Fields Corner Shooting: Community Mourns Alicia Restrepo as Boston Police Seek Help in Solving 47th Homicide of 2018

How did the shooting of Alicia Restrepo impact the Fields Corner community. What steps are Boston police taking to solve this homicide case. Why has there been an increase in violent crime in Boston recently. How can the public assist in the investigation.

The Tragic Loss of Alicia Restrepo

On Monday night, October 15, 2018, the Fields Corner neighborhood of Dorchester was shaken by a devastating act of violence. Alicia Restrepo, a 24-year-old Boston resident, was fatally shot while sitting in her car near the intersection of Charles and Ditson Streets. This senseless act of violence has left the community reeling and searching for answers.

Restrepo, described by friends as a “beautiful soul” and a “smart, good sister,” was a former student at UMass Lowell. Her untimely death has sparked an outpouring of grief on social media, with many struggling to come to terms with the loss of such a promising young life.

Details of the Incident

According to police reports, the shooting occurred at approximately 9:36 PM. Restrepo was shot multiple times and pronounced dead at the scene. Investigators believe that Restrepo may not have been the intended target of the shooting, adding another layer of tragedy to an already heartbreaking situation.

Boston Police Appeal for Public Assistance

As the investigation into Restrepo’s death continues, the Boston Police Department is calling on the public for help. They are urging anyone who was in the vicinity of Leroy Street, Ditson Street, Charles Street, and Geneva Avenue at the time of the shooting to come forward with any information they may have.

Why is public assistance crucial in solving this case? Even the smallest detail could prove pivotal in piecing together the events that led to Restrepo’s death. The police emphasize that all information, regardless of how minor it may seem, could be significant in their investigation.

How to Provide Information

• Contact homicide detectives directly at 617-343-4470
• Call the anonymous CrimeStoppers tip line at 1-800-494-TIPS
• Text the word ‘TIP’ to CRIME (27463)

Rising Homicide Rates in Boston

Restrepo’s death marks the 47th homicide in Boston in 2018, a concerning increase from the 43 homicides recorded at the same point in 2017. This uptick in violent crime has raised alarm among community leaders and law enforcement officials.

How does this compare to historical trends? While the current homicide rate is higher than recent years, it’s important to note that the 10-year average for homicides in Boston is 54. This context provides a broader perspective on the city’s ongoing struggle with violent crime.

Recent Surge in Violence

Restrepo’s death is part of a troubling pattern of recent violence in Boston. Since October 5, 2018, the city has witnessed eight separate fatal shootings, resulting in eight deaths. This sudden spike in violent crime has heightened concerns about public safety and prompted calls for increased community engagement and law enforcement efforts.

Community Response and Support

In the wake of this tragedy, the Boston community has rallied to support Restrepo’s family and honor her memory. A GoFundMe page has been established to help cover funeral costs, with friends and strangers alike contributing to ease the financial burden on her grieving family.

How can communities come together in times of tragedy? The outpouring of support for Restrepo’s family demonstrates the power of community solidarity in the face of senseless violence. It serves as a reminder of the importance of unity and mutual support in overcoming collective trauma.

Remembering Alicia Restrepo

Friends and family have taken to social media to share memories of Restrepo, painting a picture of a vibrant young woman whose life was cut tragically short. One tribute, shared on Facebook, reads: “In Loving Memory Of Alicia Restrepo, 24. You Will Be Deeply & Truly Missed, Love Your Family & Friends.”

Broader Context: Gun Violence in Boston

The shooting of Alicia Restrepo is part of a larger pattern of gun violence affecting Boston and other urban areas across the United States. To understand the full impact of this tragedy, it’s crucial to examine the broader context of gun violence in the city.

Recent Incidents

Just days after Restrepo’s death, another shocking act of violence occurred in Dorchester. A teenage girl was fatally shot in broad daylight near 30 Topliff Street in the Mount Bowdoin neighborhood. This incident, occurring on October 17, 2018, further underscores the urgent need to address gun violence in the community.

In response to this latest shooting, an 18-year-old suspect, Anthony Kelley of Dorchester, was quickly apprehended and charged with murder. The swift action by law enforcement in this case provides a glimmer of hope in the ongoing battle against violent crime.

Law Enforcement Response and Challenges

Boston Police Commissioner William Gross has been at the forefront of efforts to combat the recent surge in violence. In his public statements, Gross has emphasized the importance of community cooperation in solving and preventing crimes.

What strategies are being employed to address gun violence in Boston? The police department is focusing on rapid response times, community engagement, and leveraging technology to enhance their investigative capabilities. However, they face significant challenges in combating the complex factors that contribute to urban violence.

Community Policing Efforts

Commissioner Gross has repeatedly stressed that the vast majority of residents in affected neighborhoods are law-abiding citizens. He estimates that only 1.5% to 2% of individuals are responsible for the acts of violence plaguing these communities. This perspective underscores the importance of building trust and cooperation between law enforcement and the communities they serve.

Impact of COVID-19 on Crime Rates

The ongoing coronavirus pandemic has added another layer of complexity to Boston’s crime landscape. Commissioner Gross noted that crime rates have experienced “fluctuations up and down” during the crisis, though overall rates have generally been lower than pre-pandemic levels.

How has the pandemic affected crime patterns in urban areas? The relationship between the pandemic and crime rates is complex and multifaceted. While some types of crime have decreased due to lockdowns and reduced public activity, others have seen increases, potentially due to economic stress and social disruption.

Challenges in Crime Prevention During a Pandemic

Law enforcement agencies face unique challenges in maintaining public safety while also adhering to public health guidelines. The need for social distancing has impacted community policing efforts and altered the dynamics of criminal activity in urban areas.

Call for Community Action

In the face of these challenges, both law enforcement officials and community leaders are calling for increased community involvement in crime prevention and resolution. Boston Mayor Martin Walsh, speaking at the scene of the recent teenage shooting, expressed his condolences to the victim’s family and emphasized the need for community support.

How can community members contribute to reducing violence? Active participation in neighborhood watch programs, reporting suspicious activities, and supporting youth outreach initiatives are all crucial steps in creating safer communities. Additionally, addressing underlying socioeconomic factors that contribute to crime is essential for long-term violence reduction.

Support for Affected Families

District Attorney Rachael Rollins highlighted the dual tragedy of violent crime – the loss of life for the victim and the potential incarceration of the perpetrator. This perspective underscores the importance of prevention and intervention programs that address the root causes of violence before tragedy strikes.

Looking Forward: Strategies for a Safer Boston

As Boston grapples with this recent surge in violence, city officials, law enforcement, and community leaders are working to develop comprehensive strategies to enhance public safety. These efforts involve a multi-faceted approach that combines law enforcement, community engagement, and social services.

What long-term solutions are being considered to address urban violence? Some key areas of focus include:

• Enhancing youth outreach and mentoring programs
• Improving access to mental health and substance abuse services
• Implementing violence interruption programs
• Strengthening community-police relationships
• Addressing systemic inequalities that contribute to crime

By adopting a holistic approach to public safety, Boston aims to create lasting change and prevent future tragedies like the loss of Alicia Restrepo.

The Role of Education and Opportunity

Many experts believe that expanding educational and economic opportunities is crucial in reducing urban violence. By providing young people with alternatives to crime and pathways to success, communities can work to break the cycle of violence that has claimed too many lives.

How can education serve as a deterrent to crime? Quality education not only provides individuals with the skills and knowledge needed for economic success but also fosters critical thinking, empathy, and conflict resolution skills that can help prevent violent behavior.

Remembering the Victims and Fostering Hope

As the investigation into Alicia Restrepo’s death continues and the city works to address the broader issues of gun violence, it’s crucial to remember the human cost of these tragedies. Each victim leaves behind grieving family and friends, and their loss reverberates throughout the community.

How can communities honor the memories of victims while working towards a safer future? By coming together in solidarity, supporting affected families, and actively participating in violence prevention efforts, communities can transform grief into positive action.

The Power of Collective Action

The response to recent acts of violence in Boston demonstrates the resilience and strength of urban communities. From the rapid response of law enforcement to the outpouring of support for victims’ families, there are signs of hope amidst the tragedy.

As Boston continues to grapple with the complex issues surrounding urban violence, the spirit of community solidarity and the dedication of those working for change offer a path forward. By learning from these tragedies and working together, there is hope for a safer, more peaceful future for all of Boston’s residents.

As community reels loss of ‘beautiful soul’ 24-year-old Alicia Restrepo, Boston police ask for public’s help solving the city’s 47th homicide of 2018

Alicia Restrepo

By Jacqueline Tempera | MassLive

Boston police are asking anyone who was near the Dorchester neighborhood where a 24-year-old woman was shot and killed on Monday to call detectives.

Alicia Restrepo, of Boston, was shot and killed while sitting in her car in the Fields Corner area Monday night, police said.

While her death is under investigation, police have not made any arrests, police said Friday morning.

A person familiar with the investigation said Restrepo does not appear to be the intended victim of the 9:36 p.m. shooting on Charles Street in Dorchester.

Restrepo was sitting in her car near Charles and Ditson Streets in Dorchester when she was shot multiple times, police said in a news release. She was pronounced dead at the scene.

Anyone who was in the areas of Leroy Street, Ditson Street, Charles Street and Geneva Avenue at the time of the shooting Monday is asked to reach homicide detectives at 617-343-4470.

“Anyone with information, regardless of how minor or small it may appear, is strongly encouraged to contact homicide detectives,” police wrote in the statement.

Community members wishing leave anonymous information can call the CrimeStoppers at tip line at 1-800-494-TIPS or by texting the world ‘TIP’ to CRIME (27463).

Restrepo’s death marks the city’s 47th homicide in 2018, compared with 43 at the same time in 2017, according to police. The 10-year average for homicides is 54, police said.

With eight people killed in eight separate shootings since Oct. 5., Respreto’s shooting also comes during a rash of violence in Boston that has alarmed community leaders.

Respreto was a former student at UMass Lowell, who friends have described as a “smart, good sister,” to media.

In a GoFundMe page set up to raise money to cover Restrepo’s funeral costs, Jonathan Hernandez, a close family friend, called the young woman a “beautiful soul.”

Friends grappled with the loss of Respreto in an outpouring of social media posts.

In Loving Memory Of
Alicia Restrepo, 24
10,15,18
“You Will Be Deeply & Truly Missed, Love Your Family & Friends”
????????
#St?pTheVi?lence #SpreadLoveNotWar #PayingHomage

Posted by Paying Homage on Wednesday, October 17, 2018

Read more about gun violence in Boston

Teenage girl shot to death in broad daylight in Boston: police

An 18-year-old is behind bars, facing a murder charge in the broad-daylight slaying of a teenage girl in Dorchester on Wednesday.

A girl believed to be in her late teens suffered fatal gunshot wounds near 30 Topliff St. in Dorchester’s Mount Bowdoin neighborhood, the Boston Police Department said. The call came in at 3:37 p.m.

Authorities didn’t identify the victim.

Anthony Kelley, 18, of Dorchester, was arrested Wednesday night and faces charges including murder.

“Because of the officers’ quick response, we do have a person of interest,” Police Commissioner William Gross had told reporters earlier at the scene, adding that the cops recovered a gun from the scene of the crime that he described as happening “in broad daylight.”

Gross declined to speak further about motivation or if there is any suspected link between the shooter and the victim.

The police department is asking anyone with information to call 1-800-494-TIPS to report anonymously.

District Attorney Rachael Rollins also credited the cops on patrol with a quick response to the shooting.

“We’re very confident with respect to this case that we’ll be able to report something very soon,” Rollins said from the scene. “My heart goes out to this family who lost a loved one today, and there is another family who a loved one is potentially going to be charged with the homicide. So it’s a sad day, but we’re working to make sure that we hold the person who did this accountable. ”

Boston Mayor Martin Walsh, also speaking at the scene, said, “To the family: You’re in our thoughts and prayers.”

Gross thanked the locals who live in a neighborhood of Dorchester that’s seen an unfortunate number of shootings and other crimes over the years for calling 911 so quickly.

“It’s 1.5% to 2% who are committing the acts of violence,”  Gross said as he often does while talking about crime in Boston’s neighborhoods. “The rest of the folks in the neighborhood are good folks. It’s times like this during a pandemic that we need to stick together and no acts of violence should be tolerated.”

Gross said the crime rates have had “fluctuations up and down” during the ongoing coronavirus crisis, though it’s generally been lower. Gross insisted that people arrested for violent crime “remain in custody” even as authorities including Rollins move to controversially release other people accused of committing nonviolent crimes as the pandemic worsens.

“They will be held accountable,” Gross said of violent criminals.

• BOSTON, MA: April 15, 2020: Boston Police investigate a reported shooting on Topliff Street in Boston, Massachusetts.(Staff photo by Nicolaus Czarnecki/MediaNews Group/Boston Herald)

• BOSTON, MA: April 15, 2020: Boston Police investigate a reported shooting on Topliff Street in Boston, Massachusetts.(Staff photo by Nicolaus Czarnecki/MediaNews Group/Boston Herald)

• BOSTON, MA: April 15, 2020: Boston Police investigate a reported shooting on Topliff Street in Boston, Massachusetts.(Staff photo by Nicolaus Czarnecki/MediaNews Group/Boston Herald)

• BOSTON, MA: April 15, 2020: Boston Police investigate a reported shooting on Topliff Street in Boston, Massachusetts.(Staff photo by Nicolaus Czarnecki/MediaNews Group/Boston Herald)

Shooting | US Forest Service

Target shooting is allowed on national forest or grassland unless restricted. Check your local ranger district for more information about local restriction. It is prohibited to shoot:    

• In or within 150 yards from a residence, building, campsite, developed recreation area or occupied area.
• Across or on a national forest or grassland road or body of water.
• In any manner or place where any person or property is exposed to injury or damage as a result of such discharge.
• Into or within a cave.
• Firing tracer bullets or incendiary ammunition.
• Disturbing, injuring, destroying, or in any way damaging any prehistoric, historic, or archaeological resource, structure, site, artifact, property.
• Abandoning any personal property or failing to dispose of all garbage, including targets, paper, cans, bottles, appliances.

In general, you should target shoot only if you:

• Use approved targets. Certain forests may have specific restrictions, such as the type of targets used (i.e. cardboard targets, paper targets, clay pigeons).
  • Exploding targets are not recommended and are restricted on many forests or grasslands for safety and fire concerns.
• Use approved targets along with a safe, ”bullet-proof” backstop. Do not to attach your targets to vegetation or structures, such as; trees, log decks, slash piles, fences, or water tanks.
• Practice safe gun handling by:
  • Treating every gun as if it is loaded.
  • Never letting the muzzle of a firearm point at anything you do not intend to shoot.
  • Keeping your finger off of the trigger until your sights are on the target and you are ready to shoot.
  • Making sure of your target and what is beyond.
• Are not in possession of alcoholic beverages while discharging a firearm.

Visit www.treadlightly.org/programs/respected-access

Remember: You are responsible for your own safety and for the safety of those around you.

Shooting an Elephant | The Orwell Foundation

This material remains under copyright in the US and is reproduced here with the kind assistance of the Orwell Estate. The Orwell Foundation is a registered charity dedicated to perpetuating George Orwell’s legacy, whether through the prestigious Orwell Prizes, The Orwell Youth Prize educational programme, cultural events and debates, or resources like this one. It has never been easier to support our work. 

In Moulmein, in lower Burma, I was hated by large numbers of people – the only time in my life that I have been important enough for this to happen to me. I was sub-divisional police officer of the town, and in an aimless, petty kind of way anti-European feeling was very bitter. No one had the guts to raise a riot, but if a European woman went through the bazaars alone somebody would probably spit betel juice over her dress. As a police officer I was an obvious target and was baited whenever it seemed safe to do so. When a nimble Burman tripped me up on the football field and the referee (another Burman) looked the other way, the crowd yelled with hideous laughter. This happened more than once. In the end the sneering yellow faces of young men that met me everywhere, the insults hooted after me when I was at a safe distance, got badly on my nerves. The young Buddhist priests were the worst of all. There were several thousands of them in the town and none of them seemed to have anything to do except stand on street corners and jeer at Europeans.

All this was perplexing and upsetting. For at that time I had already made up my mind that imperialism was an evil thing and the sooner I chucked up my job and got out of it the better. Theoretically – and secretly, of course – I was all for the Burmese and all against their oppressors, the British. As for the job I was doing, I hated it more bitterly than I can perhaps make clear. In a job like that you see the dirty work of Empire at close quarters. The wretched prisoners huddling in the stinking cages of the lock-ups, the grey, cowed faces of the long-term convicts, the scarred buttocks of the men who had been Bogged with bamboos – all these oppressed me with an intolerable sense of guilt. But I could get nothing into perspective. I was young and ill-educated and I had had to think out my problems in the utter silence that is imposed on every Englishman in the East. I did not even know that the British Empire is dying, still less did I know that it is a great deal better than the younger empires that are going to supplant it. All I knew was that I was stuck between my hatred of the empire I served and my rage against the evil-spirited little beasts who tried to make my job impossible. With one part of my mind I thought of the British Raj as an unbreakable tyranny, as something clamped down, in saecula saeculorum, upon the will of prostrate peoples; with another part I thought that the greatest joy in the world would be to drive a bayonet into a Buddhist priest’s guts. Feelings like these are the normal by-products of imperialism; ask any Anglo-Indian official, if you can catch him off duty.

One day something happened which in a roundabout way was enlightening. It was a tiny incident in itself, but it gave me a better glimpse than I had had before of the real nature of imperialism – the real motives for which despotic governments act. Early one morning the sub-inspector at a police station the other end of the town rang me up on the phone and said that an elephant was ravaging the bazaar. Would I please come and do something about it? I did not know what I could do, but I wanted to see what was happening and I got on to a pony and started out. I took my rifle, an old 44 Winchester and much too small to kill an elephant, but I thought the noise might be useful in terrorem. Various Burmans stopped me on the way and told me about the elephant’s doings. It was not, of course, a wild elephant, but a tame one which had gone “must.” It had been chained up, as tame elephants always are when their attack of “must” is due, but on the previous night it had broken its chain and escaped. Its mahout, the only person who could manage it when it was in that state, had set out in pursuit, but had taken the wrong direction and was now twelve hours’ journey away, and in the morning the elephant had suddenly reappeared in the town. The Burmese population had no weapons and were quite helpless against it. It had already destroyed somebody’s bamboo hut, killed a cow and raided some fruit-stalls and devoured the stock; also it had met the municipal rubbish van and, when the driver jumped out and took to his heels, had turned the van over and inflicted violences upon it.

The Burmese sub-inspector and some Indian constables were waiting for me in the quarter where the elephant had been seen. It was a very poor quarter, a labyrinth of squalid bamboo huts, thatched with palmleaf, winding all over a steep hillside. I remember that it was a cloudy, stuffy morning at the beginning of the rains. We began questioning the people as to where the elephant had gone and, as usual, failed to get any definite information. That is invariably the case in the East; a story always sounds clear enough at a distance, but the nearer you get to the scene of events the vaguer it becomes. Some of the people said that the elephant had gone in one direction, some said that he had gone in another, some professed not even to have heard of any elephant. I had almost made up my mind that the whole story was a pack of lies, when we heard yells a little distance away. There was a loud, scandalized cry of “Go away, child! Go away this instant!” and an old woman with a switch in her hand came round the corner of a hut, violently shooing away a crowd of naked children. Some more women followed, clicking their tongues and exclaiming; evidently there was something that the children ought not to have seen. I rounded the hut and saw a man’s dead body sprawling in the mud. He was an Indian, a black Dravidian coolie, almost naked, and he could not have been dead many minutes. The people said that the elephant had come suddenly upon him round the corner of the hut, caught him with its trunk, put its foot on his back and ground him into the earth. This was the rainy season and the ground was soft, and his face had scored a trench a foot deep and a couple of yards long. He was lying on his belly with arms crucified and head sharply twisted to one side. His face was coated with mud, the eyes wide open, the teeth bared and grinning with an expression of unendurable agony. (Never tell me, by the way, that the dead look peaceful. Most of the corpses I have seen looked devilish.) The friction of the great beast’s foot had stripped the skin from his back as neatly as one skins a rabbit. As soon as I saw the dead man I sent an orderly to a friend’s house nearby to borrow an elephant rifle. I had already sent back the pony, not wanting it to go mad with fright and throw me if it smelt the elephant.

The orderly came back in a few minutes with a rifle and five cartridges, and meanwhile some Burmans had arrived and told us that the elephant was in the paddy fields below, only a few hundred yards away. As I started forward practically the whole population of the quarter flocked out of the houses and followed me. They had seen the rifle and were all shouting excitedly that I was going to shoot the elephant. They had not shown much interest in the elephant when he was merely ravaging their homes, but it was different now that he was going to be shot. It was a bit of fun to them, as it would be to an English crowd; besides they wanted the meat. It made me vaguely uneasy. I had no intention of shooting the elephant – I had merely sent for the rifle to defend myself if necessary – and it is always unnerving to have a crowd following you. I marched down the hill, looking and feeling a fool, with the rifle over my shoulder and an ever-growing army of people jostling at my heels. At the bottom, when you got away from the huts, there was a metalled road and beyond that a miry waste of paddy fields a thousand yards across, not yet ploughed but soggy from the first rains and dotted with coarse grass. The elephant was standing eight yards from the road, his left side towards us. He took not the slightest notice of the crowd’s approach. He was tearing up bunches of grass, beating them against his knees to clean them and stuffing them into his mouth.

I had halted on the road. As soon as I saw the elephant I knew with perfect certainty that I ought not to shoot him. It is a serious matter to shoot a working elephant – it is comparable to destroying a huge and costly piece of machinery – and obviously one ought not to do it if it can possibly be avoided. And at that distance, peacefully eating, the elephant looked no more dangerous than a cow. I thought then and I think now that his attack of “must” was already passing off; in which case he would merely wander harmlessly about until the mahout came back and caught him. Moreover, I did not in the least want to shoot him. I decided that I would watch him for a little while to make sure that he did not turn savage again, and then go home.

But at that moment I glanced round at the crowd that had followed me. It was an immense crowd, two thousand at the least and growing every minute. It blocked the road for a long distance on either side. I looked at the sea of yellow faces above the garish clothes-faces all happy and excited over this bit of fun, all certain that the elephant was going to be shot. They were watching me as they would watch a conjurer about to perform a trick. They did not like me, but with the magical rifle in my hands I was momentarily worth watching. And suddenly I realized that I should have to shoot the elephant after all. The people expected it of me and I had got to do it; I could feel their two thousand wills pressing me forward, irresistibly. And it was at this moment, as I stood there with the rifle in my hands, that I first grasped the hollowness, the futility of the white man’s dominion in the East. Here was I, the white man with his gun, standing in front of the unarmed native crowd – seemingly the leading actor of the piece; but in reality I was only an absurd puppet pushed to and fro by the will of those yellow faces behind. I perceived in this moment that when the white man turns tyrant it is his own freedom that he destroys. He becomes a sort of hollow, posing dummy, the conventionalized figure of a sahib. For it is the condition of his rule that he shall spend his life in trying to impress the “natives,” and so in every crisis he has got to do what the “natives” expect of him. He wears a mask, and his face grows to fit it. I had got to shoot the elephant. I had committed myself to doing it when I sent for the rifle. A sahib has got to act like a sahib; he has got to appear resolute, to know his own mind and do definite things. To come all that way, rifle in hand, with two thousand people marching at my heels, and then to trail feebly away, having done nothing – no, that was impossible. The crowd would laugh at me. And my whole life, every white man’s life in the East, was one long struggle not to be laughed at.

But I did not want to shoot the elephant. I watched him beating his bunch of grass against his knees, with that preoccupied grandmotherly air that elephants have. It seemed to me that it would be murder to shoot him. At that age I was not squeamish about killing animals, but I had never shot an elephant and never wanted to. (Somehow it always seems worse to kill a large animal.) Besides, there was the beast’s owner to be considered. Alive, the elephant was worth at least a hundred pounds; dead, he would only be worth the value of his tusks, five pounds, possibly. But I had got to act quickly. I turned to some experienced-looking Burmans who had been there when we arrived, and asked them how the elephant had been behaving. They all said the same thing: he took no notice of you if you left him alone, but he might charge if you went too close to him.

It was perfectly clear to me what I ought to do. I ought to walk up to within, say, twenty-five yards of the elephant and test his behavior. If he charged, I could shoot; if he took no notice of me, it would be safe to leave him until the mahout came back. But also I knew that I was going to do no such thing. I was a poor shot with a rifle and the ground was soft mud into which one would sink at every step. If the elephant charged and I missed him, I should have about as much chance as a toad under a steam-roller. But even then I was not thinking particularly of my own skin, only of the watchful yellow faces behind. For at that moment, with the crowd watching me, I was not afraid in the ordinary sense, as I would have been if I had been alone. A white man mustn’t be frightened in front of “natives”; and so, in general, he isn’t frightened. The sole thought in my mind was that if anything went wrong those two thousand Burmans would see me pursued, caught, trampled on and reduced to a grinning corpse like that Indian up the hill. And if that happened it was quite probable that some of them would laugh. That would never do.

There was only one alternative. I shoved the cartridges into the magazine and lay down on the road to get a better aim. The crowd grew very still, and a deep, low, happy sigh, as of people who see the theatre curtain go up at last, breathed from innumerable throats. They were going to have their bit of fun after all. The rifle was a beautiful German thing with cross-hair sights. I did not then know that in shooting an elephant one would shoot to cut an imaginary bar running from ear-hole to ear-hole. I ought, therefore, as the elephant was sideways on, to have aimed straight at his ear-hole, actually I aimed several inches in front of this, thinking the brain would be further forward.

When I pulled the trigger I did not hear the bang or feel the kick – one never does when a shot goes home – but I heard the devilish roar of glee that went up from the crowd. In that instant, in too short a time, one would have thought, even for the bullet to get there, a mysterious, terrible change had come over the elephant. He neither stirred nor fell, but every line of his body had altered. He looked suddenly stricken, shrunken, immensely old, as though the frightful impact of the bullet had paralysed him without knocking him down. At last, after what seemed a long time – it might have been five seconds, I dare say – he sagged flabbily to his knees. His mouth slobbered. An enormous senility seemed to have settled upon him. One could have imagined him thousands of years old. I fired again into the same spot. At the second shot he did not collapse but climbed with desperate slowness to his feet and stood weakly upright, with legs sagging and head drooping. I fired a third time. That was the shot that did for him. You could see the agony of it jolt his whole body and knock the last remnant of strength from his legs. But in falling he seemed for a moment to rise, for as his hind legs collapsed beneath him he seemed to tower upward like a huge rock toppling, his trunk reaching skyward like a tree. He trumpeted, for the first and only time. And then down he came, his belly towards me, with a crash that seemed to shake the ground even where I lay.

I got up. The Burmans were already racing past me across the mud. It was obvious that the elephant would never rise again, but he was not dead. He was breathing very rhythmically with long rattling gasps, his great mound of a side painfully rising and falling. His mouth was wide open – I could see far down into caverns of pale pink throat. I waited a long time for him to die, but his breathing did not weaken. Finally I fired my two remaining shots into the spot where I thought his heart must be. The thick blood welled out of him like red velvet, but still he did not die. His body did not even jerk when the shots hit him, the tortured breathing continued without a pause. He was dying, very slowly and in great agony, but in some world remote from me where not even a bullet could damage him further. I felt that I had got to put an end to that dreadful noise. It seemed dreadful to see the great beast Lying there, powerless to move and yet powerless to die, and not even to be able to finish him. I sent back for my small rifle and poured shot after shot into his heart and down his throat. They seemed to make no impression. The tortured gasps continued as steadily as the ticking of a clock.

In the end I could not stand it any longer and went away. I heard later that it took him half an hour to die. Burmans were bringing dash and baskets even before I left, and I was told they had stripped his body almost to the bones by the afternoon.

Afterwards, of course, there were endless discussions about the shooting of the elephant. The owner was furious, but he was only an Indian and could do nothing. Besides, legally I had done the right thing, for a mad elephant has to be killed, like a mad dog, if its owner fails to control it. Among the Europeans opinion was divided. The older men said I was right, the younger men said it was a damn shame to shoot an elephant for killing a coolie, because an elephant was worth more than any damn Coringhee coolie. And afterwards I was very glad that the coolie had been killed; it put me legally in the right and it gave me a sufficient pretext for shooting the elephant. I often wondered whether any of the others grasped that I had done it solely to avoid looking a fool.

Published by New Writing, 2, Autumn 1936

2. Shooting glade / ConsultantPlus

2.1. The field (area) must be rectangular, and each distance is carefully measured from the point under the backboard, which is a vertical projection of the center of the yellow zone of each target, to the shooting line. The tolerance for the size of the field (area) at distances of 90, 70, 60 m is +/- 30 cm, at distances of 50 and 30 m – +/- 15 cm, at a distance of 18 m – +/- 10 cm.

2.2. The waiting line is marked at least 5 meters behind the firing line.

2.3. Each board has a serial number and is set at an angle of 10 to 15 ° from the vertical, but all boards in a row are set at the same angle.

2.4. The center of the yellow target area is 130 cm vertically from the average ground level. The line of centers of yellow, like the line of the shields, must be straight.

2.4.1. When shooting outdoors at distances of 60, 70 and 90 meters, the center of the yellow zone of the target is 130 cm vertically from the average ground level.When using multiplied targets when shooting at distances of 50, 40 and 30 meters, the centers of the upper row of targets should be at a height 160 cm above ground level, with centers approximately 42 cm apart.At championships, according to international rules, the use of targets located at the corners of an equilateral triangle is allowed. The permissible deviation in measurements is not more than 5 cm.

2. 4.2 When shooting at distances of 50, 40 and 30 meters when using three targets with a diameter of 40 cm, located at the corners of an equilateral triangle, the centers of the lower targets are located at a height of 130 cm. in two horizontal lines, then the level of the height of the lower and upper lines are located respectively at a height of 100 and 160 cm.Measurement errors should not exceed 2 cm. The distance between the nearest scoring zones should not be less than 15 cm. In competitions held indoors at a distance of 18 meters, match matches are held on triple targets with a diameter of 40 cm.

2.5. All participants in the competition shoot on the same field. The women’s sector is separated from the men’s sector by a corridor at least 5 m wide.When holding the final round with alternate shooting in the women’s and men’s sectors, the width of the corridor is no more than 10 m.

2.6. It is desirable that no more than three athletes shoot at one target (except for the final round). The maximum possible number of shooters is four.

2.7. Points on the line of fire that lie on the perpendicular of each shield are marked and numbered in the same way as the shields. When more than two athletes are shooting at the backboard at the same time, the positions of the shooters are marked on the firing line, and each is allocated a space of at least 80 cm wide. When athletes in wheelchairs participate, their need for additional space must be taken into account.

2.8. On the field (site), lines (perpendicular from the shooting line to the target line) are used for shooting corridors:

2.8.1. including from one to four, if the competition is held at distances of 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 90 meters.

2.8.2. including no more than two athletes with a width of at least 160 cm, if the competition is held at a distance of 18 meters.

2.9. In 3 meters ahead (to the shields) from the firing line parallel to it, a three-meter line is marked.The three-meter line is completely inside the zone (an imaginary vertical plane) and is part of this zone.

2.10. Barriers are set up around the field, behind which spectators must remain. Such barriers (fences) shall be installed at least 10 m behind and to the sides of the ends of the holding line and at least 20 m from each side of the target line installed at 90 m. people were out of sight of the shooting athletes.

2.11. In the final knockout rounds, both men and women can shoot at the same targets at different times of the day. In the Qualifying Rounds, the backboards are placed in pairs closer together. In Final Rounds, two pairs of shields may be installed, on either side of the median strip.

2.12. On the days of the finals, along with the competition field, a warm-up field is equipped for training athletes who did not drop out of the competition during the Qualifying and Final rounds.

2.13.For Team Final Elimination Rounds, a 1-meter line shall be marked in front of the firing line at a distance of 1 meter parallel to it. The line must be clearly visible and at least 3 cm wide.

2.14. For the team final knockout round, special areas (rectangular) are marked out immediately behind the 1-meter line for athletes and coaches.

Open the full text of the document

76-mm mountain gun GP (M-99), model 1958.USSR

The 76-mm mountain gun GP (M-99) was developed in the post-war period and replaced the 76-mm mountain gun of the 1938 model in service in the Soviet army, which proved itself well during the Great Patriotic War in combat in mountain conditions, as well as on rough and difficult terrain. The mountain gun was designed in SKB-172 under the direction of M.Yu. Tsirulnikov in accordance with the decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of October 26, 1951. Soon, in 1953, a prototype of the gun, which received the index “M-99”, was manufactured at the plant
No. 172 (g.Permian).

After a series of factory and field tests, the gun was refined at factory number 172 and on September 14, 1954, it was again sent for additional field tests. An experimental battery of mountain guns M-99 passed factory tests in December 1954 and, after making further improvements to the design of the gun, on April 21, 1955, they again enter military trials.

Officially, the M-99 cannon was officially adopted by the Soviet army in 1958 under the designation “GP 76-mm mountain cannon”.At the same time, a new indexing of cannon artillery systems was introduced in the GRAU of the Ministry of Defense, and the M-99 gun received a new index “product 2A2”.

The gun has a collapsible barrel, which consists of a pipe, breech and casing. The breech and the pipe, connecting with each other with threaded sectors, fasten the casing. The internal structure of the barrel and ballistics are identical to the 76-mm mountain gun of the 1938 model. The shutter is horizontal wedge type, with a semi-automatic spring type, independent of the roll speed (opening is performed by an opening spring, and closing – by a closing spring).The recoil devices are located in a cradle under the barrel. The recoil brake is hydraulic, spindle type, with a spring compressor. The reel is hydropneumatic. When fired, the recoil devices roll back together with the barrel. The lifting mechanism has one sector, the rotary mechanism is of the screw type.

Balancing mechanism – spring, pulling type, mounted on the upper machine, where lifting and turning mechanisms are also assembled, providing a vertical angle of fire from -10 ° to + 70 ° and horizontal – up to 45 °.The upper machine is connected to the lower machine with a pin. Sliding box-type beds can be folded and disassembled into two parts. An auxiliary (front) roller of small diameter is fixed in the pivot on the front of the right frame for moving the weapon on the battlefield. An integral part of the upper machine is also a two-piece lightweight shield cover. It protects the crew from small arms bullets and fragments of artillery shells and small-caliber mines.

To reduce the weight of the gun, the shield cover can be removed. Single-pitched metal wheels from a Moskvich car with a gusmatic tire. Suspension – torsion type.

The gun is equipped with PGP or PGP-70 sights. The peculiarity of this gun is that it can conduct both flat and mounted shooting. To ensure high stability of the gun, at large elevation angles, the design of the lower carriage machine allows you to change the height of the line of fire from 650 mm – with an elevation angle of less than 30 ° to 850 mm – with an elevation angle of more than 30 °.The change in the height of the line of fire in the GP cannon is carried out by jointly turning the balancers of the lower machine and fixing them in two positions: with a low line of fire for shooting at elevation angles not exceeding 30 ° and with a high line of fire for shooting at elevation angles over 30 °.

In mountainous conditions, the gun can be transported in the form of ten separate packs on pack animals. Moreover, the maximum weight of one pack does not exceed 85 kg. A trained crew of six people can disassemble the gun within 4 – 5 minutes.It takes about the same amount of time to assemble it. In the stowed position, the rear parts of the beds are folded up, thereby significantly reducing the length of the gun and facilitating its towing by a tractor along narrow and winding mountain roads.

The time for transferring from the traveling position to the combat position (without opening the ditches under the coulters) and vice versa is no more than 1 – 1.5 minutes. When used in the northern regions, the mountain gun can be equipped with a special LO-8 ski mount, which allows it to be transported through deep snow and swampy terrain.If necessary, you can shoot directly from the skis. The weight of the LO-8 ski mount does not exceed 85 kg. It is also possible to tow the gun by an all-wheel drive (4×4) vehicle. The presence of torsion suspension of the two-wheeled chassis ensures the movement of the gun with mechanical traction at a maximum speed of 60 km / h. The cannon, due to its small mass-dimensional characteristics, can also be transported by air – by military transport aircraft and helicopters.

Shooting from the GP cannon is carried out with separate-case loading shots with high-explosive fragmentation, armor-piercing, cumulative and smoke projectiles, as well as shrapnel.The maximum firing range of a high-explosive fragmentation projectile weighing 6.28 kg with an initial speed of 485 m / s is 10,000 m.

76-mm mountain gun GP was in service with artillery units of mountain rifle units of the Soviet army, was actively used in the hostilities of the Limited contingent of Soviet troops in Afghanistan in 1979-1989, as well as in numerous interethnic conflicts at the end of the twentieth century on the territory of the former Soviet Union. Currently, the 76-mm mountain gun GP continues to be in service with the Russian army.

Sea battle play print. Rules of the game sea battle on paper with strategy

A couple of days ago I was surprised to learn that some of my acquaintances do not know how to play sea battle. Those. Of course, they know the rules, but they play somehow haphazardly and in the end they often lose. In this post, I will try to outline the main ideas that will help you to improve the level of your game.

Rules of the Game

There are many options for naval combat, but we will consider the most common option with the following set of ships:

All of the listed ships must be placed on a 10 by 10 square field, and the ships cannot touch either by their corners or sides.The playing field itself is numbered from top to bottom, and the verticals are marked with Russian letters from “A” to “K” (while the letters “E” and “Y” are omitted).

Draws an enemy field of the same size next to it. With a successful shot at the enemy’s ship, a cross is placed on the corresponding cell of the enemy field and a second shot is fired, with an unsuccessful shot, a dot is placed in the corresponding cell, and the turn goes to the enemy.

Optimal strategy

There is always an element of randomness in the sea battle game, but it can be minimized. Before proceeding directly to the search for the optimal strategy, it is necessary to voice one obvious thing: the probability of hitting an enemy ship is the higher, the fewer unchecked cells are left on his field, similarly, the probability of hitting your ships is the lower, the more unchecked cells are left on your field. That. To play effectively, you need to learn two things at once: optimal shooting at the enemy and optimal placement of your ships.

In the following explanation, the following symbols will be used:

Optimal Shooting

The first and most obvious rule of optimal shooting is the following rule: do not shoot at the cells directly surrounding the destroyed enemy ship.

In accordance with the designations adopted above, in the figure, those cells at which unsuccessful shots have already been fired are marked in yellow, the cells at which the shots ended in a hit are marked in red, and the cells that were not fired at are marked in green, but it can be guaranteed that there are no ships in them (there cannot be ships there, because according to the rules of the game, ships cannot touch).

The second rule immediately follows from the first rule: if you managed to knock out an enemy ship, you must immediately finish it off in order to get a list of guaranteed free cells as soon as possible.

The third rule follows from the first two: it is necessary first of all to try to knock out the largest enemy ships. Perhaps this rule is not obvious to you, but if you think a little, you can easily notice that by destroying an enemy battleship, at best, we will immediately receive information about 14 guaranteed free cells, and by destroying a cruiser, about 12.

T in total. .O. the optimal strategy of shooting can be reduced to a targeted search and destruction of the largest enemy ships.Unfortunately, it is not enough to formulate a strategy; it is necessary to propose a way to implement it.

First, let’s look at a section of the playing field measuring 4 by 4 cells. If there is an enemy battleship in the area under consideration, then it is guaranteed that it can be knocked out in no more than 4 shots. To do this, you need to shoot so that on each horizontal and vertical there is exactly one checked cell. all variants of such shooting are presented below (excluding reflections and turns).

Among all these options, only the first two options are optimal on a 10 by 10 squares field, guaranteeing hitting the battleship in a maximum of 24 shots.

After the enemy battleship is destroyed, you need to start looking for cruisers, and then destroyers. In this case, as you may have guessed, you can use a similar technique. Only now it is necessary to split the field into squares with sides of 3 and 2 cells, respectively.

If you used the second strategy when searching for a battleship, then to search for cruisers and destroyers you need to shoot at the following fields (green fields are marked at which you have already fired when searching for a battleship):

To search for boats, there is no optimal strategy exists, so at the end of the game you have to rely mainly on luck.

Optimal placement of ships

The optimal ship placement strategy is in a sense the opposite of the optimal firing strategy. When shooting, we tried to find the largest ships in order to reduce the number of cells that need to be checked, at the expense of guaranteed free cells. This means that when placing the ships, they must be placed in such a way that in case of their loss, the number of guaranteed free cells is minimized. As you remember, the battleship in the center of the field opens 14 fields for the enemy at once, but the battleship standing in the corner opens up only 6 fields for the enemy:

Similarly, the cruiser, standing in the corner, opens only 6 fields instead of 12 fields.Thus, by placing large ships along the border of the field, you leave more room for boats. Because There is no strategy for finding boats, the enemy will have to shoot at random, and the more free fields you have by the time you catch the boats, the harder it will be for the enemy to win.

Below are three ways of placing large ships, which leave a lot of room for boats (marked in blue):

Each of the given layouts leaves exactly 60 free spaces for boats, which means that the probability of accidentally hitting a boat is 0.066.For comparison, it is worth giving a random arrangement of ships:

With this arrangement, there are only 21 cells left for the boats, which means that the probability of hitting the boat is already 0.19, i.e. almost 3 times higher.

In conclusion, I want to say that you shouldn’t spend too much time playing naval combat. I especially want to warn you against playing in lectures. When I was sitting in Wabi-Sabi and playing naval combat with my girlfriend, a waitress walked by and said that she was playing very well, because she was playing.because I practiced a lot in pairs. Who knows who she would have worked if she had attended lectures at one time?

P.S. In the comments it is absolutely true that there were already similar publications on Habré, it would be wrong not to put links to them.

Contents

A simple and exciting game that has been known since childhood – sea battle. The rules of the game are not very complicated, anyone can remember them. Adults and children like the sea battle, you can play it anywhere.

Rules of the game Sea battle

The essence of the entertainment lies in the fact that two players take turns calling certain coordinates on the opponent’s map, which is unknown to them. The named point must hit the ship or part of it. The task of each player is to sink all enemy ships first. There are several options for such a game today:

1. On paper. This method is considered a classic entertainment option. It lets you play anywhere. A checkered notebook or one leaf (not even lined) is suitable for battle.
2. Tabletop. The first version of such entertainment appeared more than 80 years ago. The board game sea battle was notable for its volume and color. Over time, many variations appeared with a different number of ships, different sizes of fields.
3. On the computer. Modern gadgets can be easily turned into a battlefield of ships by downloading and installing the required application. There are online options. Features: the selected points are fixed automatically, there is a voice acting that adds reality to what is happening.

Field

To understand how to play naval combat, you need to understand the basic concepts. You need to start by drawing your playing field. It is a coordinate plane, a square 10 by 10. Each side of it has its own definitions: the horizontal one is numbered from top to bottom, the vertical one – with letters. The letters of the Russian alphabet are used from “A” to “K” or from “A to” I “if” E “and” Y “are skipped. Often, instead of letter designations, the words “Snow Maiden” or “Republic” are used.They consist of ten letters, which corresponds to 10 squares on the playing field.

Next to “your” field you need to draw “someone else’s”, which has the same dimensions and coordinates. This is the site for the enemy flotilla. The field is empty, it is used to mark your opponent’s moves and “hits”. Given the fact that there are several options for the coordinate system, it is recommended to agree in advance which one will be used. Next, you need to arrange the ships.

Number and placement of ships

There is a certain layout of ships on the playing field.A ship consists of several decks or pipes (hence the name, for example, “double-deck” or “double-pipe”). On the playing field there are:

• 1 four-deck, ship, battleship, – a row of four cells,
• 2 three-deck, cruisers, – rows of 3 cells;
• 3 double-deck, destroyers, – rows of 2 cells;
• 4 single-deck ships, torpedo boats, – 1 cage.

In the classic game, you need to draw ships on the playing field according to the rules.For example, all ships by sides or corners cannot touch each other. There are variants of the game, when the ships are placed with the letter “L”, squares or zigzags, touching the corners is not prohibited. There are also battles with a different number of ships or their structure, for example, a five-deck (aircraft carrier), several four-deck ones. When using a larger number of ships, a different form of the field is used, measuring 15 by 15. It is necessary to decide on the choice of the game in advance.

Game progress

It is necessary to play naval combat on paper in accordance with certain rules.The instruction defines the conditions and the sequence of moves:

1. Initially, it is chosen who will move with the first. To do this, the players throw lots.
2. When making a “shot”, the player names the coordinates, for example, B3.
3. If there is nothing in the cell, the opponent says “by”. The ship is located according to the named coordinates, then “wounded” – if it was hit, “killed” – when completely destroyed.
4. A cross marks a hit on an enemy ship. With such a successful shot, according to the rules, the player moves a second time. The right to move is passed to the second player if the blow fell on an empty field.
5. The winner is the one who sinks all the ships of his opponent first.
6. At the end of the game, opponents may demand from each other playing fields for verification. The loser will be the one whose fields are filled in incorrectly. Victory goes to the one who fought honestly.

There are certain limitations in the game. The game can be ended earlier if there is a violation of the rules. The following are considered gross violations:

1. Incorrectly drawn field – the number of vessels exceeds the required one, incorrect side sizes or coordinate system.
2. One of the players spied on the location of the ships from another.
3. Inattentional skip.

Winning strategy

A simple battle is not based solely on luck. To achieve victory, there is a strategy and tactics for playing sea battle. It is as follows:

1. The sheet with the drawn field must be held so that the enemy cannot look.
2. For convenience and reporting, it is recommended to mark enemy shots with dots.
3. The most vulnerable ships are the battleship and the torpedo boat. The first one is very large and therefore easy to spot. Torpedo boats are small and hard to find on the field, but they sink with one blow.
4. Beginners often aim at the corners of the game square, so it is not recommended to draw them there.
5. Experienced players are advised to immediately come up with the layout of the ships on the field. Good results can be achieved by arranging the flotilla units according to the scheme. For example, by collecting cruisers and battleships in one place, and placing boats and destroyers in a chaotic manner.
6. The methods of shooting at the flotilla can be different. To quickly destroy the battleship, it is recommended to start searching for it diagonally. You need to shoot at the squares at 4, after 3 cells. Then you need to move in descending order: look for three-deck, double-deck and single-boats.

Video

Found an error in the text? Select it, press Ctrl + Enter and we’ll fix it!

You can not draw these fields, but immediately download ready-made from this page and print in A4 format. I suggest larger fields, in which the size of one cell is 7.5 x 7.5 mm.The size of the fields is traditional: 10 by 10 cells.

The first field of play on a white background. There are no unnecessary graphics, which means less ink will be used up during printing. At the bottom of each card there is a graphical clue on the number of ships. Let me remind you that according to the conditions of the game, each participant in the battle must initially have 1 four-deck ship (4 cells circled), 2 three-deck, 3 two-deck and 4 single-deck. 1 deck = 1 circled cell. When building ships, they should not touch at the corners or sides.

Download scheme for naval battle 10 by 10 without background in PDF:

Not everyone wants boring white cards for naval combat. Therefore, I bring to your attention a template for a naval battle with a themed background. Cut the fields along the dotted line, draw ships in random order and start the game! Download schematic template for playing with marine background:

And the last option for the game – with a uniform background – a picture with shells and starfish. This image is calmer and therefore more clearly visible in game elements.Download, print the fields and cut them into cards.

Templates with ships

I am spreading to you the forms with ready-made ship layouts. The PDF file contains 10 sheets, each with two game cards. They are enough for 10 games between a pair of players.

Rules of the Game

Game cards are dealt to two players. You can take ready-made templates with ships from our website. On the left, each player has a field with his squadron, and on the right – an empty enemy square.It is on it that you will look for enemy ships, shooting at the target. Players take turns. player one “shoots”, naming the coordinates of the proposed location of the ship. For example, A4. Player 2 looks at the left field, and if there is a single-deck ship in the coordinate, then he says “killed”. Player 1 marks this spot on an empty square with a Snowflake icon. If the coordinate contains only a part of a multi-deck ship (two-, three- or four-decked), then player 2 says “wounded”. Player 1 marks the X icon on an empty field and player 1 moves again until he misses.If player 1 names a coordinate on which there are no ships, then player 2 says “by”. Player 1 puts a point and the move goes to another participant in the battle.

Children are so keen on various gadgets that they often do not want to read or even play in the virtual world. This worries both professionals and parents. In one of the episodes of the cartoon “Barboskins”, Grandpa just offers a way to return children to the real world by playing with the whole family in an ordinary “Sea Battle” on paper.

For this, he turns off the electricity in the house, and the grandchildren are forced to master the game, which does not require any special conditions. He showed that you can spend time interestingly without any Internet, armed only with a pen and your own mind.

Although this board game Sea Battle today exists in the computer version, but the traditional version of the destruction of ships on a piece of paper in a box has one undoubted advantage over the virtual one.

It is more interesting to play with a real person than with a computer, the fight turns out to be much more fun and excitement.And it is even more useful, because in this case, the child develops not only logic and strategic thinking, but also intuition, the ability to “calculate” and read the emotions of another person.

Another plus and reason for the long popularity of the game is the simplicity of its organization. In order to lead ships into battle, you do not need the Internet, electricity, a large room or any special surroundings. Enough paper, pen and know the rules of the game of sea battle on paper for two.

Learning to play sea battle

The rules of playing on paper in sea battle for two people are quite simple.On paper, each player must draw a square of 10×10 cells, which are designated on one side by letters from A to K (without E and Y), on the other by numbers from 1 to 10. In this field you need to place your ships.

Draw a second similar square next to it with the same designation of the fields. On it, during the battle, the player fixes his shots.

• When making a “shot” the player names the coordinates of the target, for example, B8.
• The opponent answers “by” if there is nothing in the cell; “Wounded” if his ship was hit; “Killed” when the ship is destroyed.
• Hitting a foreign ship is indicated by a cross. In this case, the rules give the right to the next shot.
• On a miss, the right to shoot passes to the second player. The winner is the one who is the first to destroy all enemy ships.
• At the end of the game, the participant may demand that the opponent show his playing field and check the records of the moves.

The rules of the Sea Battle game stipulate not only how many and what size ships are involved in the battle, but also their location.

1. Composition of ships: 4 submarines of one cell, 3 destroyers consisting of two cells, 2 cruisers of three cells and one four-cell battleship.
2. Draw the ships so that they do not touch each other in any way. There must be a distance of at least one cell between them.
3. Ships can be positioned horizontally, vertically, and at the edge of the playing field.

What not to do

Specify rules and certain restrictions.

1. The composition of the ships cannot be changed.
2. Some rules say that one ship can only have a linear shape, in some versions the shape of the letter G is allowed. This point must be discussed in advance. But in all variants, you cannot draw and arrange the ships diagonally.
3. The field value cannot be changed.
4. Can’t distort coordinates and hide hit.

Strategy

Not only simple rules and conditions of the game organization explain the popularity of the Sea Battle game, but also the fact that winning in it is determined not only by luck, but also by the right strategy and tactics.This is a game of two people, which means that emotions and cunning join the logic. Therefore, a winning strategy assumes:

• The opponent should never be able to see your playing field.
• Consider your opponent’s skill and way of playing. For example, if your opponent is a beginner, then you should not place your ships in the corners of the field. Inexperienced ones often start with them, especially with A1. If an experienced and long-time rival will play with you, who already knows that there cannot be in the corners of your ships, then it is worth breaking the template and hiding a couple there.
• Consider the location of your ships. One of the winning strategies is considered to be the location of large ships compactly in one place, and single-celled ships scattering away from each other. Then the player, quickly finding large ships, will spend a lot of time looking for small submarines. This will give you time and a chance to win back.

Winning Tactics

There are a few simple tricks related to correct game tactics.

It is imperative to record the opponent’s moves on your field, and all your moves on the second playing field.Not only hits, but also misses are indicated. Someone makes it with dots, someone with crosses. This will avoid re-firing empty squares and conflicts in case of any errors.

If the opponent’s ship is “killed” in a sea battle, then the cells surrounding it are marked as empty immediately. After all, we know that the rules prohibit the placement of ships in them. This saves you time. In this case, the most profitable shot at the battleship. Its destruction opens eighteen cells at once, almost a fifth of the field.

The shooting tactics of the players can also be different. You can shoot by making moves diagonally. This makes it more likely to hook large ships. You can, in search of a profitable battleship, shoot through three cells to the fourth. After the first hits, the choice of moves is determined based on what begins to be seen on the enemy playing field.

Tactics of combating popular fraud, when the opponent places the last single-deck ship in the last free cell during the game.To make such a deception impossible, the field and ships are drawn in one color, and the shots are marked with another pen or pencil.

Today the Sea Battle game exists both in the form of a tabletop factory set and in the form of a computer game, but playing on a simple piece of paper in a box is still exciting.

Play Sea Battle

Sea Battle is a popular game with simple rules. Asking the question of how to win in a sea battle, the player will always be helped in this by a victorious attitude and the right strategy.

First you need to remember the rules of the game. The player has ten ships at his disposal: 1 four-deck battleship, 2 three-deck cruisers, 3 double-deck destroyers and 4 single-deck boats.

The fleet is positioned on the field so that the vessels do not touch each other. Next you need to draw the same field for the enemy to mark your shots. If there is a miss, the move goes to the opponent. The winner is the one who sinks the opponent’s fleet first.

You can negotiate with your opponent about the ability to change the shape of ships, “bend” ships.So the ships on the field will look like the parts of “Tetris”, it will be more difficult to sink them, and it will become more interesting to play.

A successful alignment in the game does not depend on chance, but on two important components of the strategy:

• arrangement of own vessels;
• is the best option for shooting at the enemy fleet.

Ship locations

There are several tactics for deploying your fleet. Whether the tactics work or not will depend on the opponent’s shooting tactics.In any case, the haphazard arrangement of the ships will not lead to a deliberately good result.

“Half of the field”

The first tactic is to place the battleship, cruisers and destroyers on the same half of the field.

But four boats are located on the opposite side, as a result they become practically invulnerable. The enemy will have to make a lot of shots before he hears “Killed!”

“Diagonals”

The first thing most players do is shoot the field along two diagonals – from corner to corner.If the opponent is of this type, the second tactic will come in handy. All ships are positioned so that they will not be hit by diagonal shots.

The nice thing about this tactic is that it can be used in conjunction with another deployment tactic. A well-thought-out layout of your fleet is half the battle.

“Shore”

The third tactic can be applied in two ways. The first way is simple – place all your ships around the edges so that the middle of the field remains empty.While the enemy will randomly fire, wondering where all the ships have gone, you can safely search for his fleet.

Such tactics may not justify themselves, especially when the opponent guesses what the chip is. If the secret of the location of the ships is revealed, the opponent will sink the entire flotilla of the player in the minimum number of moves.

The second method is more thoughtful and similar to the “Half field” tactic. To do this, place the battleship, cruisers and destroyers along the banks, but scatter the boats all over the field.

By placing large ships in this way, there is a lot of free space for boats. There is no strategy for finding boats, and the opponent will fire at random, losing precious moves.

Even if the enemy is not going to fire on the field diagonally, shots in the corners cannot be avoided. Thus, it is better not to occupy cells A1, A10, K1, K10. It is also undesirable to place ships in the very center of the field – D5, D6, E5, E6.

The player’s strength and invulnerability are precisely in single-deck boats – although they can be destroyed with one shot, for this you need to find them first.The more reliably they are hidden, the more chances you have of winning the game.

Destruction of the enemy

There are also several tactics for destroying an opponent’s flotilla. Some of them overlap with ship placement tactics.

“Diagonals”

Many people will put at least one ship on this periphery. Therefore, we arm ourselves with patience and methodically shoot the diagonals, alternating for a variety of directions of fire.

The player in the picture neglected the tactics of correct positioning and paid for it with the loss of the battleship and boat.

When the diagonals are shot through, you can continue shooting in a checkerboard pattern.

“Chess”

From the name it is clear how you need to “clean up” the enemy’s field. The good thing about tactics is that it allows you to quickly find battleships, destroyers and cruisers. However, you will have to sweat with the search for boats.

“Locator”

Tactics is a bit like “Chess”, however, with its own twist. To use this tactic in the corners of the field, mentally or directly with a pen, mark four squares measuring 4 by 4 cells.

We need to fire them diagonally. As a result, the field will be divided by a white cross. Given the number of ships that have already been sunk, finding the rest will not be difficult. In the picture, the player discovered six ships thanks to the Locator tactic.

“Hound’s feet”

Destruction of a battleship gives the player the advantage that he will have to fire a much smaller number of cells than if he destroys, for example, a destroyer. Having sunk the battleship, there will be from 6 to 14 cells around it, which the player no longer needs to fire.

So, to find the battleship, you can use the Crow’s Feet tactic. To do this, mentally divide the field into squares of 4 by 4 cells and make four volleys in each square.

In the first top square, the player fires a volley at A3, B4, B2, D1. Then it remains to repeat the pattern in other squares. The battleship will be found in a maximum of 24 shots.

After the battleship has been found and sunk, you can proceed to the attack on the three-deck cruisers. To do this, you need to make only two shots in each square.

Shoot at B1 and G3 in the first square, do the same with the rest of the minifields. The eleventh shot is guaranteed to kill the cruiser.

To knock out a double-deck destroyer in each square, you need to fire three shots. In the first square, shoot at A2, B3 and B4. Repeat the triple move in the remaining squares. In the end, the most difficult thing will remain – the search for boats. Unfortunately, there is no tactic for finding them. The player will have to rely on his intuition or the psychology of the opponent.

There are a few more rules for quickly destroying an opponent’s fleet:

• The “Sea Battle” rules do not necessarily prescribe finishing off the ship after the first “Wounded!” However, it is better to bring the matter to the victorious “Killed!” After all, ships cannot stand close to each other.
• When shelling the enemy’s field, you do not need to stagnate in one place. The shots should cover as large an area as possible. Keeping in mind the tactics he likes, the player can “walk” around the field, instead of continuing to fire at the unfortunate area.
• If the opponent uses some tactics, and does not randomly shoot at random cells, you need to turn on the head. Sometimes, looking closely at the moves of the enemy, you can guess how he placed his ships.
• Often playing with one opponent, the player can memorize his deployment and firing tactics, using the experience gained to improve his own strategy.

You can use online services to practice the skills of playing Sea Battle and test tactics.The advantages of gaming sites are high speed and low resource consumption. And having developed and improved his strategy, the player will be able to show off his knowledge in a game with a live opponent.

There is no one hundred percent way to win in “Sea Battle”, in the end it all depends on the strategy of the enemy and the player himself. It is for this reason that Sea Battle remains a fun way to pass your time.

Like this article? Share with your friends:

Facebook

Twitter

My world

Vkontakte

Google+

Most interesting:

Sights of small arms

In order to better understand the fundamental structure of optical and collimator sights, it is necessary to consider concepts such as field of view, eye distance and aperture ratio.Let’s get acquainted with these terms sequentially.

Field of view

Field of view is the space seen simultaneously through the scope. The field of view is measured either by the angle at which two extreme points of the field of view are visible, or by the ratio of visible space to the distance at which it is located. For example, when observing a section of terrain with a length of 12 m at a distance of 100 m, we obtain a field of view of 12 °. Sometimes the magnitude of the field of view is expressed as an abstract number showing the same ratio.Moreover, the distance is usually taken in hundreds of units. So, if it is said that the field of view is 10, then this means that at 100 m a section of terrain with a length of 10 m will be visible, and at 1000 m, respectively, 100 m, and so on.

The angle at which the extreme points of the field of view are visible to the naked eye is called the true field of view. And the angle at which the images of the same extreme points are visible through the optical device is called the apparent, or ocular, field of view. It is clear that the apparent field of view is as many times larger than the true field of view, as many times as this optical sight magnifies.So, with a fourfold magnification and a true field of view of 6 °, the apparent field of view will be 4×6 = 24 °. In modern rifle optical sights, the apparent field of view does not exceed 25 °.

Imagine looking through a hole in a cardboard at a row of removal masts. Let the diameter of the hole in the cardboard be 36 mm, the eye is located 80 mm from it. The height of the masts is 45 m. The intervals between them are 100 m. The observation is carried out from a distance of 100 m from the nearest mast. Looking through the hole, we will see that the nearest mast just overlaps it from top to bottom, that is, it occupies the entire field of view.It is easy to calculate that the true field of view of this hole, or the angle at which the nearest mast is visible, will be 25 °. The second mast takes up half of the opening and is therefore visible from a 12.5 ° angle of view, and so on.

Now insert an optical sight with 2x magnification and an eyepiece diameter of 36 mm into the hole in the cardboard so that the eyepiece is in the place of the hole in the cardboard. Such a device will double (bring closer) all masts. The second mast will be in place of the first and will occupy the entire field of view visible through the eyepiece.But the actual angle at which the second mast is visible is 12.5 °, which means that with a 2x magnification, the true field of view will be halved.

If an optical sight with a threefold magnification and the same eyepiece diameter is placed in a hole in the cardboard, then the third mast will take the place of the first, and the true field of view will already be a third of the original, and so on. Thus, a simple calculation shows that for a given eyepiece diameter and a certain eye distance (the distance from the eye to the eyepiece), the magnitude of the true field of view decreases in proportion to the size of the magnified field.In other words, how many times the magnification of the sight is, how many times less is its field of view.

The presence of a large field of view does not play a significant role when firing at long distances at sedentary targets, for example, when targeting stationary targets. On the contrary, in the field when hunting, a large field of view is one of the most valuable qualities of an optical sight. It allows you to observe a significant area, makes it easier to quickly find targets. When shooting at moving targets, you need to quickly find the target and not lose sight of it while aiming.This task can be successfully solved only with a sufficiently large field of view of the optical sight. The mutually exclusive relationship between magnification and the field of view forces the choice of a sight to be guided mainly by what needs it is used for.

Eye Distance

If you aim the optical sight lens at the light source, and place a large sheet of white paper in front of the eyepiece and gradually zoom in and out, then at a certain position on the paper you will get a light, sharply outlined circle, called the exit pupil.The exit pupil is a zoomed-in image of the objective, which is called the entrance pupil, given by the eyepiece. In order for the rays from all points of the field of view to hit the eye, the pupil of the shooter’s eye must be aligned with the exit pupil. When the eye approaches or moves away from the exit pupil, the rays from the extreme points of the field of view will not enter the pupil of the eye, and the visible field of view will decrease. When the eye is shifted to the side, the rays from one edge of the field of view will also not enter the pupil, and the size of the visible field of view will decrease.In this case, from the side where the eye deviated, moon-shaped shadows will appear at the edges of the eyepiece.

To make it easier for the eyes to find the correct position when aiming, a rubber tube is put on the end of the tube where the eyepiece is placed. It is fixed so that its rear edge coincides with the plane of the exit pupil of the optical sight. A rubber tube is very desirable for night shooting, otherwise reflections of local objects that are behind the shooter appear in the unprotected eyepiece, and this makes aiming very difficult.

The distance from the exit pupil to the back (facing the eye) surface of the eyepiece is called the eye distance. To obtain a larger field of view, it is desirable to have the shortest possible eye distance. An increase in the eye distance entails a proportional decrease in the field of view and is therefore very disadvantageous. However, the presence of recoil, and sometimes the design features of the weapon do not allow to greatly reduce the eye distance. Currently, for rifle optical sights, the generally accepted eye distance is 80 mm.At this distance from the eyepiece, you should keep your eye when aiming at the telescopic sight.

Aperture ratio

Aperture ratio is the comparative illumination of objects viewed with the naked eye and through an optical sight. It shows how many times an object viewed with the naked eye appears to be more illuminated than when viewed through a telescopic sight. Visual perception of illumination depends on the amount of light rays entering the retina through the pupil.The larger the pupil, the more light rays will enter the eye. Since the pupil is a round hole, its area is proportional to the square of its diameter.

The number of light rays exiting the optical sight is proportional to the exit pupil area. Consequently, the aperture ratio of the optical sight is determined by the ratio of the square of the exit pupil diameter to the square of the pupil diameter of the eye. But the diameter of the eye pupil is not constant. It can vary significantly depending on the lighting.

In strong light, the pupil narrows, decreasing to 2 mm, on the contrary, in low light it expands to 6-7 mm. Due to the variability of the size of the pupil of the eye, it is customary to characterize the luminosity of an optical sight only by the square of the diameter of the exit pupil. So, if the diameter of the exit pupil is 7 mm, then they say that the aperture ratio of the optical sight is 49. Usually the pupil of the eye expands in the dark up to 6 mm, therefore the aperture ratio equal to 36 is considered normal. However, this is true only when the center of the pupil of the eye coincides with the optical axis of the sight.It is not always possible to obtain such a combination.

In order to ensure that the eye does not lose the possibility of observation with small deviations from the optical axis, the exit pupil of optical rifle sights is made at least 7-8 mm. With such an exit pupil size, that is, with an aperture of 49-64, the best visibility is provided under any observation conditions, both during the day and at dusk or on a moonlit night. All transparent bodies, when light rays pass through them, reflect part of the light and absorb part of it.Glass is no exception in this respect. The scope has a series of lenses that absorb and reflect light. Therefore, under any conditions in the optical sight, as in any optical device, there is a loss of light, and less light rays always come out of the optical sight than enter it.

To reduce light loss in telescopic sights, special glasses are used, which are distinguished by high transparency, and the surface of the lenses is carefully polished. Recently, they began to cover the surface of lenses with a thin layer of a special substance and received the so-called coated (blue) optics, which significantly reduces the loss of light.This coating is not very durable, and therefore blue optics requires particularly careful handling.

When observing through an optical sight, the visible image is involuntarily compared with the picture observed with the naked eye. But, since the image is seen more clearly, it seems that the optical sight not only increases the size of the observed objects, but also enhances their illumination. This view is, of course, not correct. However, optical sights allow you to hunt in lower light conditions than mechanical sights.

Optical sights
With constant magnification

The optical sight is a telescope designed for observing distant objects. An optical system is located inside the tube, which consists of several optically coaxial lenses. The lens facing the target builds an image of the target in its focal plane. It turns out to be inverted around the horizontal and vertical axes, therefore, part of the optical design of the sight is a turning system that returns the image to its normal form.

The target image, passing through the turning system, is formed in the focal plane of the eyepiece. The eyepiece allows you to view the enlarged image. The main advantages of optical sights in comparison with mechanical sights are: the possibility of more careful aiming when firing at long distances; increased chances of detecting and correctly identifying a target in the surrounding landscape; the ability to shoot at dusk and at night (in the presence of a bright moon or city light).In addition, the shooter does not need to focus on objects at different distances, which undoubtedly affects the shooting results.

The scope contains reticle, reticle or reticle. Sighting threads are thin wires soldered to the edges of the round hole in the frame. They are visible when aiming as black lines overlapping the target. The reticle is a crosshair pattern on transparent film and serves the same purpose as reticle.The reticle also has a rangefinder scale. Most modern optical sights have a special mechanism for moving the aiming threads up and down, that is, to give the weapon aiming angles corresponding to the firing distance. Such mechanisms can be different.

This mechanism consists of a steel case, inside of which there is a frame with aiming threads soldered to it. The frame has grooves along the outer sides. The grooves include guide projections fixed in the body, along which the frame slides, moving in a given direction.

The up and down movement of the frame is carried out by turning the micrometric screw dragging the frame along. The upper part of the propeller is passed through the body, and a flywheel, or high-altitude limb, is mounted on it, which facilitates the rotation of the propeller. The flywheel is equipped with a ring with a distance scale applied to it. To set the required distance, align the corresponding division of the distance scale with the fixed pointer on the body. When the handwheel is turned clockwise, the frame rises up.If, at the same time, watch the reticle through the scope eyepiece, you can see how they move downward.

On telescopic sights, in addition to the high-altitude limb, there is also a lateral limb. Its structure is similar to that of a high-altitude one. With the help of it, the frame with aiming threads moves to the right and left, which makes it easier to zero in and makes it possible to quickly make corrections for the wind. The scale on the side dial is often applied in the so-called thousandths of the distance (in foreign-made sights, in quarters of arc minutes).Therefore, when you turn the dial by one division, the aiming point moves at a distance of 100 m by 10 cm, at a distance of 200 m – by 20 cm, and so on.

It should be borne in mind that almost all optical sights have a backlash of both high-altitude and side dials, as a result of which errors are obtained when setting the scale to the desired division. To eliminate the harmful effects of backlash, the required scale division should be entered with the pointer always on one side; then it will not affect the accuracy of the sight.For example, if the high-altitude dial is at division 6 and you need to translate it to division 4, then you need to turn the flywheel to division 3 and then, gradually turning, bring it to division 4. If you need to translate from 4th to 3rd, then you should first turn to 1 or 2, and then just as smoothly bring to division 3.

Placement of aiming threads (as well as a mark or reticle) is possible in the focal plane of the objective or eyepiece. The placement of the aiming mark in the focal plane of the objective is typical for European-made optical sights, and in the focal plane of the eyepiece – for American ones.For scopes with variable magnification, it is important in which of the focal planes the reticle is located. It is believed that it is more correct to place the reticle in the focal plane of the lens, in this case, when the magnification changes, the reticle will also change its angular size.

There are many examples of aiming marks:

In the old models of optical sights, aiming threads in the form of a full crosshair were widespread. In the daytime, using a crosshair is quite successful, but at dusk and especially at night, thin threads are almost invisible.A full crosshair of thick filaments is better seen in low light conditions. But it has the significant drawback that at long distances, covering a rather wide space with the upper part of the cross, makes it difficult not only to aim at small targets, but also to observe them.

At present, aiming threads in the form of an incomplete cross, broken in the middle, are most common. The resulting lower segment of the vertical thread is called an aiming hemp. Its top, usually in the shape of a cone, reaches the upper level of the side threads and serves as an aiming point.The lengths of the horizontal strands are called side straighteners; they help to avoid knocking the weapon down while aiming.

With Mil. Dot “:

and the like, you can determine the distance to distant objects, which greatly helps when choosing a shooting distance. The system is easy to use. The points on the crosshairs are spaced from the center in increments of 1 milliradian (hence the name). Using a formula based on the size of an object, you can create a table.Thus, to determine the distance, it is necessary to place an object between the points, measure it and, according to the table, based on the size of the object, determine the distance.

Magnification, or magnification, is the main characteristic of an optical sight. Visible magnification is the ratio of the magnitude of the target in the optical sight to its magnitude visible to the naked eye. The increase in the target through the optical sight is perceived by the shooter as an approximation, while the distance to the target decreases by an amount equal to the multiplicity.The magnification of the optical sight is indicated by the “x” sign. Scopes with magnifications from 1.5x to 40x are currently produced.

Pancratic (with variable magnification)

Pancratic sights allow you to smoothly change the magnification and observe the target continuously – from searching for it at low magnification and a large field of view to detailed examination at a large one. Continuous change of sight magnification is achieved through the use of a lens with a variable focal length or a reversing system with variable magnification.When shooting in motion, it is better to use sights with 2 – 6x optical magnification and a lens diameter from 24 to 30 mm. For ambushes and sabotage, optical sights with 6 – 12x magnification and a large lens, from 56 to 63 mm in diameter, are used, sometimes with illumination of the aiming mark. Scopes with variable magnification combine the qualities of high and low magnification scopes. They are best used in changing lighting conditions.

Scopes with variable magnification have an advantage over fixed scopes in their versatility, especially when using the same rifle in different conditions.For example, when shooting at a long distance in good lighting or at a small distance with a lack of lighting, as well as with all other intermediate options for shooting conditions, including various positions from which you have to shoot: prone, standing, and so on. But such a sight has a larger number of moving parts, which affects its reliability not in the best way. The moveable lens wrapping system is particularly critical to precision and workmanship.

Pancratic sights with automatic input of aiming angles

Some models of pancratic sights allow you to determine the distance and automatically enter the required aiming angle when firing at targets with known parameters.Their action is based on the use of ranging based on the location of the base on the target. Preparing for a shot and aiming when working with such optics is as follows: two horizontal lines fall into the field of view, one of which moves in the vertical direction when the magnification is changed. The technical documents indicate the size of the base used for this scope, let it be 1.8 meters. Having detected a target with such dimensions, for example, a person, the magnification is changed so that the lines of sight are located near the upper and lower boundaries of the body.Thus, the desired aiming angle will be achieved.

Collimator sights

Collimator sights (in the English language literature – red dot sight or reflex sight) are a relatively new and independent type of optical sights. They are used in cases where it is necessary to be able to move the head and eyes within a wide range, without losing sight of the reticle and target. Since the Second World War, this type of sighting device has been used in aviation, which is still installed on fighters of all countries of the world.In recent years, collimators have been increasingly seen on various hunting rifles, pistols, paintball markers.

Collimator – an optical device that forms a beam of parallel beams:

creating an infinitely distant image of the mark. The collimator contains a lens and a luminous mark located in its focus (the distance between the lens and the mark is the focal length). Most reflex sights use a thin lens mounted at a slight angle to the reticle as the objective, and the reticle is illuminated by an LED.The beams reflected from the beamsplitting coating on the concave surface of the thin lens form an image of the aiming mark. The beam-splitting coating allows, simultaneously with the reticle, to observe external objects and targets through a thin lens, without distortion and magnification. Sights built according to this scheme are distinguished by simplicity, minimal dimensions and weight.

It can be noted their main features, providing convenience, speed and accuracy of aiming. When using a reflex sight, you can look at the target with two eyes.At the same time, in the field of view of one eye there is a lens through which, without distortion and magnification, the luminous aiming mark, the target behind it and part of the surrounding space are sharply visible at the same time. In the field of view of the other eye – the same target and the surrounding space. By combining images from two eyes, the shooter perceives the aiming mark, the target and the entire surrounding space holistically, three-dimensionally, without limitation and distortion. So, when shooting at a moving target, it is easy to pre-empt.

When throwing up the weapon, the shooter immediately sees the aiming mark:

which can immediately be combined with the target and shoot, because the sighting mark has a shape close to the cylinder (20-30 mm in diameter). The aiming mark will be clearly visible, even if the sight is installed at the end of the barrel, since there is no need to place the eyes close to the sight, and during aiming, you can freely use glasses.

The image of the aiming mark is formed by parallel beams, and until the barrel of the weapon changes direction, the aiming mark will remain motionless relative to the target when the eye moves within its visibility zone.Therefore, the shooter can perform aiming when the pupil of his eye has hit any place in the sighting zone of the reticle.

The illuminated aiming mark provides aiming both during the day and in low light conditions, when the usual aiming bar, front sight with the whole front sight or the reticle of most optical sights are not visible.

There are two options for the design of collimator sights: closed and open types. In the first version, the body is made in the form of a pipe, inside which optical parts and adjustment elements are located.Its advantages are the protection of all components, aesthetic appearance and mountings similar to optical sights. Disadvantages – significant shading of the aiming zone, the possibility of fogging its internal volume, loss of light on the protective glass of the pipe.

The second option is open, in which the lens has a thin frame, which practically does not shade the aiming area. This is its main advantage. It is usually lighter, has its own attachment points, does not have the first drawbacks, but is less protected from rain and snow, and has a less familiar look.

Reflex sights are usually designated as, for example, 1×30, where 1 is the magnification, and 30 mm is the lens diameter and the sighting zone of the reticle. The aiming mark can be in the form of a point, a “bird” or a crosshair. A point is the most technically simple and cheapest option, but it is more difficult to see it against the background of the target, since it covers the aiming point. In this regard, the aiming mark in the form of a crosshair with a gap is better visible, it makes it possible to estimate the range to the target by the ratio of the angular dimensions of the target and the crosshair.

Holographic sights

A holographic sight is an electro-optical device, which is a kind of a collimator sight. The peculiarity of such a sight is that a holographic image of an aiming mark is recorded in the glass of its exit window, which appears under the influence of a laser beam. The aiming mark of a holographic sight can have a variety of shapes, including three-dimensional. If the lens of a conventional collimator sight, due to the presence of a reflective coating on it, does not transmit waves of a certain spectral range and therefore can change the color of objects, nothing like this happens with a holographic sight.

The laser is located in front of the objective window, and its beam forms a virtual reticle, the image of which, according to the literature, is at a considerable distance (about 450 m) from the shooter. The holographic image is clearly visible in all light conditions, it is always located in the center of the scope and looks sharp regardless of the angle at which it is viewed. The scope usually includes a system for indicating the state of the power source and a system for automatically or manually changing the brightness of the aiming mark.

Usually, holographic sights are significantly more expensive than their collimator counterparts, since a hologram can be obtained as a result of an expensive and complex technological process. If technical requirements are not met, a hologram can distort and decompose into a spectrum bright objects observed through it. It is necessary to protect the hologram from mechanical influences and heating.

The aiming mark for holographic sights is large (usually the size of a person at a distance of 100 m) and transparent so as not to obstruct or overlap the target, therefore, the rate of fire from a weapon equipped with it is much higher than when shooting with an ordinary optical sight.Since the sight exit window is flat, the likelihood that the enemy will notice the lens flare is significantly reduced.

It should be noted that the holographic sights have a single magnification, besides, all holographic sights on the market are of the “open” type. Such a sight allows the shooter to use both eyes during shooting, and since there are no parts in the sight that obstruct the view, the shooter can freely control everything that happens around him.

Another feature of the holographic sight is that the information needed to reconstruct the reticle image is recorded in each particle of the sight exit window. Even if the scope is almost completely splashed with mud, covered with snow, covered in rain or even broken, the luminous pupil will be clearly visible in the remaining uncovered part of the window.

As in the case of a collimator sight, the illuminated pupil of the mark is visible only to the arrow and is completely invisible from the outside.The sight design allows it to be used in conjunction with night vision devices.

The holographic sight can be positioned at any distance from the eye, it can be installed on any type of pistols, shotguns and rifles. The field of view remains completely open: the rim of the holographic screen is almost invisible, which gives the shooter the ability to look with both eyes and optimally control the situation during the shot. The aiming mark, the surrounding area and the target are always in the field of view, ensuring continuity of observation during the search and detection of the target, as well as between shots.

The location of the image of the aiming mark and the target in the same plane completely eliminates parallax and allows you to fire when aiming the aiming mark at the target, regardless of the angle of observation of the target and the position of fire. This feature of the holographic sight makes it possible to use it as a target designator, when a shot is fired when the aiming spot and the target are combined, at an arbitrary position of the shooter or weapon.

The holographic sight is a new step in the development of shooting, allowing you to increase the speed, confidence and accuracy of various shooting exercises.Today this type of scopes is still in the process of its development.

nt-magazine.ru

Tag: Weapons_Articles_Equipment
Discuss the article on the forum

Sights of small arms. Part 2

In order to better understand the basic structure of optical and collimator sights, it is necessary to consider such concepts as field of view, eye distance and aperture ratio. Let’s get acquainted with these terms sequentially.

Field of view

The field of view is the space seen simultaneously through the scope. The field of view is measured either by the angle at which two extreme points of the field of view are visible, or by the ratio of visible space to the distance at which it is located. For example, when observing a section of terrain with a length of 12 m at a distance of 100 m, we obtain a field of view of 12 °. Sometimes the magnitude of the field of view is expressed as an abstract number showing the same ratio. Moreover, the distance is usually taken in hundreds of units.So, if it is said that the field of view is 10, then this means that at 100 m a section of terrain with a length of 10 m will be visible, and at 1000 m, respectively, 100 m, and so on.

The angle at which the extreme points of the field of view are visible to the naked eye is called the true field of view. And the angle at which the images of the same extreme points are visible through the optical device is called the apparent, or ocular, field of view. It is clear that the apparent field of view is as many times larger than the true field of view, as many times as this optical sight magnifies.So, with a fourfold magnification and a true field of view of 6 °, the apparent field of view will be 4×6 = 24 °. In modern rifle optical sights, the apparent field of view does not exceed 25 °.

Let’s imagine that through a hole in a cardboard we are looking at a row of removal masts (fig. 1). Let the diameter of the hole in the cardboard be 36 mm, the eye is located 80 mm from it. The height of the masts is 45 m. The intervals between them are 100 m. The observation is carried out from a distance of 100 m from the nearest mast. Looking through the hole, we will see that the nearest mast just overlaps it from top to bottom, that is, it occupies the entire field of view.It is easy to calculate that the true field of view of this hole, or the angle at which the nearest mast is visible, will be 25 °. The second mast takes up half of the opening and is therefore visible from a 12.5 ° angle of view, and so on.

Fig. 1 Field and angle of view

Now insert an optical sight with 2x magnification and an eyepiece diameter of 36 mm into the hole in the cardboard so that the eyepiece is in the place of the hole in the cardboard. Such a device will double (bring closer) all masts. The second mast will be in place of the first and will occupy the entire field of view visible through the eyepiece.But the actual angle at which the second mast is visible is 12.5 °, which means that with a 2x magnification, the true field of view will be halved.

If an optical sight with a threefold magnification and the same eyepiece diameter is placed in a hole in the cardboard, then the third mast will take the place of the first, and the true field of view will already be a third of the original, and so on. Thus, a simple calculation shows that for a given eyepiece diameter and a certain eye distance (the distance from the eye to the eyepiece), the magnitude of the true field of view decreases in proportion to the size of the magnified field.In other words, how many times the magnification of the sight is, how many times less is its field of view.

The presence of a large field of view does not play a significant role when firing at long distances at sedentary targets, for example, when targeting stationary targets. On the contrary, in the field when hunting, a large field of view is one of the most valuable qualities of an optical sight. It allows you to observe a significant area, makes it easier to quickly find targets.When shooting at moving objects, you need to quickly find the target and not lose sight of it while aiming. This task can be successfully solved only with a sufficiently large field of view of the optical sight. The mutually exclusive relationship between magnification and the field of view forces the choice of a sight to be guided mainly by what needs it is used for.

Eye distance

If you aim the lens [1] of the telescopic sight at the light source, and place a large sheet of white paper in front of the eyepiece and gradually zoom in and out, then at a certain position on the paper you will get a light, sharply outlined circle called the exit pupil.The exit pupil is a zoomed-in image of the objective, which is called the entrance pupil, given by the eyepiece. In order for the rays from all points of the field of view to enter the eye, the pupil of the shooter’s eye must be aligned with the exit pupil. When the eye approaches or moves away from the exit pupil, the rays from the extreme points of the field of view will not enter the pupil of the eye, and the visible field of view will decrease. When the eye is shifted to the side, the rays from one edge of the field of view will also not enter the pupil, and the size of the visible field of view will decrease.In this case, from the side where the eye deviated, moon-shaped shadows will appear at the edges of the eyepiece.

To make it easier for the eyes to find the correct position when aiming, a rubber tube is put on the end of the tube where the eyepiece is placed. It is fixed so that its rear edge coincides with the plane of the exit pupil of the optical sight. A rubber tube is very desirable for night shooting, otherwise reflections of local objects that are behind the shooter appear in the unprotected eyepiece, and this makes aiming very difficult.

The distance from the exit pupil to the back (facing the eye) surface of the eyepiece is called the eye distance. To obtain a larger field of view, it is desirable to have the shortest possible eye distance. An increase in the eye distance entails a proportional decrease in the field of view and is therefore very disadvantageous. However, the presence of recoil, and sometimes the design features of the weapon do not allow to greatly reduce the eye distance. Currently, for rifle optical sights, the generally accepted eye distance is 80 mm.At this distance from the eyepiece, you should keep your eye when aiming at the telescopic sight.

Aperture

Aperture ratio is the comparative illumination of objects viewed with the naked eye and through an optical sight. It shows how many times an object viewed with the naked eye appears to be more illuminated than when viewed through a telescopic sight. Visual perception of illumination depends on the amount of light rays entering the retina through the pupil.The larger the pupil, the more light rays will enter the eye. Since the pupil is a round hole, its area is proportional to the square of its diameter.

The number of light beams exiting the optical sight is proportional to the exit pupil area. Consequently, the aperture ratio of the optical sight is determined by the ratio of the square of the exit pupil diameter to the square of the pupil diameter of the eye. But the diameter of the eye pupil is not constant. It can vary significantly depending on the lighting.

In strong light, the pupil narrows, decreasing to 2 mm, on the contrary, in low light it expands to 6-7 mm. Due to the variability of the size of the pupil of the eye, it is customary to characterize the luminosity of an optical sight only by the square of the diameter of the exit pupil. So, if the diameter of the exit pupil is 7 mm, then they say that the aperture ratio of the optical sight is 49. Usually the pupil of the eye expands in the dark up to 6 mm, therefore the aperture ratio equal to 36 is considered normal. However, this is true only when the center of the pupil of the eye coincides with the optical axis of the sight.It is not always possible to obtain such a combination.

In order to ensure that the eye does not lose the possibility of observation with small deviations from the optical axis, the exit pupil of optical rifle sights is made at least 7-8 mm. With such an exit pupil size, that is, with an aperture of 49-64, the best visibility is provided under any observation conditions, both during the day and at dusk or on a moonlit night. All transparent bodies, when light rays pass through them, reflect part of the light and absorb part of it.Glass is no exception in this respect. The scope has a series of lenses that absorb and reflect light. Therefore, under any conditions in the optical sight, as in any optical device, there is a loss of light, and less light rays always come out of the optical sight than enter it.

To reduce the loss of light in telescopic sights, special glasses are used, which are distinguished by high transparency, and the surface of the lenses is carefully polished. Recently, they began to cover the surface of lenses with a thin layer of a special substance and received the so-called “coated” optics, which significantly reduces the loss of light.This coating is not very durable, and therefore the coated optics requires particularly careful handling.

When observing through an optical sight, the visible image is involuntarily compared with the picture observed with the naked eye. But, since the image is seen more clearly, it seems that the optical sight not only increases the size of the observed objects, but also enhances their illumination. This view is, of course, not correct.However, optical sights allow you to hunt in lower light conditions than mechanical sights.

Optical sights

With constant multiplicity

The optical sight is a telescope designed for observing distant objects. An optical system is located inside the tube, which consists of several optically coaxial lenses. The lens facing the target builds an image of the target in its focal plane.It turns out to be inverted around the horizontal and vertical axes, therefore, part of the optical design of the sight is a turning system that returns the image to its normal form.

The target image, passing through the turning system, is formed in the focal plane of the eyepiece. The eyepiece allows you to view the enlarged image. The main advantages of optical sights, in comparison with mechanical ones, are: the possibility of more careful aiming when firing at long distances; increased chances of detecting and correctly identifying a target in the surrounding landscape; the ability to shoot at dusk and at night (in the presence of a bright moon or city light).In addition, the shooter does not need to focus on objects at different distances, which undoubtedly affects the shooting results.

The scope contains reticle, reticle or reticle. Sighting threads are thin wires soldered to the edges of the round hole in the frame. They are visible when aiming as black lines overlapping the target. The reticle is a crosshair pattern on transparent film and serves the same purpose as reticle.The reticle also has a rangefinder scale. Most modern optical sights have a special mechanism for moving the aiming threads up and down, that is, to give the weapon aiming angles corresponding to the firing distance. Such mechanisms can be different. One of them is shown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2 Mechanism for moving aiming threads

This mechanism consists of a steel case, inside of which there is a frame with aiming threads soldered to it.The frame has grooves along the outer sides. The grooves include guide projections fixed in the body, along which the frame slides, moving in a given direction.

The up and down movement of the frame is carried out by turning the micrometric screw, dragging the frame along. The upper part of the propeller is passed through the body, and a flywheel or high-altitude limb is mounted on it, which facilitates the rotation of the propeller. The flywheel is equipped with a ring with a distance scale applied to it. To set the required distance, align the corresponding division of the distance scale with the fixed pointer on the body.When the handwheel is turned clockwise, the frame rises up. If, at the same time, watch the reticle through the scope eyepiece, you can see how they move downward.

On telescopic sights, in addition to the high-altitude limb, there is also a side limb. Its structure is similar to that of a high-altitude one (Fig. 2). With the help of it, the frame with aiming threads moves to the right and left, which makes it easier to zero in and makes it possible to quickly make corrections for the wind. The scale on the side dial is often applied in the so-called thousandths of the distance (in foreign-made sights, in quarters of arc minutes).Therefore, when you turn the dial by one division, the aiming point moves at a distance of 100 m by 10 cm, at a distance of 200 m – by 20 cm, and so on.

It should be borne in mind that almost all optical sights have a backlash of both high-altitude and side dials, as a result of which errors are obtained when setting the scale to the desired division. To eliminate the harmful effects of backlash, the required scale division should be entered with the pointer always on one side; then it will not affect the accuracy of the sight.For example, if the high-altitude dial is at division 6 and you need to translate it to division 4, then you need to turn the flywheel to division 3 and then, gradually turning, bring it to division 4. If you need to translate from 4th to 3rd, then you should first turn to 1 or 2, and then just as smoothly bring to division 3.

Positioning of the aiming reticle (as well as the mark or reticle) is possible in the focal plane of the objective or eyepiece. The placement of the aiming mark in the focal plane of the objective is typical for European-made optical sights, and in the focal plane of the eyepiece – for American ones.For scopes with variable magnification, it is important in which of the focal planes the reticle is located. It is believed that it is more correct to place the reticle in the focal plane of the lens, in this case, when the magnification changes, the reticle will also change its angular size.

There are many examples of aiming marks, some of which are shown in fig. 3 A. In old models of optical sights, sighting threads in the form of a full crosshair were widespread.In the daytime, using a crosshair is quite successful, but at dusk and especially at night, thin threads are almost invisible. A full crosshair of thick filaments is better seen in low light conditions. But it has the significant drawback that at long distances, covering a rather wide space with the upper part of the cross, makes it difficult not only to aim at small targets, but also to observe them.

At present, aiming threads in the form of an incomplete cross, broken in the middle, are most common.The resulting lower segment of the vertical thread is called an aiming hemp. Its top, usually in the shape of a cone, reaches the upper level of the side threads and serves as an aiming point. The lengths of the horizontal strands are called side straighteners; they help to avoid knocking the weapon down while aiming.

With the help of grade “ Mil. Dot “(Fig. 3 B) and others like it, you can determine the distance to distant objects, which greatly helps when choosing a shooting distance.The system is easy to use. The points on the crosshairs are spaced from the center in increments of 1 milliradian (hence the name). Using a formula based on the size of an object, you can create a table. Thus, to determine the distance, it is necessary to place an object between the points, measure it and, according to the table, based on the size of the object, determine the distance.

Magnification, or magnification, is the main characteristic of an optical sight. Visible magnification is the ratio of the magnitude of the target in the optical sight to its magnitude visible to the naked eye.The increase in the target through the optical sight is perceived by the shooter as an approximation, while the distance to the target decreases by an amount equal to the multiplicity. The magnification of the optical sight is indicated by the “x” sign. Scopes with magnifications from 1.5x to 40x are currently produced.

Pancratic (variable expansion)

Pancratic sights allow you to smoothly change the magnification and observe the target continuously – from searching for it at low magnification and a large field of view to detailed examination at a large one.Continuous change of sight magnification is achieved through the use of a lens with a variable focal length or a reversing system with variable magnification. When shooting in motion, it is better to use sights with 2 – 6x optical magnification and a lens diameter from 24 to 30 mm. For ambushes and sabotage, optical sights with 6 – 12x magnification and a large lens, from 56 to 63 mm in diameter, are used, sometimes with illumination of the aiming mark. Scopes with variable magnification combine the qualities of high and low magnification scopes.They are best used in changing lighting conditions.

Scopes with variable magnification have an advantage over fixed scopes in their versatility, especially when using the same rifle in different conditions. For example, when shooting at a long distance in good lighting or at a small distance with a lack of lighting, as well as with all other intermediate options for shooting conditions, including various positions from which you have to shoot: prone, standing, and so on.But such a sight has a larger number of moving parts, which affects its reliability not in the best way. The moveable lens wrapping system is particularly critical to precision and workmanship.

Pancratic with automatic input of aiming angles

Some models of pankratic sights allow you to determine the distance and automatically enter the required aiming angle when firing at targets with known parameters.Their action is based on the use of ranging based on the location of the base on the target. Preparing for a shot and aiming when working with such optics is as follows: two horizontal lines fall into the field of view, one of which moves in the vertical direction when the magnification is changed. The technical documents indicate the size of the base used for this scope, let it be 1.8 meters. Having detected a target with such dimensions, for example, a person, the magnification is changed so that the lines of sight are located near the upper and lower boundaries of the body.Thus, the desired aiming angle will be achieved.

Reflex sights

Collimator sights (in the English-language literature – red dot sight or reflex sight ) are a relatively new and independent type of optical sights. They are used in cases where it is necessary to be able to move the head and eyes within a wide range, without losing sight of the reticle and target. Since the Second World War, this type of sighting device has been used in aviation, which is still installed on fighters in all countries of the world.In recent years, collimators have been increasingly seen on a variety of hunting rifles, pistols and paintball markers.

Collimator – an optical device that forms a beam of parallel rays (see Fig. 4), creating an infinitely distant image of the mark. The collimator contains a lens and a luminous mark located in its focus (the distance between the lens and the mark is the focal length). Most reflex sights use a thin lens mounted at a slight angle to the reticle as the objective, and the reticle is illuminated by an LED.The beams reflected from the beamsplitting coating on the concave surface of the thin lens form an image of the aiming mark. The beam-splitting coating allows, simultaneously with the reticle, to observe external objects and targets through a thin lens, without distortion and magnification. Sights built according to this scheme are distinguished by simplicity, minimal dimensions and weight.

Fig. 4 The basic structure of the collimator sight

It can be noted their main features, which provide convenience, speed and accuracy of aiming.When using a reflex sight, you can look at the target with two eyes. At the same time, in the field of view of one eye there is a lens through which, without distortion and magnification, the luminous aiming mark, the target behind it and part of the surrounding space are sharply visible at the same time. In the field of view of the other eye – the same target and the surrounding space. By combining images from two eyes, the shooter perceives the aiming mark, the target and the entire surrounding space holistically, three-dimensionally, without limitation and distortion.So, when shooting at a moving target, it is easy to pre-empt.

When throwing up the weapon, the shooter immediately sees the sighting mark (Fig. 5), which can immediately be combined with the target and shoot, because the sighting area of ​​the sighting mark has a shape close to the cylinder (20-30 mm in diameter). The aiming mark will be clearly visible, even if the sight is installed at the end of the barrel, since there is no need to place the eyes close to the sight, and during aiming, you can freely use glasses.

Fig. 5 View of the target through the reflex sight

The image of the aiming mark is formed by parallel beams, and until the barrel of the weapon changes direction, the aiming mark will remain motionless relative to the target when the eye moves within its visibility zone. Therefore, the shooter can perform aiming when the pupil of his eye has hit any place in the sighting zone of the reticle.

Fig. 6 Reflex sight closed type

Luminous reticle provides aiming both during the day and in low light conditions, when conventional reticle, full front sight or reticle of most optical sights are not visible.

There are two options for the design of collimator sights: closed and open types. In the first version (Fig. 6), the body is made in the form of a tube, inside which the optical parts and adjustment elements are located. Its advantages are the protection of all components, aesthetic appearance and mountings similar to optical sights. Disadvantages – significant shading of the aiming zone, the possibility of fogging its internal volume, loss of light on the protective glass of the pipe.

Fig. 7 Reflex sight open type

The second version is open, in which the lens has a thin frame, which practically does not shade the aiming area. This is its main advantage. It is usually lighter, has its own attachment points, does not have the first drawbacks, but is less protected from rain and snow, and has a less familiar look.

Reflex sights are usually designated as, for example, 1×30, where 1 is the magnification, and 30 mm is the diameter of the objective and the field of view of the reticle.The aiming mark can be in the form of a point, a “bird” or a crosshair. A point is the most technically simple and cheapest option, but it is more difficult to see it against the background of the target, since it covers the aiming point. In this regard, the aiming mark in the form of a crosshair with a gap is better visible, it makes it possible to estimate the range to the target by the ratio of the angular dimensions of the target and the crosshair.

Holographic sights

Holographic sight ^[2] (Fig. 8) is an electro-optical device, which is a kind of collimator sight.The peculiarity of such a sight is that a holographic image of an aiming mark is recorded in the glass of its exit window, which appears under the influence of a laser beam. The aiming mark of a holographic sight can have a variety of shapes, including three-dimensional. If the lens of a conventional collimator sight, due to the presence of a reflective coating on it, does not transmit waves of a certain spectral range and therefore can change the color of objects, nothing like this happens with a holographic sight.

Fig. 8 Appearance of the holographic sight

The laser is located in front of the objective window, and its beam forms a virtual reticle, the image of which, according to the literature, is at a considerable distance (about 450 m) from the shooter. The holographic image is clearly visible in all light conditions, it is always located in the center of the scope and looks sharp regardless of the angle at which it is viewed. The scope usually includes a system for indicating the state of the power source and a system for automatically or manually changing the brightness of the aiming mark.

Usually, holographic sights are significantly more expensive than their collimator counterparts, since a hologram can be obtained as a result of an expensive and complex technological process. If technical requirements are not met, a hologram can distort and decompose into a spectrum bright objects observed through it. It is necessary to protect the hologram from mechanical influences and heating.

The aiming mark for holographic sights is large (usually the size of a person at a distance of 100 m) and transparent, so as not to obstruct or overlap the target, therefore, the rate of fire from a weapon equipped with it is much higher than when shooting with a conventional optical sight …Since the sight exit window is flat, the likelihood that the enemy will notice the lens flare is significantly reduced.

It should be noted that holographic sights have a single magnification, besides, all holographic sights on the market are of the “open” type. Such a sight allows the shooter to use both eyes during shooting, and since there are no parts in the sight that obstruct the view, the shooter can freely control everything that happens around him.

Fig. 9 View of the aiming mark in the holographic sight under normal and extreme conditions

Another feature of the holographic sight is that the information required to reconstruct the reticle image is recorded in each particle of the sight’s exit window. Even if the scope is almost completely splashed with mud, covered with snow, covered in rain, or even broken, the luminous pupil will be clearly visible in the remaining uncovered part of the window (Fig. 9).

As in the case of a reflex sight, the illuminated pupil of the mark is visible only to the arrow and is completely invisible from the outside.The sight design allows it to be used in conjunction with night vision devices.

The holographic sight can be positioned at any distance from the eye, it can be installed on any type of pistols, shotguns and rifles. The field of view remains completely open: the rim of the holographic screen is almost invisible, which gives the shooter the ability to look with both eyes and optimally control the situation during the shot. The aiming mark, the surrounding area and the target are always in the field of view, ensuring continuity of observation during the search and detection of the target, as well as between shots.

The location of the image of the aiming mark and the target in one plane completely eliminates parallax and allows you to fire when aiming the aiming mark at the target, regardless of the angle of observation of the target and the position of fire. This feature of the holographic sight makes it possible to use it as a target designator, when a shot is fired when the aiming spot and the target are combined, at an arbitrary position of the shooter or weapon.

The holographic sight is a new step in the development of shooting, allowing you to increase the speed, confidence and accuracy of various shooting exercises.Today this type of scopes is still in the process of its development,

[1] Lens – part of the optical system facing the object or an independent optical system that forms the actual image of the object. This image is either viewed visually through the eyepiece, or is obtained on a flat (less often curved) surface (photographic light-sensitive layer, photocoding of a transmitting television tube or electron-optical converter, frosted glass or screen).Structurally, the lenses can be divided into three classes: the most common lens; mirrored; mirror-lens. According to their purpose, the lenses are divided: into lenses of visual coarse and telescopes, which give a reduced image; microscope objectives – enlarged image; as well as photographic and projection lenses, which give a reduced or enlarged image, depending on the design and method of application.

[2] In 1948, the Hungarian scientist Denis Gabor proposed a method for obtaining an image based on wave interference, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1971.For his method, Gabor coined the term “Holography”, which translated from Greek means “complete recording” (from the Greek holos – all, full and grapho – I write).

To understand the principle of such a sight, you can draw an analogy with photography. Light reflected or scattered by the photographed object is collected with the help of a lens on a light-sensitive material. The photograph gives a flat two-dimensional amplitude image, since the amount of light reflected from the object (the amplitude of the reflected light) is fixed on it and there is no information about the location of the object and its parts in space (the phase of the reflected light).But if you direct the radiation from one source to the object being shot, as well as to the photosensitive material on which the image is recorded, then the wave field from the object and the reference wave field from the source interact with each other – they interfere, forming a spatial interference pattern, which is recorded on the photosensitive hologram material. This interference pattern contains the amplitude and phase information about the object. A device for obtaining a hologram is a photographic plate on which no image is visible unless it is illuminated with the reference radiation that was used for recording.If this condition is met, you can see a three-dimensional, three-dimensional image of the object, which is practically indistinguishable from the original. Currently, holography has become widespread in various fields of science and technology.

We remind you that in our journal “Science and Technology” you will find many interesting original articles about the development of aviation, shipbuilding, armored vehicles, communications, astronautics, exact, natural and social sciences. On the site you can purchase an electronic version of the magazine for a symbolic 60 rubles / 15 UAH.

In our online store you will also find books, posters, magnets, calendars with aircraft, ships, tanks.