2 cuts away to the right side wing via flare screens set by 1 and 3. Afterwards, 2 can receive the ball from 4 and take the open three-point jump shot.
Additionally, if the zone defenders were able to fight through the screens to prevent the open jump shot, then 5 could receive the ball from 2 and score quickly with a low post move near the basket.
Example 2 – Part 1
4 receives the ball at the high post from 1 who also cuts to the left side corner. At the same time, 2 and 3 move from the corners to the wings and 5 cuts down to the right side low post block.
Example 2 – Part 2
Next, 2 receives the ball from 4 via a dribble hand off and after that, 2 dribbles to the top of the key. At the same time, 5 cuts across the lane towards the left side low post block. Following that, 3 receives the ball from 2 and can take the jump shot if X4 does not closeout via the bump technique or X2 does not recover to closeout in time.
Conversely, if X2 or X4 were able to prevent the open jump shot, then 1 could receive the ball from 3 and take the corner three-pointer if open. Additionally, if 1 received the ball but X4 is able to closeout on the ball, then 5 could receive the ball from 1 and score quickly with a low post move near the basket.
Rotation Continuity Zone Offense
The rotation continuity zone offense features concepts such as ball reversal, attacking the gaps, and executing high low action with the objective of breaking down the zone defense to create scoring opportunities near the basket or from the perimeter. Additionally, this zone offense includes a continuity pattern to produce more potential scoring options on the opposite side of the court.
Affiliate Disclosure : I may earn a commission on qualifying purchases made through the link below in this section.
Part 1
These are some diagram examples vs. a 2-3 zone defense based on The Rotation Continuity Zone Offense by Coach Fran McCaffery.
3 receives the ball from 1 and after that, 4 cuts to the left side low post via a cross screen set by 5. Next, 4 could receive the ball from 3 and score with a low post move if that is open.
If the low post option is not there, then 1 receives the ball from 3 and then 2 receives the ball from 1. Also, on that reversal action, 5 cut across to the right side low post block following the initial cross screen.
Part 2
Next, 4 flashes across to the right side high post looking to receive the ball from 2. From there, if 2 can get the ball into the high post, then the high low option between 4 and 5 may be possible, represented by the gray arrows. Otherwise, ball reversal happens and 1 receives the ball from 2.
Afterwards, 1 drives into the gap of the zone toward the left side elbow. Also, as that happens, 3 drifts toward the mid-post extended area between the left side wing and corner, receives the ball from 1, and can take the three-point shot if X4 does not closeout on the ball.
Part 3
If X4 executes a closeout to take away the open jump shot from 3, then 4 can cut to middle of the zone, receive the ball from 3, and score near the basket. Conversely, if 4 is not open, then 4 continues the cut to the left side short corner.
Additionally, after 4 cuts to the short corner, 5 executes a flash cut to the left elbow, receives the ball from 3, and can take the mid-range jump shot if open. Furthermore, if 5 is not open, then 4 could receive the ball from 3 and take the short corner jump shot.
Part 4
Here is an example in which 5 receives the ball from 3 but could not take the mid-range jump shot. When that occurs, 4 could flash into the lane from the short corner and receive the ball from 5 via the high low action. After that, 4 could score near the basket with a low post move or layup.
Part 5
Here is an example in which 4 receives the ball from 3 but could not take the short corner jump shot.
When that happens, 5 could dive cut to the basket and receive the ball from 4. Afterwards, 5 could score near the rim with a low post move or layup.
Part 6
This is an example of the continuity pattern within the rotation continuity zone offense. If 4 or 5 does not receive the ball from 3, then 1 could receive the ball from 3 instead. When that occurs, 1 dribbles into the gap of the zone near the right side elbow while 2 drifts to the mid-post extended area between the right side wing and corner.
Afterwards, 2 could receive the ball from 1 and take the open jump shot if X3 does not closeout in time. Additionally, while that action occurs, 4 cuts to the left side low post from the left side short corner.
Part 7
If 2 is not open for the jump shot, then 4 flashes to the right side elbow, receives the ball from 2 and could take the mid-range jump shot if open. If 4 is not open, then 5 could cut towards the basket, receive the ball from 2, and score near the rim with a low post move or layup.
If 5 is not open near the basket, then 5 could continue out to the right side short corner, receive the ball from 2, and take the short corner jump shot. If none of those options are available, then 1 could receive the ball from 2 and execute the continuity pattern again on the opposite side of the court.
Short Corner Zone Offense
The short corner zone offense, as the name implies, utilizes the short corners of the court to create scoring opportunities against zone defenses such as the 2-3 zone. The primary scoring options within the examples below include a short corner jump shot, a possible layup via a quick basket cut, or a low post scoring option. Additionally, offensive players can shift the zone defense via ball reversal and generate a continuity pattern as well.
Part 1
2 receives the ball from 1 and as that happens, 4 cuts to the right side short corner by way of the cross screen set by 5. Next, 4 can receive the ball from 2 and as that occurs, 5 pivots toward the ball with high hands.
From this point, 4 can either shoot the short corner jump shot if open or 5 could receive the ball from 4 and score with a low post move near the basket. Also, if 5 does not receive the ball from 4, then 5 can cut away from the ball to the opposite low post block, represented by the gray arrow.
Part 2
Next, 2 can cut to the basket after making the short corner pass and receive the ball from 4 if that is open. If 2 is not open on the basket cut, then 4 can dribble away from the zone towards the right side wing area.
At the same time, 2 can relocate to the right side short corner, shown with the gray arrow. Also, 5 can cut across the lane to the right side low post area.
Part 3
Next, 5 can receive the ball from 4 and score with a low post move near the basket. Additionally, 2 can receive the ball from 4, shown with the gray dotted arrow, and take the jump shot if open. Also, 5 could execute a small dive cut to the basket, receive the ball from 2, and then score near the rim, shown with gray arrows.
Conversely, if none of those options are available, then the offensive continuity can begin. 1 receives the ball from 4 and then, 3 receives the ball from 1. Also, at the same time of the ball reversal action, 2 runs the baseline to the left side short corner, receives the ball from 3, and could take the short corner jump shot. Also, if 2 does not take the jump shot, then 3 could cut to the basket, receive the ball from 2, and score near the rim.
Part 4
If 3 is not open upon cutting to the basket, then 2 could dribble out towards the left side wing while 3 replaces at the left side short corner. Additionally, as that happens, 5 cuts across the lane towards the left side low post block.
After that, 5 can receive the ball from 2 represented by the gray arrow. As another option, 3 could receive the ball from 2 and then 5 can execute a small dive cut to the basket, also represented by gray arrows. If those options are not available, then the continuity could get executed once again by 1 receiving the ball from 2 and then 4 receiving the ball from 1.
Slice and Dice Zone Offense
The slice and dice zone offense features a two-guard front and its primary goal is to attack the gaps of the zone near the high post areas or get the ball into the low post areas by way of ball reversal. Additionally, the the slice and dice zone offense was initially developed by Coach Jim Larranaga during his time as the head coach at George Mason University.
Affiliate Disclosure : I may earn a commission on qualifying purchases made through the link below in this section.
Part 1
This is an example of the slice and dice action executed against a 2-3 zone defense based on 3 Zone Offenses to Beat Any Zone Defense by Coach Jim Larranaga.
2 receives the ball from 1 and then 3 receives the ball from 2. Following that, 1 cuts through to the left side corner while 2 cuts through to the right side corner.
Part 2
Next, 3 dribbles to the left side extended slot to shift the position of X2 towards the ball. If X2 does not move towards the ball, then 3 can take the open jump shot.
Following that, 4 cuts into the gap of the zone and at the same time, 5 cuts across to the left side short corner. Afterwards, 4 receives the ball from 3 and could take the mid-range jump shot if open.
From this point, there are different alternative scoring options represented by the gray arrows on the diagram. If X5 executes a closeout on 4, then 5 could step into the lane, receive the ball from 4 via high low action, and score near the basket. Furthermore, if X4 takes away the high low action, then 1 could receive the ball from 4, and then take the open three-point shot.
Part 3
Here is an example in which 4 cut into the gap of the zone but could not receive the ball from 3. When that occurs, 3 dribbles to the top of the key and as that happens, 5 cuts back across to the right side low post area. Also, at the same time, 1 and 2 move to the wings from the corners. Next, 2 receives the ball from 1.
Part 4
If X3 bumps to closeout on the ball, then 5 could receive the ball from 2 and score with a low post move near the rim. Also, as a secondary option, if 5 is not able to score with a low post move, then 4 could dive to the dotted lane lane, receive the ball from 5, and take the mid-range jump shot.
Related : Best Zone Offense Versus 2-3 Zone – YouTube
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How to coach and teach the basketball flexing zone defense
In the old days, teams using a zone defense usually stuck to a particular zone; however, later, a few coaches began to use two or three different zones. The most often used zone sets were the 2-3, 2-1-2, 1-2-2 and the 1-3-1. They did this as total preparation for any offense.
The flexing zone defense will give you a multiple zone defense that can be used with a wide variety of offensive formations. Its several defenses in one and will allow you to reign in the amount of time spent developing defenses.
The team that continually changes its pattern in an attempt to overload, or exploit a zones weakness, wont be able to do this against a flexing zone. Most teams attack an odd front zone with an even number front. Conversely, they use an odd man front against a zone with an even number of defensive front.
Developing a Flexing Zone Defense
Any of the standard zone formations may be used as the basic defense. Back in 1964, the 1-3-1 was found to be most effective because of the simplicity of its slides. These basic slides are shown in Diagrams 1 to 5.
Diagram 1 illustrates the basic 1-3-1 defensive zone set. This defensive set is the most effective set to use as the basic formation because of the simplicity of the slides necessary in the building of an effective flexing zone defense.
The 1-3-1 zone and its basic slides are illustrated in Diagrams 1 to 5. This defense is as old as the hills, but did not come to my attention until 1964 when I read a book by Wayne Dobbs and Garland F. Pinholster, entitled Basketballs Stunting Defenses, published by Prentice Hall that year.
Pay particular attention to these illustrations and use them as your guide to adjusting this defense to fit any modern day offensive set. You will find the slides are the same on both sides of the court, except for the corner positions. Notice that three men are always between the ball and the basket. It makes no difference whether the ball is at the top, wing, or corner. Players move with the ball, whether it be passed or dribbled.
It helps to put a player with long arms in defender 3s position and there are several other factors that contribute to the success of a flexing zone defense. Another important part of this defense is your players must keep the hands and arms extended at all times. This, alone, will discourage shots and passes, especially long passes that shatter zones.
A good way to give your players a visual understanding of the importance of keeping the hands and arms extended at all times is to put five players into the standard 1-3-1 defensive set (Diagram 1) in front of the basket. Have the rest of the team gather around you near center court. Have players in the defensive set extend their arms and hands from their sides. The difference is astounding. This is a good way to get your point across. It is also a good time to let them know that should they ever fail to do this, their playing time will suffer. This world has always been full of lazy basketball defenders. Its no different today, than it was 50 years ago.
Slides to the Right
Ball at the Right Wing
Ball in the Right Corner
Slides to the Left
Ball at the left wing
Ball in the left corner
Overload Left or Right
As mentioned earlier, “the slides are the same to both sides of the floor, except for the corner positions. When the ball goes to the left coner, defender 3 plays the ball as shown in Diagram 5 and defender 5 assumes the second position in the line of three men between the ball and the goal.”
Because of the distance involved in moving from one corner to the other when one man is assigned to cover both corners, defender 5 is assigned the right corner, as seen in Diagram 3, and defender 3 takes the number two position. This allows either man to cheat slightly toward his corner when the offense overloads in that direction.
Overload to the left
Overload to the right
In the event a 1-3-1 offensive formation is used, no flex is necessary to match up with the offense. Coverage for the 1-3-1 formation is shown in Diagrams 6 and 7.
Continued on next page
Offensive Focus: Spread vs Overload
There are two general offensive schemes in volleyball. One is to spread the attack out across the full width of the net. The other is to attempt to overload a particular zone with more attackers than the block can handle. In this post I’ll talk about the advantages and disadvantages to both.
Minimizing the block
As a starting point, it’s worth thinking about the primary objective of an offensive scheme. That’s to create the best attacking opportunity possible. A big part of that is minimizing how many blockers the hitters face.
Obviously, we’d all love our hitters to face no block all the time. Unless, however, the other team has decided blocking isn’t important, that’s probably not going to happen with a high frequency. So what we’re really talking about is trying to reduce the number of blockers our hitters face and/or their effectiveness.
Spread offense
The basic principle of the spread offense is that you’re trying to force the opposing team’s block to cover the full width of the net. A very basic form of this is the standard 4-2 offense. There you have the setter in middle front (Zone 3), with pin hitters right and left. Basically, the offense there is either a set to Zone 4 or to Zone 2, which means the block has to cover the whole net. You could additionally have one or more back row attackers to create more options. That doesn’t really change the concept, though. The opposing blocks still has to cover the whole width of the net.
In the case of an international 4-2 system (setter in Zone 2), or the setter-up rotations of a 5-1 system, you don’t have a right side hitter in the front row. How then do you spread the offense from pin to pin? In the women’s game that is the purpose of the slide attack. In the men’s game it’s the back row attack out of Zone 1. A major issue with the slide, however, is that for many teams it’s not available on a pass/dig that pulls the setter off the net. This then takes the spread element out of the offense, which is why you see more women’s team starting to use the Zone 1 set.
The concept of the spread offense is meant to minimize the block by more or less ensuring the other team can’t bring all three blockers into the frame. That’s because the wing blockers have to respect the set into their zone, making it hard to get all the way over to block an attack at the opposite pin. This can hold true even in an out-of-system situation, so long as the other team respects your ability to set either pin.
What can we do to reduce the number of blockers and/or reduce the effectiveness of the double block?
Well, one thing is to go faster on those pin sets. That will mean less time for the middle blocker to close on the outside set.
The other thing you can do is run quick attacks in the middle. Those can force the opposing middle blocker to have to commit, leaving your pin hitters 1-on-1.
Overloading a zone
The idea of the overload strategy of offense is to put more attackers in a zone than blockers. This forces the block to decide which attacker to focus on. That can create the 1-on-none situations we’d all love to see from an attacking perspective.
The classic example of an overload strategy is to have a middle hitter run a quick, then have one of the pin hitters come in behind them in a slightly slower tempo (2-ball). The idea there was to get the opposing middle blocker to commit on the quick, leaving the 2-ball open. Or, if the middle blocker failed to commit on the quick, that hitter has no block.
Of course, blocking schemes adapted to those kinds of tactics. Teams started bunch blocking so teams could not overload the middle that way. How did offenses adjust? They added another attacker by bringing in the pipe. That made it 4 hitters vs. 3 blockers. As I show in Doing back row attacking right, the pipe hitter takes the place of the pin hitter coming inside to create a combination with the middle quick.
You can create overloads in other places than the middle, though. A common one these days is what’s sometimes referred to as the Gap-Go play. That combines a 31 set (see this setting diagram) to the middle hitter – the Gap – with a 2nd tempo set to the outside hitter – the Go. This play can work in two ways.
First, there’s the situation where the middle blocker stays central. That mean’s both the Gap and the Go are in the pin hitter’s zone. They thus have a decision to make. If they commit to help on the Gap it will leave the Go in a 1-on-none, while if they commit to the Go the Gap will be 1-on-none.
The other is the case where the opposing middle blocker goes with the Gap. Assuming the MB commits to the Gap, that means the pin blocker can either choose to commit to double block that set, they can take a middling position to try to help with the Gap, or they can commit to the Go. The first option obviously leaves the Go unblocked. In the second case they might be able to cover both, but they probably need to be both tall and quick to do so effectively. In the last option they are likely to be able to put up a solid block on the Go, though they will almost certainly be 1-on-1.
Of course all of this overload stuff tends to break down when the pass/dig isn’t good. It’s like in the case of the slide above.
Mixing spread and overload
It’s worth noting that using the pipe as an overload gives you both ways of attacking the other team at once. You can continue to have attackers at the pins (4 and 2 or 1) while also overloading the middle. Just having one pin hitter probably means you get 1-on-1s in the middle. Having both, though, increases the chances of getting 1-on-none.
The Gap-Go play can also be both spread and overload. All you need to have is a right side attack of some kind. That keeps the pin blocker over there from being able to simply commit to help in in the middle.
At the end of the day you have to decide which way you’re going to go based on the capability of your team and what you can expect to face.
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90,000 of the Customs Code of the EAEU Article 90. Unloading, reloading (transshipment) of goods and other cargo operations with goods, as well as replacement of vehicles of international transport, carried out at the place of arrival / ConsultantPlus
of the Customs Code of the EAEU Article 90. Unloading, reloading (transshipment) of goods and other cargo operations with goods, as well as replacement of vehicles of international transport, carried out at the place of arrival
1. At the place of arrival, unloading, reloading (transshipment) of goods and other cargo operations with goods, as well as replacement of international transport vehicles that delivered goods to the customs territory of the Union, may be carried out by other means of transport.
2. Unloading, reloading (transshipment) of goods and other cargo operations with goods, as well as replacement of international transport vehicles that delivered goods to the customs territory of the Union, by other vehicles are carried out during the work of the customs authority and in places specially designed for these purposes , with the permission of the customs authority, issued at the request of the interested person, and in cases stipulated by the legislation of the Member States on customs regulation and (or) international treaties of the Member States with a third party, after notifying the customs authority in electronic or written form.
3. In case of an accident, force majeure or other circumstances that have arisen at the place of arrival, unloading, reloading (transshipment) of goods and other cargo operations with goods, as well as replacement of international transport vehicles that delivered goods to the customs territory of the Union, by other means of transport may be committed without the permission or notification of the customs authority specified in paragraph 2 of this article, if the failure to perform such operations may lead to the irrecoverable loss and (or) destruction of goods.In this case, the person who performed such operations informs the customs authority about their completion no later than 2 hours from the moment of such operations.
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Article 217. Procedure for creation, termination of functioning (liquidation) and designation of customs control zones, requirements for them / Consultant Plus
Article 217. The procedure for the creation, termination of functioning (liquidation) and designation of customs control zones, requirements for them
1.Places that are zones of customs control are determined in accordance with Article 319 of the Union Code and this Article.
2. Zones of customs control may be created along the State Border of the Russian Federation, at checkpoints across the State Border of the Russian Federation, at places of customs operations, at places of temporary storage of goods, unloading and reloading (transshipment) of goods, their customs inspection and customs inspection , in the parking lots of vehicles carrying goods under customs control.
3. Zones of customs control may be permanent in the following cases:
1) if the owner of a land plot, water area, premises intends to use these territories exclusively for storing goods under customs control on them, or for performing other customs operations with such goods;
2) if in certain areas of the territory, water area, goods under customs control are mainly transported or stored, or other customs operations are performed in relation to these goods and restrictions on the movement of such goods across the borders of customs control zones or restriction of access to such goods are necessary to ensure compliance with the law of the Union and the legislation of the Russian Federation on customs regulation.
4. A temporary zone of customs control is created by the decision of the head of the customs post or a person authorized by him, and when conducting customs control after the release of goods and in accordance with parts 4 and 5 of Article 214 of this Federal Law, by decision of the head of the customs body conducting customs control, or a person authorized by him. The specified decision is formalized by an order of the head of the customs authority or a person authorized by him, indicating the purpose of creating a temporary zone of customs control, the location of the temporary zone of customs control, validity period, the border of the temporary zone of customs control and places of its crossing by persons, goods and vehicles, as well as applied means of designation.
5. The federal executive body performing the functions of control and supervision in the field of customs, on the basis of the submission of the customs authority, in the region of activity of which the corresponding section of the territory of the Russian Federation belongs, determines the sections of the State Border of the Russian Federation along which it is necessary to create zones of customs control , and decides on the creation of such zones. The decision to create customs control zones along the State Border of the Russian Federation shall be formalized by a regulatory legal act of the federal executive body exercising control and supervision functions in the field of customs, agreed with the federal executive body in the field of ensuring the security of the Russian Federation and executive bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation , on the territories of which the indicated zones are created.
6. On the land section of the territory of the Russian Federation, a customs control zone along the State Border of the Russian Federation may be created within a strip of terrain up to thirty kilometers wide from the line of the State Border of the Russian Federation into the interior of the Russian Federation. The decision to create a customs control zone within a strip of terrain up to thirty kilometers wide from the line of the State Border of the Russian Federation into the interior of the Russian Federation must indicate:
1) location of the checkpoint;
2) the border of the customs control zone and the place of its crossing by persons, goods and vehicles.
7. On the sea, river and lake areas of the territory of the Russian Federation, a customs control zone along the State border of the Russian Federation may be created, respectively, within the territorial sea of the Russian Federation, the Russian part of the waters of border rivers, lakes and other bodies of water, as well as a strip of terrain up to fifteen kilometers wide from the coastline into the interior of the Russian Federation.
8. Zones of customs control along the State Border of the Russian Federation are designated by its limits at the points of intersection with transport routes, at the points of crossing the State Border of the Russian Federation by persons, goods and vehicles with signs containing a white inscription “Customs Control Zone” on a green background, manufactured in accordance with the technical specifications and standards defined for traffic information signs.
9. The decision to create a customs control zone at checkpoints across the State Border of the Russian Federation, established and opened in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, is made by the head of the customs office in the region of which the checkpoint is located. Such a decision is formalized by the order of the head of the customs, agreed with the federal executive body that carries out the functions of control and supervision in the field of customs. The customs control zone created at the checkpoint across the State Border of the Russian Federation includes areas of the territory (water area), buildings, structures, sites within which customs operations, storage, unloading and transshipment (transshipment) of goods under customs control are carried out, their customs inspection and customs inspection, parking places of vehicles carrying such goods.
10. When determining the border of the customs control zone, the opinion of the administration of the transport infrastructure object, within which the checkpoint across the State Border of the Russian Federation is established: the head of the seaport administration, the head of the basin state administration body for inland water transport, the aerodrome operator, the head of the railway station (stations). The opinion of the administration of the transport infrastructure facility, drawn up in writing, is attached to the draft order of the head of customs on the creation of a customs control zone, sent for approval to the federal executive body exercising control and supervision functions in the field of customs.
11. The order of the head of customs on the creation of a customs control zone at the checkpoint must indicate:
1) location of the checkpoint;
2) the border of the customs control zone and the place of its crossing by persons, goods and vehicles.
12. In the appendix to the order of the head of customs on the creation of a customs control zone at the checkpoint, a graphic display of the border and the territory of the specified zone in the form of plans or maps must be provided.
13. Decisions on the creation of customs control zones in other places are made by the head of the customs office, in the region of which the places and territories are located where the customs control zones are created.
14. The decision to create a customs control zone provided for in part 13 of this article shall be formalized by the order of the head of customs, which must indicate:
1) location of the customs control zone;
2) the border of the customs control zone and the place of its crossing by persons, goods and vehicles;
3) means used to mark the border of the customs control zone.
15. In the appendix to the order of the head of customs on the creation of a customs control zone, referred to in part 14 of this article, a graphic display of the border and the territory of the customs control zone in the form of plans or maps must be provided.
16. The border of the customs control zone is indicated by rectangular signs, on a green background of which the inscription in Russian and English “Customs control zone” is written in white. These signs are the main means of marking the customs control zone.
17. The customs control zone may be designated by applying the inscription “Customs control zone” in Russian and English directly on the protective structures and walls of the premises that make up its perimeter. It is allowed to replace an inscription in English with an inscription in any other language appropriate for use when creating a specific customs control zone.
18. The designation of the customs control zone, with the exception of the customs control zone created in the water area of the territorial sea or within it, is carried out along the border of the customs control zone at the points of its intersection with transport routes, as well as at the points of crossing the border of the customs control zone by persons, goods and vehicles.When designating a customs control zone, boards with information about its border, about the established crossing points of its border, about the list of persons who have access to the customs control zone, about the means of its designation and about other circumstances related to its functioning can be additionally used. The border of the temporary customs control zone can be marked with a protective tape, as well as temporarily installed signs. In this case, the use of improvised materials and tools is allowed.
19.Customs control zones are eliminated in cases of a change in the location of the customs authority, closure of a checkpoint across the State Border of the Russian Federation, a change in the storage location of goods under customs control, a change in the location of customs operations, unloading and reloading (transshipment) of goods, their customs inspection, and customs inspection, parking of vehicles carrying goods under customs control. The decision to liquidate the customs control zone is formalized by the order of the customs authority that created such a zone.
20. The temporary customs control zone shall be liquidated upon completion of the measures that served as the basis for its creation, or upon the expiration of its validity period specified in the decision of the customs authority on the creation of a temporary customs control zone.
21. After the elimination of the customs control zone located in the region of its activity, the customs authority shall take measures to remove the means of its designation and to inform interested persons about its elimination.
22. In the customs control zones, including those created along the State Border of the Russian Federation within a five-kilometer zone from the State Border of the Russian Federation, production and other economic activities related to the transportation, unloading and reloading (transshipment), storage of goods under customs control, organization and maintenance of parking lots of vehicles transporting such goods, servicing legal entities and individuals moving goods and vehicles across the State Border of the Russian Federation, with construction, with the reconstruction of buildings and structures, as well as their engineering networks used for customs operations , construction and reconstruction of roads and access roads to checkpoints, transport and engineering structures used to move goods and vehicles across the State Border of the Russian Federation (including the construction of parking lots, new road barriers, road signs) is allowed with the permission of the customs authorities and under their supervision.
23. The movement of goods, vehicles, persons, including officials of state bodies, across the borders of the customs control zones and within them is allowed with the permission of the customs authorities and under their supervision, with the exception of cases established by this Federal Law and other federal laws.
24. The procedure for issuing (refusing to issue) the permission of the customs authority specified in Part 23 of this Article shall be established by the federal executive authority exercising control and supervision functions in the field of customs.
25. Production and other economic activities carried out within the zone of customs control must not interfere with the unhindered work of customs officials.
26. Industrial and other economic activities within the customs control zones created at checkpoints across the State Border of the Russian Federation are carried out taking into account the regime restrictions and requirements established at checkpoints across the State Border of the Russian Federation in accordance with the provisions of the legislation of the Russian Federation on the State border of the Russian Federation.
27. A permit to carry out industrial and other economic activities in the customs control zone is issued by the head of the customs authority, in the region of which the customs control zone has been created, upon a written application from the interested person.
28. If the customs control zone is created on the territory (in the water area) belonging to persons on the right of ownership or being leased, the permit to carry out production and other economic activities specified in part 27 of this article shall be issued with the consent of the owner (owner) of the territory (water area).
29. An application for permission for industrial and other economic activities in the customs control zone must contain information on the type and nature of the activity that is supposed to be carried out within the customs control zone, a list of persons who will carry out such activities, information on the planned period of such activities.
30. The head of the customs authority shall consider an application for permission of production and other economic activities in the customs control zone and, if the proposed activity complies with parts 22, 25 and 26 of this article, applies to the application the resolution “Production and other economic activities in the customs control zone are permitted until (indicated date)”.In the event of a refusal to issue a permit, a resolution “Permission to carry out the declared activity was denied” is applied to the application, indicating the reasons for the refusal.
31. The original application for permission of production and other economic activities in the customs control zone is returned to the interested person, a copy of the application is kept at the customs authority.
32. The provisions of this Article shall not apply to the creation of customs control zones in structures, premises (parts of premises) and (or) on open areas (parts of open areas) of an authorized economic operator in accordance with Article 387 of this Federal Law.
90,000 News –
Government of Russia
As reported by the deputy
Prime Minister Viktoria Abramchenko, Government on behalf of
The President is preparing a bill “On Amendments to the Code of Trade
navigation of the Russian Federation and other legislative acts of the Russian
Federation (in terms of regulating the transshipment of hazardous and harmful
substances transported as cargo from ship to ship outside the water areas
seaports) “.The project prepared by the Ministry of Transport has already been submitted to
Government.
Deputy Prime Minister explained that
the bill is aimed primarily at protecting the environment and ensuring
safety of handling hazardous and hazardous substances.
Victoria Abramchenko
recalled that this decision is being implemented on behalf of the President of Russia,
who drew attention to the inadmissibility of jeopardizing the ecological environment
Russian territorial waters as a result of frequently practiced overloading or
transshipment of dangerous goods on the high seas.Thus, the bill aims
primarily to protect the environment and ensure the safety of work at
sea, navigation during operations for transshipment or transshipment of goods from a ship to
ship, ensuring proper control over
shipowners.
“We have the capacity to
ensure safe transshipment of dangerous goods at port terminals. However, in
in pursuit of an extra ruble, elementary requirements are often ignored
environmental safety. Transhipment from ship to ship is carried out only for the purpose
reducing the cost of logistic procedures, as a result of which an exorbitant risk
an already fragile ecosystem, unique marine biological
resources, ”the Deputy Prime Minister emphasized.
And that’s not to mention the decline
loading of Russian port facilities and corresponding port dues in
interests of the country’s economy, noted Victoria Abramchenko.
According to the Convention
United Nations Organization on the Law of the Sea, the Russian Federation has the right to accept
necessary measures to prevent intentional and unintentional discharges,
accidents and emergency response, pollution of the marine environment from any
source, including from ships.
Deputy Prime Minister explained that
the proposed changes provide for a direct ban on transshipment from the ship
on a ship outside the seaports of hazardous and noxious substances, to which, to
for example, include petroleum products and pesticides.
Compliance control
will ensure Rosprirodnadzor, in addition, compliance with the rules in a special
the economic zone will be provided by the border service of the FSB.
At the same time for
violation of the rules for transshipment of hazardous and noxious substances from ship to ship
it is planned to establish significant administrative fines, and if this, in addition to
other things, led to environmental pollution – up to the confiscation of ships,
summed up Victoria Abramchenko. Corresponding changes in the package with the project
amendments to the Merchant Shipping Code of the Russian Federation will be made in
Code of Administrative Offenses.
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90,000 Work overload and its health consequences.
Overwork occurs as a result of excessive regular stress, this condition can be called “work neurosis”.Most often occurs in men 35-45 years old. This condition threatens you if work takes more than 10 hours a day, if thoughts about it do not leave the office. At risk are people who combine several jobs, have an irregular schedule, work late at night, and have not been on vacation for a long time. The regime, in which the day of activity alternates with several days off, is also not good for health.
Systematic processing, chronic fatigue can lead to serious health consequences.Fatigue also affects the results of activity: fatigue reduces interest in work, it is more and more difficult to solve production problems, dissatisfaction with the conditions of service increases, an obsession with imperfections and shortcomings appears. Negative emotions begin to predominate: from increased irritability to indifference, apathy.
Manifestations of fatigue can be different: sleep disturbances, headaches and muscle pains, palpitations, weakness, depression, poor resistance to infections.Fatigue first affects the nervous system, and then other organs and systems of the body begin to suffer, problems may appear in the digestive (gastritis, ulcers) and cardiovascular (hypertension, heart attacks) systems.
In recent decades, heart attacks are increasingly common in middle-aged and even young men. Cases of heart attacks at the age of 30-40 are no longer uncommon, but quite common. And most often these are not congenital disorders, but acquired due to an unfair attitude towards their health.
If you do not think about your health, then a career can end on takeoff for reasons that are not at all related to professional activity. Various kinds of intoxication most often affect people suffering from overwork. They proceed in these people in a more severe form and are often fatal. Doctors consider cardiovascular diseases “diseases of wear and tear” that develop against the background of overwork and neuroses. The problems associated with chronic fatigue and overwork cannot be solved by visiting doctors and taking pills alone.It is necessary to adjust the way of life, attitude towards work and towards oneself. Sometimes, to effectively solve these problems, you need the help of not only a neurologist or therapist, but also a psychotherapist.
Not “Karoshi” th person
The term “Karoshi”, which can be translated as “death from overwork at work”, came to us from Japan. Today it is also used in Russia to denote death from excessive workload. In Japan, medical studies were carried out, which showed that 80 hours of processing per month in addition to the basic eight-hour schedule can lead to death from disorders in the body associated with overwork – to “karoshi” within six months.
There are no statistics on diseases associated with overwork at work in St. Petersburg. One can only track the general tendencies: the number of acquired diseases in able-bodied men and women associated with violation of the work-rest regime is increasing. More often, employees face chronic overwork, whose work involves great responsibility, the inability to go home until the work is finished, part-time leave, work on weekends, and frequent business trips. Also hazardous to health is work associated with constant communication with people, with conflict situations.If you think about work in the evening, before going to bed, on weekends, on vacation, this is the first “bell” that you need to change something in order to maintain mental and physical health in life.
Depending on the nature of work, overwork can be divided into physical and mental. The first occurs as a result of hard work associated with constant tension of certain muscle groups. With mental fatigue, brain cells are depleted from constant overload. Mental fatigue is more difficult to treat, since physically it begins to manifest itself when the process has already gone far.In most cases, mental fatigue is accompanied by sleep disturbance. Age also affects performance. It has been established that at the age of 18-20 a person has the highest intensity of intellectual and logical processes. By the age of 30, it decreases by 4%, by 40 – by 13%, by 50 – by 20%, and at the age of 60 – by 25%.
How to relax
With light, but monotonous physical activity, fatigue arises and develops much faster than with varied work.Moreover, it is usually local in nature. It is mainly the individual working organs that get tired, usually the arms, back, vision or hearing. The best position to relax is, oddly enough, not lying on the couch or sitting in a chair. Physiologists believe that the most effective rest is sitting on the floor with our legs tucked under us “in Turkish style”. This pose relieves tension (both nervous and muscular), allowing the brain to function effortlessly during this time. In addition, this posture improves the functioning of all organs of the lower half of the body.
You need to rest from work regularly: 5-10 minutes several times during the day, an hour lunch break, several hours of complete switching to another activity in the evening, full sleep. During a working day, our nervous system needs about 5 minutes of rest every hour. Duration from an hour to an hour and a half is the most comfortable interval of continuous work for a person. If you do not get distracted from work for more than one and a half to two hours, the efficiency of the activity decreases sharply. During this five-minute period, you need to switch, get up from the workplace, it is good if there is an opportunity to go outside.
What if you have been working hard for several hours and feel mentally tired? The fifth cup of coffee is unlikely to help, it is better to sit down, close your eyes, relax your muscles, calm your breathing. Imagine a pleasant picture for you – nature, the place of your previous vacation, the sea. 10-15 minutes of this rest is enough to recover. It is believed that short but regular rest is the most productive.
Scientists have calculated that 5-10 minutes is usually enough to rest after an hour of hard work.If you work hard for three hours in a row without interruption, then it will take an hour to recuperate. How the night passed depends on how much the brain will rest, and what will be the performance the next day, the body needs at least 8 hours of sleep. Then – at least one day off a week. And, of course, we must not forget about the vacation. It is important for health that it lasts at least 3-4 weeks a year. You can use these weeks in a row, but it is better to split your vacation into two parts and pause in work every six months.
At the first sign of overwork, it is important:
- Review your daily routine and find additional time to rest.
- Fight bad habits. With overwork, the cardiovascular system suffers already, it is inhumane to finish it off with cigarettes and alcohol. If you can’t quit smoking, at least drastically limit the number of cigarettes you smoke.
- Spend more time outdoors. Even a 20 minute daily walk will be beneficial.
- Going to bed at the same time, no later than 11 pm, is important for the prevention of insomnia.
- Drink more water. It is advisable to drink a glass of water with honey and lemon juice every morning.
- Regular massage works well to relieve tension after office work.
- Consume more food containing calcium and phosphorus. This is especially true for people of mental labor.
NP-082-07 Nuclear Safety Rules for Reactor Installations of Nuclear Power Plants
Page 2 of 3
2.NUCLEAR SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR THE REACTOR AND OTHER SYSTEMS IMPORTANT TO SAFETY
2.1. General requirements
2.1.1. The design, construction and operation of the NPP unit, as well as the design and manufacture of RP and NPP elements must be carried out in compliance with the requirements of the current NPP safety regulations.
2.1.2. The NPP construction should be preceded by the development of the RI project and the NPP project. In the projects of RI and NPP, systems important to safety, their main characteristics, reliability, service life, as well as the procedure for their functioning, operating conditions, means of monitoring and diagnostics of these systems should be determined.
2.1.3. Changes in the composition, design and (or) characteristics of the reactor plant and its systems important to safety, as well as the NPP operating conditions, cannot be performed without making appropriate changes to the reactor plant and nuclear power plant designs.
2.1.4. During the development of the reactor plant design and (or) during the modernization of the reactor core with the use of new designs of fuel assemblies, new compositions of nuclear fuel, improvement of the CPS and other systems important to safety, the necessary bench and reactor studies must be performed.The RI design should show the sufficiency of the studies performed to prove the fulfillment of the safety criteria.
2.1.5. Quality assurance programs should be developed for all stages of the RP and NPP life cycle.
2.1.6. In order to maintain and confirm the design characteristics of the reactor plant and NPP systems (elements) that are important to safety, they must be monitored and tested during manufacture, installation and commissioning, as well as periodically checked during operation.
RI and NPP designs should provide for devices, methods and frequency of checks of systems important to safety, for compliance with their design characteristics, including comprehensive testing (sequence and time of signal passage, including safety functions, etc.).
RI and NPP designs shall define lists of systems and components, the operability and characteristics of which are checked on an operating or shutdown reactor, indicating the state of the RI and RI and NPP systems important to safety.
Devices and methods for checking RI and NPP systems important to safety and their elements should not affect NPP safety.
2.1.7. The main document on the substantiation of the nuclear safety of the RI is the report on the substantiation of the NPP safety (the corresponding sections of the NPP SAR). For NPPs, the SAR of which has not been developed, such a document is the current technical safety case (SAR) or the report on the advanced safety assessment (SAR). The NPP SAR is developed by the operating organization in compliance with the NPP SAR compliance with the RP and NPP designs.
2.1.8. A list of initiating events for design basis accidents and a list of beyond design basis accidents, classification of design basis and beyond design basis accidents according to the frequency of occurrence and severity of consequences, as well as analysis of design basis and beyond design basis accidents and their consequences should be established and submitted to the NPP SAR in the RI and NPP designs. Among beyond design basis accidents, it is necessary to consider accidents with severe core damage.
2.1.9. When designing a reactor facility, one should strive to ensure that the value of the total frequency
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of severe core damage, estimated
on the basis of a probabilistic safety analysis, does not exceed 10 per reactor per year.
2.1.10. RI and NPP designs should contain an analysis of possible failures of systems (elements) important to safety, highlighting failures that are dangerous for RI and NPP and assessing their consequences based on probabilistic and deterministic safety analysis.
2.1.11. RI and NPP projects shall provide and substantiate operational limits and conditions, limits and conditions for safe operation, as well as design limits established for design basis accidents.
2.1.12. In RI and NPP designs, each design basis accident or a group of accidents must be matched with design limits for design basis accidents, which must not be exceeded taking into account the operation of safety systems.
2.1.13. It should be shown in RP and NPP designs that for design basis accidents with the most severe consequences, the maximum design limit for damage to fuel elements is not exceeded.
For other design basis accidents, the design limits of damage to fuel elements should be established by the RI design and have values less than the maximum design limit of damage to fuel elements.
The limits of damage to fuel elements for nuclear power plants with the most common types of RP are given in the Appendix.
For the projected NPP with other types of RI, such limits should be justified in the projects of RI and NPP.
2.1.14. The reactor plant and nuclear power plant projects must contain a list of nuclear hazardous operations.
2.1.15. The RI and NPP projects should contain lists of methods and programs used in safety justification and used in systems important to safety. The programs and methods used should be verified and certified according to established procedures.
2.2. The reactor core and its structural elements
2.2.1. The reactor core must be designed so that any changes in reactivity during normal operation and in case of abnormalities in normal operation, including design basis accidents, do not lead to a violation of the relevant limits of damage to fuel elements.
Requirements for the reactivity coefficients of NPP reactors with the most common types of RP are given in the Appendix.
2.2.2. The RI design should show that in design basis accidents associated with a rapid increase in reactivity, the fuel enthalpy averaged over the cross section of the fuel pellet (mean radial) fuel enthalpy should not exceed the limit value established in the design on the basis of experimental data, and the destruction of fuel elements and TVS. For beyond design basis accidents, conditions should be given under which the destruction of part of the fuel elements and fuel assemblies is possible.
2.2.3. The RI design should establish a correspondence between the limits of damage to fuel elements and the activity of the primary coolant with respect to reference radionuclides, taking into account the efficiency of the coolant purification systems.
2.2.4. In order to substantiate the fulfillment of the requirements for non-exceeding the safe operation limits for damage to fuel elements in the event of violations of normal operation, the reactor plant design should carry out an analysis of the thermotechnical reliability of the core with justification of the adequacy of the reserves provided for by the reactor plant design.
2.2.5. Oxidation of the cladding of fuel elements during operation of the reactor plant should not lead to their excessive embrittlement. The RI project shall justify (on the basis of experimental data) and provide the equivalent oxidation state of the fuel element cladding during normal operation and in case of violations of normal operation, including design basis accidents.
2.2.6. For fast reactors with sodium coolant, it should be shown that during normal operation and in case of violations of normal operation, including design basis accidents, the formation of voids in the sodium coolant is excluded.
2.2.7. The design and execution of the core and its elements, including fuel assemblies and fuel rods, must be such that during normal operation and in case of violations of normal operation, including design basis accidents, the corresponding damage limits for fuel rods are not exceeded, taking into account: quantity and design flow;
– power (mechanical), thermal and radiation effects on the core components;
– physical and chemical interaction of core materials and coolant;
– limit deviations of design, technological characteristics and process parameters;
– shock and vibration effects, thermal cyclic loading, radiation and temperature creep, as well as aging of materials;
– Influence of fission products and impurities in the coolant on the strength and corrosion resistance of fuel elements;
– other factors that worsen the mechanical characteristics of the core materials and the integrity of the fuel element cladding.
2.2.8. In the design of the reactor plant and nuclear power plant, the possibility of unloading damaged core components after a design basis accident must be justified and provided with design technical means.
2.2.9. The core and CPS actuators should be designed so that jamming, ejection of working elements or their spontaneous release from the CPS drives are excluded.
2.2.10. The RI design should show that in case of an unintended movement of the most efficient one or a group of CPS working bodies, no damage to fuel elements occurs with violation of the safe operation limits, taking into account the activation of the core without one of the most efficient core operating elements.
2.2.11. During normal operation and in case of violations of normal operation, including design basis accidents, the possibility of unintended displacements and (or) deformations of core elements, causing an increase in reactivity and deterioration of heat removal, leading to damage to fuel elements in excess of the corresponding design limits, should be excluded.
2.2.12. In the designs of the reactor plant and the nuclear power plant, it should be shown and substantiated that under the seismic influences typical of the nuclear power unit site, unimpeded entry into the active zone of the working control elements and the core, as well as reliable heat removal from the core is ensured.
2.2.13. The characteristics of the core and the means for influencing reactivity should be such that the introduction into the core and (or) the reflector of means for influencing reactivity for any combination of their location during normal operation and in case of violations of normal operation, including design basis accidents, would provide the introduction of negative reactivity at any section of their movement.
2.2.14. The design of fuel assemblies should be such that changes in the shape of fuel elements and other elements of fuel assemblies, which are possible during normal operation and in case of violations of normal operation, including design basis accidents, do not cause overlap of the flow area of fuel assemblies, leading to damage to fuel elements beyond the appropriate limits, and do not interfere with the normal functioning of working bodies. CPS.
2.2.15. The design of fuel assemblies should have distinctive signs characterizing the nuclide composition and enrichment of nuclear fuel in the fuel elements, which are distinguished visually and (or) by means of refueling devices.
2.2.16. Fuel elements of various enrichment, with a burnable absorber in the fuel, with mixed fuel, etc., special burnable absorbers as part of fuel assemblies must have distinctive signs that differ visually and (or) using industrial control devices when assembling fuel assemblies.
2.2.17. The RF and NPP designs should provide for technical means and methods for monitoring the tightness of the cladding of fuel elements at a shutdown and (or) operating reactor, which should ensure reliable and timely detection of leaking fuel assemblies (fuel elements), and criteria for rejecting leaking fuel elements (FA) should be established. The RI and NPP design should provide and justify the methods used to control the tightness of the fuel element cladding at a shutdown and (or) operating reactor.
2.3. Control and protection systems
2.3.1. General requirements
2.3.1.1. The reactor plant should include control and protection systems designed:
– to control the reactivity of the reactor core and the reactor power;
– to control the density of the neutron flux (power), the rate of its change, technological parameters necessary for the protection and control of the reactivity of the reactor core and the reactor power;
– to transfer the reactor to a subcritical state and maintain it in a subcritical state.
2.3.1.2. The composition, structure, characteristics and operating procedure of the CPS should be justified in the RI design. The RI project should contain a quantitative analysis of reliability, in which it should be presented that the CPS reliability indicators comply with the requirements of the regulatory documents governing such indicators.
2.3.1.3. The RI project should contain an analysis of the CPS reactions to external and internal influences (fires, earthquakes, flooding, electromagnetic pickups, etc.), to possible malfunctions and failures (short circuits, loss of insulation quality, voltage drop and pickup, false alarms, losses management, etc.that proves the absence of reactions hazardous to RI.
In case of detection of CPS reactions hazardous to the reactor plant during operation, the reactor plant must be stopped and measures must be taken to exclude them. The operating organization, in accordance with the established procedure, must ensure that appropriate changes are made to the reactor plant design.
2.3.1.4. The reactor plant design should provide for at least two reactor shutdown systems, each of which should be capable, independently of one another, to ensure the transfer of the reactor to a subcritical state and maintaining it in a subcritical state, taking into account the principle of a single failure or personnel error.These systems should be designed with diversity, independence and redundancy in mind.
2.3.1.5. At least one of the reactor shutdown systems (not performing the AZ function) during normal operation and in case of violations of normal operation, including design basis accidents, must have:
– efficiency sufficient to transfer the reactor to a subcritical state and maintain a subcritical state, taking into account the possible release of reactivity;
– speed sufficient to transfer the reactor to a subcritical state without violating the design limits of damage to fuel elements established for design basis accidents (taking into account the operation of emergency core cooling systems).
2.3.1.6. The RI project shall define and substantiate the number, efficiency, location, composition of groups, operating positions, sequence and speed of movement of the CPS working bodies (including the AZ working bodies), as well as the number of drives.
2.3.1.7. The RI project shall define and substantiate the methods and conditions for testing, replacement and withdrawal for repair of the working elements of the CPS, their drives, as well as other means of influencing the reactivity.
2.3.1.8. CPS actuators should have indicators of intermediate positions of their working bodies, end position indicators and limit switches that are triggered (if possible) directly from the working body.Other means of operative influence on reactivity should have indicators of states and (or) end positions.
2.3.1.9. If the RI design provides for the use of an additional (to the standard) CPS system during the first physical start-up of the reactor, this system must comply with the requirements of Section 2.3 in the part related to the CPS system.
2.3.2. Emergency protection system
2.3.2.1. At least one of the envisaged shutdown systems of the reactor must perform the function of a core.
2.3.2.2. The reactor plant design must show that reactor shutdown systems performing the AZ function, without one of the most efficient operating elements, have:
– speed sufficient to transfer the reactor to a subcritical state without violating the limits of safe operation in case of violations of normal operation;
– efficiency sufficient to transfer the reactor to a subcritical state and maintain the subcritical state of the reactor in case of violations of normal operation, including design basis accidents.
If the core efficiency is insufficient for long-term maintenance of the reactor in a subcritical state, the reactor plant design should provide for automatic connection of another (other) reactor shutdown system (s) that has (have) an efficiency sufficient to maintain the subcritical state of the reactor, taking into account the possible release of positive reactivity.
2.3.2.3. Emergency protection must have at least two independent groups of working bodies.
2.3.2.4. Emergency protection must be designed in such a way that the initiated protective action is completed taking into account the requirements of clause 2.3.2.2 and control of the performance of the AZ function is provided.
2.3.2.5. The RI project shall specify the procedure for determining and eliminating the causes that triggered the operation of the emergency protection, as well as the sequence of actions of the operating personnel to restore the normal operation of the RI after the AZ has been triggered.
2.3.2.6. On a signal from the AZ, the working bodies of the AZ should be activated from any working or intermediate positions.
2.3.2.7. If the working bodies of the reactor plant are not brought into working position by means of influencing the reactivity provided for by the reactor plant design, the introduction of positive reactivity must be excluded. The working position of the working bodies of the AZ and the procedure for their extraction should be determined in the reactor plant design.
2.3.2.8. In the case of combining the means of influencing the reactivity of the functions of normal operation and emergency protection in the RI design, the procedure for their functioning is developed and substantiated.The priority of the AZ functioning must be ensured.
2.3.2.9. The AZ structure should be selected on the basis of the fulfillment of the established criteria (single failure, common cause failure) and reliability indicators.
2.3.2.10. AZ equipment should consist of at least two independent sets.
2.3.2.11. Each set of EP equipment should be designed in such a way that
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so that in the range of neutron flux density variation from 10%
to 120% of the nominal one will provide protection:
– in terms of neutron flux density – at least three independent channels;
– by the rate of increase of the neutron flux density – not less than three independent channels.
2.3.2.12. If it is necessary to split the measurement range of the neutron flux density into several subranges, it should be provided that the measurement subranges are overlapped within at least one decimal order in units of the neutron flux density and automatic switching of the subranges.
It shall be possible to connect a recording device to each channel for monitoring the neutron flux density.
2.3.2.13. Each set of EP equipment must be designed in such a way that emergency protection is provided by at least three independent channels for each technological parameter for which protection is required over the entire range of technological parameters set in the RI design.
2.3.2.14. The emergency signal from each set of EP equipment must be implemented on the basis of majority logic, which is selected based on the reliability analysis given in the RI design. The minimum majority is 2 out of 3.
The control commands of each set for the AZ actuators must be transmitted through at least two channels.
2.3.2.15. The admissibility of combining the measuring parts of the neutron flux density control channels with the measuring parts of the neutron flux rise rate control channels in each set of the reactor protection equipment should be justified in the reactor plant design.
2.3.2.16. The emergency protection should be separated from the NOCS to such an extent that the decommissioning or failure of any NOC element does not affect the ability of the emergency protection to perform its functions.
2.3.2.17. Failure in the channel for monitoring display elements, recording information and diagnostics should not affect the ability of this channel to perform emergency protection functions.
2.3.2.18. For each of the channels and for the complete set of emergency protection equipment, it should be possible to check the formation and transit time of emergency protection signals without triggering the active protection elements.
2.3.2.19. The emergency protection system should provide for automatic monitoring and diagnostics of the serviceability of sets and channels of emergency protection equipment with information output to the control room about channel failures, as well as generation of emergency protection signals for channel or set failures.
2.3.2.20. The RI project shall provide and substantiate the methods of metrological certification and verification of the AZ equipment.
2.3.2.21. Admissibility and conditions for decommissioning one set or one channel in a set of AZ (duration, power of the reactor plant, condition of other sets, etc.)should be justified in the reactor plant design.
2.3.2.22. When one channel is taken out of operation in one of the AZ equipment sets without taking this set out of operation, an alarm should be automatically generated for this channel.
2.3.2.23. The list of parameters for which it is necessary to carry out the functions of emergency protection, the settings and conditions for the activation of the active protection, as well as the time of passage of signals before the start of the operation of the working elements of the active protection should be justified in the RI design. The settings and operating conditions of the automatic protection system should be selected in such a way as to prevent violation of the limits of safe operation.
2.3.2.24. The RI project must provide and justify a list of initiating events that require the activation of the AZ.
2.3.2.25. The activation of the core should occur at least in the following cases:
– upon reaching the core setpoint in terms of the neutron flux density;
– upon reaching the core setpoint in terms of the rate of increase in the neutron flux density;
– in case of loss of voltage in any set of AZ equipment and power supply buses of the control and protection system that is not taken out of operation;
– in case of failure of any two of the three protection channels in terms of the neutron flux density or the rate of rise of the neutron flux in any set of core protection equipment not taken out of operation;
– upon reaching the AZ settings by the technological parameters for which it is necessary to carry out protection;
– when initiating the activation of the AZ from the key with the control room (RPU).
2.3.2.26. The admissibility of the use of preventive protection (protections) in case of violations of normal operation that do not require the activation of the core, and the conditions for its (their) use must be justified in the RI design.
2.3.2.27. Emergency protection should be designed in such a way that with the help of technical means it is excluded the possibility of impact on the elements of input and output from the operation of the AZ channels and changing the settings without notifying the personnel and without triggering the working elements of the AZ, which is not provided for by the RI design and the technological regulations for the safe operation of the NPP unit.
2.3.2.28. The performance of the emergency protection function of the reactor should not depend on the availability and condition of power supply sources.
2.3.3. Neutron flux and reactivity control
2.3.3.1. To control the neutron flux, the reactor must be equipped with
control channels in such a way that, over the entire range of variation
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of the neutron flux density in the core from 10% to 120% of the nominal
value, monitoring is carried out at least:
– three independent channels for measuring the neutron flux density with indicating instruments;
– three independent channels for measuring the rate of change in the neutron flux density.
2.3.3.2. The admissibility of combining the measuring parts of the neutron flux density control channels with the measuring parts of the neutron flux density change rate control channels should be justified in the reactor plant design.
2.3.3.3. At least two of the three channels for monitoring the neutron flux density must be equipped with recording devices with the ability to connect them to any channel for monitoring the neutron flux density. Recorders should provide the ability to measure and record readings over the entire design range of neutron flux density variation.
2.3.3.4. The channels for monitoring the neutron flux density must be calibrated over the entire design range of the reactor thermal power. The RI project shall substantiate and define the methodology and procedure for carrying out such calibration and its frequency during the operation of the NPP unit.
2.3.3.5. In the case of dividing the measurement range of the neutron flux density into several subranges, the overlap of the subranges should be provided for at least one decimal order in units of measurement of the neutron flux density and automatic switching of the subranges.
2.3.3.6. If the channels for monitoring the neutron flux density specified in clause 2.3.3.1 do not provide for monitoring the neutron flux during loading (refueling) of the core, then the reactor must be equipped with an additional monitoring system. The additional monitoring system can be removable, installed for the period of loading and refueling of the reactor core, and must have at least three independent channels for monitoring the neutron flux density with indicating and recording devices.
2.3.3.7. To control the change in reactivity, the reactor plant design should provide a reactivity meter with sensors, operational display devices, registration, with automatic switching of the ranges of the neutron flux density and reactivity.
2.3.3.8. The methodology and errors in determining the reactivity (the number and placement of sensors, algorithms and constants for calculation, errors and measurement ranges) must be justified in the reactor plant design.
2.3.3.9. The reactivity control channels should be equipped with means of automatic performance check and warning signaling of a malfunction.
2.3.3.10. The RI project shall substantiate and provide methods for metrological certification and verification of reactivity control channels.
2.3.3.11. The reactor plant design shall substantiate and establish the characteristics of the automatic power control system of the reactor plant, which ensure the operation of the reactor plant without violating the operational limits.The possibility and permissible operating time of the reactor plant without an automatic power control system, in particular in case of its failure, as well as the permissible power of the reactor plant when operating in this mode, should be justified in the reactor plant design.
2.3.3.12. When several measuring channels are switched on, a device must be provided to the input of the automatic power control system to receive a signal from the operating measuring channels so that the disconnection or failure of one of these channels does not cause a change in the reactor power due to the influence of the automatic control system.
2.3.3.13. For reactor plants, the reloading of nuclear fuel of which is carried out at a shutdown reactor, technical measures should exclude the possibility of introducing positive reactivity simultaneously by two or more provided means of affecting reactivity, as well as introducing positive reactivity by means of affecting the reactivity during loading (unloading) of nuclear fuel.
2.3.3.14. The rate of increase in reactivity by means of influencing reactivity should not exceed 0.07 Betaef / s.For the operating elements of the CPS with an efficiency of more than 0.7 Betaef, the injection of positive reactivity should be stepwise, with a step efficiency of no more than 0.3 Betaef (provided by technical measures). The reactor plant design should indicate the step size, the pause between steps and the rate of increase in reactivity.
2.3.3.15. Before starting the reactor, the working elements of the core should be cocked into the operating position.
The subcriticality of the reactor at any moment of the campaign after the working elements of the core are cocked into the operating position with the rest of the CPS inserted into the core must be at least 0.01 in the state of the core with the maximum effective multiplication factor.
2.3.3.16. Failure of the channel for monitoring the density and (or) the rate of change in the density of the neutron flux must be accompanied by an alarm to the operator and registration. In this case, a signal about the failure of such a channel should be generated.
2.3.3.17. The RI project shall contain requirements for the means that ensure the operative automated determination and registration of the values of the current reactivity margin of the reactor core and its changes during operation. The RI design should substantiate the procedure for determining the total effectiveness of the means of influencing the reactivity, the effectiveness of the working elements of the emergency protection, the effectiveness of the groups of the working elements of the CPS, the reactivity coefficients for the parameters affecting the reactivity (power, coolant temperature, moderator temperature, concentration of the dissolved absorber, etc.).as well as methods for determining these values and errors in their determination.
2.3.3.18. The reactor plant design should provide for the means and methods for monitoring the subcriticality of the reactor.
2.3.3.19. The reactor plant design should provide for means for monitoring the non-uniformity of energy release in the reactor core and means for prompt calculation of the margin before the heat exchange crisis.
2.3.3.20. For reactor cores for which the absence of fluctuations in the neutron flux density has not been proven, the reactor plant design should provide means for monitoring and controlling fluctuations in the neutron flux density and specify the procedure for controlling fluctuations without violating the operational limits of damage to fuel elements.
2.4. Normal operation control systems and safety control systems
2.4.1. The RI project shall present and substantiate the requirements for the composition, structure, main characteristics, quantity and conditions of placement of NOCS, CSS, their elements, as well as RI diagnostic systems.
2.4.2. In the RI project, the following lists should be substantiated and provided:
– monitored parameters and signals about the RI state;
– adjustable parameters and control signals;
– settings and conditions for the operation of the PZ;
– locations for placement of RI diagnostics sensors;
– parameters defining the commissioning of security systems.
2.4.3. It should be shown in the RI design that NOCS and CSS provide monitoring of the technical condition and safe control of the RI during normal operation and in case of violations of normal operation, including design basis accidents.
2.4.4. The RI project shall provide and justify the lists of protection and interlocks of RI equipment, as well as technical requirements for the conditions of their operation.
2.4.5. The NOCS and CSS must provide devices for generating at least the following signals:
– emergency notification (siren with a distinctive signal tone) – in cases provided for by the RI project;
– emergency (light and sound) – when the parameters reach the settings and conditions for the activation of the AZ;
– warning (light and sound) – in case of violations of the normal operation of the systems and elements of the RI and the achievement of the settings and conditions of the PD operation by the parameters;
– indicative – on the presence of voltage in the power supply circuits, on the condition of the equipment.
2.4.6. Diagnostics of NOCS and CSS should be provided.
2.4.7. NOCS and CSS should be designed in such a way that it is possible to identify the initial events of accidents, establish the actual algorithms for the operation of RI systems important to safety, deviations from standard algorithms and actions of operating personnel.
2.4.8. In order to implement the requirement of clause 2.4.7, registration should be provided for:
– parameters and signs of the state of the RI systems (elements), allowing to reliably determine the initiating event;
– control signals;
– changes in parameters characterizing the state of RI systems important to safety;
– parameters according to which it is envisaged to put the protections into operation;
– positions of fittings for safety systems;
– parameters characterizing the radiation environment;
– actions of operating personnel, including video information;
– negotiations of operating personnel on communication systems.
2.4.9. The RI project shall substantiate and provide data on the volume and intensity of registration and storage of information specified in clause 2.4.8.
2.4.10. The means of registration must remain operational and ensure the preservation of information in the conditions of design basis and beyond design basis accidents (in a device of the “black box” type).
2.4.11. The RI project shall establish:
– permissible values of the reactor power, depending on the operability of the CSNE with partial loss of function;
– conditions for the withdrawal for repair of USNE and CSS and their parts.
2.4.12. For regulated and monitored parameters, the ranges and rates of their change during normal operation and in case of violations of normal operation, including design basis accidents, should be justified.
2.4.13. Elements of NOCS and CSS must undergo metrological examination and certification.
2.4.14. The RI project should contain an analysis of the reactions of NOCS and CSS to external and internal influences, to possible failures and malfunctions (short circuits, loss of insulation quality, voltage drop and pickup, false alarms, signal losses, etc.).and on failures of the main equipment of the reactor plant, proving the absence of reactions hazardous to the reactor plant. In case of detection during operation of hazardous for the RI reactions, NOCS and CSS of RI should be stopped and measures taken to exclude them. The operating organization, in accordance with the established procedure, must ensure that appropriate changes are made to the reactor plant design.
2.4.15. The use of programmable and software tools in NOCS and CSS must be justified and confirmed by tests. The programmable and software tools used must be verified.
2.4.16. RI and its systems should be controlled from the control room and (if necessary) from local control posts.
2.4.17. Each unit, in addition to the control room, must have an RPU, from which the reactor must be transferred to a subcritical state and emergency cooling of the reactor plant, as well as control of the technological parameters necessary for the reactor plant safety, if for some reason (fire, etc.) this cannot be done with the control unit.
2.4.18. Requirements for the composition of the equipment and apparatus of the control room, radio control room and local control posts should be defined in the RI project.
2.4.19. The RPU should display information about the state of systems and individual elements of systems, including at least:
– neutron flux density in the core;
– parameters of the coolant and systems involved in emergency cooling;
– indicators of intermediate and final positions of the CPS working bodies;
– indicators of the state of the means of influencing reactivity (the state of the valves of pumps and elements, which uniquely determines the readiness of the means of influencing reactivity to perform their functions and the fact of their operation, as well as the parameters of the state of the liquid absorber solution (if used) – temperature, pressure, concentration and etc.;
– Indicators of valve position and state of cooling systems.
2.4.20. The possibility of disabling the control and monitoring circuits of the control room and radio control room for a common reason with the initial events taken into account must be excluded, and technical means must also exclude the possibility of controlling simultaneously with the control room and radio control room for each specific element.
2.4.21. In the reactor, the primary circuit, emergency storage tanks of the liquid absorber and in all systems filled according to the reactor plant (NPP) design with a liquid absorber solution, the concentration of the liquid absorber solution specified by the reactor plant (NPP) design must be provided.The method and frequency of measuring the concentration of the absorber nuclide in the liquid absorber solution should be determined in the RI project (NPP).
2.4.22. Technical means for monitoring the content of neutron-absorbing nuclides in a liquid or gaseous absorber solution (if used) in the reactor plant and in the emergency reserve storage tanks of the absorber during the reactor plant operation, as well as technical means for maintaining a uniform concentration of the absorber solution in containing it should be provided. containers.
2.4.23. Technical means or organizational measures should provide input control of the content of neutron-absorbent nuclides in materials used in the means of influencing reactivity, for compliance with the design characteristics.
2.4.24. Each tank of the emergency reserve of the liquid absorber solution must be equipped with at least two channels for level control and (or) pressure measurement with the issuance of a warning signal to the control room and radio control room.
2.4.25. During normal operation, in case of violations of normal operation, including design basis accidents (including the complete blackout mode), the CSNE and CSS must be provided with reliable electricity and power supply in the amount justified in the RI design.
2.4.26. The structure of the NOC should include an industrial television system and communication facilities with the control room, radio control room and local control posts (telephone, loudspeaker communication, radio communication, etc.).
2.4.27. The NOCS and CSS should include an operator information support system.
2.4.28. The NOCS and CSS should provide for information transmission means to the external and internal emergency control centers of the NPP in conditions of beyond design basis accidents for assessing the situation and making decisions.
2.4.29. The RI project should contain organizational and (or) technical measures to exclude unauthorized access to NOCS and CSS.
2.5. RI coolant circuit (primary circuit)
2.5.1. The reactor plant design should define the boundaries of the primary circuit.
2.5.2. The RI design shall justify the reliability of operation of the elements and systems of the primary circuit during the design life, taking into account the physicochemical, thermal, force and other effects possible during normal operation and in case of violations of normal operation, including design basis accidents. The number and nature of impacts taken into account when determining the design service life should be given and justified in the RI design.
2.5.3. The RI design shall show that the strength of the reactor vessel during normal operation and in case of violations of normal operation, including design basis accidents, is ensured throughout the entire operating life of the NPP unit.
2.5.4. The layout of the equipment and the geometry of the primary circuit must provide conditions for the development of natural circulation of the coolant in the primary circuit in the event of loss or absence of forced circulation, including in design basis accidents.
2.5.5. Primary circuit pipelines must be equipped with devices for monitoring and preventing inadmissible movements when exposed to reactive forces arising from ruptures. The RI design shall substantiate the strength and efficiency of these devices in design basis accidents.
2.5.6. Heat exchange equipment for transferring heat from the primary circuit of the reactor plant must have a reserve of heat exchange surface to compensate for the deterioration of its heat transfer characteristics during operation.
2.5.7. In the case of using forced circulation, the pumps that carry out this circulation, with a loss of their power supply and with the activation of the core at any level of reactor power, must have sufficient inertia that would provide forced flow of the primary coolant until the moment when natural circulation guarantees the removal of residual heat without exceeding the operating fuel rod damage limits.
2.5.8. The RI design shall provide for the following means:
– automatic protection against an unacceptable increase in pressure in the primary circuit during normal operation and in case of violations of normal operation, including design basis accidents;
– compensation for changes in the volume of the coolant caused by temperature changes;
– compensation for coolant losses during leaks. The maximum leak rate compensated by these means is set in the RI design.
2.5.9. The reactor plant design should provide for the installation of leak limiters on pipelines outgoing from the main circulation pipeline. Refusal to install leak limiters should be justified in the reactor plant design.
2.5.10. The elements of the primary circuit must be equipped with devices that reduce the effect of seismic effects. Refusal of equipment with such devices for primary circuit elements should be justified in the RI design.
2.5.11. In the projects of the reactor plant and nuclear power plant, indicators of the quality of the coolant, its chemical composition and the permissible content of radionuclides during operation should be established, technical means and organizational measures for their maintenance and control should be provided.Technical solutions and organizational measures to ensure the quality of the coolant, as well as the methods and means of their control, must be justified in the projects of the RI and NPP.
2.5.12. The reactor plant design should provide for technical measures to protect the primary circuit from the safe operation of the NPP unit for draining the coolant that is not provided for by the technological regulations. The admissibility of partial drainage during repair work and overloading should be justified in the RI design.
2.5.13. The reactor plant design should provide for means and methods for detecting the location and size of the primary coolant leak with the accuracy justified in the design.
2.5.14. Technical measures should exclude the unintended ingress of clean condensate and liquid absorber solution with a concentration less than permissible under the RI (NPP) design into the primary coolant and into other systems that, according to the RI (NPP) design, must be filled with a liquid absorber solution.
2.6. Emergency core cooling systems
2.6.1. The reactor plant and nuclear power plant designs should provide for emergency core cooling systems. The composition, structure and characteristics of the emergency core cooling systems should be justified in the reactor plant and nuclear power plant designs.
2.6.2. Emergency core cooling systems should be designed taking into account the principles of independence and redundancy and be able, taking into account the principle of single failure or personnel error, to perform the function of preventing violation of the design limits of damage to fuel elements in design basis accidents.
2.6.3. The list of parameters, settings and conditions for the operation of emergency cooling systems must be justified in the RI (NPP) design based on the analysis of design basis accidents.
2.6.4. The admissibility and conditions for the decommissioning of one channel of the emergency core cooling system must be justified in the RI (NPP) design.
2.6.5. The RI (NPP) design should take into account all possible impacts on systems (elements) associated with the activation and operation of emergency core cooling systems.
2.6.6. The reactor plant (NPP) design should provide for technical and organizational measures to exclude unauthorized access to the emergency core cooling systems.
2.6.7. The reactor plant (NPP) design must contain a justification for the reliability indicators of the emergency core cooling systems.
2.6.8. When the reactor is in a subcritical state, the activation and operation of the emergency core cooling systems should not bring it out of the subcritical state.
2.6.9. Emergency cooling systems should provide cooling and long-term maintenance of the reactor core at the values of the coolant parameters justified in the RI (NPP) design.
2.7. Refueling devices and the procedure for carrying out core refueling
2.7.1. Overloading devices
2.7.1.1. The RI design shall substantiate and provide the composition of the refueling devices, as well as the requirements for them, the fulfillment of which ensures the safety of handling fuel assemblies and other elements of the core during refueling, including in the event of refusals and damage to refueling devices.
2.7.1.2. Heat removal from reloaded fuel assemblies should be ensured without exceeding the temperature parameters of fuel elements established by the RI design for refueling operations during normal operation and failures.
2.7.1.3. Refueling devices should be designed so that during their normal operation and failures, the conditions of normal operation of the reactor plant and nuclear fuel storage facilities are not violated.
2.7.1.4. The reactor plant and nuclear power plant project shall contain requirements for installation, operation, maintenance, repair, testing and periodic inspection of overloading devices, as well as requirements for their reliability.
2.7.1.5. Transfer devices shall be designed (constructed) so that they can be accessed for inspection, repair, testing and maintenance.
2.7.1.6. When designing refueling devices, measures should be taken to prevent damage, deformation, destruction or fall of fuel assemblies and other elements of the core, as well as the application of unacceptable forces to them during extraction or installation. The values of the maximum permissible efforts should be given in the reactor plant design.The use of non-design equipment for reloading is prohibited.
2.7.1.7. When designing refueling devices, it should be provided that the interruption of the power supply does not lead to the fall of fuel assemblies and other overloaded elements of the core.
2.7.1.8. In the RI design, the permissible speeds of movement of fuel assemblies and other elements of the core by reloading devices must be justified and established.
2.7.1.9. Technical means (blocking, etc.) must be provided.that ensure the movement of the transfer devices within the permissible limits.
2.7.1.10. In the event of failure or violation of the operating conditions of refueling devices, the RI design should provide equipment for the reliable movement of fuel assemblies and other elements of the core to safe places.
2.7.1.11. Refueling devices shall have consoles (panels) with indicating devices to provide information on the position (state) and orientation of fuel assemblies, other reloaded elements of the core and grippers.
2.7.1.12. The possibility of moving the refueling devices at the moment of connection with the process channel or during the introduction of fuel assemblies and other refueling elements into the core (removed from the core) should be excluded.
2.7.1.13. To prevent the movement of the refueling devices when fuel assemblies and other refueling elements of the core are in the non-design position, interlocks must be provided.
2.7.1.14. An industrial television system should be provided for overload control.In the projects of the reactor plant and the nuclear power plant, a list of reloading operations controlled using the industrial television system must be determined.
2.7.2. The procedure for reloading
2.7.2.1. The RI project shall justify:
– methods of reloading;
– frequency, volume and reloading regulations;
– technical means and organizational measures to ensure nuclear safety during refueling, including control of the neutron flux density;
– working concentration of a liquid absorber solution (if used), sampling points, means of its control and methods of maintenance.
2.7.2.2. In RF and NPP designs, as well as in NPP SAR, as initiating events, in addition to equipment failures of the refueling system, possible errors during loading (overloading) and their consequences should be considered, as well as measures to eliminate errors should be developed.
2.7.2.3. The procedure for refueling the core is determined by the program and (or) refueling instructions, work schedule and refueling cartograms compiled by the NPP personnel, approved by the NPP administration and agreed in the prescribed manner.
2.7.2.4. When carrying out reloading and repair work, organizational measures and, if possible, technical means should prevent the ingress of foreign objects into the internal space of equipment, valves and pipelines of the RU.
2.7.2.5. In reactors where refueling is carried out with the disengagement of the CPS working elements, the refueling should be carried out with the CPS working elements introduced into the core and other means of influencing the reactivity. The minimum subcriticality of the reactor during refueling, taking into account possible errors, should be at least 0.02.
2.7.2.6. In reactors, where refueling is carried out with the disengagement of the operating elements of the CPS and the reactivity is compensated by a solution of a liquid absorber, the refueling should be carried out with the operating elements of the CPS and other means of influencing the reactivity introduced into the core. The concentration of the liquid absorber solution must be brought to a value at which (taking into account possible errors) the subcriticality of the reactor is at least 0.02 (excluding the introduced CPS working elements).
2.7.2.7. In reactors in which, during refueling, the required subcriticality is ensured by a liquid absorber solution, technical means and organizational measures must be provided to ensure that, during refueling, the exclusion of pure condensate supply to the reactor and the primary circuit.
2.7.2.8. In case-type reactors with top-mounted CPS drives, the design of the reactor and the CPS actuators must ensure the disengaged state of the CPS operating elements when the top block is removed.Diagnostic tools should record the uncoupled condition.
2.7.2.9. The reactor plant design must provide for technical measures to exclude the “surfacing” of the CPS working bodies during overloads.
2.7.2.10. Refueling of fuel assemblies and other elements of the core at a shutdown channel-type reactor should be carried out with the core operating elements cocked. The minimum subcriticality of the reactor during refueling, taking into account possible errors, should be at least 0.02.
2.7.2.11. For the reactor plant where refueling is carried out while the reactor is operating at power, the reactor plant design must justify and determine the permissible operating modes (power, coolant flow rate, etc.) during the refueling process. The effectiveness of the means used to suppress excess reactivity, the introduction of which is possible due to loading errors or due to reactivity effects, should be justified.
2.7.2.12. During the refueling process when the reactor is operating at power, the tightness of the primary circuit should not be violated, and means should also be provided to check the absence of coolant leaks from the primary circuit.
2.7.2.13. For reactors with partial refueling, after the completion of refueling, tests (measurements) should be carried out to confirm the main design and calculated neutron-physical characteristics of the core. For reactors with continuous refueling, the frequency of tests (measurements) should be justified in the RI design.
In the course of testing, the compliance of the experimental measurement results with the calculated parameters should be checked according to the criteria established in the RI project.
activities of “Nerudstroykom” on the transshipment of gypsum and limestone in the center of the village are carried out illegally
Ecological Watch sent official appeals to the control bodies and the Cabinet of Ministers of Adygea with a demand to take measures to remove the loading and unloading station, poisoning the lives of people, outside the residential area.
One of the old facts of gross violation of the environmental rights of citizens on the territory of Adygea is the transshipment of gypsum and limestone crushed stone by the company Nerudstroykom in the center of the village of Kamennomostsky (alternative name – Khadzhokh) in the Maikop region.A huge loading and unloading railway station, the operation of which is carried out according to primitive transshipment technologies in an open way, rattles and dust in the very center of this village, next to the market, shops, residential buildings. There is no sanitary protection zone required by law from residential buildings to reloading sites and huge heaps of rubble stored along the railroad tracks. Houses come almost close to the places of overload, despite the fact that, according to SanPiN 2.2.1 / 2.1.1.1200-03 “Sanitary protection zones and sanitary classification of enterprises, structures and other facilities”, the loading and unloading station “Nerudstroykoma” refers to facilities of the 2nd hazard class, around which there should be a sanitary protection zone of 500 meters.
The problem has existed for a very long time, the health of more than one generation of residents living in the vicinity of the station has been undermined, violations of sanitary and environmental standards are flagrant, but no one has done anything to resolve it.There is no information about the actions of local authorities, law enforcement and environmental authorities aimed at protecting the rights of citizens, as if the company “Nerudstroykom” received immunity from the obligation to follow the law. The hope for a change in the critical situation arose only recently, when the Human Rights Council under the President of Russia (HRC) became interested in this issue, to which residents of Kamennomostsky turned, and the chairman of this Council, Mikhail Fedotov, personally visited the affected area around the station.
With the support of the HRC, the Environmental Watch for the North Caucasus has also intensified its efforts to resolve the problem of illegal transfer of rubble in the center of Kamennomostsky. As the organization found out, the approved general plan of the Kamennomostsky rural settlement directly provides for the transfer of the loading and unloading station to the north of the village – to the border with the Abadzekh rural settlement, as well as the construction of a bypass road for transporting nonmetallic building materials to this station.The general plan is a law, why is it not fulfilled as well, as if it had been written, approved and forgotten? The answer is very simple – it is not profitable for Nerudstroy.
In order to bring closer the adoption of real measures aimed at resolving the issue, today EcoWatch sent official appeals to various state and municipal institutions on the issue of violations of the law during the operation of the loading and unloading station in the center of Kamennomostsky. Such appeals went to the Prime Minister of Adygea Murat Kumpilov, the head of the Maykop district Alexei Petrusenko, the prosecutor of the Maykop district Andrei Zaretsky, the head of the Rospotrebnadzor Administration for Adygea Sergei Zavgorodniy, the head of the Adygea Environmental Protection Department Sergey Kolesnikov, the head of the Department of the Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resource Usage in Krasnodar Roman Moldavanov.In all these appeals, EcoWatch directly pointed out gross violations of sanitary and environmental standards by Nerudstroykom when carrying out activities for the transshipment of rubble in the middle of the residential area, called for checks on this fact and to take effective response measures.
