Hockey ground diagram. Field Hockey: Dimensions, Rules, and Tactics – A Comprehensive Guide

What are the standard dimensions of a field hockey pitch. How do the markings on a field hockey field affect gameplay. What tactics do successful field hockey teams employ. Which positions are crucial in field hockey and why. How has field hockey evolved over time.

The Evolution of Field Hockey: From Grass to Turf

Field hockey has undergone significant changes since its inception, particularly in terms of playing surfaces. While grass was once the standard, modern field hockey at national and international levels is predominantly played on synthetic turf. This transition has had a profound impact on the sport, influencing gameplay, tactics, and player skills.

Why did field hockey move away from grass surfaces? The shift to synthetic turf was driven by several factors:

• Consistency of play: Synthetic surfaces provide a more uniform and predictable playing experience.
• Speed of the game: The ball travels faster on turf, leading to a more dynamic and exciting game.
• Reduced maintenance: Artificial turf requires less upkeep compared to natural grass fields.
• Weather resistance: Synthetic surfaces are less affected by adverse weather conditions, allowing for more reliable scheduling of matches.

Despite the prevalence of turf at higher levels of play, it’s worth noting that some local clubs and recreational leagues still utilize grass fields. This diversity in playing surfaces adds an interesting dimension to the sport, as players must adapt their skills to different conditions.

Decoding the Field Hockey Pitch: Dimensions and Markings

Understanding the layout of a field hockey pitch is crucial for players, coaches, and spectators alike. The International Hockey Federation (IHF) has established standard dimensions and markings to ensure consistency across all official matches.

Key Dimensions of a Field Hockey Pitch

What are the standard dimensions of a field hockey pitch? The official measurements are as follows:

• Length: 299 feet, 10 inches (91.4 meters)
• Width: 180 feet, 5 inches (55.0 meters)

These dimensions create a rectangular playing area that allows for fast-paced, strategic gameplay. The size of the field encourages players to utilize the entire space, leading to dynamic movements and tactical positioning.

Essential Markings on the Field

How do the markings on a field hockey field affect gameplay? Each line and arc serves a specific purpose, influencing various aspects of the game:

1. Centerline: Divides the pitch into two equal halves, used for starting play and offside rules.
2. 25-yard lines: Located 75 feet, 2 inches (22.9 meters) from each backline, these lines play a role in certain free hit rules.
3. Striking circle or “D”: A D-shaped area in front of each goal where attacking players must be to score.
4. Penalty spot: Located 21 feet (6.4 meters) from the center of each backline, used for penalty strokes.
5. Penalty corner marks: Used to position players during penalty corner situations.
6. Long corner marks: Indicate where play resumes after certain out-of-bounds situations.

These markings are integral to the flow of the game, dictating where certain plays can occur and helping officials make accurate calls.

The Goal Area: Where Precision Meets Power

The goal area in field hockey is a focal point of intense action and strategic play. Its design and dimensions are carefully specified to balance offensive opportunities with defensive challenges.

Goal Dimensions and Construction

What are the key specifications for field hockey goals? The official measurements are:

• Height: 7 feet (2.14 meters)
• Width: 12 feet (3.66 meters)
• Depth: 4 feet (1.2 meters)

The goal posts are typically white and have a width of 2 inches (0.05 meters). The construction of the goal includes sideboards and backboards, which are 1 foot, 6 inches (0.5 meters) high and darker in color than the pitch. This design helps officials determine whether a shot has entered the goal cleanly.

The Importance of Proper Netting

Why is the goal netting in field hockey designed with specific requirements? The black netting used in field hockey goals serves several purposes:

• Ball containment: The mesh spacing should not exceed 1.6 inches (0.04 meters) to prevent the ball from passing through.
• Visual clarity: The contrast between the white goal posts and black netting aids visibility for players and officials.
• Shot absorption: The netting is not fixed too tautly, allowing it to absorb the impact of shots and prevent rebounds.

These specifications ensure fair play and help maintain the flow of the game by minimizing disputes over whether a goal has been scored.

Tactical Gameplay: Maximizing Field Position

Field hockey’s unique pitch layout and markings give rise to a variety of tactical approaches. Successful teams leverage their understanding of the field to gain competitive advantages.

Exploiting the 25-yard Lines

How do teams use the 25-yard lines to their advantage? These lines play a crucial role in several aspects of the game:

• Free hits: When awarded a free hit within their own 25-yard area, defenders can play the ball directly into the opposing half, bypassing the usual requirement to travel 5 meters before entering the opponent’s half.
• Defensive structure: Teams often use the 25-yard line as a reference point for setting up their defensive formations.
• Pressing tactics: Attacking teams may use the opponent’s 25-yard line as a trigger point to initiate high-pressure defensive tactics.

By understanding the implications of these lines, teams can create more effective offensive and defensive strategies.

The Art of Circle Entry

Why is entry into the striking circle so crucial in field hockey? Goals can only be scored from within this D-shaped area, making it a hotbed of tactical play:

• Creating space: Attackers work to manipulate defensive positioning to open up paths into the circle.
• Quick release: Once inside the circle, players aim to get shots off quickly before defenders can react.
• Deflections and tips: Skilled attackers position themselves to redirect shots from teammates, making it difficult for goalkeepers to anticipate the ball’s path.

Mastering circle entry and creating high-quality shooting opportunities within this confined space is often the difference between winning and losing at the highest levels of the sport.

Player Positions and Their Roles on the Field

Field hockey requires a diverse set of skills from its players, with each position on the pitch serving a unique and vital function. Understanding these roles is key to appreciating the intricacies of the sport.

The Defensive Unit

Which positions form the backbone of a field hockey team’s defense? The defensive unit typically consists of:

• Goalkeeper: The last line of defense, equipped with specialized protective gear and allowed to use their body to stop shots within the circle.
• Fullbacks: Positioned just in front of the goalkeeper, they are responsible for clearing dangerous balls and initiating counterattacks.
• Sweeper: A floating defensive position that provides additional coverage and often acts as a playmaker from deep positions.

These players work in tandem to protect their goal and launch attacks from the back, requiring excellent communication and positional awareness.

Midfield Maestros

Why are midfielders often considered the engine of a field hockey team? Midfielders play a crucial dual role:

• Linking play: They connect the defense to the attack, facilitating smooth transitions between the two.
• Two-way players: Midfielders must be adept at both defensive duties and supporting offensive moves.
• Stamina and versatility: The position demands high levels of fitness and a well-rounded skill set.

Effective midfielders can control the tempo of the game and provide the creative spark needed to break down opposing defenses.

The Forward Line

What qualities define successful forwards in field hockey? The attacking unit is responsible for scoring goals and typically includes:

• Center Forward: Often the focal point of attacks, they need to be clinical finishers and adept at holding up play.
• Wingers: These players use their speed and dribbling skills to create chances from wide areas.
• Inside Forwards: Versatile attackers who operate in the spaces between the center and the wings, often making late runs into the circle.

Forwards must possess quick reflexes, excellent stick skills, and the ability to read the game to anticipate scoring opportunities.

Evolving Tactics in Modern Field Hockey

As field hockey has transitioned to synthetic surfaces and equipment technology has advanced, tactics have evolved to keep pace with the faster, more dynamic nature of the modern game.

High-Pressure Defensive Systems

How have defensive tactics in field hockey changed in recent years? Many teams now employ high-pressure defensive systems:

• Full-pitch press: Defenders engage opponents high up the field, aiming to force turnovers in dangerous areas.
• Zonal marking: Teams divide the pitch into zones of responsibility, allowing for quick shifts in defensive coverage.
• Intercepting passes: With the faster pace of play on turf, reading and intercepting passes has become a crucial defensive skill.

These aggressive defensive approaches aim to disrupt the opponent’s rhythm and create counterattacking opportunities.

Fluid Attacking Formations

What offensive strategies are proving effective in contemporary field hockey? Modern attacking play often features:

• Positional rotation: Players frequently switch positions to confuse defenders and create space.
• Quick, short passing: Rapid ball movement keeps the defense off-balance and opens up gaps to exploit.
• Aerial skills: The ability to lift the ball over defenders with aerial passes and 3D skills has become increasingly important.

These fluid attacking systems require high levels of teamwork, communication, and individual skill to execute effectively.

The Impact of Rule Changes on Field Hockey Strategy

Field hockey, like many sports, has seen its rules evolve over time. These changes have had a significant impact on how the game is played and the strategies employed by teams.

Self-Pass Rule

How has the introduction of the self-pass rule changed the dynamics of field hockey? This rule, which allows players to put the ball in play immediately after a free hit without passing to a teammate, has led to:

• Faster restarts: Teams can catch opponents off-guard by quickly restarting play.
• Increased pressure on defenders: Defensive players must be alert and ready to react at all times.
• More dynamic attacking play: The rule encourages creative, quick-thinking offensive moves.

Coaches have had to adapt their tactics to take advantage of this rule, emphasizing quick decision-making and situational awareness.

Changes to Penalty Corner Rules

Why have modifications to penalty corner rules had such a significant impact on the game? Recent changes, including restrictions on the first shot and the number of defenders allowed behind the backline, have resulted in:

• More varied set plays: Teams have developed a wider range of tactics for penalty corners.
• Increased emphasis on drag-flicking: This specialized skill has become crucial for scoring from penalty corners.
• Greater defensive responsibility: With fewer defenders allowed behind the line, those on the pitch must be more tactically aware.

These rule changes have made penalty corners an even more critical aspect of the game, often deciding the outcome of closely contested matches.

As field hockey continues to evolve, players, coaches, and officials must stay abreast of rule changes and their implications for strategy and gameplay. The sport’s governing bodies regularly review and update regulations to enhance safety, fairness, and spectator appeal, ensuring that field hockey remains a dynamic and exciting sport for years to come.

Field Hockey Field Dimensions | Court & Field Dimension Diagrams in 3D, History, Rules – SportsKnowHow.com

Field Hockey Field Dimensions Diagram
Click on Image for Enlarge View

Field Hockey Field Dimensions

Any official field hockey game governed by the International Hockey Federation (IHF) is played on a synthetic surface called turf. Grass is rarely used for national and international games these days, although small local hockey clubs may still use this surface.

The hockey field, also called pitch is a standard size around the world and includes basic markings. Markings should be drawn in white and as solid lines or arcs, with a width of 3 inches (0.075 meter) which is already factored into the measurements given below.

Dimensions and Markings for the Field Hockey Pitch

Pitch boundary:

The pitch on which field hockey is played has a length of 299 feet, 10 inches (91. 4 meters) and a width of 180 feet, 5 inches (55.0 meters). This boundary is marked on the turf and the shorter lines are called backlines.

Centerline:

A straight line is drawn midway between the backlines, and parallel to them. This centerline divides the pitch into two equal parts.

25-yard line:

In each half, another parallel line is drawn at a distance of 75 feet, 2 inches (22.9 meters) from the backline. This distance converts to 25 yards, hence this is called the 25-yard line. Now the pitch is divided into four equal parts.

Striking circle or “D”:

From the center of each backline, a point is marked 6 feet (1.8 meters) away and a quarter-circle arc having a radius of 48 feet (14.6 meters) is drawn from here on the inside of the field. The two quarter-circles are joined at the top by a straight line measuring 12 feet (3.7 meters) to form the D-shaped striking circle, also referred to as the “D”. Another set of quarter circles are drawn outside these and 18 feet, 1 inch (5.5 meters) away. These arcs are not solid, but dashed.

Penalty Spot:

From the center of the baseline, this point is marked 21 feet (6.4 meters) towards the inside of the pitch with a width of 6 inches (0.2 meter).

Penalty Corner Defender’s and Attacker’s Marks:

At 16 feet, 5 inches (5.0 meters) and 32 feet, 10 inches (10.0 meters) away from the center of each backline in either direction, a line having a length of 1 foot (0.3 meter) is drawn. Thus, each backline will have four such markings. These are known as the penalty corner defender’s and attacker’s marks, respectively.

Long Corner Attacker’s Mark:

Along each sideline at 16 feet, 5 inches (5.0 meters) from the backline, a line 1 foot (0.3 meter) long is drawn to form this mark.

Dimensions and Specifications for the Goal Area

Goal Post:

Each goal post has a height of 7 feet (2. 14 meters) and a width of 2 inches (0.05 meter). These posts are white.

Goal:

Each post is placed 6 feet (1.83 meters) away from the center of the backline, one on either side, with a depth of 4 feet (1.2 meters). This makes the total goal width 12 feet (3.66 meters).

Sideboards and Blackboards:

These have a height of 1 foot, 6 inches (0.5 meter) from the ground. The backboard runs the length of the goal and is 12 feet (3.66 meters) across. The sideboard depth is 4 feet (1.20 meters) at ground level and both are placed in parallel for each goal, perpendicular to the backboard. The color of the backboard and sideboards should be darker than that of the pitch.

Net:

The black net consists of mesh whose spacing should not exceed 1.6 inches (0.04 meter). It is fixed to the goal posts, bar, sideboards and backboard at intervals of 6 inches (0.15 meter) or less, to form netting around the top, sides and back of the goal. This net should not be fixed too taut; this is to stop the ball that is hit into the goal from rebounding off the net.

Field Hockey Field Diagram and Positions

1-
History
&
Object
of the
Game
2-
The
Essentials
(Offense
&
Defense,
Scoring,
etc. )
3-
Fouls
4-
Field
Diagram
&
Positions
5-
Glossary
of Field
Hockey
Terms

Field
of Play

A field
hockey
field,
often
called
the
“pitch,”
has
some
important
markings:

Sideline:
Boundary
along
the
length
of the
field.
Balls
that
cross
the
sideline
result
in a
side-in.

End
line:
Boundary
along
the
width
of the
field.
Balls
that
cross
the
end
line
result
in a
long
hit,
penalty
corner,
or 16-yard
hit.
The
goal-line
is the
part
of the
end
line
between
the
goal
posts.

Center
line:
Divides
the
field
in half.

25-yard
line:
Intentional
fouls
between
this
line
and
the
end
line
result
in a
penalty
corner.

Striking
circle:
For
a goal
to count,
shots
must
be taken
from
within
the
striking
circle
or deflect
off
an offensive
player
within
the
circle.
Also
called
the
“D.”
Fouls
within
the
circle
result
in penalty
corner.
The
5-yard
mark
is five
yards
outside
of the
circle
and
penalty
corners
end
when
the
ball
crosses
this
line.

Penalty
stroke
line:
Penalty
strokes
are
taken
from
this
mark.

Substitution
area:
Substitutions
may
take
place
during
the
game
through
this
area
only.
The
player
must
exit
the
field
before
her
replacement
enters
the
field.

Positions

There
are
11 players
on the
field
per
team,
including
the
goalie
and
10 field
players.
Formations
often
consist
of four
forwards,
three
halfbacks,
three
fullbacks,
and
one
goalkeeper,
known
as a
4-3-3
formation.
Variations,
such
as the
5-3-2,
are
also
used,
depending
on the
coach’s
strategy.

Forwards:
Primary
scorers
who
spend
most
of their
time
between
the
midfield
and
the
opponent’s
goal.

Midfielders:
Must
be able
to play
both
defense
and
offense
and
have
the
stamina
to run
the
field
in the
transition
between
offense
and
defense.
Also
called
“links.”

Fullbacks:
Primarily
defend
the
opposing
forwards
and
attempt
to clear
the
ball
when
it gets
close
to the
goal.
Some
coaches
assign
a single
defender,
called
a “sweeper,”
who
plays
closest
to her
own
goal
behind
the
fullbacks.

Goalie:
Stands
in front
of goal
to block
shots
with
her
body
and
stick.
Must
have
quick
reflexes
and
ability
to communicate
defensive
strategies
to teammates

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Lacrosse Is Similar To Field Hockey

Many people believe Field Hockey and Lacrosse are the same game. The games do not have interchangeable gear or rules of play. To clarify, lacrosse is not the same sport as field hockey. While the similarities between field hockey and lacrosse are considerable, they are quite different sports. Field hockey uses a stick that is curved and is used to push the ball up a field. The goal in lacrosse is smaller, and you do not push the ball up the field but rather toss it between nets attached to sticks held by players. The pace of play in lacrosse is considerable faster and is played at a different time of year than field hockey.

Difference and Similarities Between Lacrosse and Field Hockey

Both games use a stick to accelerate gameplay. In field hockey, the stick has a hooked end, and the ball is moved along the ground. In lacrosse, the stick has a needed head and passing it through the air into nets moves the ball. Both games have a ball that is used in a goaltending system. Lacrosse balls are smaller in a circumference between 7.75 and 8 inches. Field hockey balls range in size starting at 8.8 inches with a maximum size of 9.25 inches. Lacrosse players usually wear eye protection because the ball is passed through the air, and they also wear mouth guards to protect their teeth from cross checking with lacrosse sticks. Field hockey players also wear mouth guards but instead of eyewear they usually have shin guards since most action happens one the ground. The strategy implemented in lacrosse is not the same as that used in field hockey. The strategies used for each sport is centered on how the ball moves in the game. In field hockey, the ball is moved with sticks on the ground; so the ball is passed through stick play utilizing players accordingly. In lacrosse the players swirl the ball in a net and jet it through the air, since the game is advanced using passing, players are used differently. Lacrosse is played during the spring and summer, and field hockey is played during the fall. Gameplay is divided differently. Lacrosse has quarters and field hockey used halves. Field hockey has eleven members on the field at one time and usually 15 people per team. Lacrosse has ten players on each team. There are three attackers, three midfielders, three defenders, and a goalie. In field hockey, there are four members on the forward line, three midfield members, three defense players, and a goalie. Both lacrosse and field hockey are fast-paced sports. They require a great deal of running and endurance. Lacrosse and Field Hockey players are typically physically fit and athletic individuals. Both sports feature a scoring netted goal that is protected by a goalie. Both sports use sticks prominently to move the action of the game. They are both played on a field.

Gender Differences in Lacrosse and Field Hockey

Women and Men’s lacrosse have many differences in the rules of play. Physical contact is the biggest difference between the two sports. Body checking is legal in the men’s game, and it is not in the women’s game. Because the women lacrosse players do not have physical contact in their sport, they do not have need of the amount of protective gear worn in men’s play. Women have two extra players in their game. The pockets on women’s lacrosse sticks have strung nets instead of the mesh nets found in men’s sticks. Women’s lacrosse requires that the top of the ball remain above the sidewall if and when it’s in the pocket. These differences make shooting and stick handling in women’s lacrosse more difficult than in men’s lacrosse. In men’s lacrosse, the field is 110 yards long by 60 years wide. The women’s field is a little bit larger at 120 yards long by 70 yards wide. Women and Men’s Field Hockey have very few differences because field hockey is primarily viewed as a women’s sport in the United States. Men do not have the opportunity to play field hockey in college, but they do have the opportunity to play on the USA International team. Field hockey is used as a Title IX sport in the US to offset the number of men who play football.

Stick and Stick Diagram | Rules of Hockey

FIELD HOCKEY RULES

I started to lobby for a stick diagram to be included in the published Rules of Hockey in 1990 and in the year 2000 the FIH Hockey Rules Board responded with this (scanned from the 2000 Rule-book) :-

which infuriated me. I kept complaining about this shoddy drawing  but got nowhere, because the FIH did not want to be seen to be endorsing the product of a single brand (as if, when elements within the FIH were doing all that they could to get it banned) until I suggested (half joking) that reversing the direction of the bends would show the ‘permitted deviation’ without illustrating any available hockey stick – and the FIH HRB did exactly that in 2004 (next diagram below). These two diagrams have remained the Stick Diagrams for fifteen years despite repeated promises, from 2005 onward, that they would be “looked at”(which means nothing) on a future date.

The current Stick Diagrams.

A Suggested rewrite of a Rule of Hockey

The part of the Stick Rule concerning dimension as it was written in 1990 and as it last appeared correctly in the Rules of Hockey in 2003.

The Stick

4.4 Dimension and weight.

a. the length of the extended open curved end of the stick in the direction of the positive X axis is 100mm maximum (shown by the line D)

b. the stick may deviate from the line(s) A and/or A1 by a maximum of 20mm (shown by the lines B and B1 respectively)

c. inclusive of any additional coverings used, the stick shall pass through a ring having an interior diameter of 51mm

d. the total weight shall not exceed 737 grammes.

The current description of permitted protrusions to the edges of the handle.

2.4. It is permitted for the handle to be bent or curved to protrude beyond the line A once only to the limiting line B at maximum or but not also to be bent or curved to protrude beyond the line A1 once only to the limiting line B1 at maximum.

I have no idea why the change was made, I believe it to have been a mistake in transcription, made in 2004, when all technical specifications concerning equipment were removed from the Rules of Hockey and published in a separate booklet. Technical specifications for equipment were returned to the Rules of Hockey in 2006 and the mistake has been repeated in all rule books published since then. My repeatedly writing to the FIH HRB to have this corrected got nowhere.

The current Stick Diagrams.

The current diagrams makes a very good job of concealing the configuration and dimensions of the edge protrusions that they are supposed to be illustrating. The bends shown on the diagram on the left go in the opposite direction to the way the bends on my design go because the FIH did not want to be seen to be endorsing any particular brand while illustrating the scope of the permitted bends. The diagram on the right is taken from one I submitted to the FIH HRB but dotted lines, which I included to show the overlap of the two heads illustrated (a sample maximum possible set-back head and a conventional hook) were not included, so the difference between the conventional and the extreme permitted is not as clear as it could be. (The ZigZag Ambi, at about half the measurement that is permitted, is not close to the possible extreme configuration – and useful perhaps only in a goalkeeping stick – see the last diagram below).

Suggestion.

A replacement diagram of the face side of the stick with the corrected Rule text set out within it and with an illustrated explanation of the permitted combinations of bends or protrusions to edges of the stick handle. This diagram has been in the possession of the FIH HRB/ Rules Committee for more than ten years.

Permitted stick bow dimensions and diagram.

I have not even seen a bow measuring device, only a diagram of one and I don’t know of anyone who owns one, so it is difficult to comment about it, other than to say it seems to be a very complicated shape to carry out a simple task that could be done with a cylinder or tube with an OD of 25mm. The only other equipment needed is a flat surface (an ironing board would provide a suitable flat surface pitch-side, such tables are easily portable and quick to set up), a short ruler or set square and a tape measure.

When the former Secretary of the FIH Rules Committee, Roger Webb, asked for my opinion concerning degree and position of stick bow, I suggested 25mm as a maximum and, foreseeing the possibility of what came to be known as the ‘low bow’ and the safety issue with accidentally raised hits, that the position of maximum bow should be no more than 200mm from the mid-point of the length of the stick and preferably within 150mm.

The bow that was then permitted was 50mm and there was initially no restriction placed on the position of maximum bow. When maximum bow was, very quickly, reduced to 25mm, the low-bow stick appeared (and was heavily promoted as a drag-flick stick). The 25mm low-bow presented the face of the stick to the ball at about the same angle as a stick with a 50mm bow at the mid-point did – so then the position of maximum bow on the stick was regulated, it is now to be a minimum of 200mm up the handle from the base of the stick-head, which puts it at between 325mm and 350mm from the mid-point of the length of a stick, depending on the length of the stick: almost twice what I suggested, but there is at least some regulation.

I later suggested that as the modern composite stick does not have a splice joining handle to head and even in wooden sticks this is an economic measure rather than a necessity, that the distinction between head and handle should be on a line level with the maximum permitted upturn to the toe of the head, 100mm from the ground or the base of the head of the stick – and not, as previously, at the end of the V of the splice. That suggestion was immediately accepted.

Suggestions.

Concerning the Stick Diagram illustrating permitted protrusions to the edges of the stick – replacement as described above,

Concerning Bow (not rake, rake is a bend to the heel edge of the stick, not the face of the stick) – none, it is now too late, manufactures would need to be given several years notice of a more severe restriction.

The overlay on the suggested diagram is a representation of the configuration of the ZigZag Ambi. The protrusions to the edge sides of the Ambi are about half the width of what is permitted.

In setting the maximum permitted protrusions 20mm was added to the width permitted by the limiting diameter of the FIH Stick Ring, to allow for goalkeeping sticks already in existence at the time which had an edge protrusion of about that much just below the handle grip (it being considered unacceptable to outlaw sticks which had been on the market for some years at the time).

The head of the stick, the part below the line C-C is not limited along the X axis and can therefore protrude considerably more than 20mm on the heel side as well as the toe side, but such a protrusion would be a handicap rather than of benefit in a stick intended for use by a field player. The set-back of the Ambi is determined by the degree of set-back possible before adjustment needs to made for it by a player when a push stroke is played. An extreme set-back (maximum permitted) tends to snag on the ground during a push stroke and must be adjusted for.

The slightly set back head achieved a better head shape for ball control than the previous ultra tight heel bend could achieve and also, with the use of lamination and the incorporation of a kink to the shaft above the toe upturn, overcame the problems of bending wood – which, when the stick was designed, in 1985 (and until 1992), was the only material that a stick head could be made with. The kink in the shaft also improve stopping on both the forehand and reverse sides by dramatically increasing the area presented above the ball on the forehand side and the horizontal area presented to the ball on the reverse side, without having to put the left hand to ground. This latter advantage improve player balance when receiving and also increased the ability to scan play while receiving the ball in this position. The fact that it was no longer necessary to put the head of the receiver at the knee level of opponents when making a horizontal reverse stop also improved player safety.

Player safety was considered a negative marketing point in the 1990’s (and still is not worth mentioning), what sells hockey sticks is the promise of generating more power through the ball so that it travels at greater velocity. That hitting a ball at great velocity is mostly a matter of technique and has little to do with the make-up of the stick, beyond a certain point, is seldom considered.

The configuration shown is circa 1987. Later versions (developed after 2006, but not marketed) had a more extended toe (90mm). The goalkeeper sticks (Save and Reach, first produced in 1990 and 1992 respectively) always had a toe up-turned to the 100mm maximum permitted.

I have recently made other modification to the top of the handle, which I have not published. I very much doubt that this handle modification will be marketed but I still enjoy designing things and trying to improve the using of what we have.

Below an earlier, simpler version, of a suggested stick diagram.

Posted on April 6, 2018 at 15:39 in Rules of Hockey   |  RSS feed
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Field of Play Hockey Sports in India

Hockey field

The hockey playground is rectangular in shape. It
is 100 yards long and 60 yards wide. The longer boundary lines are called the
side lines and the shorter ones are called goal lines. All lines
are three inches wide throughout.

The
center line or Halfway Line is marked throughout its length, while the
25 yard lines is marked with broken lines. To assist in the control of the hit-in,
across the center line and each 25 yard line, parallel to and 5 yards
from the side line a mark of 2 yards in length is made. A mark is made inside
the field line of play on each side line and parallel to the goal line and 16
yards from its inner edges. This mark is 12 inches in length. For hits of penalty
corner, the field is marked by the goal lines on both sides of the goal at 5
yards and 10 yards from the nearest goal post. The field of play is marked by
the goal lines and the side lines, 5 yards on either side of the corner flags.
This is for corner hits. At a distance of 7 yards in front of the center of
each goal a spot is marked, which will not be more than 6″ in diameter.

Flag
posts

It is placed on each corner of the
field at a distance of one yard from the center line. Flag posts must not be
pointed at the top. It must be made of metal except when they are attached to
a spring 4 feet and 5 feet. Flags on these posts should not exceed 12 inches
in width or length. 

Goal
Post

There
is a goal at the center of each goal line consisting of two perpendicular posts
4 yards apart. These are joined together by a horizontal cross bar seven feet
from the ground (from inside). The front part of the goal post touches the outer
edge of the goal line. Goal post shall not extend the cross bars nor the cross
bar shall extend side ways beyond the goal posts. The goal posts and cross bars
will be 2″ wide and 3″ deep, painted in white. Nets are firmly attached
behind the goal posts.

Inside
the goal posts, a black board of 4 yards in length and not more than 8″
in height is placed. These boards on each side make an angle of 90 degrees at
the goal line. These boards are made of wood. No chocks are placed inside the
goal to support any of the boards. 

Shooting
Circle

A
line of 4 yard long and 3″ wide is drawn in front of each goal which is
parallel to and 16 yards from the goal line. This line having the inner front
corner of the goal posts as center will reach each way to meet the goal lines
by quarter circles. The space enclosed by these lines is called the shooting
circle.

Equipments
for Playing Hockey

Hockey stick and ball

Ball

The
ball is made of white leather or of any other leather painted with white material.
The inner portion of the ball is composed of cork and twine. Its weight must
be in between 156gms and 163gms. The diameter of the ball is in between 22.4cms
and 23.5cms.

The
Stick

Left
side of the stick is flat faced. The head of the stick (i.e. the part below
the lower end of the splice) is of wood. It is cut round edged and not pointer
or square. The total weight  of the stick should not exceed 28 ounces nor
less than12 ounces. Its size is so modeled that it passes through a ring having
a diameter of 2 inches.

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Field Size, Goal Post, Court, Rink Dimensions & Diagram

ICE Hockey Dimensions

Icing is a violation in the hockey. The icing occurs when a player sends the puck over the red line (centerline) and also passes through the opposition’s goal line, with no player touching the puck. There are several additions and complications to this rule in different leagues and formats.

The sport Hockey generally a team sport played with 6 a side on an ice rink where each team tries to score a goal against the opposing team. To know the concept of Icing, we need to understand the rules, regulations, equipment and dimensions of the game.

What is Icing in Hockey: The sport Hockey defines two sports- one is ice hockey and the other one is field hockey. The sport which we are talking about is Ice Hockey. This sport is more popular in Canada, Russia, eastern and central Europe and the United States. Ice hockey is simply known as Hockey in the above-mentioned countries and states. Ice hockey is used in places where field hockey is more often used as hockey. The governing body for International Ice Hockey is the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF), which manages international tournaments and maintains the IIHF world ranking.

The game is played between two teams on an ice rink with sticks and a puck with an aim to score goals by sending the puck inside opposition’s net. The hockey stick consists of a long, little wide and slightly curved blade attached to a shaft and a puck is made of solid and vulcanized rubber of a flat and round shape. It is a full paced and physical game where each team consists of one goaltender and five skaters. Latter includes two defense men and three forwards. Forwards include one center and two wingers: a right-wing and a left-wing.

# Ice Hockey Dimensions (Field Size & Goal Post):

The icing which is an infraction occurs when a player shoots the puck over the center red line and the opposition’s goal line with the puck remains unchanged. When it occurs, a linesman stops play. Play resumes with a faceoff in the defending zone of the team that committed the infraction. To know this rule in detail one needs to understand the dimension of the game.

The ice hockey is played on an ice rink which is rectangular in shape with rounded corners and surrounded by a wall of around 40 inches. In the play area there consists of two goalposts, two goal lines, three thick lines and three zones. Out of three thick lines, there are two thick blue lines that divide the rink into three zones. These two lines are used to judge if a player is offside. The red line is the center-line where the play starts and it divides the rink into two equal parts. Near both ends of the rink there are two red thin lines which are called goal lines. Behind the blue lines of both sides, there are two big red circles with a radius of 4.5 meters having a dot in its center. These circles are known as the face-off circles and dots inside the circle are called faceoff spots wherein most face-offs take place.

Apart from these four face-off spots there are five others on the ground- four on the neutral zone of each side having two spots each on the respective sides and one on the center circle known as the center faceoff. This is a sport where a live area of play is extended behind the goal line round the corner. This is where the concept of change of direction of puck and icing comes into the frame.

# Ice Hockey Rules & Regulation

There are different Icing Rules & Regulation:

No Touch or Automatic Icing: No Touch or automatic icing occurs when a player shoots the puck from behind the center red line without touching any other player if it crosses the goal line. The linesman will blow the whistle and faceoff will take place on the defending zone of the team that committed this infraction.

Mostly amateur leagues in the worldwide use no-touch or automatic icing. It was used by IIHF as well till 2014.

Touch Icing: Touch icing is a concept of first come first serve. If the opposite team’s player other than goaltender reaches first and touches the puck after it is been shot by the player from behind the center line then the referee will blow the whistle and call it as icing. The icing would be waived off if the puck is first touched by the goaltender or the players of the team that iced the puck. In simple words, icing is cancelled. This leads to high-speed races for the puck which often leads to injury.

National hockey leagues (NHL), American hockey leagues (AHL) and other European leagues used touch icing until 2012-13 season.

Hybrid Icing: The process would be the same as touch icing. The only difference will be the destination of players to reach. In touch icing, the players have to touch the puck first in order to avoid or win faceoff which leads to collision among each other and to the boards. In hybrid icing, play will be stopped immediately if the opposite team player reaches the faceoff dot first instead of skating down through goal line to touch the puck. But in some cases, if any team’s player couldn’t reach to the faceoff dot and the puck is shot around the board and comes out at the other end, then linesman has to watch out for the one who touched the puck first. If it is the opposite team’s skater then icing is called and if it is the same team player of the team that iced puck then icing is waved off and play continues.

IIHL, NHL, AHL, European Professional leagues, ECHL, CHL, NAHL play with the rule of Hybrid icing.

IIHL adopted hybrid icing as its rule from 2014 prior to which it adopted no-touch icing.

NHL started using hybrid icing as its rule from 2013-14 season. Till before this season touch icing was used.

Also Check: Ice Hockey Rules

# Exceptions to the Icing Rules:

• Icing is waived off if the team committed icing is shorthanded. Shorthand refers to having fewer skaters (less than 5) on the ice during play, as a result of the penalty.
• If a player of the same team which shoot the puck touches the puck before the opposite team’s skater touches the icing is waved off.
• If the goaltender leaves his goal crease and moves in the direction of the puck then it icing is waved off.
• If the puck enters the goal, then it is a goal rather than icing.

Get update yourself about ICE Hockey Field Size, Goal Post, Court, Rink Dimensions & Diagram

Hockey rinks

The hockey rinks familiar to the older generation in the courtyards are back again. In our country, they clearly understand the importance of sports, the creation of comfortable conditions for practicing it in every city for all people without exception. The hockey rink becomes the center of attraction – it was created not only for hockey, but also for ice skating, and in summer it can become a comfortable and spacious sports ground with all the necessary equipment.

We are ready to provide you with a project, develop a technical assignment, carry out all the preparatory work, equip with sports equipment, complete the installation of a hockey rink – without going beyond the available budget and available space.

For customers – a modern solution. We are equipping a universal sports ground based on a hockey rink. As a result, you get an object that can be operated both in summer and in winter.

Popular, sizes of hockey rinks

• 15×30 m;
• 20×40 m;
• 26×56 m;
• 30×60 m;

However, we can make a hockey rink of any size that suits you personally.Radius of curvature of sides 3.5 m, 5 m or 7.5 m.

Basic parameters

1.1. Fiberglass panels meet the requirements for hockey rinks:

• thickness – 7mm;
• height -1 230mm;
• length -2000mm,

1.2 Fiberglass color – white

1.3 In the upper part of the side railing blue, width 60mm, in the lower part of the sideboard, reinforced with a baffle plate 190 mm wide in yellow color

1.4 The frames of the sideboards are metal structures supporting the sideboard panels, made of a steel profile pipe 40x25mm. The railing is made of a steel profile tube 50x25mm.

1.5 As a part of hockey boards, reinforced wickets are made of 40x25mm, 50x25mm shaped pipes, 900 mm wide 2 (4 pcs.).

1.6 Technological swing gates with a width of 4,000 mm (1 pc.). The gate leaves are equipped with sliding rollers for easy opening / closing (comp.)

The posts, to which the sides are attached, are metal structures that support the side panels and are attached to the platform base with anchor bolts or are concreted, depending on the project, the type of foundation, and the customer’s wishes.
Made of steel profile pipes 40x25x1.5mm. The entire metal structure of the hockey court is painted with a polymer coating made in Germany. Galvanized hardware kit.

Protection against washer hitting outside the site is a panel made of steel angle 32×32 and 40×40 4 mm wall filled with galvanized mesh – “chain-link” cell 45 mm x 45 mm, 1.8 mm thick.Height-1.5m.

We carry out a full range of works

Among the tasks we perform:

1. Design and visualization . We create a sports ground for the parameters of a specific yard. This is a convenient and modern solution.
2. Preparation of the base . According to your priority and according to the calculated loads, we offer a concrete or asphalt base of the site.
3. Laying the cover . We have a variety of coatings in our arsenal, including artificial grass and crumb rubber materials.
4. Installation of additional equipment . Since hockey rinks are a universal sports ground, we offer not only hockey gates for installation, but also for summer operation of the ground we offer: football gates, basketball backboards, volleyball and much more.

Main advantages of working with us

Our company is one of the most famous and popular in the Bashkortostan market, because we offer our clients a wide range of solutions.Here are the main advantages of working with us:

• You get a comprehensive range of work from one contractor. Everything from design to installation will be quick and hassle-free.
• You can count on the highest quality work. We provide guarantees for work for up to 5 years.
• You will be assured of the quality of work. All equipment complies with GOST and SanPiN standards.
• You will receive a unique offer that fully meets all your requirements and budgetary possibilities.

Contact us and we will develop the best version of the hockey rink that suits you: +7 (347) 266-65-54

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Hockey rink lighting | Hockey rink LED lighting

A hockey rink is a special type of ice rink. Not a specialized city skating rink and, moreover, not an ice arena. Most often, this is the most ordinary multifunctional playground in the yard, which is used as a football or basketball field in summer, and for hockey in winter.

Even if there is some kind of lighting on such sites, then, in most cases, it categorically does not fit the criteria for lighting a hockey rink. There may be a lot of reasons for this. The main one is that the sports ground was developed for summer sports, and the hockey rink was completed later.In summer it gets dark later and slippery ice, again, does not exist underfoot. How can the light for an evening summer soccer match suit hockey players in winter? These sports have completely different lighting requirements!

A hockey rink needs a special kind of lighting, since hockey is a rather traumatic sport. And if we take into account the fact that complete ammunition is usually not purchased for yard games, this danger increases significantly. High-quality lighting is one of the guarantees that players will be able to assess the situation in a timely manner and react correctly to certain game moments.

Hockey rink lighting

A minimum of six lighting poles with a height of five to nine meters must be installed around the perimeter of the hockey rink.

If the support is not high (5-6 meters), the lighting system should contain 18 250W floodlights. For a high support (8-9 meters), the optimal number of floodlights is 12, with 400W lamps. These are prerequisites for high-quality and uniform illumination of the hockey rink.

The most suitable hockey rink lighting fixtures are metal halide floodlights.We recommend manufacturers such as IMG, Disano, Fael Luce for lighting backyard hockey rinks. The floodlights of all these factories are of high quality, with the only difference that Disano and Fael Luce are premium brands, while IMG is in the lower price segment. These spotlights are significantly superior to their Chinese counterparts. First of all, it is the workmanship of the case, which affects dust and moisture resistance. Also, the set of our floodlights includes a high-quality ballast, which does not fail from power surges or overheating.The most popular spotlights from IMG are the Peper series and the S3 series (250 and 400W). Their counterparts from Fael Luce are the MACH 5 and Jet 7. Disano has the Rodio series.

Regarding light sources: Metal halide projectors are usually supplied without lamps, with the exception of Disano projectors. For the rest of the floodlights, it is recommended to use German BLV lamps or their counterpart OSRAM with a capacity of 250 and 400W.

Metal halide lamps have a wide range of color temperatures.A cold light is needed to illuminate a courtyard hockey rink. Its temperature should vary from 5000 to 7000K.

Metal halide projectors are also equipped with special reflectors. There are several types of reflectors, but only two are suitable for a hockey rink: symmetrical and asymmetric. A symmetrical reflector is used to create a directional stream of light, while an asymmetric reflector scatters light more on a plane. Reflectors are selected depending on the location of the supports.The closer the support is to the site, the more diffused the light should be, the further away the support – the more directional it is necessary to make the luminous flux.

LED hockey rink

Along with metal halide floodlights, LEDs can also be used to illuminate the hockey rink. This makes it possible to save on maintenance and energy consumption. However, one should not forget that even a simple hockey rink itself is also a sports facility with a number of specific lighting requirements.It is not enough just to supply any “economical” and inexpensive LED floodlights without optics from an unknown manufacturer.

Lighting devices should evenly fill the area with light and not blind the players, for this you need to correctly calculate the number of devices, power and placement, as well as use LED floodlights that are suitable in terms of optics and power.

For courtyards, it is not at all necessary to use expensive and high-precision equipment, it is quite enough to stop at an affordable and high-quality Russian manufacturer.

To protect the luminaires from possible hit by the washer, they are equipped with special protective grilles. This is an optional but desirable condition if you want your metal halide floodlights not to fail prematurely.

VTB Arena official website – Dynamo Central Stadium

CENTRAL STADIUM DYNAMO

NAMED AFTER LEV YASHIN

Possibility of holding football matches (capacity – 25,716 people), 90,174 as well as concerts (capacity – up to 33,000 people)

• 3-tier stands
• Floor VIP boxes
• Different categories of seats
• Heated seats
• Anti-vandal system
• Fan Zone
• Natural turf
• Equipping with modern multimedia systems
• Underground parking
• Quality Catering
• Loyalty system

UNIVERSAL

VTB ARENA

• Operational site transformation
• 3 tier stands
• Floor VIP boxes
• VVIP stock
• Fan Zone
• Equipping with modern multimedia systems
• Underground parking
• Quality Catering
• Loyalty system

The capacity of the multifunctional arena is from 12 273 people, but it can be transformed depending on the event.

Maximum capacity – 14000 people.

Gallery

LOCKS FOR VIP CLIENTS

VIP boxes are located on a dedicated floor, on the second tier of the stands. The capacity of the boxes varies from 12 to 20 people, and a VVIP box for 60 guests is also offered.

• Convenient layout
• Sleek design and expensive finishes
• Best Arena or Stadium View
• Parking space in the underground parking
• Separate entrance for club-level guests
• Separate lift for club-level guests
• VIP Lounge Catering
• Access to the restaurant area

VVIP LOGS

(ARENA AND STADIUM)

The VVIP zone is located on the 3rd floor at the event level and is designed to accommodate and serve the most honored guests of VTB Arena events, including
top officials of the state.

The following premises are provided in the VVIP zone:

• Separate parking area for VVIP transport
• Separate entrance from the Moscow Alley
• Separate elevator with direct access to the VVIP area
• 4 boxes with a total capacity of 60 people with access to the spectator seats
• Common lobby with bar
• 2 rooms for negotiations and private meetings

For VVIP guests, there are seating areas of increased comfort in the first rows of the central stand of the first tier.

There are 60 seats for VVIP guests (Luxe class chairs). on the central stand of the lower tier.

The VVIP zone also includes a kitchen and serving rooms to provide restaurant service to guests at the highest level

CATERING

Specializes in providing corporate catering services, as well as organizing and conducting catering events. The catering operator ARENA PARK CATERING exists on the basis of the catering division of the largest restaurant Holding
Shokoladnitsa, which has been successfully operating in the Russian hospitality market since 1994.

Every month, the catering department serves more than 100,000 people at off-site events in the Moscow region.

Today the catering operator is a partner of a number of large companies and corporations, including such well-known Russian and international brands and organizations as the Russian Football Union (RFU), FC Spartak-Moscow, Coca-Cola, Unicredit Bank, Nissan and Infiniti, Kaspersky Lab, Mitsubishi, NIKE, Knauf, Reebok and others.

Catering division provides comprehensive exclusive passenger services at Sheremetyevo International Airport, successfully managing VIP restaurants and business lounges, is the exclusive catering operator for the Otkrytie Arena stadium, and is also appointed as a catering operator under the FIFA Program for catering for spectators at stadiums in host cities of the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup in Russia and the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia ™.

For any private and VIP events, our chefs will create an individual menu, which will represent the most popular and exclusive items from the menu of VIP boxes and Premium restaurants.

A highly qualified team of managers, chefs and waiters consists of professionals in the restaurant business with extensive experience in a variety of projects.

90,000 Hockey rink size. The size of the Canadian ice hockey rink

Only a few sports fans delve into the technical regulations for organizing competitive events. Especially in hockey, it is difficult for an amateur eye to assess the influence of the parameters of the rink, markings, players’ ammunition and other factors on the course of the match.However, there are different rules and regulations for the competition. The basic characteristics that provoke debate in hockey leagues and federations are the configuration of the site.

Who are the judges?

The main organizations that determine the parameters of the game and therefore the size of the hockey rink are the hockey leagues (NHL, KHL) and the IIHF International Federation.

It can be noted right away that the key watershed in the approach to the formation of standards concerns the IIHF and the NHL. The first organization is rightfully the main “legislator” in the rules governing the format of matches in major tournaments. The North American League, in turn, has a high prestige in hockey, therefore, its principles in setting the rules are quite common.

Despite the differences in technical regulations, disagreements and disputes on this basis only occur among theorists and judges. However, their opinion becomes decisive in making the final decision regarding the size of the hockey rink at a particular tournament.

KHL Regulations

Due to the close relationship between the IIHF and the KHL, the rules for organizing league tournaments are mainly taken over from the federation. The most commonly practiced configuration is 60 x 30 meters. At the same time, deviations are possible, but in a strictly specified range – in particular, the extreme dimensions of the hockey rink in length can be 56 and 61 m. The width of 30 m is a feature of the “continental” area – this is a maximum that increases in rare cases. In recent years, there has been a tendency to narrow the field to NHL 26 meters.

It can also be argued that the size of the KHL hockey rink is relevant for domestic tournaments, which, however, is not surprising. The league was based on the CIS platform, so the IIHF’s size also applies to the post-Soviet space.

Dimensions of the hockey box in the NHL

As you know, hockey was invented in Canada. The first officially “simulated” platforms at the beginning of the 20th century had dimensions 56 x 26. Over time, the length of the box increased by 4 m, and in this form it is used to this day.However, some adjustments were nevertheless made – in accordance with the NHL regulations, the hockey field should have a configuration of 60.96 x 25.90 m.

Discrepancies with European standards among North Americans began in the post-war years. In the Old World, they decided to revise the size of the hockey rink by increasing the playing space. At that time, the very same 30 m in width were approved. At the moment, the length has remained the same, but, as already noted, in the KHL there are prerequisites for reducing the size of the site.

Non-standard sizes

Unlike the NHL, the federation is very liberal in terms of setting the size of the ice rink. Of course, this does not mean that any organizer can customize the size of the hockey rink for the next competition. These are the officially valid parameters. So, the greatest deviation from the “golden mean” assumes a format of 40 x 20 m. By the way, at tournaments for juniors, boxes with regular sizes are also used. As for the rest, deviations from the standard size of 60 x 30 are rarely observed, which is logical, because the variety of rinks limits the possibilities of hockey players – after a season on one field on another, you have to readjust.

Influence of field parameters on the game

The nature of the differences in the two styles of hockey (Canadian and European) largely determined the size of the hockey rink, which sets the conditions for an optimal strategy.

A small field reduces the possibilities for “long” combinations and forces hockey players to act quickly. At the same time, two features are observed – a tight defense and a closer contact struggle, which made Canadian hockey more aggressive.

The spacious hockey rink used by the KHL, on the other hand, creates all conditions for thoughtful and measured play. Opportunities appear for calculating tactical actions, which also necessitated building effective defense schemes.

This is not to say that the size of the Canadian ice hockey rink simplifies the actions of the teams, but they are more focused on achieving a quick effect. For example, a passing game does not provide for multi-stage combinations from edge to edge.Such chains are ineffective in a small space, so short and instant passes become the main “weapon” of the attackers.

Given the differences in playing styles, it can be concluded that a KHL hockey player will not be able to maximize his potential on the Canadian site, and vice versa. Still, the statistics of the largest tournaments are not so unambiguous. In any case, there are many examples when hockey players turned out to be more effective on a foreign field, in comparison with the hosts.

Differences in the goalkeeper’s play on different grounds

In addition to the defense itself, which in the case of the Canadian field is tightly pressed against the goal, the difference in the goalkeeping styles is no less interesting. The large size of the hockey rink in Russia gives more space, so the main defender, even in ammunition, has the opportunity to drive in behind the goal and throw the puck. On the skating rinks of the national league, such manipulations are complicated due to insufficient space and a higher threat from the opponent.

Describing the actions of goalkeepers, one cannot fail to note the dynamics inherent in matches between North American clubs. Here the role of defense becomes decisive, since the main struggle unfolds in the corners and directly in the goal area.

Is the perfect size possible?

All modern standard sizes of hockey goals have their own rationale. The nature of the gameplay, tactics, entertainment and dynamics are changing. Choosing a single format means losing the merits of other options.On the other hand, the variety of sizes has its own negative features, as mentioned above. These regulations in general can be called unified, but at the same time leaving the opportunity to demonstrate different styles. So, the size of the NHL hockey rink will provide the viewer with many bright moments, and the IIHF format will allow observing no less interesting implementations of strategic techniques. Therefore, the ideal size of the hockey rink, probably, cannot be, because only a variety of genres can satisfy the preferences of the entire audience of fans.

Other parameters of the hockey rink

In terms of configuration, the hockey field is a very complex field, in which not only size is important. The device of the gate, markings, board height and other attributes contribute to the formation of the gameplay. On the field itself, the markings of the hockey rink act as the regulator of the match. Its dimensions and format are strictly defined and are intended for the zoning of the ice rink. The height of the sides can reach 1.22 meters, and the minimum should not fall below 1 m.The height of the goal (1.22 m) is similar, the width of which corresponds to 1.83 m.

Based on the above, we can conclude that there are no strict and generally accepted standards regarding the parameters of the hockey rink. Although there are also no significant differences in the sizes set by the leagues and federations. This uncertainty makes hockey a truly vibrant and evolving game.

Hockey rink – pictures

Hockey rink – pictures

Hockey rink – wallpaper

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full screen.